Mud Filtration: University of Zawia Faculty of Oil & Gas Engineering Drilling Fluid Lab Experiment

University of Zawia
Faculty of Oil & Gas Engineering
Drilling Fluid Lab
Experiment
Mud filtration
Prepared by
Supervisor by
List of contents
1 AIM.............................................................................................................................................. 1
2 THEORY........................................................................................................................................ 1
3 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS....................................................................................................... 1
3.1 APPARATUS 1
3.2 MATERIALS 1
4 TEST EQUIPMENT......................................................................................................................... 2
5 PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................................. 3
6 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................................. 3
List of figures
FIGURE (1) ELECTRICAL MUD MIXER................................................................................................ 2
FIGURE (2) LAB SPATULA................................................................................................................. 2
FIGURE (3) BEAKER.......................................................................................................................... 2
FIGURE (4) WEIGHTING MATERIAL................................................................................................... 2
FIGURE (5) STANDRED API FILTER.................................................................................................... 2
FIGURE (6) FILTER PAPER................................................................................................................. 2
i
1 Aim
Determining the filtration rate of mud under 90-100psi and the thickness of mud cake
which form under the condition using a device named Standard API Filter Press.
2 Theory
Mud filtration create due to the differential pressure between Hydrostatic pressure that
developed due to the mud column fluid and formation pressure. However, the
hydrostatic pressure exceeded over the formation pressure causing an injection of
mud filtrate into a porous and permeable formation leaving behind deposited mud
cake on the wall of the borehole (Churchill et al., 1977).
Fluid loss usually occurs when the formation permeability allows the filtrated mud to
pass thought a porous path. The loss of fluid into the formation used to be a Mud
Filtrate and the solid particles that form on wall of the borehole side used to be a Mud
Cake. The rate of fluid lost is controlled by the solid particles of mud cake which
formed on the wellbore wall. Since, two types of filtrations can occur. First while
circulating which recognized as dynamic filtration and the Static filtration while the
mud at rest. The static filtration will make mad cake thicker with time, since the rate
of fluid loss decreases with growing the mud thickness (Steffe, 1996).
The test is used to monitor the rate of mud filtrate and how much mud can be thick
while being forced by a filter press device at specified time range, temperature and
pressure. The mud cake used to be filtrated via a filter paper then measuring the
residual deposits upon it (Swamee et al., 2011). Filtration mostly affected by the
pressure while compressing the filter cake, causing reduction in permeability that
affects reducing filtration rate. At the down wellbore an increase in temperature can
have effect on filtration rate by reducing the viscosity of a fluid which makes fluid
injection into the formation easer (Churchill et al., 1977).
3 Apparatus and Materials

3.1 Apparatus
 Electronic mud mixer: Is a device used to mix liquid with solid particles
Shown in Figure 1
 Lab Spatula: Used to mix mud and water manually Shown in Figure 2
 Beaker: is a cylindrical container used to measure volume of a liquid. Shown
in Figure 3
 Weighting material shown in figure 4
 Standard API filter Press: Is a device used to measure mud thickness and mud
Filtrate. Shown in Figure 5
 Filter Paper: Is a paper used to filtrate the fluid and hold the solid particles.
Shown in Figure 6
3.2 Materials
 Water
1
 Bentonite: Is a weighting material used to create a WBM. Shown in Figure 5
Figure (1) electrical mud mixer Figure (2) lab spatula Figure (3) beaker
Figure (4) weighting material Figure (5) standard api filter press Figure (6) filter paper
4 Test Equipment
1) The low-pressure test is made using standard cell under the API condition of
100psi for 30 min at room temperature.
2) Another special cell will be used to measure filtration rate at elevated
temperature. The filter press used for filtration tests consists of four
independent filter cells mounted on a common frame.
2
3) Each cell has its own valve such that any or all cells could be operational at
the same time, and toggle valve on the top of each cell could be operated
independently for the supply of air for each individual cell.
4) Special high pressure and high temperature filtration test are run in the
laboratory simulating formation temperature and formation back pressure.
5 Procedure
1) Loosen the T-screw until the filter cell can be removed from the frame. Then remove
the filter cell and disassemble it.
2) Be certain that all parts of the filter cell are dry and clean. And check to see that the
rubber gasket in the base cap is evenly placed.
3) Check the filtrate tube in the base cap to be certain it is free of obstruction. After
that place the screen in the base cap with the wide rim up.
4) Place filter paper on the top of the screen, also place the second rubber gasket on
top of the filter paper. Then replace the cell body.
5) Turn the cell body clockwise until it securely fastens into the J slots and check to see
that the rubber gasket is evenly fitted into the top cap. Then fill the filter cell to
within the drilling mud sample.
6) Check to see that the hole in the top cap is free of obstruction. Now place the top
cap on the filter cell and place the cell body into the frame.
7) Tighten the T-screw securely.
8) Place a graduated cylinder under the filtrate tube and adjust the support to keep the
cylinder under the filtrate tube.
9) Close the pressure-relief valve and until the pressure is 100 (± 5) psi. Start timing
immediately. And allow the test to continue for 30 minutes.
10) Read and make note of the amount of filtrate in the graduated cylinder to the
nearest 0.1 cc, then open the valve on the regulator by turning counterclockwise.
11) Wait until all pressure is released. Then remove the cell from the frame by loosening
the T-screw.
12) Remove the top cap and pour the mud out. Remove the bottom cap from the cell.
And turn the bottom cap upside down on a solid surface and remove the filter
paper.
13) Measure the thickness of the filter cake to the nearest 1/32 in.
14) Wash and dry all parts of the filter press
6 conclusions
This experiment can conclude that, a drilling mud could form a mud cake and mud
filtrate in different pressure and temperature condition that can measure their rate of
filtration and mud thickness with a device named Standard API Filter Press.

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University of Zawia

Faculty of Oil & Gas Engineering

Drilling Fluid Lab

3 Apparatus and Materials

14) Wash and dry all parts of the filter press

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