Pulp Vitality Tests: DR Suraj Nair Senior Lecturer Dept. of Pedodontics Malabar Dental College
Pulp Vitality Tests: DR Suraj Nair Senior Lecturer Dept. of Pedodontics Malabar Dental College
Pulp Vitality Tests: DR Suraj Nair Senior Lecturer Dept. of Pedodontics Malabar Dental College
Dr Suraj Nair
Senior Lecturer
Dept. Of Pedodontics
Malabar dental college
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Uses
Ideal requirements
Pulpal innervation
Pulp vitality tests
Various conditions and their
responses to various tests
Conclusion
Refrences
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INTRODUCTION
Diagnosis in dentistry may be defined as ‘the process
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Vitality testing -important aid -diagnosis of pulp
disease
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USES
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Post-trauma assessment : important part of the
examination and review of traumatized teeth.
Assessment of anesthesia: Grossman -pulp testers to
assess -a tooth is completely anaesthetized -local
anesthetic prior to operative procedures
Assessment of teeth which have been pulp capped or
required deep restoration : prognosis of teeth -
clinically assessed on the basis of reported symptoms;
clinical palpation; and percussion, radiographs, and pulp
testing.
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IDEAL REQIREMENTS OF PULP TESTING
simple
standardized
reproducible
non-painful
non-injurious
accurate
inexpensive
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PULPAL
INNERVATION
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Dental pulp- sensory & autonomic nerve fibers.
dentinal tubules.
(unmyelinated).
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A Fiber C Fiber
Large Small
Myelinated Unmyelinated
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A δ FIBRES C FIBRES
Costitute 90% of A fiber Small
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TESTS
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Pulp Vitality Testing:
Assesment of the pulp’s blood supply
Pulp Sensibility Testing:
assesment of the pulp’s sensory response
Pulp Sensitivity :
condition of th pulp being very responsive
to a stimulus
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Pulp Testing Techniques
Thermal Tests
Newer techniques
•LDF
Cold tests
•Pulp oximetry
Heat test
•Dual wavelength
Electric pulp test
spectrophotometry
Test cavity preparation
•Measurement of tooth surface
Bite test temperature
Selective anasthesia •Transillumination
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THERMAL TESTING
Application of cold and heat stimuli to a tooth, to
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Cold test
Cold -causes contraction the dentinal tubules-rapid
tooth.
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The cold test -differentiate between reversible and
irreversible pulpitis.
reversible pulpitis.
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Cold testing + electric pulp tester -the results from
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Methods of application
Wrap - SLIVER OF ICE in wet gauze -place it against the
upright position.
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Heat test
A stick of heated gutta-percha or hot water.
A light layer of lubricant should be placed onto the tooth surface prior to
applying the heated material to prevent the hot gutta purcha (78 C TO
150 C ) or compound from adhering to the dry tooth surface. ( ZACH
ET AL ,1998)
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Electric pulp test
Objective :to stimulate intact A δ nerves in the pulp–dentine complex
selected rate, - note read-out on the digital display when the patient
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acknowledges a warm or tingling sensation.
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Response threshold is reached -adequate number of nerve
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Appropriatelectrode placement site for electric pulp testing .Lin J et al 2007@journal of endodontics
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Bite test
•Identifying cracked tooth or fractured cusp.
•It also helpful in diagnosing cases where in pulpal
pathosis is extended to periradicular region causing
apical periodontitis
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Biting pressure -applied slowly until full closure achieved.
this manner.
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Staining and transillumination
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TRANSILLUMINATION: THE “LIGHT DETECTOR”@ ENDODONTICS: Colleagues for
Excellence Summer 2008
Selective anesthesia
Restricted to the patient who are in pain at the
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Technique
mandibular tooth.
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Advantage
This test is obviously a last resort and has an
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TEST CAVITY
Only when all other test methods - deemed impossible
or the result of the other tests - inconclusive.
The test cavity- drilling through the enamel-dentin
junction of an un-anesthetized tooth .
Drilling - high speed round bur with appropriate
coolant and air
Sensitivity or the pain felt- an indication of pulp
vitality- procedure terminated- restore prepared
cavity.
If no pain- cavity preparation till pulp chamber-
enododontic treatment
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RESPONSES FROM PULP TESTING
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THERMOGRAPHY/ TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
As a diagnostic procedure for human teeth-use of
heated-previously employed.
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Diagnosis of tooth vitality by crown surface temperature measurement: a clinical
Disadvantages
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TRANSMITTED LIGHT
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY (TLP)
non-invasive technique
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LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY (LDF)
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The laser light from the probe -passes along the
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A LDF probe showing laser light
guides.
ALDF probe applied to a sectioned
tooth
showing the passage of light via the
enamel prisms and
dentinal tubules to the pulp.
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PULSE OXIMETRY
Invented by Aoyagi in the early 1970.
Non-invasive method
Entirely objective test -no subjective response from
the patient.
Consists of two light-emitting diodes, one to transmit
red light (640 nm) and the other to transmit infrared
light (940 nm), and a photodetector on the opposite
side of the vascular bed.
The light emitting diode transmits light through a
vascular bed such as the finger or ear.
Oxygenated haemoglobin and deoxygenated
haemoglobin absorb different amounts of
red/infrared light.
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The pulsatile change in the blood volume causes periodic
changes in the amount of red/ infrared light absorbed
by the vascular bed before reaching the photo
detector.
The relationship between the pulsatile change in the
absorption of red light and the pulsatile change in the
absorption of infrared light is analysed by the pulse
oximeter to determine the saturation of arterial blood.
Schnettler and Wallace reported a correlation between
pulpal and systemic oxygen saturation readings using a
modified ear pulse oximeter probe on a tooth. They
recommended its use as a definitive pulp vitality tester.
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(Schnettler JM, Wallace JA. Pulse oximeter as a diagnostic tool of pulp vitality.@ J
Endod 1991.)
To be accurate-a normal arterial blood flow is required.
are unobtainable.
peripheral vasoconstriction.
calcific changes.
Advantages :
Non – invasive.
Objective test.
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Instrument- small, portable, inexpensive.
VARIOUS CONDITIONS AND
PULPAL RESPONSE TO
VITALITY TESTS
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Reversible pulpitis / Pulpal hyperemia
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The pulp is sensitive to temperature changes,
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Irreversible pulpitis
•Irreversible pulpitis is a persistant inflammatory
condition of the pulp, symptomatic or asymptomatic
caused by a noxious stimulus.
•A tooth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis exhibit
intermittent or spontaneous pain, whereby rapid exposure
to dramatic temperature changes (especially to cold
stimuli) will elicit heightened and prolong episodes of pain
even after the source of the pain is removed.
•The pain may be sharp or dull localised or referred.
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In the early stages the thermal test may elicit pain
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Chronic Hyperplasic Pulpitis
•Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis or ”pulp polyp” is a
productive pulpal inflammation due to an extensive
carious of a young pulp.
•Mechanical irritation from chewing and bacterial
infection often provide the stimulus.
•The tooth may respond feebly or not at all to the
thermal test, unless one use extreme cold, as from an
methyl chloride spray.
•More current than normal may be required to elicit a
response by means of the electric pulp tester.
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Internal resorption
•Internal resorption is an idiopathic slow or fast
progressive resorptive process occurring in the dentin of
the pulp chamber or root canals of the teeth
•Internal resorption in the root of a tooth is asymptomatic.
•In the crown of the tooth ,internal resorption may be
manifested as a reddish area called “pink spot”.
•The defect is usually is recognized by means of a
radiograph.
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Necrosis of pulp
•Necrosis is death of the pulp.
• Partial or total, depending on whether part or the entire pulp is
removed.
•It can be caused by any noxious insult to the pulp , such as bacteria,
trauma ,and chemical irritation.
•A normal tooth with a nerotic pulp cause no pain
•Radiograph is non diagnostic.
•The teeth with partial necrosis -respond to thermal changes -presence
of vital nerve fibers in the adjacent inflamed tissue.
•Tooth with necrotic pulp does not respond to cold ,the electric pulp
test ,or the test cavity
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CONCLUSION
An accurate assessment of tooth vitality is of paramount
relating to pulpal blood flow may lead the way for a more
objective, accurate, and predictable means of pulp
vitality assessment.
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References
1. Text of Grossman’s Endodontic practice 12th edition
2. Samraj RV Recent advances in pulp vitality testing
3. Stephen cohen Kenneth M. HargreaveText book of Pathways of the pulp
9th edition.
4. Nisha garg. Textbook of endodontics- 3rd edition.
5. Velayutham GopikrishnArticle on Evaluation of Efficacy of a New Custom-
Made Pulse Oximeter
6. Diagnosis of tooth vitality by crown surface temperature measurement: a
clinical evaluation.Fanibunda KB. @J Dent 1986
7. TRANSILLUMINATION: THE “LIGHT DETECTOR”@ ENDODONTICS:
Colleagues for Excellence Summer 2008
8. Assessment of pulp vitality : a review V. Gopikrishna etal 2009 @ IJPD
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