REPORT

ON

HIGH RISE CANTILEVER

Submitted by
NISHITA AGRAWAL
B. ARCH IVth YEAR

Guided by
AR. MANSI BEDI

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

NEW DELHI-110025 2020-2021

Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics

 Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NISHITA AGRAWAL of B.Arch. IV yr. has worked on the report entitled
‘HIGH RISE CANTILEVER’ under my guidance and supervision.

Ar. MANSI BEDI

Report Guide

External Examiner 1 External Examiner 2

 Declaration

I, NISHITA AGRAWAL, hereby declare that the report entitled ‘HIGH RISE CANTILEVER’
submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture (4th Year) is my original research work and that the information taken from
secondary sources is given due citations and references.

Name: NISHITA AGRAWAL

Date:
Bachelor of Architecture (4thYear)
Roll no –
2020-2021
 Acknowledgement

First of all, I NISHITA AGRAWAL express my gratitude for my appreciation and obligation to
almighty god to out of his infinite love, best owed and inspired the entire humanity towards
knowledge, truth and internal joy and enabled me to complete this work. I am indeed debited
to individuals for their health, suggestions and encouragement.
I feel privileged to express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to my report
supervision, Ar. MANSI BEDI for their constant support, valuable guidance and timely
suggestions. From them I received helpful tips and continuous encouragement at every stage of
my study.
It gives me immense pleasure to thank all my friends whose helpful criticism and constant
debating helped me reach my goal with added precision.
Finally, I wish to thank my beloved parents and my well-wishers for the keen interest in my
studies, manifold assistance and immense support.

Nishita Agrawal

B.Arch. 4th Year

F/O Architecture and Ekistics

Jamia Millia Islamia

HIGH RISE CANTILEVER

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 HIGH RISE CANTILEVER

1. Introduction- Cantilever in High Rise structures

• The larger the cantilever span the more complex calculations are required for calculating
loads, selecting the design and the properties of materials.
• Increases the cost of such buildings and facilities.
• Building cantilever structures helps to find solutions for various tasks-
o Urban planning (the problem of the lack of space on the site with difficult terrain)
o Aesthetics (designing an interesting and unusual façade)
o Functional design (creating additional space with unique view characteristics)
o Symbolic (forming a mass image that works as a landmark and an architectural
symbol of a city), etc.

2. Cantilevers- High Rise Cantilevers

• A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one
end to a support from which it is protruding.
• Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.
• Cantilever construction allows for overhanging structures without external bracing.

Figure 1- High Rise Cantilever

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3. Classification of Tall Building Structural Systems

3.1 Interior Structures

• By clustering steel/concrete columns and beams in the core, it create a stiff backbone that
can resist tremendous wind forces.
• The inner core is used as an elevator shaft, and the design allows lots of open space on
each floor.
3.2 Exterior Structures
• Moved the columns and beams from the core to the perimeter, creating a hollow, rigid
tube as strong as the core design, but weighing much, much less.

4. Interior Structural System

4.1 Rigid Frame

Consists of horizontal (girder) and vertical (column) members rigidly connected together in a
planar grid form.

Figure 2- Rigid Frame Structure

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4.2 Shear Wall Structure

Concrete continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally partitions and structurally to
carry gravity and lateral loading.

Figure 3- Shear Wall Structure

4.3 Outrigger Structures

The outriggers are generally in the form of trusses in steel structures, or walls in concrete
structures, that effectively act as stiff headers inducing a tension- compression couple in the
outer columns.

Figure 4- Outrigger Structures

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4.4 Shear Wall- Frame Interaction System

When shear trusses or shear walls are combined with MRFs, a shear truss (or shear wall)-frame
interaction system.

Figure 5-Shear Wall- Frame interaction system

4.5 Braced Rigid Frames

Figure 6-Braced Rigid Frames

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4.6 Shear Wall Rigid Frames

Figure 7-Shear Wall Rigid Frame

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5. Exterior Structure System

5.1 Tube system

The different tubular systems are-
I. Framed tube
II. Braced tube
III. Bundled tube
IV. Tube in tube

Figure 8-Frame Tube

Figure 9-Braced Tube

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Figure 10-Bundled Tube

5.2 Space Truss Structure

Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting the exterior to
interior.

Figure 11-Space Truss Structure

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5.3 Super frames

A super frame is composed of mega columns comprising braced frames of large dimensions at
building corners, linked by multistory trusses at about every 15 to 20 stories.

Figure 12-Super Frames

5.4 Exo-skeleton
In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the building lines
away from their facades.

Figure 13-Exo Skeleton Structure

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6. Introduction- CCTV Headquarters

• Developer: China Central Television (CCTV)
• Architect: Rem Koolhaas (OMA)
• Engineer: Arup
• Location: Beijing, China
• Floors: 51
• Height: 779 ft. / 237.5 m
• Price: 600,000,000 euros
• Program: entire TV making process
- “Continuous loop”
- Closed circuit television
- 240 ft. cantilever
- Diagrid structure - maps structural forces
- 9-storey podium structure joining two 50-storey high leaning towers which are linked at
the top via a 13-storey cantilevered “overhang” structure at 36 storeys above the ground.

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7. Structural System
 External
 Internal
 Intermediate (Transfer Trusses)
 It is a Diagrid Truss-Tube structure with interior columns. This
structure is usually used for structures that go up to 90 stories
 Tilted towers
 Seismic zone
 Wind loads

Figure 14-Steel Structure Systems

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7.1 External Structural System- CCTV Headquarters

1. Diagrid
2. Sloped Columns
3. Beams or Rings
The diagrid had to be non-uniform throughout the structure to facilitate varying stresses because
of the angled shape and cantilever.

Figure 15-External Structural System of CCTV

Figure 16-Structure Layer of CCTV

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7.2 Internal Structural System- CCTV Headquarters

• Varying Columns height according to the levels.
• The seven major cores.
• Make each floor a specific spatial configuration
• Making stability of overall system

Figure 17-Varing Column Heights in CCTV

 The columns means to transfer load from top to the foundation.

 Vertical internal tube structure results different configuration at different floors.
 Some columns needed to transfer the load to transfer trusses.
 Different types of concrete columns used to reach their maximum carrying capacity.

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7.3 Transfer Trusses

• Span between internal cores and the external tube structure.
• Only connects at singular pin joint locations only
• This allows the wind, live, and dead loads to be more evenly spread out across the
structure so that one part of the system does not become over stressed.

Figure 18-Transfer Truss in CCTV

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8. Force acting on Structure

• Load transfer happens primarily through diagrid.
• Continuous and Uninterrupted Load Transfer
• Rings help to resist Buckling Loads transforming whole system into one big tube

Figure 19- Force acting in structure

Figure 20- Load Transfer in System

Triangular modules with diagonal beam diffusion of Force along the facade. Hence the elimination
of large Vertical forces.

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9. Diagrid System Connection Details

• The meeting of vertical columns, diagonal members& perimeter beams at nodes
• Butterfly plates will be welded to bring all these 3 members together
• Enabling the vertical and horizontal elements to remain comparatively unstressed in an
earthquake
• Critical Members in the Structural System
• Must ensure a “strong joint-weak member” system
• Must resist maximum probable load from braces with minimum yielding and stress
concentration
• Butterfly plates used to assist smooth load transfer

Figure 21- Joints in structural members

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Figure 22-Butterfly plate joinery

Figure 23-Joinery Section

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10. Material used for Diagrid

 Steel- Wide flanges
 Advantages-
 Weight and size are optimized to resist bending load experienced by the members.
 Has reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.
 Prefabricated multi-plane sections, allowing for quick erection by crane and reduce labor
cost.
 Disadvantage-
 Prefabrication took longer lead time.

Figure 24- Prefabricated Steel Material

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11. Construction Sequencing

 In addition to regular gravity and lateral forces acting on the structure, there are
significant additional construction stage forces due to the fact that the building
comprises two separate leaning Towers with cantilever up until the point at which
they are joined to become one structure.
 First method is to construct a temporary tower the full 162m height to the underside
of the Overhang, providing a working platform to build the Overhang connection
 Second method is to construct the lower part of the Overhang at ground level and
strand jack the assembly into position
 Third method is to construct incremental cantilevers from each Tower until the two
met and connected at the center of the Overhang.

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12. Introduction

 The complex has 10 apartments in total, 9 above ground plus a basement. A total of
55,000 square meters built a house a series of buildings with various functions.
 The main building known as “Cinema Mountain,” a multipurpose entertainment
center and three multiple theaters and the “BIFF Hill ‘with the Executive Office of
BIFF and the’ Double Cone ‘.

Figure 25-Sectional Elevation of Busan Cinema

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13. Structure

 The structural solution designed for this project is based on a combination of concrete
and steel.
 The solid blocks of all leading to the interior spaces materialize in concrete reinforced
with metal plate’s alternate ending with a fully glazed façade.
 The large cantilevered roofs are uncoated steel in concrete, as this would increase the
weight of the structure in excess can contribute virtually no tensile stresses to which
each part is submitted.
 To logger cover an area of 60×120 feet with a clearance of 85 (the world’s largest
cantilever to date), we used a three-dimensional structure of steel beams that form a
series of trusses connected to each other and in turn the pillar that supports them
continuously.

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14. Materials

 The main materials used in the project are the concrete and steel structural elements
and glass plates and stone veneer for exterior finishes.
 The cantilevered deck has in turn with an installation-art LED’s bottom that allows
the building to transform itself into a visual spectacle.

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15. Bibliography

 http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/anichols/courses/applied-architectural-
structures/projects-631/Files/CCTVS19CaseStudy.pdf
 http://www.xiaonianduan.com/media/China_Central_Television_Headquarters_-
_Structural_Design.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318656447_Cantilever_structure_in_mo
dern_construction
 https://www.academia.edu/35116465/STRUCTURAL_SYSTEMS_FOR_HIGH_RISE_BU
ILDINGS_STRUCTRUAL_SYSTEMS_DESCRIPTION_SCHEMTATIC_DIAGRAM_STRUCTUR
AL_FUNCTION_ADVANTAGES_AND_DISADVANTAGES_BUILDING_SAMPLE

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