8-Contingency Analysis

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Tab 8 – Contingency Analysis
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© 2015 Siemens Industry, Inc. All rights reserved
Contingency Analysis & Transfer Limit
Analysis
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n Fast Contingency Analysis
DFAX - Distribution Factor Calculation
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RANK - Contingency Ranking
OTDF - Outage Distribution Factor Reporting
© 2015 Siemens Industry, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
DCCC - Contingency Checking (DC Power Flow)
ACCC - Contingency Checking (AC Power Flow)
n Transfer Limit Calculation

e m
DFAX - Distribution Factor Calculation
TLTG - Transfer Limit Analysis (One opposing system)
SPIL - TLTG with sequential participation of generators
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POLY - Transfer Limit Analysis (Two opposing systems)
Siemens Power Academy TD – NA - PSSC 500 PSS®E Introduction to Power Flow and Steady State Analysis 8-2
Linearized “DC” Power Flow Model
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What is a “linearized” power flow?
n Approximation to conventional non-linear problem which provides
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an estimate of the branch real power flows.
Why do we use it?
n Considerable speed advantage over non-linear solution. Useful
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for processing many solutions and screening contingency cases
on thermal overload.
Linearized power flow applications in PSSÒE:

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n DCLF, DFAX, RANK, OTDF, DCCC, TLTG, SPIL, POLY
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Linearized Power Flow Equation
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Derivation of the “linearized” power flow
equations: V1 ÐQ1 V2 Ð Q 2
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Z = R+jX
Bus 1 Bus 2
Start with conventional AC non-linear branch
equation:
e
Expression for real power flow:
m ~ ~ ~
S12 = V1 I * = V1
~
[
~
V1 - V2
Z
~
]
*
=
½V1½2 - ½V1½½V2½ ÐQ12
R-jX
R ½V1½2 - R ½V1½½V2½ cos Q12 + X ½V1½½V2½ sin Q12

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P12 =
R2 + X2
Linearized Power Flow Equation
(continued)
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n Now, if we assume:
Z 12 » X 12 i.e. X>> R.
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V1 = V2 »1.0
sin Q12 » Q12 = Q1 - Q2 (radians)
n Then the equation for the power flow becomes:
e
angle.
P12 »
m
Q 12
X12
Þ [ P ] = [B ] [Q ]
n This is a linear set of equations relating node real power demand to bus
n Initial Line Losses are modeled as a bus load at the “sending” end they
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do not change in subsequent iterations.
Build Distribution Factor Data File (DFAX)
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(Power Flow > Linear Network > DFAX)
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“Pre-Processor” for all Contingency
SUB MON CON
and Transfer limit activities:
OTDF, RANK, DCCC, ACCC,
TLTG, SPIL, POLY
1. Processes information from:

e- Subsystem Description File m
- Monitored Element Description File
- Contingency Description File
DFAX
2. Calculates line outage distribution DFX

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factors and stores in a binary file.
Subsystem Description File
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SYSTEM MONITOR6
AREAS 6 10 ----------> Areas 6 to 10 inclusive
END
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SYSTEM WEST
BUSES 3001 3008 ----------> Buses 3001 through 3008 inclusive.
END
SUBSYSTEM CONT2 ----------> “Subsystem” means the same as “System”
JOIN
AREA 2 -----------> JOIN defines elements between 230 & 500 kV
KVRANGE 230 500 “AND” within Area 2
END
END
END / End of SUB file
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PARTICIPATE
BUS busid r
.
.
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Can also specify generator/load buses participating in generator/load shift for transfer limit analysis:
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BUS busid r
END
Monitored Element File
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MONITOR BRANCHES
3004 152
3006 153
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3008 154
201 151
202 152
203 154
205 154
END
MONITOR INTERFACE WEST RATING 200 MW
3004 152
e 3006 153
3008 154
END
m
MONITOR INTERFACE EAST RATING 350 MW
MONITOR TIES FROM AREA 1 TO AREA 2
END
END / End of MON file
Example of Automatic Monitoring Specification:

Note: Interfaces can
be input as individual
branches or as a
group.
e.g., Interface East is
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MONITOR LINES in AREA i all tie lines from
END AREA 1 to AREA 2.
Contingency Description File
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CONTINGENCY TRIP1NUCLEAR
REMOVE UNIT 1 FROM BUS 101 dispatch
bus 3001 .2
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bus 3008 .1
bus 201 .2
bus 206 .2
bus 102 .3
end
END
CONTINGENCY EASTLINE1
TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3004 TO BUS 152
END
CONTINGENCY EASTLINE2
CONTINGENCY EASTLINE3 m
END

END
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END / End of CON file
Example of Automatic Contingency Specification:

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SINGLE LINE in AREA i
END
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Power Flow > Linear Network > DFAX
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Outage Distribution Factors
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Produces report of outage distribution factors from DFAX file.
(Power Flow > Linear Network > Calculate & Print Distribution Factors)
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A B
PG1 PAB
Definition:
Monitored Branch: AB
X
D PAB
Contingency 1: loss of CD OTDF (AB) / (CD) =
PCD C D
Contingency 2: loss of G1
e m OTDF (AB) / (G1) =
Relative measure of change in system MW flow (pick-up) to a selected contingency.

PCD and PG1 are pre-contingency MW at the outaged system component
D PAB
PG1
PCD
X
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Given “DC” model assumptions, these ratios are invariant to loading conditions.
But, they vary with changes in network topology.
Calculate & Print Distribution Factors
(OTDF)
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*** OTDF CONTINGENCY SUMMARY ***
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FILE: C:\exer9-1.dfx

SUBSYSTEM DESCRIPTION FILE: C:\exer9-1.sub
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MONITORED ELEMENT FILE: C:\exer9-1.mon
CONTINGENCY DESCRIPTION FILE: C:\exer9-1.con
<-CONTINGENCY-> <-MW SHIFT-> <------------------------------------CONTINGENCY DESCRIPTION------------------------------------->
LOSEWESTBIGT 139.6 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 152 [MID500 500.00] TO BUS 3004 [WEST 500.00]
LOSEEASTTIE1 28.7 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 152 [MID500 500.00] TO BUS 202 [EAST500 500.00]
LOSEEASTTIE2 -109.2 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 154 [DOWNTN 230.00] TO BUS 203 [EAST230 230.00]
LOSEEASTTIE3 -374.3 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 154 [DOWNTN 230.00] TO BUS 205 [SUB230 230.00]
MID-DWNTWN1 250.1 TRIP LINE FROM BUS 153 [MID230 230.00] TO BUS 154 [DOWNTN 230.00] CKT 1
MID-DWNTWN2
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<------ FROM ------>
151 NUCPANT 500.00
152 MID500 500.00
152 MID500 500.00
153 MID230 230.00
208.4 TRIP
m LINE
CONTINGENCY LABEL-->
POWER SHIFT (MW)-->
<------- TO ------->CKT
201 HYDRO 500.00 1
202 EAST500 500.00 1
3004 WEST 500.00 1
3006 UPTOWN 230.00 1
FROM BUS 153
554.3 559.8
28.7 50.4
[MID230
0.07141
0.21286
139.6 143.2 -1.00000
76.4 66.5 0.56865
230.00]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** OTDF DISTRIBUTION FACTOR TABLE ***
0.40955
-1.00000
0.11765
0.05351
TO BUS 154
0.00307
0.32275
-0.06492
-0.02953
[DOWNTN
0.19156
0.36453
-0.11081
-0.05039
230.00] CKT 2
BASE CASE MW LOSEWESTBIGT LOSEEASTTIE1 LOSEEASTTIE2 LOSEEASTTIE3 MID-DWNTWN1 MID-DWNTWN2

AC DC 139.6 28.7 -109.2 -374.3 250.1
0.12615
0.37603
0.07291
0.13650
208.4
<----> <----><----------> <----------> <----------> <----------> <----------> <---------->
0.11927
0.35552
0.06893
0.12905
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154 DOWNTN 230.00 203 EAST230 230.00 1 -109.2 -115.2 -0.07914 0.21745 -1.00000 0.44391 -0.13980 -0.13218
154 DOWNTN 230.00 205 SUB230 230.00 1 -374.3 -395.5 -0.20513 0.37300 0.67418 -1.00000 -0.36238 -0.34261
154 DOWNTN 230.00 3008 CATDOG 230.00 1 -65.3 -59.0 0.43135 -0.17116 0.09445 0.16120 -0.20940 -0.19798
INTERFACE WEST -150.7 -150.7 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
INTERFACE EAST -99.5 -99.6 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
DC Contingency Checking (DCCC)
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(Power Flow > Linear Network > DCCC)
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n Reports on flow/overload condition of a group of monitored elements for
the contingencies specified.
1. Summary Output - Overload Report:
Monitored elements loaded beyond specified percent of ratings.
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2. Full Output - Loading Table:
MW and percent loading on all monitored elements.
n Employs “DC” solution model to perform contingency calculations.
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n Allows multiple contingencies.
n For generation/load contingencies, system swing bus picks up MW
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difference, by default. User can specify other re-dispatch.
DC Contingency Checking Run Options
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Report omitted if
Adjust rating according DFlow caused by
to AC base case MW contingency is too
/MVAR flow small
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Post-contingency flow
= AC or DC base case flow + DFlow caused by contingency
DCCC Loading Table
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Problem 8-1 DC Contingency Analysis
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Recall case EXER8-1.SAV
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For the contingency labeled as (LOSEWESTBIGT), find the post-contingency flow on the circuit from Bus 153 to Bus 3006 using
linearized analysis (under Power Flow > Linear Network > DC contingency checking).
Hints:
1. Read the Linear Network Analysis Data Files as provided below and create a distribution factor output file called EXER8-
1.DFX (Power Flow > Linear Network > Build Distribution Factor Data File (DFAX):
e Monitored Elements
m
Subsystem Description
Contingency Description
- EXER8-1.SUB
- EXER8-1.MON
- EXER8-1.CON
A listing of the input data is attached for your reference.
2. You must toggle the DCCC Output Option Code to “Full.” The other option codes should remain at their default values.
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Data Files for Problem 8-1
Monitored Element Description File:
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EXER8-1.MON
MONITOR BRANCHES
Subsystem Description file: 152 3004
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EXER8-1.SUB 153 3006
154 3008
SUBSYSTEM STUDY 151 201
AREA 1 152 202
END 154 203
SUBSYSTEM EAST 154 205
AREA 2
e END
SUBSYSTEM WEST
AREA 5
END
END
m END
MONITOR INTERFACE WEST RATING 200 MW
3004 152
3006 153
3008 154
END
MONITOR INTERFACE EAST RATING 350 MW
201 151
202 152
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203 154
205 154
END
MONITOR VOLTAGE RANGE ALL BUSES 0.90
END
Data Files for Problem 8-1 (continued)
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Contingency Description File:
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EXER8-1.CON:
CONTINGENCY EMINE-WEST
CONTINGENCY LOSEWESTBIGT TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3002 TO BUS 3004
TRIP LINE FROM BUS 152 TO BUS 3004 END
END CONTINGENCY LOSEWESTTIE2
CONTINGENCY LOSEEASTTIE1
END
END
END
END
CONTINGENCY MID-DWNTWN1
END
e m
TRIP LINE FROM BUS 153 TO BUS 154 CKT 1
CONTINGENCY MID-DWNTWN2
TRIP LINE FROM BUS 153 TO BUS 154 CKT 2
CONTINGENCY WEST-UPTWN
END
CONTINGENCY SMINE-WEST
END
CONTINGENCY WEST-RURAL
END
CONTINGENCY WEST-CATDOG
END TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3005 TO BUS 3008
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END
END
Contingency Ranking
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Estimates severity of single branch or machine contingencies and builds
Contingency Description Data File with the “N” worst contingencies. (Power
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Flow > Linear Network > Single contingency ranking RANK)
n Two Criteria:
L æ P ö2
PI = å ç
i
1.Overload: ÷ Where:
i =1è PMAX i ø Pi = active power flow on branch i
2. Voltage Depression:
e m L
PI = å X i Pi 2
i =1
n Can use either Performance Index (PI) or both for branch ranking.
PMAXi
L
Xi
= rating of branch i
= set of monitored elements
= reactance of branch i
n Uses Overload PI for machine ranking. All other on-line machines make
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up difference in proportion to their reserves (PMAX – PGEN).
n Needs monitored element & subsystem description files as input.
POM Section 8.1
Single Contingency Ranking (RANK)
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PI calculated
explicitly if
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branch X too Islanding
small contingencies
Branch
overload
ranking
Input
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Output
m Branch
voltage
ranking
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Problem 8-2 Contingency Ranking
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Use Single Contingency Ranking (under Power Flow > Linear Network) to estimate the worst branch contingency based on
overload criteria and the worst contingency based on voltage criteria for case EXER8-1.SAV
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NOTE:
1. Select ALL for the subsystem to process. This will test all
single-branch contingencies against the criteria.
2. Use the default RANK solution options.
3. Specify EXER8-1.SUB and EXER8-1.MON as the subsystems
4.
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and monitored elements files.
Specify RANK.CON as the contingency output file.
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AC Contingency Analysis
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n Performs contingency analysis using AC network solution and reports on
branch loading and bus voltage violations.
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n Report options similar to those of activity DC Contingency Checking
(Overload summary or Loading Table).
n Ability to sort the output to obtain an “Available Capacity” report for the
monitored elements.
m
n Branch loadings are MVA loadings. Percent loadings are determined
according to MVA or current expressed as MVA options defined in power
flow input raw data file or Program Settings.
n Voltage magnitude check for buses in selected subsystems.
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n Automatic adjustments (tap adjustment etc.) are allowed.
n Provision for load throwover via Load Throwover Data File.
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n Interface flows are MW flows.
AC Contingency Calculation Procedures
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1. Power Flow > Linear Network > DFAX
- Pre-processing of subsystem, monitored element & contingency DFAX
description files.
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- Distribution factors need not be calculated.
2. Power Flow > Contingency… > AC Contingency Solution
(ACCC)
- Defines solution mismatch tolerance (MW / Mvar) ACCC
- Select solution engine: Full Newton-Raphson or Fixed Slope Decoupled
e -
-
-
N-R
m
Selects power flow solution options (tap adjustments, etc.)
Designates Load Throwover Data File (optional)
Performs contingency solutions & stores results in binary file (.acc).
3. Power Flow > Report > AC Contingency Report or Utilities

Program ACCC Browser Grid
Report
- Reads AC contingency results file (binary)

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- Applies filters to reduce volume of output
- Selects report options - overload report, loading table, etc.
- Output in spreadsheet or non-spreadsheet format
AC Contingency Solution Options
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Dispatch
Solution mode
Options
Input and
e
output files
m
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Go Directly Activate ACCC
to Reports Browser
Dispatch Modes in AC Contingency
Analysis
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n Automatic redispatch to balance load & generation
during a contingency (changes in load or generation, or
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network separation)
n Participating machines: within dispatch subsystem and
have positive MW generation
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n Dispatch changed In proportion to:
- Reserve: (Pmax – Pgen) or (Pgen – Pmin)
- PMAX: Pmax (increase) or Pmin (decrease)
- Inertia: Inertia constant (default = 4)
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- Governor droop: Governor permanent droop (default = 0.05)
n Last 2 modes require Unit inertia and governor data file
AC Contingency Reporting Options
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Power Flow > Reports >
AC contingency reports …
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Report Format:
n Spreadsheet Overload Report
n Spreadsheet Loading Table
n Available Capacity Table
n Non-Spreadsheet Overload
Report
n Non-Spreadsheet Loading
Table
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n Non-converged Network
m
n Non-spreadsheet Corrective
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Activate ACCC
Actions
Browser
AC Contingency - Overload Report
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AC Contingency - Available Capacity Table
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AC Contingency - Loading Table
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ACCC Browser Grid
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n PSS®E Utilities Program
n Post-Processes AC Contingency Results
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n Reads Binary Contingency Results File
n Creates Report Spreadsheets:
- Study Summary Sheet
- Networks Sheets
e m
Performance Summary, Description, Flow Report and Voltage Report
- Flow Elements Sheets
Available Capacity and Violations
- Voltage Elements Sheets
Systems, Violations and Member Buses
n Cells can be copied to other spreadsheets for customized
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processing/reporting
ACCC Browser Grid:
Available Capacity Worksheet
s
en
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Appending to ACCC Output File
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Power Flow > Reports > Append to contingency solution output file …
Enter
en
contingency
descriptions
Appends post-
contingency
violations in
ACCC output Gets
file
Gets contingency
results from a
e
solved power
flow case
m monitored
elements
from DFAX
file
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Multiple ACCC Runs Report
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e m
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Define up to 9 contingency results
file for comparison report
Example: Comparison of ACCC Results
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n Worst case loading violations (above 100% of Rate B):
| | savnw.ac | savnw_pl |
| | c | ant.acc |
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X--- MONITORED ELEMENT ----X | X---LABEL--X | | |
-----------------------------|--------------|----------|----------|
153 MID230 230.00 | LOSE2LINEEA | 162.8% | 135.3% |
154 DOWNTN 230.00 1 | | 471MVA | 421MVA |
| | (1x) | (1x) |
-----------------------------|--------------|----------|----------|
n Worst case voltage violations (below 0.9 pu):
| | savnw.ac | savnw_pl |
| | c | ant.acc |
mX--------- BUS ---------X | X---LABEL--X |
152 MID500 500.00 | LOSE2LINEEA | 0.89887 |

| |
|
(1x) |
| savnw.ac | savnw_pl |
| c
X--- MONITORED ELEMENT ----X |
| ant.acc |
| |
|
--------------------------|--------------|----------|----------|
|
|
--------------------------|--------------|----------|----------|
n Missing Monitor Element Report:

e
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-----------------------------|----------|----------|
3005 WEST 230.00 | | MISSING |
3008 CATDOG 230.00 1 | | |
-----------------------------|----------|----------|
154 DOWNTN 230.00 | MISSING | |
9990 GEN_TAP 230.00 1 | | |
-----------------------------|----------|----------|
Problem 8-3 AC Contingency Analysis
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A. Recall case EXER8-1.SAV - for contingency LOSEWESTBIGT (same as in previous problem), find the post-contingency flow on
the circuit from Bus 153 to Bus 3006 using non-linearized (full AC) method by executing AC Contingency Solution (under Power
Flow > Contingency. … > ACCC).
en
ACCC Calculation Hints:
- You do not need to re-execute DFAX.
- Choose power flow solution option as Fixed slope decoupled Newton-Raphson.
- Leave other run options at default settings.
- Do not use any load throwover data file.
e -
-
-
m
Look at contingency reports.
ACCC Reporting Hints:

- Invoke Power Flow > Report > AC Contingency Report
Select “Non Spread Sheet Loading Table” for report format
Uncheck “Perform voltage limit check” box
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What is the difference between the linear and non-linear methods?
Problem 8-3 AC Contingency Analysis (continued)
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B. Using the results from Problem 8-3A, determine how many of the contingencies specified in EXER8-1.CON cause overloads
against RATEA and bus voltages to drop below 0.90 per unit for case EXER8-1.SAV?
en
NOTE:
AC Contingency Reporting:
- Select: “Non Spread Sheet Overload Report” for report format
- Check the “Perform Voltage Limit Check” box
e m
Si
Activities for Transfer Limit Analysis
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n Assesses a study system’s MW transfer capability based on “MW”
limits for monitored elements
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n Activated by Power Flow > Linear Network > Transmission
interchange limits calculation (TLTG)
n Simplifying assumptions:
e m
- “DC” power flow solution method
- Equal, linear and limitless generator participation
- Limitless phase shifter angle regulation in pre-contingent state (base
case)
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TLTG Nomenclature - 1
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Monitored
Element i Illustration for the i th monitored
MW
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element, base case only
e
Flow
o
i
m Normal Rating
Base Case
Distribution Factor
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Incremental
Base Transfer Level
Case
Limit
TLTG Nomenclature - 2
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Monitored
Element i Illustration for the i th
MW monitored element, base
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case and contingency j only
Emergency Rating
e Flow
Flow
j
i
o
i
m Normal Rating
Contingency j
Distribution Factor
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Incremental
Contingency Base Transfer Level
Limit Case
Limit
TLTG Report Options
s
1. Summary report lists maximum import/export and limiting
monitored element, contingency pairs.
en
or
2. Full report includes flows on all monitored elements for each
m
contingency, plus summary report.
Input is distribution factor file created by activity DFAX.

e
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TLTG Options
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Positive or
negative shift
defines transfer
direction between
study and
opposing systems
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TLTG: Transfer Limit for Base Case
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Explanation of TLTG Output
s
INCR. PRE- POST- LIMIT
TRANS RATING SHIFT SHIFT CASE DISTR.
<---- FROM ----> <---- TO ----> CKT CAPAB A MW MW MW FACTOR
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INTERFACE EAST 249.9 350 100.1 110.1 350.0* 1.00000
151 NUCPANT 500 201 HYDRO 500 1 318.0 750 553.3 559.5 707.9 0.61864
750
e 553.3
559.5m 707.9
350.0
350
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100.1 110.1
Incremental
249.9 318.0 Transfer
Shift =10
TLTG: Transfer Limit Including
Contingencies
s
en
e m
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Other Transfer Limit Computations
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n SPIL: Extends TLTG to include the ability to specify
“sequential participation” of units.
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(Power Flow > Linear Network > SPIL)
n POLY: Extends TLTG to determine maximum study
system export (import) when selling to
e m
(buying from) two opposing systems.
(Power Flow > Linear Network > POLY)
Both Tabular and Graphical Results
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Two Area Transfer Limit Calculation -
POLY
A to C Transfer Limit when
s
A to B Transfer is Zero
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C
A to C Transfer
Part of A
e m
A to B Transfer
Limit when A to C
Transfer is Zero
A
to B
Transfer
B
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-ve 0 +ve
POLY Run Options
s
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POLY: Permissible Interchange Levels
s
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Viewing Results from Previous POLY Run
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Power Flow > Linear Network >
Interchange limits calculations (POLY) – previous results
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e m
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Problem 8-4 Transfer Capability
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A. Pick up case EXER8-4.SAV and solve using Full Newton-Raphson Solution with tap stepping, phase shifters and area interchange
control enabled (Tie lines only).
en
Estimate the maximum incremental export capability from subsystem STUDY (Area 1) to subsystem EAST (Area 2) for base case
conditions and the maximum export accounting for all contingencies specified in EXER8-4.CON using TLTG (under Power Flow
> Linear Network). For the base case condition, the maximum transfer should be determined using the “RATEA” thermal limits of
the monitored elements. For the contingency cases “RATEB” should be used. The attached diagram illustrates the subsystems.
NOTES: 1. Remember that you must first use Activity DFAX.

e 2.
m
Use the Linear Network Analysis Data Files as provided:
Subsystem Description
Monitored Elements
Contingency Description
- EXER8-4.SUB
- EXER8-4.MON
- EXER8-4.CON
A listing of these files is attached for your reference.

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Problem 8-4 Transfer Capability (continued)
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3. Change the following TLTG solution and output option codes:
Select the Contingency Case Rating to be “RATEB”
en
Toggle the Line Flow code to “AC Base Case.”
Toggle the Phase-Shifter code to “Regulating in Base Cases”
Set the “Summary Table Maximum Import/Export” level to report to
1000.
Set the “Summary Table Maximum Time to Report Same Element” to
5.
m
Set Output code to “Full”
4. To specify the calculation of Export capability: Enter a small

number for “Study system generation shift.”
e
What are the limiting elements? What are the transfer distribution factors for these elements and what do they mean?
positive
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s
en
Area 2
(East)
e m
Area 5
(West)
Area 1
(Study)
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s
B. If the rating on the base case most limiting element is increased to 600 MW, what is the new incremental transfer capability for
the base case conditions and what is the most limiting element?
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HINT: The rating for this element is contained in the monitored element data file – EXER8-4.MON –
Changing the contents of this file necessitates re-running DFAX.
C. Suppose you are performing linear analysis on a system where you find that the incremental transfer capability is very high. Why
may your results be misleading and how could you make your results more meaningful?
e m
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Data Files for Problem 8-4
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Subsystem Decryption file: Monitored Element Description File:
EXER8-4.SUB EXER8-4.MON
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SUBSYSTEM STUDY COM Monitor all branches in Area 1 and Area 2
AREA 1 COM
END MONITOR BRANCHES IN AREA 1
SUBSYSTEM EAST COM
MONITOR BRANCHES IN AREA 2
AREA 2
COM
e END
SUBSYSTEM WEST
AREA 5
END
END
m MONITOR TIES FROM AREA 1 TO AREA 2
COM
COM Define Interface EAST with Dynamic
COM Stability Rating of 350 MW
COM
MONITOR INTERFACE EAST RATING 350
MW
151 201
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152 202
154 203
154 205
END
END
Data Files for Problem 8-4 (continued)
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Contingency Description File:
EXER8-4.CON COM
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COM Selected Double Contingencies
COM Contingency Description File COM
COM CONTINGENCY LOSE2LINES1
COM TRIP LINE FROM BUS 151 TO BUS 201
COM Automatic Single Contingencies TRIP LINE FROM BUS 154 TO BUS 203
COM END
SINGLE TIE FROM AREA 1 TO AREA 2 COM
COM
COM Selected Single Contingencies
COM
CONTINGENCY E500E230 m
COM
e
END
CONTINGENCY HYDROSUB
CONTINGENCY LOSE2LINES2
END
COM
CONTINGENCY LOSE2LINES3
TRIP LINE FROM BUS 201 TO BUS 204 END
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END END

8-Contingency Analysis

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8-Contingency Analysis

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8-Contingency Analysis

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What is contingency analysis and what tools does PSS/E provide for contingency analysis?

What is contingency analysis and what tools does PSS/E provide for contingency analysis?

What is the linearized DC power flow model and why is it used?

What is the linearized DC power flow model and why is it used?

s

n Transfer Limit Calculation

Linearized power flow applications in PSSÒE:

R ½V1½2 - R ½V1½½V2½ cos Q12 + X ½V1½½V2½ sin Q12

1. Processes information from:

2. Calculates line outage distribution DFX

Example of Automatic Monitoring Specification:

TRIP LINE FROM BUS 3008 TO BUS 154

Example of Automatic Contingency Specification:

Relative measure of change in system MW flow (pick-up) to a selected contingency.

DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FILE: C:\exer9-1.dfx

<-CONTINGENCY-> <-MW SHIFT-> <------------------------------------CONTINGENCY DESCRIPTION------------------------------------->

*** OTDF DISTRIBUTION FACTOR TABLE ***

BASE CASE MW LOSEWESTBIGT LOSEEASTTIE1 LOSEEASTTIE2 LOSEEASTTIE3 MID-DWNTWN1 MID-DWNTWN2

TRIP LINE FROM BUS 154 TO BUS 205

TRIP LINE FROM BUS 153 TO BUS 154 CKT 1

2. Power Flow > Contingency… > AC Contingency Solution

3. Power Flow > Report > AC Contingency Report or Utilities

- Reads AC contingency results file (binary)

mX--------- BUS ---------X | X---LABEL--X |

152 MID500 500.00 | LOSE2LINEEA | 0.89887 |

n Missing Monitor Element Report:

ACCC Reporting Hints:

Input is distribution factor file created by activity DFAX.

NOTES: 1. Remember that you must first use Activity DFAX.

A listing of these files is attached for your reference.

4. To specify the calculation of Export capability: Enter a small

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* OTDF DISTRIBUTION FACTOR TABLE *