Volume 6, Issue 6, June-2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: 2456-2156

Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles: A Review

Aashi Singh1*, Arvind Kumar Jain1 , Santosh Singh Golia2,
1
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida
2
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi

Abstract:- Metal nanoparticles have been employed for Metal nanoparticles can be made via physical and
antimicrobial purposes since the dawn of time. Metal chemical means, and they've sparked a lot of attention due to
nanoparticles have gotten a lot of interest as the need for their enormous potential in nanotechnology [4]. Metal
nanotechnology has grown due to their wide range of nanoparticles can be manufactured using both a "top-down"
applications. Chemical and biological methods are also “bottom-up" technique. Top-down approach refers to
preferred as they possess great efficiency, low production bifurcation of bulk metal into successive smaller pieces, it
costs, and environmental friendliness. Precursors, comes under physical approach. Physical approach is not the
reducing agents, and stabilizers can all be used in the best choice to synthesis MNPs as it produces imperfect
chemical production of nanoparticles. Fungi, bacteria, structures [5]. Bottom-up approach relates to the
yeast, plant components, and plant extracts are all used construction of substance from bottom level to the bulkier
in biological methods. Researchers have turned their one. It gives more emphasis on the utilization of various
attention towards inorganic disinfectants due to the microorganisms in green synthesis [6].
toxicity of organic chemicals. Although silver is thought
to have the best antibacterial activity, other inorganic Chemical reduction method is the preferred method as
metals such as ZnO, CuO, Gold, and TiO2 have also it is well-organized, easy availability of reagents and
attracted researcher’s attention. Microorganisms are convenience [7]. Chemical reduction method has many
microscopic living organisms that are found all over the advantages over physical method such as it is highly
world. Bacteria, fungi and yeast are the most common efficiency, low production cost. Using reducing chemicals,
microorganisms. Antibacterial capabilities of metal can be chemically reduced (Ethylene glycol. sodium
nanoparticles have been discovered for both Gram- borohydride, ascorbic acid, hydrazine and to prevent
positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Metal agglomeration stabilizers are used (PVP, Trisodium citrate,
nanoparticles antimicrobial mechanisms involve the PMMA, cellulose etc.) and can be utilized as better reducing
production of metal ions that damage the intracellular and stabilizing agent depending upon desired characteristic
membrane, causing ROS, and then intrude the bacterial as of particle size, dispersion, physiology and surface
cell membrane, damaging bacterial DNA, and causing structure of the particle.
cell death. The efficiency of the antimicrobial action of
NPs depends on the shape and size of the particle. This Biological method can be performed by using fungi,
review focus on the literature, advancement in yeast, plant parts, plant extract, bacteria and diatoms [8].
antimicrobial action of nanoparticle, the antibacterial Because of its quick production, low cost, and controlled
activity of nanoparticles, the action of nanoparticles on toxicity, and environmental friendliness, biological synthesis
microbes and commercial applications of metal is preferred.
nanoparticles are all explored in this paper.
Metal precursors are used to make metal nanoparticles.
Keywords:- Metal Nanoparticles, Microbes, Biological In nature, there are many metals, but only a few of them are
Synthesis, Metal Oxide. useful can be used for example nanostructured form such as
gold, silver, zinc, iron, copper, aluminum [9,10,11]. Metallic
I. INTRODUCTION nanoparticles have size and shape-dependent features that
are useful in a variety of applications, including propulsion
Nanoscience has recently been established as a new and detection, as well as optics and antibacterial action. [12]
multidisciplinary science. It is frequently described in all and frequently used in cosmetics and textile industries [13].
information on the major properties of nanoscale objects. Depending upon shape, size and structure metal
Nanoparticles are small particles that range in size below nanoparticles can be used in catalytic, electrical and
hundred nanometers [1]. Now a day’s nanotechnology is magnetic properties. Reducing agents and stabilisers can
emerging rapidly in every field due to its vast range of influence the shape and size of particles [14].
application in nano chemistry [2]. Nanotechnology is
acknowledged for its exceptional properties such as This review article gives a quick overview of current
chemical, physical [3] and biological properties. Inorganic research on metallic nanoparticle manufacturing, both
nanoparticles remain preferred owing its high versatility chemically and biologically. The biosynthesis, mechanism,
availability, ease of release of drugs in medicinal field. and commercial applications of metallic nanoparticles are
then discussed. The report finishes with a discussion of the
existing limitations and future opportunities of
microorganism-based nanoparticle production.

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June-2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: 2456-2156

Method of Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles [61]

II. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF METAL Green method is more advantageous than chemical
NANOPARTICLES method due to the use of chemical reagents. Therefore, the
use of ecofriendly methods has widely been used. The
Some microorganisms are beneficial and are used in utilization of plant extracts in the production of AgNPs is
the production of curd, bread, and alcohol, while others are based on their comparatively high quantities of reducing
harmful and are responsible for food spoilage and disease agents such as steroids, biological chemicals, and
transmission. Microorganisms can interact with metals that flavonoids, as well as bio-capping chemicals that inhibit
come into contact with their cells and form nanoparticles. nanoparticle aggregation and allow for better size control
Metallic ions can be separated by certain microorganisms. [18].
This is commonly used to recover precious metals or to
purify water. A. SILVER NANOPARTICLE
Silver nanoparticles from plant extract are relatively
Antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are simple. Plant part is collected and washed with clean water
widely recognized. Silver is an inorganic noble MNPs and and dried. Formerly the plant part is boiled in DI water, keep
they provide advanced material with functional versatility it until cool and then filtered. To the silver nitrate solution,
[15]. Silver is the ideal material since it is inexpensive and add the required amount of extract and stir until the colour
has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. AgNPs can changes.
be synthesized by various method but the most preferred is
chemical reduction method and have various applications in The below picture is of bread at day1, day3 and day 5
agriculture, industry, pharmaceutical industry, water Green tea extract containing silver nanoparticles is used in
purification etc. Silver nanoparticles can also be used in this experiment, and it is sprayed on a regular basis. The
inks, medicinal equipment’s [16]. Silver nanoparticles observation was there was no fungus grown on bread till day
suppress microorganism that are Gram positive and Gram- 5 and it is a proof that silver nanoparticles act as
negative bacteria [17]. antimicrobial agent.

Day1 Day 3 Day 5

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June-2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: 2456-2156
Durán, etal, the antibacterial activity of oxysporum ZnO appears to be a better option than soluble zinc salts like
extracellular production of silver nanoparticles when zinc gluconate [29]. Mg-doped ZnO NPs was more effective
included in cotton fabrics against S. aureus was examined. than alkaline metallic ion-doped Zinc nps in suppressing the
Moreover, C. violaceum treatment was used to bioremediate growth of C. albicans strains in antifungal testing [30].
all effluent. According to the findings, cotton fabrics Fungi are responsible for a wide range of infectious
impregnated with silver nanoparticles had substantial disorders. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have antifungal
antibacterial action against S. aureus. The process effluent capabilities, as evidenced by the elimination of ringworm
was treated with C. violaceum, as a result, the concentration infection using disinfecting chemicals [31].
of silver nanoparticles was significantly reduced. [19].
C. TITANIUM DIOXIDE
To reduce the toxicity in environment ecofriendly At low temperatures, an aqueous titania sol was
synthesis of nanoparticles are being used. Gurunathan, employed to form a well-adherent surface of TiO2NPs on
Sangiliyandi, et al. found that decreasing silver ions cellulose fibers by hydrolysis and condensation processes of
produces the most silver nanoparticles. by cultivating E. coli titanium isopropoxide in water. In dark, they are less
bacteria under ideal conditions Particles having a diameter effective than UV. This shows major applications in textile,
of 50nm were discovered. This research also showed that biomaterials [32]. In this method, the toxin decomposition
particle size can be used by altering variables such as temp, with antimicrobial activity. An investigation by using
conc, and pH value [20]. Yeast is utilised to make Ag-Au electrospinning method. Nano silver , (TiO2) nanofibers
alloy nanoparticles, which is an environmentally beneficial were developed having antibacterial activity, self-cleaning
technique [21]. ability, and potential for hazardous disintegration were
created. [33].
Fungi release extracellular enzymes that are
responsible for extracellular macromolecule breakdown D. COPPER NANOPARTICLES
followed by nutrition assimilation outside the cell. Because Over the last several years copper shows remarkable
of this one-of-a-kind property, they are extremely important antimicrobial activity. Copper NPs are found to perform 2
in the extracellular synthesis of AgNPs. Fungi are typically roles as antibacterial agents as well as enhance porosity in
separated from the extracellular enzyme-containing aqueous beads [34]. Copper oxide is a semiconductor which exhibit
medium after incubation and colony growth. The first ones wide range of properties such as superconductivity,
are removed from the medium, and AgNO3 is added. After withstand high temperature. Oral infections are also shown
that, Incubation is performed on the mixture, which is to be resistant to antibacterial action when copper oxide
normally done at room temperature. The above-mentioned nanoparticles are used [35].
equations govern AgNPs production. The synthesis reaction
can be confirmed by a change in the colour of the liquid The bactericidal conc required to stop E. coli growth
[22]. was determined using suspended CuO NPs. Thus, MBC
value was obtained [36]. Usman et al, in this the effect
B. ZINC NANOPARTICLE growth of microorganisms were studied using chitosan
Zinc oxide NPs have piqued the interest of researchers medium. Microorganisms used are S. aureus, Aeruginosa,
because of their nifty and promising biomedical science Salmonella choleraesuis, and C. albican depending on
applications, UV and optical applications [23]. They are chitosan stabilizer the size of nanoparticles was found to be
highly toxic to bacteria and have been shown to be resistant 2-230nm [37].
to high temperatures and pressure [24]. S. aureus,
Streptococcus pyrogens inhibit 95% growth [25]. A polyol method was used to create copper
Antimicrobial agents have very minimum effect on humans nanoparticles in an ambient atmosphere. Copper
[26]. Zinc oxide prevent spoilage of food and widely used in nanoparticles found to have antimicrobial activity against
food industry [27]. ZnO NPs' antibacterial capabilities are five bacterial strains and three fungal strains E. coli was
due to intracellular buildup of ZnO NPs, which damages cell shown to be more suppressive than fungus [38].
walls and inhibits DNA replication. Inside the cells,
nanoparticles (NPs) produce metal ions and reactive oxygen E. GOLD NANOPARTICLES
species (ROS), which build up on the bacterial membrane. Gold is highly stable, resistant to heavy chemicals and
ZnO NPs have a high ROS generating potential, showing it is good conductor of heat. From past few decades, gold
that they play a key role in bacterial death by damaging cell nanoparticles are known for its antimicrobial, catalytic,
walls, increasing membrane permeability, internalization of optical properties. At high concentrations, gold
NPs due to proton motive force loss, and uptake of nanoparticles inhibit cell development, but there is little
poisonous dissolved zinc ions [28]. Zinc ions (Zn2+) exhibit evidence that they have any effect on bacterial
antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial multiplication. On the basis of antimicrobial activity gold
and fungal species. The current study aims to assess the shows dual activity: inhibit membrane and generating ROS.
contribution of soluble zinc species to the antimicrobial Gold NPs is a bactericide with a broad spectrum of action,
activity of ZnO on microbial cultures (Escherichia coli, killing both gram negative and positive bacteria. P.
Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida aeruginosa and E. coli are synthesized by biological
albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis) in broth medium, as well method and have particle size of 18.2 and 150nm
as to investigate zinc dissolution from ZnO suspensions. respectively [40,41].

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III. MICROBES to equator. Microorganisms are important to humans and
also contribute to many health benefits. microorganisms are
Microorganisms are also known as microbes. Microbes classified into 2 categories i.e., prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
are the tiny, unicellular organism and ubiquitous in nature. Prokaryotes include archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes
Microbes are diverse and can adapt to any habitat from poles include protists, fungi and plants.

Table 1 Synthesis of metal nanoparticles, method, microorganisms and particle size

NP METHOD MICROORGANIAM SIZE REF
Silver Biological S. Aureus - [19]
Silver Biological E. Coli 50nm [20]
Silver/Gold Biological Yeast 9-25nm [21]
Zinc Biological Escherichia Coli, Candida Albicans, Aspergillus Brasiliensis - [29]
Zinc Chemical C.Albicans 47-63nm [30]
Zinc Biological Trichophyton Mentagrophytes, Micros Porum Canis, C. 57nm [31]
Albicans and A. Fumigatus
Titanium Dioxide Chemical S. Aureus, Enterococcus 20nm [32]
Hirae, E. Coli, And Bacteroides Fragilis
Titanium Dioxide Chemical Staphylococcus Aureus, E. Coli - [33]
Copper Biological E.Coli 20-95nm [36]
Copper Chemical Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Subtilis. 20-350nm [37]
Copper Chemical Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli - [38]
Gold Biological E. coli, S Aureus, Staphylococcus - [39]
Epidermidis.
Gold Biological P. Aeruginosa 18.32 nm [40]
S. Aureus
Gold Biological E. Coli 150nm [41]

IV. ACTION OF METAL NANOPARTICLES ON The most common technique for producing NP is
MICROBES ‘bottom-up’ chemical reaction that involves a metal salt and
strong reducer [43]. The metal cation is reduced to a neutral
Bacteria is classified into two categories on the basis state, allowing the metal atom to combine and form NP The
of its structure that is gram (+) bacteria and gram (-) metal cation is reduced to a neutral state, allowing the metal
bacteria. Peptidoglycan, the main component of gram- atom to combine and form NP. [44]. The produced NP is a
positive bacteria's cell wall. Due to differences in cell walls neutral metal that cannot penetrate the cellular membrane;
of different bacteria, gram (+) bacteria's cell walls are however, Metal NP is recognized for slowly releasing metal
resistant to nanoparticles. The gram-positive bacterium S. ions and the ability to permeate the membrane, affecting
aureus possesses a peptidoglycan cell wall. Several cellular processes from within the cell [45].
researchers believe that a thick layer of peptidoglycan in
gram-positive bacteria acts as a protective coating, Many different features can be attributed to the
preventing nanoparticles from interacting with the cell wall. bactericidal activity of transition metal NP. The ability to
Gram negative bacteria consist of thin peptidoglycan layer create ROS and their proclivity for forming tight bonds with
and additional lipopolysaccharide membrane. E. coli, a R-SH groups is the most essential feature. The SH group
Gram (-) bacteria covered with peptidoglycan layer and can easily attach to non-essential transition metal ions with a
lipopolysaccharide layer. These molecules carry negative high at. no, such as Ag+. The construction of (ROS) is
charge and attached with positively charged nano particles highly harmful for bacterial cells After a nanoparticle comes
which increase up take of ions and cause intracellular into contact with a bacterium, a chain of events starts with
damage. possible oxidation of respiratory enzymes, supporting in
generating ROS and radical species, eventually affecting
Negatively charged ROS, such as hydroxyl radicles, mobile body structure and promoting DNA destruction [46].
have a difficult time penetrating the negative cell membrane
[42]. When charged capping agents are utilized in NP Despite the fact that oxygen is the best acceptor of
manufacturing, electrostatic characteristics become electrons when breathing, certain tiny creatures may be
increasingly relevant. Heavy metals are used in the killed by it. The ground state of the oxygen molecule, trio
production of antimicrobial NPs. Because these metals are oxygen (3O2), is exceedingly harmful to cells, but singlet
predominantly transition metals with partially filled d- oxygen (O2) is also lethal to germs. Peroxidation of
orbitals, they are more redox active, making NP production biological components such as proteins and lipids are well
easier. known to occur when singlet oxygen is produced [47].
Singlet oxygen promotes both beneficial and harmful
oxidations within the cell. The respiratory burst, which
consumes oxygen while producing free radicals, produces

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H2O2 throughout several processes. As a result, free nanoparticles, extensive surface area, resulting in increased
hydroxyl radical production is unquestionably at the center toxicity. Copper in its metallic and ionic forms produces
of H2O2 activity, and leading to the oxidation of DNA, hydroxyl radicals, which harm critical proteins and DNA
proteins, and lipids abounds [47]. Bacteria that are exposed [53]. Gold nanoparticles of size less than 2nm found to be
to ROS gradually lose the integrity of their membranes, stronger against microbes [54].
making it impossible for them to stick to surfaces, uphold
adequate interaction with other bacteria. The release of V. COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF METAL
(ROS) and suppression of cellular adhesion are two theories NANOPARTICLES
on how nanoparticles work. In response to ROS, certain
bacteria produce enzymes like superoxide dismutase, which 1.Cosmetics
can help them fight back. This method of neutralizing Nanomaterials are found to be very affective in
oxidative stress may be effective. Furthermore, bacteria can blocking UV radiation in sun screens. Metal nanomaterial
offer two key mechanisms to cope with high oxidative such as titanium dioxide helps in the protection of skin by
stress: the superoxide response system and the oxidative applying sunscreen lotion contain SPF [55]. Nanoscale
response system responding to hydrogen peroxide. These ingredients show long last effects on skin. In the presence of
methods have been shown to be effective in repairing silver nanoparticles, the deodorant producer claims that the
damaged cell components and controlling reducing impact lasts up to 24 hours. Gold nanoparticles if added in
circumstances [48,49]. Finally, ROS, generate oxidative toothpaste helps in disinfecting strains of bacteria in mouth
injury in microorganisms exposed to nanoparticles. [56].

2.Catalysts and Elimination of Pollutants

In catalysis, metal nanoparticles play an important
function. Metal nanoparticles with surface area and many
active spots, in particular, improve reaction speed and
increase yield [57] catalysts are classified as heterogenous,
homogenous and biocatalysts. These homogeneous catalysts
are commonly utilized in a variety of industrial processes in
which the reactants and products are in the same (gaseous or
liquid) phase and when in different phase it is heterogenous.
Green catalyst helps in minimizing waste product [58].
Platinum-supported nanoparticles widely used in many
disciplines, electrocatalytic oxidation of fuel cells, due to
their excellent dispersibility and catalytic activity.

3.Paint
Nanotechnology has also been used fully in the paint
industry. Metal nanoparticles in paint operate as
anticorrosive, insect repellent, and self-cleaning agents.
Silicon dioxide, ZnO, and TiO2 nanoparticles have the most
Action of metal nanoparticles on microbes [62] protective coatings.

AgNPs have a more potent antibacterial effect against 4.Water purifier

microorganisms. The permeability of a bacterial cell Water purifiers are the emerging field in
membrane is altered by silver nanoparticles, allowing silver nanotechnology. The use of silver's antibacterial properties
nanoparticles to enter. Cell division is inhibited and cell is most commercialized application. [59]. Mercury is also
death occurs when nanoparticles contact with the removed from drinking water using gold nanoparticles. In
intracellular membrane. [50]. another fascinating examination, A method for releasing
ultra-fine gold particles into water has been developed, with
The metal enters the cell intracellularly in zinc oxide the goal of exploiting gold's medicinal capabilities [60].
nps, damage cell wall and DNA replication. Processes inside
the cytomembrane are: metal ions are released by ZnO NPs, VI. CONCLUSION
generation of ROS and then it spread inside the membrane
leads to the damage of cell wall.[51] This work has been done to explore the antimicrobial
activity of nanomaterials via chemical and biological
Due to photocatalytic activity of TiO2NPs it can method. Though silver nanoparticles are believed to be the
destroy microorganisms. ROS oxidise the cell membrane best antimicrobial activity but, in this study, it is shown that
resulting in cell death. In the absence of light, it causes copper, zinc, titanium and gold too play an important role in
membrane disruption [52]. inhibiting the microbial growth. Commercial applications
show that the future of nanomaterials is vast and will going
The antimicrobial activity of CuO NPs depends upon to help in long run as they less toxic to human cells.
aggregation, minimum aggregation result in lesser

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June-2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: 2456-2156
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