GROWTH AND DECAY

Section 6.2
Calculus AP/Dual, Revised ©2018
[email protected]

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 1

 REVIEW
𝒅𝒚
Solve the differential equation, =𝟒−𝒙
𝒅𝒙

( dx ) dy
= 4 − x ( dx )
dx
dy = ( 4 − x ) dx

 dy =  ( 4 − x ) dx
2
x
y = 4x − + C
2
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 2
 ALGEBRA REVIEW
𝒚
A. Directly Proportional: 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙 or = 𝒌
𝒙
𝒌
B. Inversely Proportional: 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒌 or 𝒚 =
𝒙

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 3

 EXAMPLE 1
The rate of change of 𝑷 with respect to 𝒕 is proportional to 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒕. Write
the equation of the function.
y = kx
dP
= k (10 − t )
dt

 dP = k  (10 − t ) dt
 1 2
P = k  10t − t  + C
 2 
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 4
 EXAMPLE 2
The rate of change of 𝑵 with respect to 𝒔 is proportional to 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝑵.
Write the equation of the function.
y = kx
dN
= k ( 250 − N )
ds
1 u = 250 − N
dN = kds
250 − N du = −dN
1
 250 − N dN = k  ds −du = dN

−  ( 250 − N ) dN = k  ds
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 5
 EXAMPLE 2
The rate of change of 𝑵 with respect to 𝒔 is proportional to 𝟐𝟓𝟎 − 𝑵.
Write the equation of the function.
−  ( 250 − N ) dN = k  ds

ln 250 − N = −ks + C
ln 250 − N − ks
e =e e C

− ks
250 − N = Ce
− ks
− N = Ce − 250
− ks
7/30/2018 11:22 AM
N = 250 − Ce
§6.2: Growth and Decay 6
 EXAMPLE 3
The rate of change of 𝒚 is inversely proportional to 𝒚
yx = k
dy k
k =
x= dt y
y
ydy = kt

 ydy = k  dt
y2
= kt + C
2
y = 2kt + C
2

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 7

 YOUR TURN
The rate of change of 𝒚 is proportional to the square root of 𝒚. Find the
function. dy
=k y
dt
y −1/2 dy = kdt

y dy = k  dt
−1/2

2 y1/2 = kt + C
kt
y = +C
1/2

2
2
 kt 
y =  +C
§6.2: 
Growth and Decay
7/30/2018 11:22 AM
2 8
 GROWTH AND DECAY
dy
= ky
dt
dy
= kdt
y
dy
 y = k  dt
ln y = kt + C
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 9
 GROWTH AND DECAY

ln y = kt + C

kt + C
=e
ln y
e
y = e e kt C

y = Ce kt

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 10

 GROWTH AND DECAY
A. In many applications, the rate of change of a variable is proportional
to the value of 𝒚
𝒅𝒚
B. If = 𝒌𝒚:
𝒅𝒕
1. The equation, 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕
A. 𝑪 is the initial value of 𝒚
B. 𝑲 is the proportional constant
C. Exponential Growth occurs when 𝒌 > 𝟎
D. Exponential Decay occurs when 𝒌 < 𝟎

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 11

 EQUATION

y = Ce kt

A. 𝑪 is the initial value of 𝒚

B. 𝒆 is the natural base
C. 𝑲 is the proportional constant
D. Exponential Growth occurs when 𝒌 > 𝟎
E. Exponential Decay occurs when 𝒌 < 𝟎

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 GROWTH AND DECAY

dy
= ky …is the same as… y = Ce kt
dt

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 STEPS
A. Separate the variables
B. Integrate
C. SOLVE for the initial amount (𝑪)
D. Then, solve for other missing parts (𝒌 typically)
E. Solve for 𝒄 or 𝒚

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 14

 EXAMPLE 4
The weight of a population of yeast is given by a differentiable function
𝒚, where 𝒚 𝒕 is measured in grams and 𝒕 is measured in minutes.
The weight of the yeast population increases according to the
𝒅𝒚
equation = 𝒌𝒚, where 𝒌 is a constant. At time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the weight of
𝒅𝒕
the yeast population is 144 grams and is increasing at the rate of 24
grams per minute. Write an expression for 𝒚 𝒕 .

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 15

 EXAMPLE 4
The weight of a population of yeast is given by a differentiable function 𝒚, where 𝒚 𝒕 is measured in grams and 𝒕
𝒅𝒚
is measured in minutes. The weight of the yeast population increases according to the equation 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒌𝒚,
where 𝒌 is a constant. At time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the weight of the yeast population is 144 grams and is increasing at the
rate of 24 grams per minute. Write an expression for 𝒚 𝒕 .

y = kt
y depends on x
Yeast depends on time
( 24 ) = k (144 )
24 1
k= =
144 6
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 EXAMPLE 4
The weight of a population of yeast is given by a differentiable function 𝒚, where 𝒚 𝒕 is measured in grams and 𝒕
𝒅𝒚
is measured in minutes. The weight of the yeast population increases according to the equation 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒌𝒚,
where 𝒌 is a constant. At time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the weight of the yeast population is 144 grams and is increasing at the
rate of 24 grams per minute. Write an expression for 𝒚 𝒕 .
y = kt ( 0,144 )
1
k=
dy 6
= ky
dt

y = Ce kt
1
( 0)
(144 ) = Ce 6

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 17

 EXAMPLE 4
The weight of a population of yeast is given by a differentiable function 𝒚, where 𝒚 𝒕 is measured in grams and 𝒕
𝒅𝒚
is measured in minutes. The weight of the yeast population increases according to the equation 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒌𝒚,
where 𝒌 is a constant. At time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the weight of the yeast population is 144 grams and is increasing at the
rate of 24 grams per minute. Write an expression for 𝒚 𝒕 .
1
( 0)
(144 ) = Ce 6

(144 ) = C (1)
C = 144

1
t
y = 144e 6

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 18

 EXAMPLE 5
During a certain epidemic, the number of people that are infected at any
time increases at a rate proportional to the number of people that
are infected at that time. If 1,000 people are infected when the
epidemic is first discovered, and 1,200 are infected 7 days later, then
write the equation where there are 12 days after the epidemic is first
discovered.

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 19

 EXAMPLE 5
During a certain epidemic, the number of people that are infected at any time
increases at a rate proportional to the number of people that are infected at that
time. If 1,000 people are infected when the epidemic is first discovered, and
1,200 are infected 7 days later, then write the equation where there are 12 days
after the epidemic is first discovered.
y = kt ( 0,1000 )
dp
= kP
dt
dP
 P = kdt
ln p = kt + C
ln1000 = k ( 0 ) + C
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 20
 EXAMPLE 5
During a certain epidemic, the number of people that are infected at any time
increases at a rate proportional to the number of people that are infected at that
time. If 1,000 people are infected when the epidemic is first discovered, and
1,200 are infected 7 days later, then write the equation where there are 12 days
after the epidemic is first discovered.
ln1000 = k ( 0 ) + C
C = ln1000
ln p = kt + ln1000
eln p = e kt + ln1000
eln p = e kt  eln1000
P = 1000e kt
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 21
 EXAMPLE 5
During a certain epidemic, the number of people that are infected at any time
increases at a rate proportional to the number of people that are infected at that
time. If 1,000 people are infected when the epidemic is first discovered, and
1,200 are infected 7 days later, then write the equation where there are 12 days
after the epidemic is first discovered.
P = 1000e kt ( 7,1200 )
(1200 ) = 1000e k (7)

1200 6
=e 7k
= e 7k

1000 5
6
ln = ln e7 k
7/30/2018 11:22 AM
5
§6.2: Growth and Decay 22
 EXAMPLE 5
During a certain epidemic, the number of people that are infected at any time
increases at a rate proportional to the number of people that are infected at that
time. If 1,000 people are infected when the epidemic is first discovered, and
1,200 are infected 7 days later, then write the equation where there are 12 days
after the epidemic is first discovered.
6
ln = 7 k
5
1 6
k = ln
7 5
1 6
 ln (12 )
y = 1000e 7 5
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 23
 CALCULATOR INSTRUCTION
A. [2nd] [+] [7] [1] [2] to ensure clarity
B. ALWAYS in radian mode, NEVER in degree mode
C. Round decimal answers to 4 DECIMAL places. DO NOT round the
third number of a decimal answer.

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 24

 EXAMPLE 6
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
A. Write a differential equation that states this fact. Evaluate the proportionality constant if, at
the time of zero, the pressure is 35 psi and decreasing at a rate of .28 psi/min.
B. Solve the differential equation subject to the initial condition in 𝒂.
C. Sketch the graph of the function without a calculator. Show its behavior a long time after the
tire is punctured.
D. What would the pressure be 10 minutes after the tire was punctured?
E. The car is safe to drive as long as the tire pressure is 12 psi or greater. For how long after the
puncture will the car be safe to drive?

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 25

 EXAMPLE 6A
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
A. Write a differential equation that states this fact. Evaluate the proportionality
constant if, at the time of zero, the pressure is 35 psi and decreasing at a rate of
.28 psi/min. y = kx
dP
= kP
dt
−.28 = k ( 35 )
−.28 k ( 35 )
=
35 35
7/30/2018 11:22 AM
k = −.008
§6.2: Growth and Decay 26
 EXAMPLE 6B
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
B. Solve the differential equation subject to the initial condition in 𝒂.
Initial pressure is 35 psi. dP
= −.008 P
dt
dP
 P = −.008 dt
ln P = −.008t + C
−.008t + C
7/30/2018 11:22 AM
e =e
ln p
§6.2: Growth and Decay 27
 EXAMPLE 6B
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
B. Solve the differential equation subject to the initial condition in 𝒂.
Initial pressure is 35 psi. e ln p = e −.008t +C ( 0,35 )
−.008t
P=e e C

−.008t
P = Ce
−.008( 0 )
35 = Ce
−.008t
P = 35e
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 28
 EXAMPLE 6C
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
C. Sketch the graph of the function without a calculator. Show its
behavior a long time after the tire is punctured.
P
35

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 29

t
 EXAMPLE 6D
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
D. What would the pressure be 10 minutes after the tire was punctured?
−.008t
P = 35e
−.008(10 )
P = 35e
P  32.3090 psi
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 30
 EXAMPLE 6E
Your tires have just run over a nail. As air leaks out of the car’s tire, the
rate of change of the air pressure inside the tire is directly
proportional to the pressure.
E. The car is safe to drive as long as the tire pressure is 12 psi or greater.
For how long after the puncture will the car be safe to drive?
P = 35e −.008t 12 −.008t
ln = ln e t  133.8051min .
12 = 35e −.008t 35
12
12 ln t  2.23hrs
= e −.008t 35 = t
35 −0.008
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 31
 AP MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTION 1
(NON-CALCULATOR)
The rate of change of atmospheric pressure 𝑷 with respect to the altitude 𝒉 is
proportional to 𝑷, provided that the temperature is constant. Which of the
following differential equations represents this problem?

𝒅𝑷
(A) = 𝑷 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝑷
(B) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑷
𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝑷
(C) = 𝒆−𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝒉
𝒅𝒉
𝒅𝑷
(D) = 𝒆−𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝑷
𝒅𝒉

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 32

 AP MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTION 1
(NON-CALCULATOR)
The rate of change of atmospheric pressure 𝑷 with respect to the
altitude 𝒉 is proportional to 𝑷, provided that the temperature is
constant. Which of the following differential equations represents
this problem?
Vocabulary Connections and Process Answer and Justifications
Differential Equation y = kx
P = kp
Rate of Change
dP
dh
dP
= kP

= k  dh
Which of the choices
look like the one we did? B
P
dP
= kh + c
P
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 33
 AP MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTION 2
(NON-CALCULATOR)
The number of employees in an office who have heard a rumor at time 𝒕 hours is modeled
by the function 𝑷, the solution to a differential equation. At noon, 50 of the office’s 500
employees have heard the rumor. Also at noon, 𝑷 is increasing at a rate of 18 employees
per hour. Which of the following could be a differential equation?

𝒅𝑷 𝟏
(A) = 𝑷 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝑷
𝒅𝒕 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝑷 𝟏
(B) = 𝑷 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝑷
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝒅𝑷 𝟏
(C) = 𝑷 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝑷
𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝒅𝑷 𝟓
(D) = 𝑷 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝑷
𝒅𝒕 𝟒𝟕

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 34

 AP MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTION 2
(NON-CALCULATOR)
The number of employees in an office who have heard a rumor at time 𝒕 hours is
modeled by the function 𝑷, the solution to a differential equation. At noon, 50 of
the office’s 500 employees have heard the rumor. Also at noon, 𝑷 is increasing at
a rate of 18 employees per hour. Which of the following could be a differential
equation?
Vocabulary Connections and Process Answer and Justifications
Differential Equation dP employees
P = 50 employees; = 18
dt hour
dP  1
dt
=
 360
dP  1
dt
=
1250
dP  1
( 50 )  ( 500 − 50 ) = 62.5


( 50 )  ( 500 − 50 ) = 18

B
= ( 50 )  ( 500 − 50 )  9.18367
dt  2450 
dP  5
= ( 50 )  ( 500 − 50 )  2393.6170
dt  47 
7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 35
 ASSIGNMENT
Worksheet

7/30/2018 11:22 AM §6.2: Growth and Decay 36