Classroom Learning 2

Note: Learning outcome will be measured through gain in knowledge, skill & attitude.
Knowledge gain will

be indicated through an answer to the question such as “why, when and where (application)". Skill gain will
be reflected through an answer to the question “how to do things”. Attitude change will be observed through
visible alteration in behavior.
Learning outcomes:
Module 2
Lens :
A lens is an optical device that focuses light by means of refraction.
Types of Lenses:
Similar to spherical mirrors, there are two basic types of lens, converging and diverging.
Converging Lens.:
Parallel light incident on one side of a converging lens passes through a single point on the other side called the
"focal point" (F). This is achieved due to refraction at both surfaces of the lens because light travels more slowly in
glass than air.
Diverging Lens
Parallel light incident on one side of a diverging lens is seen to diverge, as if the light came from a single point on the
same side of the lens as the incident light.
Terminology associated with the Lens
1. Center of curvature (2F or C):

The center of the sphere from which the lens has been cut is called the center of curvature (2F or C).
A lens has two centers of curvature.
2. Aperture:
The maximum portion of the spherical surface through which the refraction takes place is called the aperture
of the lens.
3. Optical center (O):
 The geometrical center of the lens is known as its optical center. ▪
 A ray of light passing through the optical center doesn’t suffer any deviation and goes straight
ahead.
4. Principal axis:
The line joining both the centers of curvature of a lens is called its principal axis
5. Focus
6. Focal length (f):

The distance between the optical center and the principal focus of the lens is called its focal length.
7. Radius of curvature (R or 2f):
The radius of the sphere from which the lens has been cut is called the radius of curvature (R or 2f).
It is the distance between the optical center and the center of curvature in a lens.
8. Focusing:
The process of adjusting the distance between a lens and the screen to produce a clear, sharp and distinct
image in camera, microscope or telescope is called focusing.
9. Rules for drawing ray diagrams:
A diagram that traces the path, which light coming from the object takes in order for a person to view a
point on the image is called a ray diagram.
Rule 1:
The ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens always passes through the principal
focus after refraction.
In case of concave lens, the ray appears to be diverging from the principal focus.
Rule 2:
An incident ray passing through the principal focus of a convex lens becomes parallel to the principal axis
after refraction.
In case of concave lens, the incident ray appearing to meet the principal focus is refracted parallel to the
principal axis.
Rule 3:
The ray of light that passes through the optical center of the convex lens or a concave lens goes straight
without deviation after refraction.
POWER P:
The power P of a lens is defined as the inverse of its focal length in meter.
1
P=
f
Power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative.
Image Formation by Lenses:
Lenses form images by refraction of light and type of image formation depends on the position of the object
in front of the lens.
Image formation by a convex lens:
Image formation by a concave lens
Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses:

 All the distances are measured from the optical center of the lens.
 The distances measured in the same direction as that of incident light are taken as positive.
 The distances measured against the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
 The distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principle axis are taken as positive.
 The distances measured downwards and perpendicular to principle axis is taken as negative.
Lens Formula and Magnification:
 Lens Formula gives the relationship between object distance (u), image image-distance (v) and the focal
length (f ) and is expressed as
1 1 1
= −
f v u
This formula is valid in all situations for any spherical lens.
 The magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the height of the image and the height of
the object.
height of the image (h' )

m=
height of the object ( h)
 Magnification produced by a lens is also related to the objectdistance u, and the image-distance v and is
given by:
v
m=
u
:

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Classroom Learning 2

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Note: Learning outcome will be measured through gain in knowledge, skill & attitude.

Knowledge gain will

A lens is an optical device that focuses light by means of refraction.

Terminology associated with the Lens

1. Center of curvature (2F or C):

6. Focal length (f):

Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses:

height of the image (h' )

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