O

1THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Chamqes duving the 1789FRENCH REVOLUTION

1 . Fsan ce was under absolute monarchy

2. The revoluten tsanaersed the Covemnmental
power co suing powe mmonarchy te
French people or izen
citizen.

3. Tho Tdeas Qika 'La Patrie! (the fotherland)

and Le citouen' (the citizen) _were adopted
4 Tho Reyal Elag wOA seplaced hy tha neo
benchElag.

5. Neuo humng uwexe_composed, oothg taken and

martyrg Commemoxatec all in the name _e
the noatien.
h
6 French beame the commonanquage o
nakien.

Unigom system weighs and messUzes was

adepted.

and
8 Abslishment OA internal Customs duties
clues
9 A centalised adminstKctie autem wa
estoblihed:
 O

10. Estates qenesa oas endmed

'NatienalAasembly,wch was elected oy
thebody active citizens.
Napoleaun 1769-1821)
1Rulex ek Fsance Tem I799 1815

2 Became the firat consul by 0syuming

alosolte fouwera.
Napoleanic Code- Civi Code g 1804
L i) Simplitioakion_of
administrative diistena
Rioht to propeshy for Frendh citizens
Ci Aboshod oll privilkoa oased en bixth.
v) Estnolished Eaualits loeose
Lau
N)Guuldrestsictiona were xemoved
)Abelishment Aeudal system
BesAdem
ui) lsaunaposts and communucokien sygtems
wese impoove

Vnt) St weigh and measureg wex

wese
standadisec
 LDemesits of CiVi Code

1 incsease tanatian
in
t)implemented censocship.
N
) touced Conscsiphien into the aomes

LDfferent Ideoloqies Libeml Nationalism

Libesalism a ooxo derived 4em th !Lahin
Toot Liber', meaning 4aee
In the political sphase
1 ) t stoodAor equality byo aw,
iemphasiaized the Cencept ogovenmert by
Consert:

I n t h economicphese
)It stoooorLeedem maskets and bhu
cbelitien o state -imposesesti.ctiens en
movementopads cnd copita

*Zollvexein In 1834a custems unien 0r

zollvereinwas 4ormed uohich abslihed tank
oansiens and ediu.ced the number a Cuorendies
wer thihy te uo.

Neco onguahsm_Agtes 1815-

Autes the dejeat Napalean 1815, Eurapearn

spurt q conservdt
ouemnmensusee dsiven oy a
Consesvatives believed that a mode mmy,
an ericienk
bticienk bureau coacy a dymamic econom4
the abelitien seudalism and sesclem
coud strengthen the auta cmic monomohies q
Eusope

REATY OFVIENNA
I n 1815, repsesertatives o the Eumopean
PouseBsBsitain, RusslaRrusia and Ausbria.
met at Vienna toduo up settemert

The Congress was hoated au th

the
Austsian Chancellor Duke Mattesnich

Maio ponts ag Tuaky of VMenna

Tha Bourben dunaats, which hod been
desposed durinq, the French Revelutien,
was retored to power.
2France Jast tha teritoriea t had
annexed under Napolan,

A 2ies o stutes wese set up en the

boundari Franc to prevent expansern
in qutuse

Russia was given impodtant nauo

teroitortes em wWestesn eronbiena,
 while Austria was
qven contrel q Nosthen
Ltoly
Geman cogederatien
D q 39 stutes that hod
beenset up oyNopklean uas
lept wtouchd
I n the East Russia os
given part sg
Poland while Prussia was qiven a portier
Sanamy
A
Tha Aqge ot Kevolution 1830-148

h e 4ITzt upheaval took plac in Fronc

in Ju 1836. he Bourben kings wese Oves
thwown'by
by ibexal revolutionariesuha installed
Louis Philippe. thethe constituionalmonach.
) Metternich once semorkedWhen bance sneezes
the est of Europe catches cold
the

GREEK REVOLUTION (1830)

LSince
L Since 15 cent, Greece was a port of the.
Otoman_Empire
Struggle for Greece'sIndependence sturted with tho
rcouthdf Natinalism inEurope fsom the 0ttoman
Empre in 182

Gseek culture and Litexature inspmed the poeta

On.d aotists who 2upported thu revalution They
 louded Grreece as the Csadle of Human
Civilizaion'
1232
The Treahy of Constantinopole. Qg 8
secoqnised Greece s an Independent nafion

The Romartic Imaqinabion and Noational Feelirq

Romanticism A cultural movemert which s0uaht
to develop a particular foom of nationalist
sentiment. and pomotea Lelinq of collective
as Thebasis of a nathion.
hezitage
he developmentof nakienalism dtd not come
about onls thaough was and tesitaidl
in
epansion, Culture played a n importat role
Cecding the dea of thenation iast, poetay,
and imusic helped o expsessand shape
natianalistfelings.
Romenhic cotists qenesally criticised the glangraon
di reasonane sciencearnd 4oCused inskead an
emotions, intuitions ond mystical feelings.

LIhe Geman Philosopher dahann Gattfried Hexder

faimed that true German culture was o be
cliscovesed cmona the common peopke-das volkk
t wasthrough tolk sonqs, foetrs and tolk
natien
dances that the true spirit of the
uolkgeist) was popularised
 LPoland Supported nationalist feelings through
musicand anguage

LKavolKuspinski Celelbrated tho nakional struggle

thsough his operas and music, tuming fok
dances ke the palo naise crd mazurka ito
naionalist Sumbols.

GERMANY REVOLUTION OF THELIeERALS (848)

On 18 May 1848, g3 electedepresentocives

mached to take their places t in_ the Fankfut
Parliamer conuened in the Chuoh _of St.Paul:

Draftad a constitution based on constihutional

moncachy.subiect to a parliament

Rrussian
Pussian King EtecsichWiAhelm IViaeected
their demands
The
h e pasliament was dominated ba the middle
classes who gesst resisted the demand af wnke
and antisans and consequently Sast thets suppart

TOOpsforcibydisbondecl th assembly

SSUE OF PoLITICAL RLGHTS TO wOMEN

nissue of extendiny political sight touwomep

one withun the liberal
controvessial
ovemen,in shich aro numbers 6 wemen e
 TA
t
had potiipated octively
Own
Womn had formed theis political auociahion
ROunded neuspapexs Cnd taken paxt in polticol
meetings and demorsbrations-Despite this they
were denied suffge righib duing the elecdn.
thethe assembly:
When the Frankfurt paiame was Conuered,
the ucomen wexe comtted ony_as obsenars
to stand in the visitor's gallery.
 O
O

ONIFCATION OF GERMANY
C1866-7I)

LEfforts were made by the middle clasa

Geomans to uwrite the different regions of
Gesman Contedenation ito a nation-stote
LThue efforts
weresuppressed by he manaxchy
and miltasy and the ange Xandownexs Tunkes)
in ssia.

LTha
Tha nationaunification was taken under by
the leadenship of Paussid
LOtto Von Bismarck with tha help _of the
Brussianomu and buseaucacsplayed tha.
sale ot a moiun lecder In art ot nation-
building-
Iee was OUesseven years= with Austsia,
DenmaskK and ance-ended in Paussian victan
1 8 Januasy 187 the Prussian King
Kaisex UEL'iam I wa declarred as the nuu
na
Emperor of a nouu bnpire

Lha
Tha nificntion of Gesmanyestablished russian
domunance inEuxope

urency
rency, banking , Legal and judicial system
introducid by thu New Ghesncun Epire
wese
 UNIFICATION OF ITALY
1866-71)

Dusina the Mid. 19th Century Ltaly was

dividedinto seven stutes

LOnly Sarclinia Piedmond was xuled by on

Ltnlian Rrincely house

Nosth wasuled by Austrian tabsbusqs

Centre was under the sudle cf the pe

L And the south wos undes the dominokion of

the Bouben kings of Spaim

Around 1830s
ror unitinq Ttalian Republic Guseppe Mazzini
had Sought to put togethez a_coheresit pxoqsome
Younq Ltals=_a secret society was alA
omed t dunng this tima

Foilure of xewaluhiamany uprisinos beth in

1831 and 134 meant 'tha manth ne
fell_en Sardinia Piecmonk wnder d Tuler
King Victos Emmanuel l t unifs lalion
STtes thsaugh waH:

A unitieg taly Otkent thun th

 o0ssibilityof
possi economic developmert ond politica
dominanC2

LCount Cavous -ief Ministes of Scrdinia Predmont

led the movement for unificahion of
Ltaly
L 1869-Austrian torces were deteated ay
Fsance t Sasdinia Piedmont alliance
L1860D GiuseppeGaanbaldioined the fuay
they masched into South Italy and the Kingdam
afthe Tuo Siciliesand dreve sut
th Sanish uter
1861 Victor Emmanuel L bemma the king
of united Italy
Rom became a
Roma partot Sandinia ond in this.
way_final
Uay unitication cf Ltals , uas also achieued
n1871
 HE UNIFICATION OF GREAT BRITAIN

Before the 18th centumy, there was no British

nadten- state.

The
h e primary identities of the people whe
inhabited th British Iales wese Etnic one
Like Enqlish, lelsh , Scet or Trish

A s th Enqliah Nabon steadily are n

wealthimpartance and powerit uwas abl
nd b ingluenceove athr natieas
OR-thaislands.

I n 1688, tha English Parliament sized power

fsem the monchs

The Act of Union (T07) between Ergland

and Scotland resulted in tha fomation of
th United Kingdem of Gseat Britaiun.
By this Act Scstland uas incoposated
in Enqland
Hence, the Biish Parliament was dorinoded
Brolisn members
Incorposaton of Leland
eland was COuntny divided Jto Cathalis
ond Footestourt.

The Bnalish uppp-uked the Rretstan o

 Irelondto establish thei dominana over a
mayority country Cadholicg Teuolt against
Bnitish dominanci was
2uppre3ed
In 798 outer a sevolt led by Wol Tor
and his United Irishmen, Ireland was gorddy
included the-iaadem United Kingden n
1801

A_new Bitsh Natien uwas AOTsgedthoeuon

the psopaatien domincunt Egüsh

The8umbals 4 the Neu Britain wese th

the
British Fag (Unidn Jack), th nationalonthem
CGrod Scwe "Our Nobe King)and th English
lanquage=were activel premeke and th
elder notieng usuived enly as subordiate
Pautnes in thi Union
 VISUAL*SI NG THE NATION

Artists in 18m and 19th centusies personutied

nations.

Fermale fiquses became an alleacry of the

the
nation

Dursim hsench Revokution antists usecd female

alleaay to pantras ideos ike ibests, justice
andthe Republic
In_french_she wnschistened Maxi.anne
Geronia uoecrs acxmon o ogk Xeaves as the
Geman Oak Stand for hesoism
LGecmania became the Alleaory of Gemany
h e red cap the tsicolor,
the cockade Tepresented
epre
Libests _and Kepublic.

Nationalism Cnd Lmperialism

LsBy thL Last Cuanter_of_the 19th century,
nationalism ost its idealiabic
libeml denocah
sentiment
LhaBalkans was_a xeqion ot geOqraphc
Cnd ethoic diffeences compsisinamodesn dau
Romania, Bulqasia,Alkania ,Grxent, Maceclonia
 Csoatia, Bosnia Herzeqoving, Slovenia, Sesbia and
Montenegso. I inhabitants uwere brcadly kngun
As the Slos
A larqe perqa parst of the Balkans was
unde he Contsol oA theOttoman Emprre

Duin9 this time, many pGuJeTtultusopearn

nations, Such as
Russia ,hance, Gesmans,Erqland
and Austso - Hunaarycompeted to qain contol
OVes the BalkansThsJd to a sestes
wans in the eaion and finallsed tn
the Fist Wlorld Wla

Nationalism alianedwith imperialism, lec Euope

to disaster in 914.
 JMORTANT TERMS <

Republic: Its a state where the supreme

poue is held by the peopl and theis
elected Jepresentatives.The presidert is eitter
appointed thwough elections or nominations.

2 Socialist Republic: It is a country that s

constitutionally dedicated to establishment of
socdalism

3 Socialism t
s an economic theasysystem
Or movement",uahere the oduction_Cnd
distribuhon oqoods is cene ouoned and shod
y the citizeni of a saciets

A Absolute Monaschs It s a type of 0

Qovesnmental tom o monarchs in which all
pouer Cnd responsibiKties drise froma
monomch. Louis XIV of fanca i tha mast
oous eicmple Of of absolute monarchy.

5.Absolutist A qouesnment r C_Ssystem

of rules that has no restmirti e n t h
pouoer exercised: In historsthe tezm
tefess-
to a tom atmanmchial qoveroment that
uas cetralisecdmilitasised Cund repesiue

6 Utopica an imoained place os state of

thing
thing in which evesything s
Perfect
 7 Nation State Cby Esnst Renan
A nation the culminahion af
a konq past
of endeavouss,sacsifice and edeveltie-
nation s a arge scala solidanits,devotion.Aeistenaits
d o l y Plebiscite
8. Plebiscite : A direct vote by which all the
peopleat a Teqian Cseasked to accept ar_
reyect a mposal

9. Nahon -state A_ nahion stute was the onz in_

which the maitity ot its dtizens and not_only
its ulenscam to 'develop asense ot common
identihy and shased histony a descent
lo. Moden-state_ b concept and prsachice in which
a centalised couoen exencised soveseiqn contooves
a clearls detined texsiosy.
Natonalism LDuakts ad deation touorrds a
nafion.

12 Pristocxacy class a r gsaupd pecpla whe

beliewe to be Supenior as in rank,wealth, ar
Intellect)
3: Sesf a person in tha post ohe belonqed ter
a low Social class and uwhe ived and
warked en a land ouned ay onather peren

AConse vatiem Commitmst to toaditionad values

 and idéos with oppositiento dhamqe or
innavahona
Habsbuq Empire: The Empire that muled
Austria Hungany inckudinq the Alpineeqien
at Tural,Sudentenland and Bohemia

4 Ottoman Empirse urkish empire ruled oy

the Caliph-the spiitual ad tempomal aed
head of the Mualims
15Ldeoloqy atem ot idecs sefleckina a partiula
social and pelitical elaision
I6, EthnicIt Telates to a: Common cial
tsibal, or cultml oriqin o backqround
that aCommunits idenifies uwith or_claums..

17 teminist Awcreness af uonnen's viqht and

Inkerestabased on the belieg the social
economicand poltical equalits of the qerdera
ALlegoryi Whun an abstmct ided s expseued
thsough a person or a thinq. An alLaqpouc
story has maaninas,one Ctesal and
ene 3umbolic

13 Romanticismi A culhrral movenment,which

ar dleveloping
cinmed
apasticula tom o nakienal
sentiment àrd poemete a teeling q'cellective
hetituge C the baausoanatien
1Giuseppe Mazzini (Posn in Genoa in 1801)

He was an Ttalian
Tevoluhiondsy,whno played
an impostantsolein promotionthe idea 4
unification of Italian state-becme a memoer crbona
He was sent to erileat the aqe at 24 n
1831 to attempting a eualuhien m Liquriq
He Cam to Foanco and tounded secre
undengraud sociehes, under tha nm of Young
Italy ane in Mavseilles andYounq Euope
n Beme which aimed a t ingusim th spisit
of fsaternih amonatalians

Mazzini beliwed that God had intended nations

to be the natra wnwsof mankd

Mettenich descsibed him as tha most

dongexous enemy of our social ardex

2Count Camillo Cavour

He
He wOs th chie ministez o f Sarcinia Pedmont
who ad e th movement to unifty the
tha
eqions o Italy He was núther a seuolutioramy
7eqiens O
nor a democrat He spoke brench much better
than talian He entered iD_an alliance
with Faance and succeeded in defecting
and

Austrian. Foxces in1859

3 * Gu
3*Giuseppe Gaxribaldi (1807-82)
LIn_183b, he met Mazzini and jaineo Young
 He participared in a
ltaly movement
&epublican upsising n 1834
Piedmant In

Tn1860 he led
led the fumous expeditien
to
to South Ttaly and the kingdem of two
Silies with hi Red shift ammy n 1867
he ed the Cmy to Rome to hiaht fos
Papal States ohere a Fench cassisom was

stafion ed. In 1870, Foanc uithdseu

roops and Papal stutes wee tinally cind
to Ttoy

4 Otto Von Bismasck

Otto Von Bismctsck uas the tuo rchitest
Gemans_ who played an impostant rele
inthe tunutcahen o th country.
He is knonfar hs policy of 'Blood and
Lsen. Thes psacs Gunificotien o esmary
was hdder th russian Chiey îMinistei -

Bismarck,with thu- hale e the Prussian

amy And buseauccacy

O O
O
ImPORTANT EVENTS CTIMELINNE)
1688 Act of Onion-Bebuoeen Enqland and
Scotland-esultedin the 4mation af Cnited
Kingdemof Gseat Bitain:
1789 he French Revolutien occursed
797 Napolean invades talyNapaleanc g
beain
1801 Leland was 4ccibly incaspoated intn
the Onited Kinadom
1804 Napoleanic Code oc Civik code was introdred

815-Defext oft Napalecun by uopec1n pouend

Britain Russia Prmussia and Austsia
1815 Treats -see of Vienna uas sicned
Consenvative Keqimes UeTe set up

1821 Grceekstrugale
JU
ferindepenclence beqina

1830 Giusappa Mazzini had sought ta_pt

together_a cohused poqsammefor a

Onitary 1AalianRapublic
Ecoomichandship in Europe

194 Revolutions in Eoxopa

1852 Tseaty ot Constontinopela was siqned
Cund Grreec uas
ucoanised as cn
independent nabien.

1843 Renunciatien th French Moncroch..

1848 B3 elecked seoresentatiues mrached

tDuardsthe Fankfit parliament
and caated the constitutien tor a
German natien

86 Vicor Emmanuel I becama tho Kina ot

United tals-
1867 Th Habebungults osanked mome
Qutononny tHungariang
1871 ina unificahicGn a Ttalu uwau
achieved

I90S slay nahenalium ogithans gaKce in th

Habsburq and Ottoman empises.
1914 Beginninq Wardd Was I.
1834 Zolluerein as ustoma Unien uas goKmed-
in russia to abelih tariff bamie
859 _Piedmont_and rana lefeakad Ast

63Giuseppe Mazzini esnblishad You

Italy
1831 an Otomed rebelliorn aqainst Ruian zule
toe ploc
185910
+4- lnificatien of Ialy-
1866 7 nificahien of Gemany

1905 Slawnathenaliam gaths gorce in the

Habsbura and Otteman Enpises

O
O