Iptvsav

________________________________________Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)
1. Introduction :
1.1 Overview of Television Media :

Television has gained a very significant role in information sharing and
generally among people’s daily life during its short history. Nowadays, TV is
one of the most watched media all around the world. On average TV is viewed in
Europe 3 hours and 33 minutes per person daily. Reasons for its popularity are
several. TV is a compelling media due to its media and information richness. It
requires little from the viewer (ease of use) and provides possibilities for social
interaction among viewers both during and after watching. It can be used both for
entertainment purposes and information absorption.
The single most important change process in TV’s near history - digitalization-
has started during 1990’s. Process started from digitalization of the production
and distribution infrastructure. Now the development has reached the viewer level.
The transfer period will last at least until end of this decade . This development has
wide-ranging affect on all players in TV industry from content owners to viewers.
These changes are for example better picture and sound quality, more channels, more
attractive content and possibility to use interactive services (e.g. information services,
e-commerce etc.).
An important issue facing business today is how to disseminate information to

employees in an engaging and meaningful way. One effective way is to distribute
multimedia content via an Ethernet network. A converged network allows you to
deliver live or recorded video and audio , conferencing, distance learning, and animated
presentations to any computer connected to the network. The concept has been around
for a while, but the technology to implement it in practical applications has recently
become mature enough to make it a reality.
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1.3 Television Broadcasting :

Television is generally broadcast using three methods - terrestrial broadcasts
Using VHF (Very High Frequency) or UHF (Ultra High Frequency) radio waves ,
satellite broadcasts using microwaves and cable broadcasts using coaxial cable. There
are new methods currently in development. Powerline transmission transmits data to
the viewer through the power grid and xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology
allows television pictures to be digitally transmitted down telephone lines. A form
called ASDL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line) was used in an interactive TV
trial in Ipswich and Colchester by British Telecom three years ago , but it is not being
used commercially as equipment that must be installed in the telephone exchange is
currently too expensive.
Cable, satellite and terrestrial are currently undergoing a transition from analogue
to digital. Terrestrially digital transmission allows either six slightly higher than normal
quality channels or one HDTV (high definition television) channel to be placed in the
space of one analogue channel.
1.4 The Internet :

The Internet is a network of networks spanning the globe. It could achieve
communication using a technology called packet-switching. When two computers
communicated, instead of forming a direct dedicated connection (circuit-switching - as
with the current telephone system), they would send the data in little packets which
would be routed through the network whatever way possible to arrive at there
destination. If any intermediate connections were destroyed the data would be routed
around.
The Internet’s killer applications were e-mail and the world-wide web. This
enabled people to publish pages including pictures which could be viewed very simply
by anyone around the world. It comprised HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and
HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language). HTTP specified a protocol that allowed the
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transmission of the pages, and HTML specified a file format for the pages that allowed
them to be viewed on any type of computer using software called a browser.
1.5 Video Streaming
Video streaming is a method of sending video through the Internet. It is known

as streaming as the video is displayed as the data arrives at the viewer's computer, rather
than being received in its entirety and viewed afterwards. The main problems in
Video streaming relate to the Internet bandwidth (speed of transmission) and QoS
(Quality of Service - reliability). Digitized video takes a lot of space - 1 minute of
television quality video takes approximately 1,900 megabytes (million characters) of
space per minute, while an average home connection to the Internet can transmit
approximately 300 kilobytes (thousand characters) per minute and the Internet is
already quite congested. Streamed video must also arrive at the destination reliably -
if some packets of data do not arrive or arrive too late the player will 'stall' - it will not
have any pictures to display on the screen.
1.6 Digital Transmission of Video
Whatever medium is used for transmitting digital video, the size must be reduced.
The size of the picture or the number of frames per second can be reduced. However
this isn't a satisfactory solution if the aim of the video is to replace television - ideally
the size of the picture should be increased. The most powerful solution is compression,
of which there are two types. Lossless compression removes patterns of data and
replaces them with symbols which can be substituted back on decompression ,
for example "195555555555874" could be represented by "19[10×5]874". The
decompressed data is identical to the original data before it was compressed . Lossy
compression involves removing data that wouldn't be missed by the viewer (or would
be least missed by the viewer).
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Standards for video compression are set by MPEG (Motion Picture Experts
Group). Their standards are used in the recording of video on CDs (MPEG-1) and
digital television transmission (MPEG-2), though these media have a much higher
bandwidth than the Internet (approximately 9 megabytes per minute for CDs and 30
megabytes per minute for digital television). These use a form of compression called
DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). All the companies developing video streaming
software (which will be mentioned later) have developed proprietary CODECs
( Compressor-DECompressor algorithms) that enable video to be transmitted over a
normal telephone line. The quality of these is very poor - the only real solution to the
problem is to use a broadband (high bandwidth) connection to the Internet.
There are a few ways to do this - primarily cable modems and xDSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) technology. Cable modems allow computers to connect to the Internet
through the cable system, though the cable company must upgrade their equipment for
them to work. They typically allow a maximum of 15 megabytes per minute, which is
more than good enough for television quality video. XDSL technology allows
computers to connect to the Internet at a faster rate through its existing copper
connection to the telephone system. It allows a maximum of 75 megabytes per minute,
but requires costly upgrades at telephone exchanges and it requires the viewer to live
within a certain distance of the exchange. There are other methods of connecting to the
Internet in between these capacities and traditional modems, such as ISDN (Integrated
Services Digital Network), but their capacity isn't high enough for television quality
video.
If many people viewed video at this bandwidth the Internet itself would come to
a standstill due to the amount of data - the main backbones ( the high bandwidth
connections that make up the Internet across the world) have a limited, albeit always
increasing, capacity which already causes the Internet to slow down during peak hours.
A solution is multicasting - broadcast of Internet packets from one source to many,
selected destinations.
This is as opposed to unicasting ( from one source to one destination - how
Internet transmission normally takes place) and broadcasting (from one source to every
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single destination). To work multicasting must be supported on routers (the devices that
route information from one point to another on the Internet). Currently it is not
supported on most routers, but this is rapidly changing.
QoS can be improved by using different protocols to transmit the video. Most
data is transmitted across the Internet using TCP/IP ( Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). IP defines the structure of the packets and TCP is a method
used to make sure they arrive at their destination (involving sending retransmission
requests for packets that go missing). TCP is unsuitable for video streaming as by the
time the packets are retransmitted they are of no use - it is better just to skip the missing
information. As each packet is quite small a few missing packets shouldn't make much
difference to the viewer's image. An alternative to TCP is UDP ( User Datagram
Protocol), which is used by video streaming software) - any missing packets are merely
dropped.
We can compare traditional methods of broadcasting with the Internet using the
following criteria.
• Image/Audio Quality
• Cost
• Content
• Choice
• Client Hardware
• Interactivity
• Availability
2. What is IPTV ?
Internet protocol television, or IPTV, uses a two-way digital broadcast signal
that is sent through a switched telephone or cable network by way of a broadband
connection, along with a set top box programmed with software that can handle viewer
requests to access media sources. A television is connected to the set top box that
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handles the task of decoding the IP video and converts it into standard television
signals. The Switched Video Service (SVS) system allows viewers to access broadcast
network channels, subscription services, and movies on demand.
At the moment, the meaning of IPTV is occupied by "server based techniques".

But the meaning of IPTV is going to change to a synonym for "TV via broadband". So
with "IPTV" here the new meaning "TV by Internet" is meant, as generic term, no
matter how the technical realisation is done. "IP" also indicates, that the transmission
technologie is IP based, i.e. it is based on the general Internet protocols ( IP protocols ),
like all other Internet technologies. IPTV is no analog or digital one-way-street like
before ! The customer can "interact" immediately ( and he / she can "buy" ), without
"hotline queues".
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IP-TV is a recent concept that promotes methods of distributing video, audio,

and other active multimedia content across a network much like television is deployed
today. In the IP-TV model, several channels of content would be available and easily
accessed using a client running on a desktop computer or some specialized appliance
.To deploy IP-TV, several technologies are leveraged such as quality of service
(QoS),multicast protocols,specialized video encoding schemes (MPEG-2,Microsoft
Windows Media Video 9),and specialized servers and clients.
• IPTV is not TV that is broadcast over the Internet.

IPTV is generally funded and supported by large telecom providers who
have undertaken the mission of creating a competitive replacement product for digital
cable and satellite services .While the "IP" in its name stands for Internet Protocol, that
doesn't mean people will log onto their favorite Web page to access television
programming. The IP refers to a method of sending information over a secure, tightly
managed network that results in a superior entertainment experience.
IPTV is a method for broadcasting a “multicast” video stream over the campus
network. The “multicasting” technology allows a single video stream to be viewed by
many users on the network, which exponentially reduces the amount of bandwidth
required. So instead of a server sending out 25 individual video streams requiring 300
Kbps each, it can send a single 300 Kbps stream that can be viewed by 25 viewers.
This reduction in bandwidth requirements allows a much higher quality video

stream to be used. IPTV currently broadcasts Mpeg1 encoded video, which is the same
format used in video CD’s (VCD’s). More instructors will be developing video
components for their courses as digital camcorders and video editing software become
cheaper and easier to use, and IPTV provides an efficient solution for delivering high
quality video.
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3. IPTV Architecture
• Due to the bandwidth requirements of video, IPTV requires broadband

connections to be distributed.
• IPTV covers both live TV (multicasting) as well as stored video (Video

on Demand VOD).
• The playback of IPTV requires either a personal computer or a "set-top

box" connected to a TV.
• The primary underlying protocols used for IPTV are IGMP version 2 for
channel change signaling for live TV and RTSP for Video on Demand.
Protocols using peer-to-peer technology to distribute live TV are just starting to

emerge. Their primary advantage over traditional distribution models is that they
provide a way of sharing data delivery workloads across connected client systems as
well as over the distributor's own server infrastructure, which drastically decreases the
operational costs for a stream provider.
Video Compression formats used for IPTV include MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264,
WMV (Windows Media Video 9 and VC1), XviD, DivX, and Ogg Theora.
3.1 IP television can be watched on different types of viewing devices such as

• standard televisions with adapters
• dedicated IP televisions
• multimedia computers
• mobile telephones.
IP television service allows viewers to have more control of Internet television

services. This control ranges from instant service activation to real time television on
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demand controls. Some of the advanced Internet television features such as personal
media channels, anywhere television extensions, global television channels.
4. How IPTV Works And IPTV NETWORK Example (TURBONET)
After having installed the iPTV equipment on your PC, you start using the service
by dialing into the CS Internet network with your ordinary 56K modem. While surfing
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the Web, when you click a link to request a different page, instead of making the
request directly to a web-server, the request goes to the Satellite service's Network
Operations Center (NOC), located at CS Internet. The NOC then requests the content
from a web-server and beams it to a Thaicom satellite, from where it is forwarded to
your satellite dish. The web page is then passed to your PC through a satellite receiver.
During transmission, Internet data will be converted into MPEG-2/DVB streams.
For corporate users, iPTV can be used as a Proxy server to relieve time-
consuming bottlenecks when high speed Internet access is required.
Furthermore, iPTV provides additional value-added services which allow content
providers or television program providers to transmit data to satellite receivers directly
using IP Multicasting. Users may subscribe to receive content such as TV programs and
future applications directly from the provider.
Turbo Internet Network Diagram
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Working of IPTV :
Have you ever wished that your favorite show was in a more convenient
timeslot, or have you wished that you could start and stop your favorite programs?
digital Video Recorders like TiVo offer a partial solution, allowing consumers to record
a limited amount of video and watch it when they so desire.Limited hard drive space
causes quality on a DVR to be noticeably lower than normal television, and also limits
the amount of content that may be accessed at any given time. In addition, if the shows
are aired in the same time slot, the user can only choose one to record. A new
technology- IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) may be the solution to all of these problems.
IPTV works the same as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), except with a
television signal instead of a voice signal. The signal is broken up into data packets and
sent over the internet to a home user’s high-speed internet connection, and into a set-top
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box. Unlike normal television, this transmission can go both ways, not only from
provider to consumer.
Although the technology is similar, IPTV will be offered at equal or higher
quality than current TV quality broadcasts. Because the packets containing the
television signal are only sent when requested, an enormous amount of bandwidth is
saved. In current TV systems, Cable TV providers send every channel to every user,
regardless of whether or not the subscriber is watching that channel, or even has their
TV on in the first place. Without having to constantly broadcast all channels, cable
companies will be able to provide, more channels, higher quality video and sound
signals, and faster internet access to their subscribers. This also allows phone companies
to make an attempt to break into the market, as the lines to each house are slower than a
cable line.
Saving bandwidth is not the only benefit of IPTV for providers. Because IPTV
allows data packets to be transferred in both directions, providers would have an
amazing amount of feedback about the programs being watched by their subscribers,
which is useful for targeted advertisements. Other services such as customized weather
and news, as well as ratings feedback are possible as well.
Users may be able to pull up statistics on a sports player if they are watching a
game, get their e-mail, or even configure their IPTV set-top box to record a show from a
remote location. This technology would also allow for online movie rentals, where the
movie is streamed over the internet on demand, rather than visiting a video store.
Shanda Interactive Entertainment Ltd., the largest online game service provider in
China, has plans to use IPTV technology for much more than just television and
movies. Consumers can enjoy chess and card games, online games, novels, Mp3s,
Radio broadcasts, and traditional TV and movie programs through their television sets.
Some companies use an alternate name for IPTV, where the acronym stands for
Interactive Personal TV, and offer many services that would normally require a PC to
access. This type of service is expected to have 13.5 million subscribers in China by
2007. The major obstacle for IPTV providers is finding partnerships that would enable
them to provide sufficient content to compete with a Cable or Satellite TV service.
Satellite companies are expected to first use a “hybrid” service in which a single set-top
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box works both as a cable/satellite receiver and an IPTV receiver connected to the
internet. This will allow for their current programming to remain the same, while giving
the option to add more on-demand services on top of the old service.
Advertisers will certainly have to adapt to the new landscape of television, but
they could end up gaining from IPTV services rather than having a more difficult time
reaching consumers.
5. Role of Microsoft as IPTV solutions Provider

Microsoft has been heavily involved in trying to break in to the IPTV market,
providing subscriptions, hardware, and software to make the networks work. Microsoft
holds a more pristine vision of IPTV, using an entirely internet based service rather
than the hybrid approach that most Cable and Satellite providers will probably adopt.
Bill Gates believes that at some point, viewers should be able to control the coverage
of different media events, as well as text, or video conference with their friends while
they are viewing a program together from remote locations. Gates claims that this type
of service has had an amazing consumer response. Gates and Microsoft have been
successful in predicting trends in the past, and this type of forward thinking has helped
them get a jump on the IPTV market, much as they did with the desktop PC market.
Microsoft has been investing in IPTV about ten years ago, when TV providers saw the
technology as too flimsy and futuristic to bother pursuing. Microsoft claims to already
have software ready to power IPTV services, and is awaiting the day when they can
cash in on their investment.
IPTV services are due to first come out in the US later this year, however one
problem with the service is explaining to consumers why they would want it. However,
consumers already understand the idea Video on Demand, so IPTV will probably first
arrive as a service that only provides for Video on Demand, and providers will slowly
add features afterwards. Video games served online through IPTV seem to be suffering
limited interest, as only 10 percent of people polled said they would pay for such a
service. However, recent “interactive” programs on TV in which viewers can vote
online or via their cell phones have been seeing more and more participation, so having
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the ability to interact with a program from the TV remote could be seen as a large
benefit for IPTV providers.
Video on demand is almost assuredly the most promising feature of IPTV,
however there are those who oppose it. Hollywood fears that IPTV could lead to
widespread piracy of movies and TV shows, just as music has widely become
available on the internet. Hollywood fears that IPTV users may log on to a movie file-
sharing network to get movies and television shows for free. Of course this activity
would be illegal and movie studios will have the power to sue users who participate,
but as we have seen with p2p networks on the PC, it can be very difficult to police the
internet . Bill Gates has been a regular visitor to Hollywood, to insure that his software
will provide sufficient copyright protection features to prevent this sort of activity from
happening. Gates also argues that many users pirate things for convenience and would
be willing to pay if the content was easily accessible online through a legal pay service.
IPTV is definitely something that will reach consumers in some way or another in
the near future, whether by a hybrid service or a completely internet based service. This
conversion will prove to be a benefit both for providers and consumers, offering
increased control and more choices for the user, and cheaper costs, better feedback, and
more services to sell for providers. In addition, the new infrastructure being installed in
preparation for IPTV will have positive side effects for all other internet based services,
as Quality of Service and bandwidth will be greatly increased.
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6. Internet Television Service Provider (ITVSP)

This figure shows that IPTVSPs are primarily made of computers that are
connected to the Internet and software to operate IP television and other services. In this
diagram, a computer keeps track of which customers are active (registration) and what
features and services are authorized. When call requests are processed, the IPTVSP
sends messages to gateways via the Internet allowing television channel to be connected
to IP televisions, analog television adapters (ATVA), or multimedia computers that are
connected to a high speed data network (broadband Internet). These gateways transfer
their billing details to a clearinghouse so the IPTVSP can pay for the gateway's usage.
The IPTVSP then can use this billing information to charge the customer for access to
television programs and other media sources.
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6.1 IP Video to Multiple Users
This figure shows how much data transfer rate it can take to provide for multiple IP
television users in a single building. This diagram shows 3 IP televisions that require
1.8 Mbps to 3.8 Mbps to receive an IP television channel. This means the broadband
modem must be capable of providing 5.4 Mbps to 11.4 Mbps to allow up to 3 IP
televisions to operate in the same home or building.
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6.2 Getting IPTV to the Television in the Home
Premises distribution systems are playing an important part in IPTV networks.

Televisions are not typically located near a data connector and getting the signal to
media appliances in the home may require rewiring and/or additional equipment.
IPTV service providers desire to sell services where the customer can self install
the equipment avoiding the need for the service provider to send installation workers
(no need for a truck roll). This means the IPTV service providers will be focusing on
premises distribution equipment that can use existing wiring systems if possible. We
were surprised to learn that different countries have different types of home distribution
systems. Countries like the United States have a large percentage of installed coax while
other countries such as the United Kingdom have a larger percentage of customers that
still receive their television via RF broadcast.
Premises distribution systems can use copper (wire or coax), optical cable, or
wireless (radio or IR) to transfer communication of signals within a customer's facility
or home. The common premises distribution system used for IPTV distribution include
telephone wiring, coaxial cable, wireless LAN, power line distribution and wired LAN.
Figure4 shows the common types of premises distribution systems that can be
used for IP television systems. This diagram shows that an IP television signal arrives at
the premises at a broadband modem. The broadband modem is connected to a router
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that can distribute the media signals to forward data packets to different devices within
the home such as IP televisions. This example shows that routers may be able to
forward packets through power lines, telephone lines, coaxial lines, data cables or even
via wireless signals to adapters that receive the packets and recreate them into a form
the IP television can use.
7. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC: The IPTV Enabling Technology Standard

The need for an advanced video coding standard that
evolves MPEG-2 and H.263 to the next level has been addressed over the last several
years through a combined working group of the ITU-T and ISO/IEC organizations, who
have previously produced the H.26x and MPEG-x standards, respectively. The new
standard has emerged as H.264. It is also called MPEG-4 Part 10, or MPEG-4
Advanced Video Coding (AVC). The following table summarizes the development of
these standards and their intended applications.
7.1 Video Coding Standards
MPEG-2, a hardware-based technology, has been the industry standard digital video
broadcast codec for many years for high bit rate applications. MPEG-2 requires
2 Mbps of bandwidth, which is available over coaxial lines and satellite airwaves, to
deliver broadcast-quality, jitter-free, digital video.MPEG-4 Simple Profile (SP) and
Advanced Simple Profile (ASP) were developed for streaming video over Internet
connections. MPEG-4offers a software method to compress and decompress video
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over a network that provides only a best-possible connection with a wide range of
data rates. The result is not what viewers have come to expect from their televisions,
but enough to offer interesting services and enhance the richness of the Internet
experience. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC addresses the needs for greater compression,
leading to lower data rates, while maintaining broadcast quality for video-on-
demand (VOD) and high-definition television (HDTV) needs.
8. Video over IP DSL :

8.1 The Triple Play
The term triple play has recently crept into the Telecom vocabulary. Triple play
means offering three services
• voice
• data
• video or IPTV
and the reason for the interest is that providers can see the commercial
opportunity of being able to provide voice and video or IPTV services alongside
existing voice and data services. This allows them to offer customers a bundled triple
play service from a single supplier. Bundling has been shown to reduce customer
churn and consumers like to have a single bill and provider to deal with. So triple play
offers providers the opportunity to reduce churn and at the same time secure for
themselves additional revenue from the new services.
The timing for this developing interest in video and IPTV services is fuelled by a
combination of technological improvements and commercial pressures. Technologically
we have the growth in availability of broadband services, the availability of software to
enable video/TV applications over broadband networks, the increasing number of set
top boxes on the market and ever reducing prices, and the improvements in video
encoding that reduce bandwidth requirements to 2 to 3 Mbps per Video channel for a
quality service, therefore bring the offering into the realms of technical feasibility.
Commercially we have revenues form voice and data services that are increasingly
flat and ever increasing competition to the providers from cable TV companies
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particularly in the US and in selected areas of Europe. This means that providers need to
offer a competitive alternative or risk losing some of their existing customer based.
The techniques carriers and service providers can use to increase monthly revenue
beyond traditional POTS without building an entirely new infrastructure. Net to Net
believes that it is important for service provider to leverage the existing fiber and copper
infrastructure as cost effectively as possible.
8.2 Service Provider’s Challenge – Increase Revenue and Reduce Expenses

Carriers face a number of business challenges in today’s world of convergence
technologies. Gone are the days when the Local Exchange Carrier provides telephone
services and the region’s cable company delivers television. New technology has paved
the way new service offerings and the application of new technologies including
high-speed Internet access. Cable companies have begun to provide data services
across cable lines using cable modem technology and Telecoms are providing high-
speed Internet access via xDSL technology.
Competition is now fierce between these two utilities as cable providers are
increasingly offering voice services and traditional voice carrier s are looking
to find additional sources of revenue and protect their current markets. “Package deals”
develop. Consumers can get voice, video, and data over the same media, from the same
company, and on one bill. Competition is also emerging from satellite dish providers
offering Internet access. To stop losing customers, LECs need to compete by offering
multiple services over their existing infrastructure.
By capitalizing on technologies such as IP video and xDSL, along with protocols
like IGMP ( Internet Group Management Protocol) and Quality of Service (QoS)
techniques, service providers can offer cable TV like services, high-speed Internet
access, traditional telephony and other value added services over their existing fiber and
copper infrastructure.
8.3 Attraction of Additional Services

Adding additional IP-based services to the voice network can realize two,three, or four
times current revenues per subscriber. Consumers pay a monthly fee for voice services.
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For example, using a broadband access infrastructure supplied by Net to Net

Technologies, service providers can increase monthly revenues per subscriber for high-
speed, always on Internet access using xDSL technology. We have found this to be the
current rate for high-speed access in the U.S. Building an Ethernet-2 of 12 based, IP
network today provides a low cost solution with adaptability for future requirements.
The service provider can add additional video services without changing the
Net to Net DSLAMs or IP backbone. Building a video head-end, or sharing a head-end
with other providers can increase revenues. For example, additional monthly fees can be
collected for broadcast TV, enhanced TV channel packages, and other pay movie and
specialty channels. Refer to figure 1 for a breakdown of reoccurring monthly revenues.
Using the existing Ethernet-based system, additional monthly revenue can occur from
adding services like pay-per-view, video on demand (VoD), and virtual Personal Video
Recorders (PVR). Beyond consumer revenues, the carrier can support directed
advertising through ad-insertion. Many of these services can only be implemented cost
effectively using IP-based video.
9 The Network :
The xDSL and video transport system is made up of the following components:
- The video head-end
- Core IP switch/routers and fiber transport system
- DSL Access Multiplexers (DSLAM)
- The home network
9.1 The Head-end

The term head-end describes the location where video content is aggregated and
managed. In the cable TV industry, the head-end needed to be strategically located to
reach as many consumers as possible. With an IP video head-end, the video traffic
(transported as data) can be injected into the system from almost anywhere. Therefore,
the head-end can be located almost anywhere. Convenience and transport costs can be
used to determine the location. The head-end is comprised of many components
including the video services management system, analog to MPEG encoders, a video
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server, digital turnaround, and a broadband application server. At the customer’s home,
the video is viewed by via a set-top-box that utilizes an interactive client system.
9.2 MPEG Encoders :

The MPEG encoder receives video feeds from content providers, and
encodes the signals into MPEG frames. The encoder then grooms the signal to
provide a constant bit rate and transmits the data using preassigned multi-cast IP
and MAC addresses. The encoders today typically use MPEG-2 encoding that
transmits at a constant rate of 3 to 3.5 Mbps per stream. This rate provides a higher
quality digital picture than legacy analog systems. Viewers will prefer a true picture
quality due to digital encoding over traditional analog signals that degrade over
distances. Some encoders are able to encode MPEG-2 and transmit at 2.5 Mbps with
similar quality at a slightly higher price. Encoding technology is advancing quickly
and it is expected that encoders will be able to stream high quality video at one
Mbps within a couple of years.
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9.3 Digital Turnaround

The digital turnaround or MediaGateway is used to take already digitally
encoded video streams and transport it on the IP network. The primary function is to de-
multiplex DVB-ASI streams (Digital Video Broadcast - Asynchronous Serial Interface)
from satellite or terrestrial sources and redistribute them over an IP network. These
video streams are usually already encoded into the MPEG format and are sometimes
sent as multiple television programming channels within one stream. The turnaround
will take the multi-program transport stream, separate the channels, and transport each
program into its own IP multicast stream. There are many advantages to this system. By
using DVB-to-IP, video content stays in the original digital format. It does not have to
be decoded, and encoded again to work with the IP network. The digital turnaround is
much less expensive than multiple video encoders and maintains the quality of the
MPEG video.
9.4 Video Server

To provide Video on Demand (VoD), the provider uses a video server to
hold a large database of movies. People can select a movie from the onscreen display
and choose when they want to view the movie. The MPEG encoded movie is then
transmitted via a unicast IP stream. This allows the viewer to have virtual VCR
functionality. They can pause, stop, start, rewind, or fast-forward the movie. This is an
advantage over movie systems on cable or analog systems. With these legacy systems,
there is no customer control, only a start time and an ending time. Using IP-based VoD
gives the home user control over the movies, viewing time, and VCR-like capabilities.
9.5 Application Server

The application server provides the interaction systems for the user and allows for
storage of web services, PVR space, and stored advertisements. A service provider can
offer their own unique services such as interactive games and on-screen bill displays.
23
Using an application server can bring out the entrepreneurial spirit of the service
provider by providing a building block for new services.
9.6 Management Software and Service Administration

The management software system allows the provider to configure the channel
guide and client information. The management server works with each set-top-box to
provide the following types of functionality:
- Channel information
- Interactive Program guide
- Channel packages
- Billing data
- Subscribers can store channel preferences and favorites
- Password protection
- Parental controls
- Pay-per-view
- Movie guide
- Acts as the “gateway” to additional services
9.7 Set-Top-Box
The job of the set-top-box (STB) is multi-fold. From the client, the STB decodes
the data stream and hands an analog feed to the television set. It also has the channel
information, displays the interactive guide and is used to change channels. From the
network end, the STB issues IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) join and
24
leave messages and sends membership reports to the core network. When the STB starts
up, it goes through a boot process. During this process, it downloads configuration
information from the management system. This information includes the channel guide
and IGMP information, specifically channel to multicast group associations. When the
user changes channel, the STB notifies the network that it doesn’t need the old multicast
stream and need to join a new video group. It then receives the new MPEG-2 stream,
decodes the stream and sends the analog video to the TV.
10 . Core IP Routers and Fiber Transport System
The video traffic is transported as IP multicasts. The optimal backbone to support

this type of traffic is Ethernet routers supporting IGMP on the edge with a high-end
fiber transport system in the core.
10.1 Fiber Core

The fiber core should be a technology that is IP and Ethernet-based, can
support high bandwidths, is scaleable, and supports IGMP for IP multicasts. For
network integrity, the core should also support redundant links, acts as a self-healing
ring or mesh technology. Typical technologies include Gigabit Ethernet, SONET, SDH,
DWDM, or DTM.
25
10.2 Edge Switches and Routers

The access network is key when designing the network. Typically, the access
multiplexer will connect directly to a layer three switch or router. The switch is
distributing traffic from a high capacity backbone to a lower capacity access network.
Therefore, the switches need to have efficient switching, and support a high quality of
service (QoS). For these reasons the switches should support layer two technologies
like 802.1d switching, 802.1Q VLANs, and 802.1p traffic prioritization and support
layer three functions like subnet routing, IGMP, and a type of QoS like DiffServ, SVP,
or MPLS. Usually, a Layer 3 switch is used as the edge routers, which connect to the
DSLAM.
10.3 DSL Access Multiplexer

The recommended transport of choice today for video over the local loop is
ADSL. The combination of high downstream bandwidths coupled with superior reach is
crucial to reach the majority of consumers. Other technology options include VDLS and
G.SHDSL. VDSL offers a higher downstream bandwidth, but limited distance.
G.SHDSL offers good distance, but limited downstream speeds. Typical ADSL speeds
are about 8 Mbps downstream and 1.1 Mbps upstream. Today’s Net to Net ADSL can
offer a downstream bandwidth of up to 10.5 Mbps and upstream bandwidths of up to
1.1 Mbps. Some of Net to Net’s customers have experienced 10 Mbps at distances of
less than 10,000 feet. Other customers have achieved a maximum reach over 25,000
feet with a lesser bandwidth. At 3.5 Mbps per stream, the home use r can watch two
different channels, use the telephone and still has plenty of bandwidth for high-speed
Internet access. At 2.5 Mbps per multicast stream, the home user is able to receive three
channels simultaneously.
26
The access network is made up of the DSLAM, POTS splitter.

The ADSL modem, and sometimes an Ethernet switch make up the home network.
10.4 IP DSLAM
The Net to Net DSLAM provides up to 288 ADSL access lines. For the purposes
of video and high-speed data services, the DSLAM supports technologies like IGMP,
802.1Q VLANs, and QoS. The chassis can link to the IP core via Gigabit Ethernet ,
Fast Ethernet, DS3 Ethernet over SONET or E3 Ethernet over SDH.
The Net to Net DSLAM delivers the desired multicast stream to the appropriate
user through IGMP Snooping. It is essential that the DSLAM support IGMP. That way
the video traffic does not saturate the entire network. Multicast traffic is only sent to the
ports requesting the channel. The DSLAM monitors IGMP messages being sent from
each host and forwards these messages to the IGMP router when necessary. It forwards
all queries, join and membership reports, and only forwards leave messages as needed.
Further, the DSLAM tracks the memberships of each port (user) and will only forward
multicasts to those ports requesting membership to a particular group.
10.5 The Home Network

The ADSL modem acts as a bridge forwarding all requests to the DSLAM and
forwards data from the DSLAM back to the STB or PC. The Ethernet port on the
modem should support a full duplex Ethernet port. This way, data uploads will not
interfere with downstream multicast traffic. The modem should also support the
27
S=1/2 full-rate ADSL standard. This allows the modem to sync at 10.5 Mbps at
distances less of 6,000 feet or less. To distribute the traffic, there needs to be a home
network attached to the ADSL modem. Sometimes the modem will have a built-in
Ethernet switch. If this is not the case, the modem should connect to an Ethernet
switch. Each set-top-box and each PC needs its own connection to the Ethernet switch.
Alternates to an Ethernet network include Home PNA or 802.11a or 802.11b wireless
network.
11. Multicast Video Overview

Every channel is associated with a multicast group in the MPEG encoder.When
the set-top-box is initialized, it establishes a connection (unicast) with the management
system. It will download all of the channel information like the on-screen TV guide,
pay-per-view, etc. It will also download information regarding multicast groups, i.e.
channel [x] = yy.yy.yy.yy multicast group. When a channel is selected, the set-top-box
will send a membership report when it wants to establish the connection with that
channel (multicast group). The membership reports are used as a join message. The
DSLAM will add that port to the multicast group and forward the report to the uplink.
The uplink will be connected to an IGMP router.
Periodically, the router will send general queries to keep its multicast tables
updated. Hosts (set-top-boxes) will respond to these requests with membership reports.
One report will be sent for each group to which the host belongs. The reports will be
directed to the address of the multicast group. The DSLAM will forward these messages
to the appropriate host or router.
When the channel is changed, the set-top-box will first send a leave group
message to that multicast group. The DSLAM will remove that port from the multicast
group and will only forward the leave group message if that user is the last user in the
multicast group. If the router receives the leave message, it will send a group-specific
query to the group being left to ensure membership. Each set-top-box will then send a
membership report addressed to the group that It wants to belong (the new channel).
The DSLAM will add this port to the new multicast group.
28
12. Live Internet TV via digital TV
12.1 Streaming Media and Principle and broadcasting

Streaming Media is a term of the Internet world. It comprises the broadcasting
of audio and motion pictures as continuous data flow. In contrast to that, web pages,
pictures, programs, documents and similar are always transmitted as complete files. An
access is possible only after the transmission – the common problem of the response
time in the network. Streaming Media enables the set-up of a connection between the
media player and a server so that the content is indicated (video animations) or is made
audible (audio) already after buffering a small quantity of data.
The access on resources in the Internet is always carried out on the basis of a
demand. The Internet is bidirectional. Protocols, as the Real-Time Protocol (RTP) or
the Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), support the broadcasting of streams in the
Internet. The transmission parameters bandwidth and quality are individually
“negotiated”. Whether the stream is transmitted from a server or on-the-fly generated
by means of live encoders does not play any role. The feature of Streaming Media is
that the viewer may join a current connection and does not have to wait until the end of
the transmission. Streaming Media only requires a buffer storage of a limited size in the
terminal for the media player.
12.2 Streaming via digital TV

Also Internet protocol packets (IP) can be embedded in the transport streams of the
digital television (DTV) by means of the standard Multi-Protocol Encapsulation(MPE).
These IP packets can transfer all types of Internet contents. However, the delivery of
Streaming Media via digital broadcasting structures requires some special features:
• The bi-directional protocol for the request of a stream has to be changed
by means of a proxy program to an unidirectional connection.
29
• The bandwidth for the transmission has to be “negotiated” and aligned

with the transmission link of the DTV.
• The simultaneous transmission of TV and several streams requires a
connection management to ensure a guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS).
• The streaming format has to be robust against transmission errors and
shall not lead to an abortion of the presentation.
The synchronisation on a running transmission

has to be possible.
The first three requirements are ensured by the

Rohde&Schwarz StreamConnector and the Mediarouter.
The last requirements are ensured by the Internet Streaming Protocol.
13 . The multicast problem

Many companies work on making the wire conducted Internet also fit for television
applications (WebTV). Here, the main problem is the fact that the Internet has not been
originally capable for broadcasting. It is optimised for an individual point-to-point
communication.
Even if IP supports the multicasting, the transmission of the same contents to
many receivers, an overload of servers and networks is today a normal situation. Apart
from this, a stable standard for the multicasting still does not exist. The Protocol
Independent Multicasting (PIM) shall provide a remedy. What is more obvious than
integrating a real broadcasting system for the broadcasting of Internet TV. Digital TV
reaches all its audience without bottlenecks and without a dependence on the number of
viewers.
The gateway from the Internet to the digital TV network (DTV-IP-Inserter) is able
to tunnel the multicast connections as one single unicast connection to the streaming
server via the Internet. The MediaRouter provides the broadcasting and the QoS of the
programs via a DTV system capable for broadcasting.
30
14. IPTV Potential Offerings
The Microsoft TV as the IPTV services platform provider recognizes Microsoft™

leadership position in the rapidly emerging IPTV industry and the benefits it will bring
to customers.
Microsoft TV IPTV Edition also provides strong security features and efficiency
in delivering standard and high-definition TV programming to multiple TV sets in the
home over the fiber-enhanced network, while leaving ample bandwidth available for
ultra-fast Internet access and VoIP services.
The Microsoft TV division provides software solutions that help digital TV
operators create new services that delight consumers. Designed to help cable providers
and telecommunications companies derive more value from digital video and network
infrastructure investments, the Microsoft TV product family supports a range of digital
video services including interactive program guides, digital video recording, high-
definition TV and on-demand programming. The Microsoft TV platform works across a
full range of set-top boxes and TV devices.
Microsoft is busy developing a total solution to bring IPTV to the masses via
software and hardware technologies for broadcasting and viewing digital video IPTV
over broadband internet connections. At this time Microsoft has already made several
deals with some of the communication giants in the United States, Switzerland, and
Canada to bring IPTV services to the consumer through it's Microsoft TV IPTV Edition
platform. The platform allows operators to display caller ID information, instant
messages, e-mail, or SMS on the TV - even notify consumers about TV schedule
changes as they occur. It of course offers the broadcasters to deliver complete channel
navigation, DVR hardware, video on demand, subscription, and advertising to the
consumer. Leading telecommunications providers are conducting trials of
Microsoft TV IPTV Edition in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Additionally, by using IP technology to deliver video, voice, data and other

advanced services and applications over a single network connection, the services may
be accessed and shared via any number of IP-enabled household devices, such as TVs,
set-top boxes, PCs, PDAs or phones. Microsoft TV IPTV Edition also provides a
31
comprehensive security system including subscriber and end-to-end digital rights

management technology to protect the content across multiple devices.
The IP-based TV service is planned to include instant channel changing,
customizable channel lineups, video on demand, digital video recording, multimedia
interactive program guides, event notifications, content protection features and more.
Channel surfing becomes easier because you can continue to watch your program while
viewing live previews of other shows using innovative picture-in-picture (PIP)
technology.
Some additional potential applications include: Using two-way broadband
networks, companies could be able to send alerts and notifications to customers
watching TV in new ways. Some examples include the ability to alert a customer of
upcoming favorite shows, or Caller ID and instant messaging right on their TV screen.
The Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform could enable new services and applications
such as tuner-less picture-in-picture functionality. The PIP feature enables users to
preview other shows and channels while the primary channel runs in the background .
Photos could be easily shared from a networked computer and played back through
the TV.
To enable optimal use of bandwidth, SBC companies plan to use a switched
video distribution system, which streams only the content the customer requests instead
of broadcasting all channels to everybody at once. This cutting-edge technology frees
up large amounts of bandwidth for other applications.
15 .IPTV Applications and services:
32
IP/TV eliminates the headache involved with physical media. (ex. copies,
degradation, not-returned, etc.) Some implementations will even allow the student to
access it over a standard Dial-Up Connection.
Distance Learning
Are you developing content designed to reach students outside campus walls?
Use Cisco IP/TV video systems to implement a distance learning curriculum. Marshall
and other institutions of higher education offer tele-courses to network-based students.
Corporate Communications
Are there changes in the Marshall benefit plan? Are you introducing a new
production? Is everyone on the same page? Is everyone getting consistent information?
With IP/TV video systems, corporate communications are only a mouse-click away
from any faculty/staff member.
TV to the Desktop
Organizations include knowledge workers who need instant access to

international business or financial developments. IP/TV video systems make it easy to
deliver up-to-the-minute stock market trends, financial news, or satellite broadcasts to
knowledge workers right at their desktops.
Training
Employees in an organization need a centralized training system. This will

reduce the time and money wasted in far away training centers, which can be easily
implemented with IP/TV solutions.
Internet applications :
Webcam communities, web conferenzes, filesharing, webphones, video

telephony.
33
Business applications:
• Distance learning
• Company--wide seminars
• Video conferencing
• Video and audio archiving
• Internal closed circuit television
Video on Demand (VoD)

These applications enable service providers to begin offering the “triple play” –
video, voice and data. Additional video applications, which can be enabled after the
IPTV infrastructure is in place.
The video-on-demand application provides individual subscribers the ability to
select a video content and view it at their convenience. This enables the service provider
to offer additional revenue-generating services, such as:
• Movies on demand, which the user would select from a movie library available at
the Service Node
• Stored programming content, such as sports events, television shows and
newscasts, which can be viewed at a later time. Unlike traditional cable/satellite pay-
per-view services where a limited number of movies are broadcast and on fixed time-
slots, IPTV/VoD service would give users more choices and the flexibility to watch
movies anytime at their convenience.
Digital Broadcast TV
- The advent of higher-speed DSL technology such as ADSL2, ADSL2+ and
VDSL, enables IPTV as a compelling and competitive alternative. IPTV is currently in
testing, or planning, stages with a number of telecom service providers in North
America, Europe and Asia. cable and satellite TV, where all channels are
simultaneously delivered (i.e. broadcast) to the subscriber home, IPTV only delivers
those channels which are being viewed by the subscriber and has a potential to offer
practically an ‘unlimited’ number of channels.
34
PTVDISTRIBUTIONINHOMENETWORKS
Other compelling IPTV applications and potential revenue-generating services,
which can be enabled once the initial IPTV infra-structure is in place, are:
• Video telephony and Video conferencing
• Remote Education, and
• Home Security/Monitoring Cameras
15.1 Additional Services Provided on IPTV :

Conference Calling
Long Distance Charges
Pay-Per-View
Video on Demand
Virtual PVR (Personal Video Recorder)
Advanced Interactive Services
Ad-Insertion (directed advertising)
Gaming
16. Benefits Of Iptv :
• One-way high-speed Internet access via satellite, transmitting data to your PC at

speeds 8 times faster than by an ordinary Internet connection, making it possible
to download large files in a very short time.
• Supports all standard Internet Protocols - Http, FTP, SMTP (POP3), IRC, ICQ
and more.
• Digital Data Broadcasting technology allows you to receive broadcast data from
content providers. Data can be bundled with digital TV streams in MPEG-
2/DVB format and broadcast to end-users
35
• Extensive caching at our Network Operations Center (NOC) will help guarantee
high-speed delivery and reduce bottlenecks normally found in the Internet
access network.
Extensive regional access and connectivity:
One-way high-speed Internet access via satellite, transmitting data to

your PC at speeds 8 times faster than by an ordinary Internet connection, making it
possible to download large files in a very short time. Supports all standard Internet
Protocols - Http, FTP, SMTP (POP3), IRC, ICQ and more.
Digital Data Broadcasting technology allows you to receive broadcast data
from content providers. Data can be bundled with digital TV streams in MPEG-2/DVB
format and broadcast to end-users
Extensive caching at our Network Operations Center (NOC) will help guarantee
high-speed delivery and reduce bottlenecks normally found in the Internet access
network.
Extensive regional access and connectivity: Turbo Internet is available in all 76
provinces in Thailand.
• Large courses with many sections and instructors can share video materials
easily. So if your department owns an instructional video that needs to be seen
by ten sections of a course, you could have that video put on IPTV (as longas
you had rights to do so with the publishing company) and then all ten sections
could view the video at one time, or each instructor could schedule a broadcast
for their section. This saves wear on the tape, and removes any scheduling
conflicts.
• Appearances by valuable guest lecturers can be recorded and used for multiple
courses semester after semester.
• You might be able to get the Surgeon General to guest lecture at one of your
Health 1000 classes, but chances are he won’t do all 30 sections this semester,
36
and probably won’t come back at all next semester. So video his lecture and
share it for years to come through the magic of IPTV.
• Orientations that are given to a large number of people on a regular basis can be
taped for viewing on IPTV.
• Videos broadcast through IPTV are automatically archived in Real Media
format and stored on a Real Server. This gives you the option of allowing
students who could not view the broadcast to watch the same video, either on or
off campus (note that Real Media is not a multicast system, and has a limited
bandwidth capacity).
17 . Problems :
• Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has become a common

denominator for systems where television and/or video signals are distributed
to subscribers or viewers using a broadband connection over Internet Protocol.
Often this is in parallel with the subscriber's Internet connection, supplied by a
broadband operator using the same infrastructure but over a dedicated
bandwidth allocation.
• IPTV is expected to grow at a brisk pace in the coming few years, as

broadband is now available to more than 100 million households worldwide.
• IPTV is not a protocol itself.
IP Television Challenges
-Content Distribution Rights
-Data Transfer Rate Capability
-Media Player Compatibility
-Channel Changing Time
37
-Industry Standards
18. Why is IPTV ready to take off?

There are several reasons explaining why the IPTV market is about to take off:
Improved compression solutions : Improvement in MPEG-2 compression,
introduction of MPEG-4, and newer Windows Media technology (Windows Media 9)
a better compression standard than MPEG-2 and even MPEG-4.
• Hardware is improving while costs are falling: Costs for set-top boxes are
coming down (from more than $700 to less than half of that price in the past four
years. The price will certainly continue to fall as volume rises.
• Greater willingness by the film studios to agree content deals.
The IPTV space still has to face major issues:

In the past few years, the IPTV service providers have been able to provide
clients with a higher quality of service mostly due to improvements in equipment’s and
processing. In addition to that, the cost of the customer premise equipment (CPE) such
as the set-up box has dramatically fallen. However, the IPTV space still has to face
several issues:
• No analog channels can be provided: For viewers with regular TVs, they either
need the Set-up Box to convert the IP signal or they cannot receive TV.
• Security issue: Security improvement will be necessary to fully secure the IP

packets. The main areas that introduce security risks are: the standardized
infrastructure, which is shared with other applications, the usage of common
open protocols, the integrity of the embedded software in the IPTV client, and
the attraction of pirates to the high value digital content Technical
incompatibilities: The real issue is whether video services will continue to be
based on open standards, or whether proprietary platforms will succeed. Many
38
operators are cautious about being tied to a sole supplier like Microsoft. But if
Microsoft solution becomes widely adopted, it will certainly avoid the issues of
integrating separate systems.
Thus operators may recognize the benefits of a single solution.
• DRM issues: Service providers have to protect themselves against piracy by

using digital rights management (DRM) software to control distribution and use
of broadcast TV content. Telcos need more content relationships for pay-TV
in order to increase their revenues: Partnering with ISPs (Real Networks,
Movielink.com, CinemaNow. com) and media giants (AOL, Disney, Sony,
Universal) will be a key successful factor for telcos.
39
19 .Conclusion :
IP-TV is a technology that is just emerging and someday will be as common as a

regular television. In the mean time, it truly has some very compelling applications that
can help businesses and organizations today. IP-TV can deploy multiple channels of
active or archived multimedia content to provide training, improved collaboration,
create a medium for conferencing, and even provide entertainment to clientele.
Moreover , the benefits of IP-TV are very tangible because on demand access to
information can increase productivity, improve the level of communication, and
provide a way for employees to advance their careers. Wherever on-demand access
for multimedia content exists, IP-TV can deliver it over an existing Ethernet network.
40

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________________________________________Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

1.1 Overview of Television Media :

An important issue facing business today is how to disseminate information to

1.3 Television Broadcasting :

1.4 The Internet :

1.5 Video Streaming

Video streaming is a method of sending video through the Internet. It is known

1.6 Digital Transmission of Video

At the moment, the meaning of IPTV is occupied by "server based techniques".

IP-TV is a recent concept that promotes methods of distributing video, audio,

• IPTV is not TV that is broadcast over the Internet.

This reduction in bandwidth requirements allows a much higher quality video

• Due to the bandwidth requirements of video, IPTV requires broadband

• IPTV covers both live TV (multicasting) as well as stored video (Video

• The playback of IPTV requires either a personal computer or a "set-top

Protocols using peer-to-peer technology to distribute live TV are just starting to

3.1 IP television can be watched on different types of viewing devices such as

IP television service allows viewers to have more control of Internet television

Turbo Internet Network Diagram

5. Role of Microsoft as IPTV solutions Provider

6. Internet Television Service Provider (ITVSP)

6.1 IP Video to Multiple Users

6.2 Getting IPTV to the Television in the Home

Premises distribution systems are playing an important part in IPTV networks.

7. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC: The IPTV Enabling Technology Standard

7.1 Video Coding Standards

8. Video over IP DSL :

8.2 Service Provider’s Challenge – Increase Revenue and Reduce Expenses

8.3 Attraction of Additional Services

For example, using a broadband access infrastructure supplied by Net to Net

9.1 The Head-end

9.2 MPEG Encoders :

9.3 Digital Turnaround

9.4 Video Server

9.5 Application Server

9.6 Management Software and Service Administration

10 . Core IP Routers and Fiber Transport System

The video traffic is transported as IP multicasts. The optimal backbone to support

10.1 Fiber Core

10.2 Edge Switches and Routers

10.3 DSL Access Multiplexer

The access network is made up of the DSLAM, POTS splitter.

10.5 The Home Network

11. Multicast Video Overview

12. Live Internet TV via digital TV

12.1 Streaming Media and Principle and broadcasting

12.2 Streaming via digital TV

• The bandwidth for the transmission has to be “negotiated” and aligned

The synchronisation on a running transmission

The first three requirements are ensured by the

13 . The multicast problem

14. IPTV Potential Offerings

The Microsoft TV as the IPTV services platform provider recognizes Microsoft™

Additionally, by using IP technology to deliver video, voice, data and other

comprehensive security system including subscriber and end-to-end digital rights

15 .IPTV Applications and services:

Organizations include knowledge workers who need instant access to

Employees in an organization need a centralized training system. This will

Webcam communities, web conferenzes, filesharing, webphones, video