New Low-Power Single Sideband Circuits: Philips Semiconductors

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RF COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS

AN1981
New low-power single sideband circuits

Robert J. Zavrell Jr. 1997 Oct 29

Philips Semiconductors
Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

Author: Robert J. Zavrell Jr.


1 mS

INTRODUCTION
Several new integrated circuits now permit RF designers to
resurrect old techniques of single-sideband generation and
detection. The high cost of multi-pole crystal filters limits the use of
the SSB mode to the most demanding applications, yet the 10MHz CARRIER
SR00797
advantages of SSB over full-carrier AM and FM are well
documented (Ref 1 &2). The use of multi-pole filters can now be Figure 2. Time Domain Display of the Same Signal Shown in
circumvented by reviving some older techniques without sacrificing Figure 1. (Oscilloscope Display)
performance. This has been made possible by the availability of
There are three basic methods of single-sideband generation. All
some new RF and digital integrated circuits.
three use a balanced modulator to produce a double-sideband
suppressed carrier signal. The undesired sideband is then removed
by phase and amplitude nulling (the phasing method), high Q
DESCRIPTION multi-pole filters (the filter method), or a “third” method which is a
Figure 1 shows the frequency spectrum of a 10MHz full-carrier derivation of the phasing technique called here the “Weaver” method
double-sideband AM signal using a 1kHz modulating tone. This for the apparent inventor. The reciprocal of the generator functions is
well-known type of signal is used by standard AM broadcast radio employed to produce sideband detectors. Generators start with
stations. Full-carrier AM’s advantage is that envelope detection can audio and produce the SSB signal; detectors receive the SSB signal
be used in the receiver. Envelope detection is a simple and and reproduce the audio. Since the sideband signal is typically
economical technique because it simplifies receiver circuitry. Figure produced at radio frequencies, it can be amplified and applied to an
2 shows the time domain “envelope” of the same AM signal. antenna or used as a subcarrier.
The 1kHz tone example of Figures 1 and 2 serves as a simple Reproduction of the audio signal in a full-carrier AM receiver is
illustration of an AM signal. Typically, the sidebands contain complex simplified because the carrier is present. The signal envelope, which
waveforms for voice or data communications. In the full-carrier contains the carrier and the sidebands, is applied to a non-linear
double sideband mode (AM), all the modulation information is device (typically a diode). The effect of envelope detection is to
contained in both sidebands, while the carrier “rides along” without multiply the sideband signal by the carrier; this results in the
contributing to the transfer of intelligence. Only one sideband without recovery of the audio waveform. The mathematical basis for this
the carrier is needed to effectively transmit the modulation process can be understood by studying trigonometric identities.
information. This mode is called “single-sideband suppressed
carrier”. Because of its reduced bandwidth, it has the advantages of Since the carrier is not present in the received SSB signal, the
improved spectrum utilization, better signal-to-noise ratios at low receiver must provide it for proper audio detection. This signal from
signal levels, and improved transmitter efficiency when compared the local oscillator (LO) is applied to a mixer (multiplier) together with
with either FM or full-carrier AM. A finite frequency allocation using the SSB signal and detection occurs. This technique is called
SSB can support three times the number of channels when product detection and is necessary in all SSB methods. A major
compared with comparable FM or AM full-carrier systems. problem in SSB receivers is the ability to maintain accurate LO
frequencies to prevent spectral shifting of the audio signal. Errors in
CARRIER
this frequency will result in a “Donald Duck” sound which can render
the signal unintelligible for large frequency errors.

Theory of Single-Sideband Detection


LOWER UPPER Figures 3 through 8 illustrate the three methods of SSB generation
SIDEBAND SIDEBAND
and detection. Since they are reciprocal operations, the circuitry for
generation and detection is similar with all three methods.
Duplication of critical circuitry is easy to accomplish in transceiver
9.999MHz 10.000MHz 10.001MHz SR00796 applications by using appropriate switching circuits.
Figure 1. Frequency Domain Display of a 10MHz Carrier AM
Modulated by a 1kHz Tone (Spectrum Analyzer Display)

DOUBLE SIDEBAND
SUPPRESSED CARRIER
SINGLE SIDEBAND
SUPPRESSED CARRIER

AUDIO RF SSB
FILTER
INPUT OUTPUT
TRANSMIT
BALANCED
MIXER
MODULAR

MODULAR TRANSMIT
LO LO SR00798

Figure 3. Filter Method SSB Generator

1997 Oct 29 4–2


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

PRODUCT
1ST MIXER DETECTOR
RF SSB AUDIO
INPUT FILTER
OUTPUT

RECEIVE PRODUCT
LO DETECTOR
LO SR00799

Figure 4. Filter Method SSB Detector

CLOCK
SIN (4yt)

90O PHASE
SHIFT
0o

Σ
SIN (yt)
AUDIO DUAL RF
INPUT 90o ÷4 SSB
FLIP–FLOP
COS (yt) OUTPUT
SUMMING
AMPLIFIER

SR00800

Figure 5. Phasing Method Generator


SIN (yt)
UPPER SIDEBAND
SUMMING AUDIO OUTPUT
AMPLIFIER –2 COS (x+y)t

Σ
COS (x—y)t — COS(x+y)t

RF 2 SIN (xt)
SSB
INPUT SIN (x+y)t + SIN(x–y)t –COS (x+y)t — COS(x–y)
df
dt

90o PHASE SHIFTER


(DIFFERENTIATOR)
COS (yt)
SR00801
Figure 6. Phasing Method Detector with Simplified Mathematical Model

Figures 3 and 4 show the generation and detection techniques selected sideband, upper (USB) or lower (LSB). In most cases the
employed in the filter method. In the generator a double sideband mixer outputs will be the audio passband (300 to 3000Hz).
signal is produced while the carrier is eliminated with the balanced Differentiating the passband involves a 90 degree phase shift over
modulator. Then the undesired sideband is removed with a high Q more than three octaves. This is the most difficult aspect of using
crystal bandpass filter. A transmit mixer is usually employed to the phasing method for voice band SSB.
convert the SSB signal to the desired output frequency. The
For voice systems, difficulty of maintaining accurate broadband
detection scheme is the reciprocal. A receive mixer is used to
phase shift is eliminated by the technique used in Figures 7 and 8.
convert the selected input frequency to the IF frequency, where the
The “Weaver” method is similar to the phasing method because both
filter removes the undesired SSB response. Then the signal is
require two quadrature steps in the signal chain. The difference
demodulated in the product detector. A major drawback to the filter
between the two methods is that the Weaver method uses a low
method is the fact that the filter is fixed-tuned to one frequency. This
frequency (1.8kHz) subcarrier in quadrature rather than the
necessitates the receive and transmit mixers for multi-frequency
broad-band 90 degree audio phase shift. The desired sideband is
operation.
thus “folded over” the 1.8kHz subcarrier and its energy appears
Figures 5 and 6 show block diagrams of a generator and between 0 and 1.5kHz. The undesired sideband appears 600Hz
demodulator which use the phase method. Figure 6 also includes a farther away between 2.1 and 4.8kHz. Consequently, sideband
mathematical model. The input signal (Cos(Xt)) is fed in-phase to rejection is determined by a low-pass filter rather than by phase and
two RF mixers where “X” is the frequency of the input signal. The amplitude balance. A very steep low-pass response in the Weaver
other inputs to the mixers are fed from a local oscillator (LO) in method is easier to achieve than the very accurate phase and
quadrature (Cos(Yt) and Sin(Yt)), where “Y” is the frequency of the amplitude balance needed in the phasing method. Therefore, better
LO signal. By differentiating the output of one of the mixers and then sideband rejection is possible with the Weaver method than with the
summing with the other, a single sideband response is obtained. phasing method.
Switching the mixer output that is differentiated will change the

1997 Oct 29 4–3


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

RF LO
OFFSET BY
7.2kHz 7.2kHz FROM
LO RECEIVED SIGNAL
1.8 kHz
L.P.FILTER

SUMMING
AMPLIFIER
AUDIO 0o 0o

Σ
INPUT RF
DUAL DUAL
90o ÷4 90o ÷4 SSB
FLIP–FLOP FLIP–FLOP
OUTPUT

1.8 kHz
L.P.FILTER SR00802

Figure 7. Weaver Method Generator

RF LO
OFFSET 7.2kHz FROM 7.2kHz
RECEIVED SIGNAL LO
1.8 kHz
L.P.FILTER

SUMMING
RF AMPLIFIER
SSB 0o 0o AUDIO

Σ
OUTPUT DUAL INPUT
÷4 DUAL ÷4
90o FLIP–FLOP 90o FLIP–FLOP

1.8 kHz
L.P.FILTER SR00803

Figure 8. Weaver Method Detector

90O

D Q D Q 180O

CK1 Q CK2 Q 0O

270O
CLOCK
INPUT

4x OUTPUT
FREQUENCY SR00804

Figure 9. Dual Flip-Flop Quadrature Synthesis

NE602

PHASE
DETECTOR –
VCO
+

LOOP GAIN ≈ 10
FILTER

SINωt COSωt SR00805

Figure 10. PLL Quadrature Synthesis

1997 Oct 29 4–4


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

Quadrature Dual Mixer Circuits clock rates up to several megahertz. Consequently, the HEF4013
One of the two critical stages in the phasing method and both critical can be used with the ubiquitous 455kHz intermediate frequency with
stages in the Weaver method require quadrature dual mixer circuits. excellent power economy. For higher clock rates (up to 120MHz for
Figures 9 and 10 show two methods of obtaining quadrature LO up to 30MHz operation), the fast TTL 74F74 is a good choice. It has
signals for dual mixer applications. Other methods exist for been tested to 30MHz operating frequencies with good results (>30
producing quadrature LO signals, particularly use of passive LC dB SSB rejection). At lower frequencies (5MHz) sideband rejection
circuits. LC circuits will not maintain a quadrature phase relationship increases to nearly 40dB with the circuits shown. The ultimate low
when the operating frequency is changed. The two illustrated frequency rejection is mainly a function of the audio phase shifter.
circuits are inherently broad-banded; therefore, they are far more Better performance is possible by employing higher tolerance
flexible and do not require adjustment. These circuits are very useful resistors and capacitors.
for SSB circuits, but also can be applied to FSK, PSK, and QPSK The circuit in Figure 10 shows another technique for producing a
digital communications systems. broadband quadrature phase shift for the LO. The advantage of this
The SA602 is a low power, sensitive, active, double-balanced mixer circuit over the flip-flops is that the clock frequency is identical to the
which shows excellent phase characteristics up to 200MHz. This operating frequency; however, phase accuracy is more difficult to
makes it an ideal candidate for this and many other applications. achieve. A PLL will maintain a quadrature phase relationship when
the loop is closed and the VCO voltage is zero. The DC amplifier will
The circuit in Figure 9 uses a divide-by-four dual flip-flop that help the accuracy of the quadrature condition by presenting gain to
generates all four quadratures. Most of the popular dual flip-flops the VCO control circuit. The other problem that can arise is that PLL
can be used in different situations. The HEF4013 CMOS device circuits tend to be noisy. Sideband noise is troublesome in both SSB
uses very little power and can maintain excellent phase integrity at and FM systems,

59Ω 0.1µF 0.1µF CK1


SIGNAL
SOURCE CK2
0dBm
74F74
0–120 MHz SA5205 1K

SR00806

Figure 11. FAST TTL Driver from Analog Signal Source Using SA5205

Figure 12 shows the interface circuitry between the 74F74 and the
SA602 LO ports. The total resistance reflects conservative current
180o Q2 drain from the 74F74 outputs, while the tap on the voltage divider is
optimized for proper SA602 operation. The low signal source
74F74
impedance further helps maintain phase accuracy, and the isolation
510Ω
0.1µF SA602 capacitor is miniature ceramic for DC isolation.
270ο Q1 6
Audio Amplifiers and Switching
510Ω 30Ω Using active mixers (SA602) in these types of circuits gives
0.1µF conversion gain, typically 18dB. More traditional applications use
6
passive
SA602 diode ring mixers which yield conversion loss, typically 7dB.
30Ω
Consequently, the detected audio level will be about 25dB higher
+5V
when using the SA602. This fact can greatly reduce the first audio
stage noise and gain requirements and virtually eliminate the
SR00807
“microphonic” effect common to direct conversion receivers.
Figure 12. Interface Circuitry Between 74F74 and the SA602s Traditional direct conversion receivers use passive audio LC filters
at the mixer output and low noise, discrete JFETs or bipolars in the
but SSB is less sensitive to phase noise problems in the LO.
first stages. The very high audio sensitivity required by these
Figure 11 shows a circuit that is effective for driving the 74F74, or amplifiers makes them respond to mechanical vibration – thus the
other TTL gates, with a signal generator or analog LO. The SA5205 “microphonics” result. The conversion gain allows use of a simple op
provides about 20dB gain with 50Ω input and output impedances amp stage (Figure 13) set up as an integrator to eliminate ultra-sonic
from DC to 450MHz. Minimum external components are required. and RF instability. The SA5534 is well known for its low noise, high
The 1kΩ resistor is about optimum for “pulling” the input voltage dynamic range, and excellent audio characteristics (Reference 12)
down near the logic threshold. A 50Ω output level of 0dBm can be and makes an ideal audio amp for the 602 detector.
used to drive the SA5205 and 74F74 to 100MHz. Two SA5205s can
The sideband select function is easily accomplished with an
be cascaded for even more sensitivity while maintaining extremely
HEF4053 CMOS analog switch. This triple double-pole switch drives
wide bandwidth. An advantage of using digital sources for the LO is
the phase network discussed in the next section and also chooses
that low-frequency power supply ripple will not cause hum in the
one of two amplitude balance potentiometers, one for each
receiver front end. This is a common problem in direct conversion
sideband. Figure 14 illustrates this circuit. A buffer op amp is used
designs.

1997 Oct 29 4–5


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

with the two sideband select sections to reduce THD, maintain quad op amps fit nicely into this application. One op amp serves as
amplitude integrity, and not change the filter network input a switch buffer and the other three form a phasing section. The
resistance values. The gain distribution within both legs of the SA5514 quad op amps perform well for this application. Careful
receiver was found to be very consistent (within 1dB), thus the attention to active filter configurations can yield highly linear and
amplitude balance pots may be eliminated in less demanding very high dynamic range circuits. Yet these characteristics are much
applications. The SA602s have excellent gain as well as phase easier to achieve at audio than the common IF RF frequencies. This
integrity. fact, coupled with the lack of IF tuned circuits, shielding, and higher
power requirements make audio IF systems attractive indeed.
Audio Phase Shift Circuits
The two critical stages for the phasing method are a dual quadrature Figure 16 shows a “tapped” analog delay circuit which uses
mixer and a broadband audio phase shifter (differentiator). There weighted values of resistors to affect the phase shift. Excellent
are several broadband, phase shift techniques available. Figure 15 phase and amplitude balance are possible with this technique, but
shows an analog all-pass differential phase shift circuit. When the the price for components is high. It should be stressed that the audio
inputs are shorted and driven with a microphone circuit, the outputs phase shift accuracy and amplitude balance are the limiting factors
will be 90 degrees out-of-phase over the 300 to 3000Hz band. This for SSB rejection when using the phase method; thus the higher
“splitting” and phase shift is necessary for the phasing generator. cost may be justified in some applications.
For phasing demodulation the two audio detectors are fed to the two
Audio Processing
inputs. The outputs are then summed to affect the sideband
The summing amplifier is a conventional, inverting op amp circuit. It
rejection and audio output.
may be useful to configure a low-pass filter around this amplifier,
Standard 1% values are shown for the resistors and capacitors, and thus help the sharp audio filters which follow. Audio filters are
although better gain tolerances can be obtained with 0.1% necessary to shape the desired bandpass. Steep slope audio
laser-trimmed integrated resistors. Polystyrene capacitors are bandpass filters can be built from switched capacitor filters or from
preferred for better value tolerance and audio performance. Two active filters

450pF

110K

0.2µF
– TO FIGURE 14
CIRCUIT
+

5 SA5534

0.1µF 1

6
2

RESONANY SA602
0.1µF
TUNED
3 8 CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT
FROM
FIGURES
+5V 9 & 12

SA602
0.1µF
1
6
2
+5V
8
450pF
3
0.1µF
5
110K

0.2µF

TO FIGURE 14
CIRCUIT
+

SA5534
SR00808

Figure 13. Phasing Method Detector for Direct Conversion Receiver


requiring more op amps. Switched capacitor filters have the Harmonics can cause interference problems if careful design
disadvantage of requiring a clock frequency in the RF range. techniques are not used. Also, better dynamic range is obtained with

1997 Oct 29 4–6


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

active filter techniques using “real” resistors although much work is SSB is also used for subcarriers on microwave links and coaxial
being done with SCF’s and performance is improving. lines. Telephone communications networks that use SSB are called
FDM or Frequency Domain Multiplex systems. The low power and
Direct conversion receivers rely heavily on audio filters for
high sensitivity of the SA602 can offer FDM designers new
selectivity. Active analog or switched capacitor filters can produce
techniques for system configuration.
the high Q and dynamic ranges necessary. Signal strength or
“S-meters” can be constructed from the SA602’s companion part, Weaver Method Receiver Techniques
the SA604. The “RSSI” or “received signal strength indicator” The same quadrature dual mixer can be used for the first stage in
function on the 604 provides a logarithmic response over a 90dB both the phasing and Weaver method receiver. The subcarrier stage
dynamic range and is easy to use at audio frequencies. Finally, the in the Weaver method receiver can use CMOS analog switches
AGC (automatic gain control) function can also be performed in the (HEF4066) for great power economy. Figure 18 shows a circuit for
audio section. Attack and delay times can be independently set with the subcarrier stage. A 1.8kHz subcarrier requires a 7.2kHz clock
excellent distortion specifications with the SA572 compandor IC. frequency. If switched capacitor filters are used for the low-pass and
The audio-derived AGC eliminates the need for gain controlling and audio filters, a single clock generator can be used for all circuits with
RF stage, but relies on an excellent receiver front-end dynamic appropriate dividers. Furthermore, if the receiver is used as an IF
range. In ACSSB (Amplitude Compandored Single-Side Band) circuit, the fixed LO signal could also be derived from the same
systems transmitter compression and receiver expansion are clock. This has the added advantage that harmonics from the
defined by individual system specifications. various circuits will not interfere with the received signal.
Phasing-Filter Technique Results
High quality SSB radio specifications call for greater than 70dB The circuit shown in Figures 13, 14, and 15 has a 10dB S/N
sideband rejection. Using the circuits described in this paper for the sensitivity of 0.5µV with a dynamic range of about 80dB. Single-tone
phasing method, rejection levels of 35dB are obtainable with good audio harmonic distortion is below 0.05% with two-tone
reliability. Coupled with an inexpensive two-pole crystal or ceramic intermodulation products below 55dB at RF input levels only 5dB
filter, the 70dB requirement is obtained. Also, the filtering ahead of below the 1dB compression point. The sideband rejection is about
the SA602 greatly improves the intermodulation performance of the 38dB at a 9MHz operating frequency. The good audio specifications
receiver. Figure 17 shows a complete SSB receiver using the are a side benefit to direct conversion receivers. When used with
Phasing-Filter technique. The sensitivity of the SA602 allows low inexpensive ceramic or crystal filters, this circuit can provide these
gain stages and low power consumption for the RF amplifier and specifications with >70dB sideband rejection.
first mixer. A new generation of low power CMOS frequency
synthesizers is now available from several manufacturers including Conclusions
the TDD1742 and dual chip HEF4750/51 solutions. Single sideband offers many advantages over FM and full-carrier
double-sideband modulation. These advantages include: more
Direct Conversion Receiver efficient spectrum use, better signal-to-noise ratios at low signal
The antenna can be connected directly to the input of the SA602 levels, and better transmitter efficiency. Many of the disadvantages
(via a bandpass filter) to form a direct conversion SSB receiver can now be overcome by using old techniques and new
using the phasing method. 35dB sideband rejection is adequate for state-of-the-art integrated circuits. Effective and inexpensive circuits
many applications, particularly where low power and portable battery can use direct conversion techniques with good results. 35dB
operation are required. Figure 13 shows a typical circuit for direct sideband rejection with less than 1µV sensitivity is obtained with the
conversion applications. SA602 circuits. 70dB sideband rejection and superior sensitivity are
There are many other applications which can make use of SSB obtained by using phasing-filter techniques. Either the phasing or
technology. Cordless telephones use FM almost exclusively. Weaver methods can be used in either the direct conversion or IF
Eavesdropping could be greatly reduced for systems which employ section applications. The filter and phase-filter methods can be used
SSB rather than FM. Furthermore, the better signal-to-noise ratio will in only the IF application.
extend the range, and battery life will be extended because no
carrier is needed.

1997 Oct 29 4–7


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

HEF4053 2 X SA5514 BROADBAND PHASE SHIFT NETWORK


FIGURE 15 CIRCUIT

SA5534
DETECTOR

SA5534 9.5K
DETECTOR USB
1K AMPLITUDE
BALANCE POTS 10K
LSB
THE THREE 1K 9.5K
10K
SWITCH CONTROL –
PINS ARE TIED SSB
TOGETHER FOR AUDIO
ONE BIT + OUTPUT
SIDEBAND SELECT
SA5534
FUNTION
SR00809

Figure 14. Sideband Select Switching Function

10KΩ 10KΩ 10KΩ


ANALOG
SWITCH 10KΩ 10KΩ 10KΩ
BUFFERS – – – –
1000pF 1000pF 1000pF
INPUT + + + +
A

16.2KΩ 118Ω 511KΩ

10KΩ 10KΩ 10KΩ

10KΩ 10KΩ 10KΩ


– – – –
1000pF 1000pF 1000pF
INPUT
B
+ + + +

54.9KΩ 237KΩ 1.74MΩ

SR00810

Figure 15.

1997 Oct 29 4–8


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

CLOCK TAPPED
DELAY LINE RETICON TAD–32
VOICE N SAMPLES
INPUT

RN – 2 RN – 1
R1 R2 R3 RN = R1
=R3 =R2

VOICE 90O

WEIGHTED SUM

FIXED DELAY VOICE 0O


N/2 SAMPLES

REFERENCE
CHANNEL RETICON TAD–32
SR00811

Figure 16. Broadband 90o Audio Phase Shift Technique Using Tapped Delay Line (Reference 4)

1ST MIXER

FRONT DIRECT AUDIO FILTERS,


END FILTER CONVERSION S–METER AND
FILTERS PHASING SSB AGC
RECEIVER
AUDIO
AMP

SYNTHESIZED
LO

Receivers built using this technique can exhibit excellent characteristics without resorting to expensive multi-pole
filters or an IF amplifier chain. SR00812

Figure 17. Complete Phasing-Filter Receiver

1997 Oct 29 4–9


Philips Semiconductors Application note

New low-power single sideband circuits AN1981

< 120 MHz


LO
CLOCK 450pF

1.8kHz HEF4066
110K
L.P.
FILTER

1µF + SSB
SA602 +
AUDIO
SA5514 OUT
SA5534

SSB 0O HEF 4013


DUAL
RF INPUT
FLIP– 90O DUAL
FLOP FLIP–
74F74 450pF 180O FLOP
270 O FIGURE 9
CIRCUIT
1.8kHz HEF4066
SA602 110K L.P.
FILTER

1µF
+

SA5534 SA5514

3.6864MHz HEF
4060 7.2 kHz CLOCK

OSCILLATOR
AND ÷512
CIRCUIT
SR00813

Figure 18. Weaver Method Receiver Concept Example for ≤ 30MHz Operation

REFERENCES 10. Designing With the SA602 (AN198), Signetics Corp., Robert J.
1. Spectrum Scarcity Drives Land-mobile Technology, G. Stone, Zavrel Jr., 1985.
Microwaves and RF, May, 1983. 11. RF IC’s Thrive on Meager Battery-Supply Diet, Donald Ander-
2. SSB Technology Fights its Way into the Land-mobile Market, B. son, Robert J. Zavrel Jr., EDN, May 16, 1985.
Manz, Microwaves and RF, Aug., 1983. 12. Audio IC Op Amp Applications, Walter Jung, Sams Publications,
3. A Third Method of Generation and Detection of Single-Sideband 1981.
Signals, D. Weaver, Proceedings of the IRE, 1956. 13. 2 Meter Transmitter Uses Weaver Modulation, Norm Bernstein,
4. Delay Lines Help Generate Quadrature Voice for SSB, Joseph Ham Radio, July, 1985.
A. Webb and M. W. Kelly, Electronics, April 13, 1978.
5. A Low Power Direct Conversion Sideband Receiver, Robert J.
Zavrel Jr., ICCE Digest of Technical Papers, June, 1985.
6. Electronic Filter Design Handbook, Arthur B. Williams, McGraw-
Hill, 1981.
7. Solid State Radio Engineering, Herbert L. Krauss, et al, Wiley,
1980.
8. ACSB–An Overview of Amplitude Compandored Sideband
Technology, James Eagleson, Proceedings of RF Technology
Expo 1985.
9. The ARRL Handbook for the Radio Amateur, American Radio
Relay League, 1985.

1997 Oct 29 4–10

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