THEORY OF EIASTICITY

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 THEORY
OF
ELASTICITY

Dr. Sadhu Singh

Ex-Director (Colleges)
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar - 144 011
Formerly
Professor and Head, Mechanical Engineering Department
&
Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar-263145

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© 1979 and onward

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ISBN No. 978-81-7409-060-6

First Edition : 1978

Fourth Edition
Twelvth Reprint : 2018
Dedicated to the
Loving Memory
of my Parents
 Preface to the Fourth Edition
The fourth edition of the book is being presented to the
readers after a careful revision. The suggestions received from the
readers have been incorporated. Many more numerical examples
have been included to cope up with the needs of the readers. A large
number of exercises have been added to present varied types of
problems.
Further suggestions for the improvement of.the text shall be
welcome. I express my sincere gratitude to all those readers who
sent their valuable suggestions. The continued support from my
family is highly appreciated.

Pant nagar SADHUSINGH

Preface to the First Edition

Elasticity may be defined as the property of a deformable
body to recover its original size and shape when the forces producing
deformation are removed. The Theory of Elasticity, in its broad
aspects, deals with the study of behaviour of such deformable bodies.
It is further assumed that the body is homogeneous, perfectly elastic
and isotropic.
When the elementary methods of strength of materials are
inadequate to furnish satisfactory information regarding stress
distribution in engineering structures, then a resort is made to the
more powerful methods of the theory of elasticity. However, some-
times help is taken of the experimental and numerical methods also.
During the recent past the subject of theory of elasticity has
developed tremendously. This subject is now being offered as a full
course of study both at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels
in almost all the universities and institutions. Most of the books
available to the students and teachers do not fulfil their require-
ments. This book has been written with a view to present to the
readers the requisite subject matter in a concise form. A number of
solved and unsolved problems have been included to facilitate easy
understanding of the subject.
 This book in total consists of sixteen chapters. The first
chapter deals with the basic equations of the theory of elasticity.
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates have been used to
list these equations. Chapter 2 to 5 deal with the solution of two-
dimensional problems in Cartesian, polar and curvilinear co-or-
dinates. Both the plane stress lind plane strain problems have been
dealt with. Airy's stress function method, complex potentials,
Cauchy's integral method and Fourier transform method in general
have been used to solve the two-dimensional problems. St. Vena nt's
principle has also been illustrated by solved examples.
Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the torsion and bending of pris-
matic bars respectively. St. Venant's theory of torsion and complex
torsion functions have been utilized to solve torsion problems.
Harmonic functions have been utilized to solve bending problems.
Analogous methods like the membrane analogy, hydrodynamic
analogy, conducting sheet analogy and the soap film method have
also been discussed. In chapter 7, solution to some simple three
dimensional problems have been presented. Kelvin's, Betti's and
integral transform methods have been illustrated by solved
examples. In chapter 8, some axisymmetric problems have been
solved by stress function and integral transforms methods.
Chapters 9 and 10 deals with the bending plates and thin
shells respectively. Solution to plates of various profiles and end
conditions have been presented in chapter 9. In chapter 10, the
equilibrium equations for shells of general shape have been derived
and then these equations have been reduced for shells of revolution,
cylindrical and spherical shells. Membrane solution has also been
presented for these shells. Donnell's equations for cylindrical shells
have been derived and discussed.
Chapter 11 deals with the bending of beams resting on an
elastic foundation. Both the foundations of the Winkler type and
abstract type have been discussed. Some problems of cylindrical
shells, curved beams, arches and plates resting on an elastic foun-
dation have been attempted in this chapter. Chapter 12 deals with
some of the beam column problems.
In chapter 13, the most commonly used numerical and energy
methods have been discussed. The foundation theorems, like the
Castigliano and Maxwell-Betti theorem and the principles of virtual
work, potential energy and complementary energy have been dis-
cussed. The Dummy load method, Rayleigh's method and the
Rayleigh-Ritz method have also been dealt with in this chapter. An
introduction to the finite-difference and finite-element methods
have been included in this chapter.
Chapter 14 and 15 deal with the solution to problems arising
due to thermal effects and contact pressure respectively. Stresses
due to thermal effects have been investigated by assuming one-
dimensional variation of temperature only and the contact stresses
have been determined by assuming prefect contact.
Chapters 16 deals with Stress Concentration Problems.
During the preparation of this book a number of books and
journals were consulted. To that effect a brief bibliography is in-
cluded at the end of the book. Some of the original articles published
by various researchers are reproduced in this book, references to
which have been cited as footnotes. Although utmost care has been
taken to use the same notations throughout the book, deviations if
anY, if brought to the notice of the author, shall be highly acknow-
ledged and incorporated in future.
I acknowledge with thanks the encouragement given to me
by Principal, D.M. Sen and Prof. S.V. Kulkarni, whose association
and guidance for the past many years have gone a long way in
writing this book I also sincerely thank Mis Khanna Publishers for
providing whole hearted co-operation and bringing out this book in
a short period.
I am especially indebted to my wife Mrs. Manjit, for her
patience and supporting nature without which this work would not
have been possible.

Dr. SADHU SINGH

 CONTENTS
Chapter Page

1. Basic Equations of Elasticity 1-37

1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The State of Stress at a Point 1
1.3. The State of Strain at a Point 5
1.4. Basic Equations of Elasticity 8
1.4.1. Cartesian Co-ordinates 8
1.4.2. Cylindrical Co-ordinates 12
1.5. Methods of Solution of Elasticity Problems 16
1.6. Plane Stress 17
1.7. Plane Strain 20
1.8. Spherical Co-ordinates 22
1.9. Computer Program for Principal Stresses
and Principal Planes 32
Exercises 33

2. Two-Dimensional problems in Cartesian

Co-ordinates 38-113
2.1. Introduction 38
2.2. Airy's Stress Function 38
2.2.1. Polynomials 39
2.2.1.1. Bending of a cantilever
loaded at the end 40
2.2.1.2. Bending of a beam by
uniform load 45
2.2.2. Direct method for determining Airy
polynomial stress functions 53
2.2.2.1 Cantilever having Vell and
concentrated load of the
free end 54
2.2.2.2. Simply supported rectangular
beam under a triangular load 58
2.2.3. Fourier Series 60
2.2.3.1. Solution of Biharmonic
equation by Fourier series 61
2.2.3.2. Simply supported beam
having sinusoidal loading on
the upper and lower edges 62
Chapter Page
2.2.3.3. Rectangular beam subjected
to a band of load of width 64
2.3. Complex Potentials 67
2.3.1. Functions of a complex variable 67
2.3.2. Derivation of Potentials 68
2.3.3. Relation to Airy's stress function 71
2.3.4. Muskhelishvili method 72
2.3.5. Resultant force and moment on
a curve 77
2.4. Cauchy Integral Method 81
2.4.1. Solution of the first fundamental
problem 86
2.4.2. Solution of the second fundamental
problem 89
2.5. Fourier Transform Method 94
2.5.1. Infinite solid body with body forces 97
2.5.2. Solution of the two-dimensional
biharmonic equation 100
2.5.3. Semi-infinite elastic medium 104
2.6. Real Potential Methods 107
2.6.1. Homogeneous boundary value
problems 109
Exercises 110

3. Two-Dimensional Problems in Polar

Co-ordinates 114-193
3.1. Basic Equations 114
3.2. Biharmonic Equation 117
3.3. Solution of Biharmonic Equation for
Axial Symmetry 119
3.4. General Solution of Biharmonic Equation 120
3.5. Saint Venant's Principle 120
3.5.1. Exact analysis 120
3.5.2. Winkler's theory 125
3.6. Thick Cylinder 131
3.7. Rotating Disc on Cylinder 137
3.7.1. Shrink-fitted rotating disc and shaft 141
3.8. Stress-concentration due to a Circular Hole
in a Stressed Plate (Kirsch Problem) 146
3.9. Concentrated Load Acting on the Free
Surface of a Plate (Element is Problem) 150
Chapter Page
3.10. Uniformly Distributed Load Applied on the
Free Surface of a Large Plate 153
3.11. Stresses due to a Couple on a Large Plate 154
3.12. Saint Venant's Principle 155
3.12.1. Concentrated load acting on the
vertex of a wedge along the line of
symmetry 157
3.12.2. Concentrated load acting on a
rectangular beam 161
3.12.3. Stresses in a circular disc under
diametral compression 163
3.13. Bending of a Curved Bar by a Force
at the End 171
3.14. Integral Transform Method 174
3.14.1. Distribution of stress in an infinite
wedge 176
3.15. Analysis of Plane Stress with Varying
Thickness8 180
3.15.1. Stresses in a tapering beam 184
3.15.2. Rotating disc of variable thickness 186
Exercises 189

4. Two-Dimensional Problems in Curvilinear

Co-ordinates 194-233
4.1. Introduction 194
4.2. Conformal Transformation 194
4.3. Curvilinear Co-ordinates 195
4.4. Stress Components in Curvilinear
Co-ordinates 198
4.5. Polar Co-ordinates 200
4.6. Elliptic Co-ordinates 202
4.6.1. Solution of Biharmonic equation in
elliptical co-ordinates 204
4.6.2. Stresses in curvilinear co-ordinates 205
4.6.3. Stresses in elliptic co-ordinates 206
4.6.4. Infinite plate with in elliptic hole
under all round tension 209
4.6.5. Plate with an elliptic hole under
simple tension 211
4.7. Bipolar Co-ordinates 213
4.7.1. Stresses in Bipolar co-ordinates 214
Chapter Page
4.7.2. Stresses in semi-infinite plate with
a circular hole under tension 219
4.7.3. Stresses due to diametral forces on
circular disc with an eccentric hole 9 221
4.7.4. Solution of an elliptic hole in uniformly
stressed plate by complex potentials 228
4.7.5. Solution of elliptic hole in a plate
under simple tension by complex
potentials method 230

5. Torsion of Prismatic Bars 234-297

5.1. Introduction 234
5.2. St. Venant's Theory 234
5.2.1. Torsion of elliptical cross-section bar 238
5.2.2. Torsion of equilateral triangle
cross-section bar 241
5.3. Torsion of Hollow Cross-sections 244
5.3.1. Torsion of hollow elliptical
cross-section bar 246
5.4. Torsion of Thin-walled Tubes 246
5.5. Solution of Torsion Problems by Complex
Torsion Function 252
5.5.1. Solution for certain particular cases
by complex torsion function 254
5.6. Torsion of Hollow Bars 259
5.7. Solution of the Torsion Problem by
Conformal Mapping 262
5.7.1. Applications of conformal mapping 269
5.8. Analogous Methods 274
5.8.1. Membrane analogy 274
5.8.1.1. Torsion of solid sections 274
5.8.1.2. Torsion of a thin rectangular
section 278
5.8.1.3. Torsion of an elliptical
section 280
5.8.1.4. Torsion of hollow section 282
5.8.1.5. Torsion of thin-walled
hollow section 282
5.8.2. Hydrodynamic analogy 287
5.8.3. Conducting sheet analogy 287
5.9. Torsion of Bars of Variable Diameter 289
5.9.1. Torsion of a conical shaft 291
Exercises 292
Chapter Page

6. Bending of Prismatic Base 298-336

6.1. Introduction 298
6.2. Simple Bending 298
6.2.1. Bending of a cantilever by terminal
load 298
6.2.2. Bending of a bar of circular
cross-section 301
6.2.3. Bending of a prismatic bar of elliptic
cross-section 302
6.2.4. Bending of a prismatic bar of
rectangular cross-section 303
6.3. Unsymmetrical Bending 306
6.4. Shear Centre 315
6.4.1. Shear stress distribution in
thin-walled sections 315
6.5. Solution of Bending of Bars by
Harmonic Functions 320
6.5.1. Bending by a load along a principal
runs 329
6.6. Solution of Bending Problems by
Soap-Film Method 330
Exercises 333

7. Three Dimensional Problems 337-357

7.L Introduction 337
7.2. Stretching of a Prismatic Bar by its
Own Weight 337
7.3. Pure Bending of a Prismatic Bar 340
7.4. The Vector Form of Equilibrium
Equations 344
7.5. Kelvin's Solution of the Equilibrium
Equations 345
7.6. Point Force on an Infinite Solid 346
7.7, The Boussinesq-Papkovich Solution 349
7.8. The Use ofPotelltial Functions in Elasticity ... 351
7.9. Betti's Method 353
7.10. Formulae For the Dilatation 353
7,11. The Method of Integral Transforms 356
7.11.1. The Stresses in an infinite medium
due to body forces 356
Exercises 357
 Theory Of Elasticity

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