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    Topic - Minima and Maxima

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    Mike Oxlong
    This document discusses finding relative minimum and maximum points using differential calculus. It explains that relative maxima and minima occur when the derivative is equal to 0, and how to find the x- and y-coordinates of these points. It also describes how to determine if a stationary point is a maximum or minimum using the second derivative test. Real-world applications of finding maxima and minima are provided, such as optimizing profit or minimizing costs. A practical example is given of using this method to determine the optimal production level for a shoe factory to maximize profit.

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    Topic - Minima and Maxima

    Uploaded by

    Mike Oxlong
    48 views11 pages
    This document discusses finding relative minimum and maximum points using differential calculus. It explains that relative maxima and minima occur when the derivative is equal to 0, and how to find the x- and y-coordinates of these points. It also describes how to determine if a stationary point is a maximum or minimum using the second derivative test. Real-world applications of finding maxima and minima are provided, such as optimizing profit or minimizing costs. A practical example is given of using this method to determine the optimal production level for a shoe factory to maximize profit.

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    Maths Project

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    This document discusses finding relative minimum and maximum points using differential calculus. It explains that relative maxima and minima occur when the derivative is equal to 0, and how to find the x- and y-coordinates of these points. It also describes how to determine if a stationary point is a maximum or minimum using the second derivative test. Real-world applications of finding maxima and minima are provided, such as optimizing profit or minimizing costs. A practical example is given of using this method to determine the optimal production level for a shoe factory to maximize profit.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    48 views11 pages

    Topic - Minima and Maxima

    Uploaded by

    Mike Oxlong
    This document discusses finding relative minimum and maximum points using differential calculus. It explains that relative maxima and minima occur when the derivative is equal to 0, and how to find the x- and y-coordinates of these points. It also describes how to determine if a stationary point is a maximum or minimum using the second derivative test. Real-world applications of finding maxima and minima are provided, such as optimizing profit or minimizing costs. A practical example is given of using this method to determine the optimal production level for a shoe factory to maximize profit.

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    Topic - Minima and maxima

    objective- Finding relative minimum & maximum


    points with differential calculus and applying them to
    real life problems

    defe - A relative maximum point is a point where the function changes direction


    from increasing to decreasing (making that point a "peak" in the graph).
    Similarly, a relative minimum point is a point where the function changes direction
    from decreasing to increasing (making that point a "bottom" in the graph).

    information -
    Finding relative minimum & maximum points with
    differential calculus

    One similarity between the maxima and minima of our function is that the gradient of
    our graph is always equal to 0 at all of these points; at the very top of the peaks and the
    very bottom of the troughs, the slope of our graph is completely flat. This means our
    derivative, f '(x), is equal to zero at these points.

    How do we find them?


    1) Given f(x), we differentiate once to find f '(x).
    2) Set f '(x)=0 and solve for x. Using our above observation, the x values we find are
    the 'x-coordinates' of our maxima and minima.
    3) Substitute these x-values back into f(x). This gives the corresponding 'y-coordinates'
    of our maxima and minima.
    Which of these points are maxima and which are minima?
    Here we may apply a simple test. Assume we've found a stationary point (a, b):

    1. Differentiate f '(x) once more to give f ''(x), the second derivative.


    2) Calculate f ''(a). If f ''(a)<0 then (a, b) is a local maximum.
                                  If f ''(a)>0 then (a, b) is a local minimum.
    To see why this works, imagine moving gradually towards our point (a, b), plotting the
    slope of our graph as we move. If our point is a local maximum, we can that this slope
    starts off positive, decreases to zero at the point, then becomes negative as we move
    through and past the point. Our slope, f '(x), is decreasing throughout this movement,
    so we must have that f ''(a)<0.
    The exact reverse is true if (a, b) is a local minimum. Our slope is increasing through
    the same movement, so here we have that f ''(a)>0.
    Finding absolute minimum & maximum points with
    differential calculus
    APPLICATIONS OF MAXIMA AND
    MINIMA IN DAILY LIFE:
    There are numerous practical applications in which it is desired to find the
    maximum or minimum value of a particular quantity. Such applications exist in
    economics, business, and engineering. Many can be solved using the methods
    of differential calculus described above. For example, in any manufacturing
    business it is usually possible to express profit as a function of the number of
    units sold. Finding a maximum for this function represents a straightforward
    way of maximizing profits. In other cases, the shape of a container may be
    determined by minimizing the amount of material required to manufacture it.
    The design of piping systems is often based on minimizing pressure drop which
    in turn minimizes required pump sizes and reduces cost. The shapes of steel
    beams are based on maximizing strength. The idea is to find the maximum value
    of a particular variable that represents a solution to the whole system.
    A practical example might be minimizing the cost of producing an automobile
    given certain known constraints on the cost of each part, and the time spent by
    each laborer, all of which may be interdependent. Regardless of the application,
    though, the key step in any maxima or minima problem is expressing the
    problem in mathematical terms.
    Everything in this world is based on the concept of maxima and minima, every
    time we always calculate the maximum and minimum of every data. Now-a-
    days results are also based on the concepts of grades which is again based on
    the concept of maxima and minima.

    A practical example:

    Suppose a shoe factory trying to figure out how many thousands of pairs of
    shoes
    to produce in order to optimize profit.
    And so, let's let x equal the thousands of pairs produced.
    r(x) be the money obtained form sale of x shoes
    c(x) be the cos of production of x shoes

    acknowledgements:
    khan academy.org
    mytutor.co.uk
    ukessays.com
    Made by -
    ● Puru Soni
    ● Labdh Sharma
    ● Aniruddha Singh Yadav
    ● Harshvardhan Singh Moyal
    ● Kushagra Singh

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