Grammar Level 3

INTERNATIONAL EDITION-Not for Sale in the U.S.A.
0 Exercise 1. Warm-up. (Chart 4-1)

Do you know the past participle form of these verbs? Complete the chart. What is the
difference between the past participle forms in items 1-4 and 5-8?
Simple Simple Past
Form Past Participle
1. stay stayed staved

2. work worked worked
3. help helped
4. visit visited
5. go went gone
6. begin began begun
7. write wrote
8. see saw
.
•
Simple Simple Past The past participle is one of the principal parts of a
Form Past Participle verb. (See Chart 2-3, p. 31.)
The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT

REGULAR finish finished finished
tense and the PAST PERFECT tense.*
VERBS stop stopped stopped
wait waited waited The past participle of regular verbs is the same as
the simple past form: both end in oed.
IRREGULAR see saw seen
VERBS make made made See Chart 2-4, p. 32, or the inside back cover for a
put put put list of irregular verbs.
*The past participle is also used in the passive. See Chapter 10.
81
0 Exercise 2. Listening. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, and 4-1)
0 Example:
Write the words you hear.
You will hear: go went gone

You will write: go went @one
Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past

Form Past Participle Form Past Participle
1. call called 6. come came

2. speak spoke 7. eat ate
3. do did 8. cut cut
4. know knew 9. read read
5. meet met 10. be was/were
0 Exercise 3. Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, and 4-1)

Make your own chart. Write the past participles.
Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past

Form Past Participle Form Past Participle
1. finish finished finished 6. hear heard

2. have had 7. study studied
3. think thought 8. die died
4. teach taught 9. buy bought
5. live lived 10. start started
o Exercise 4. Warm-up. (Chart 4-2)

Decide which sentence Ca.or b.) is correct for each situation.
1. It's 10:00 A.M. Layla has been at the bus stop since 9:50.
a. She is still there.
b. The bus picked her up.
2. Toshi has lived in the same apartment for 30 years.

a. After 30 years, he moved somewhere else.
b. He still lives there.
82 CHAPTER 4
(a) I've been in class since ten o'clock The present perfect tense is used in
this morning. sentences with since and for to express
situations that began in the past and
(b) We have known Ben for ten years.
continue to the present.
We met him ten years ago. We still
know him today. We are friends. In (a): Class started at ten. I am still in
I class now, at the moment of speaking.
/
/
INCORRECT: I am in class since ten o'clock

this morning.
(c) I have FORM: have/has + past participle

You have CONTRACTED FORMS: I've, You've, He's,
She, He, It has been here for one hour. She's, It's, We've, They've.
We have
They have
Since
since eight o'clock. Since is followed by the mention of a
since Tuesday. specific point in time: an hour, a day, a
(d) I have been here since 2009 month, a year, etc.
since yesterday.
[ Since expresses the idea that something
since last month.
began at a specific time in the past and
continues to the present.
(e) CORRECT: I have lived here since May.* Notice the incorrect sentences:
CORRECT: I have been here since May.
In (f): The present progressive is NOT
(f) INCORRECT: I am living here since May. used.
(g) INCORRECT: I live here since May. In (g): The simple present is NOT used.
(h) INCORRECT: I lived here since May.
In (h) and (i): The simple past is NOT
( i) INCORRECT: I was here since May.
used.
MAIN CLAUSE SINCE-CLAUSE Since may also introduce a time clause

(present perfect) (simple past) (Le., a subject and verb may follow since).
(j) I have lived here since I was a child. Notice in the examples: The present
(k) AI has met many people since he came here. perfect is used in the main clause; the
simple past is used in the since-elause.
For
for ten minutes. For is followed by the mention of a length
for two hours. of time: two minutes, three hours, four
for five days. days, five weeks, etc.).
( I) I have been here for about three weeks. NOTE: If the noun ends in -s (hours, days,
for almost six months. weeks, etc.), use for in the time
for many years. expression, not since.
for a long time.
*Also correct: I have been living here since May. See Chart 4-6 for a discussion of the present perfect progressive.
Present Perfect and Past Perfect 83

o Exercise 5. Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-2)
Complete the sentences with since or for.
Amy has been here ... Ms. Ellis has worked as a substitute teacher ...
1. _~ for two months. 11. school began.

2. _~~since September. 12. last year.
3. ______ yesterday. 13. 2008.
4. ______ the term started. 14. about a year.
5. ______ a couple of hours. 15. September.
6. ______ fifteen minutes. 16. a long time.
The Smiths have been married ... I've known about Sonia's engagement ...
7. ______ two years. 17. ______ almost four months.

8. ______ last May. 18. ______ the beginning of the year.
9. ______ five days. 19. ______ the first of January.
10. ______ a long time. 20. _______ yesterday.

Complete the sentences with information about yourself.
since nine o'clock this mornin@

1. I've been in this building .
{ for 27 minutes
since
2. We've been in class .
{
for
since
3. I've been in this city .
{ for
since
4. I've had an ID* card '" .
{ for
since
5. I've had this book .
{ for
*ID = identification
84 CHAPTER 4
Complete each sentence with the present perfect form of the given verb.
Since 1995, Theresa, a talk-show host, ...

1. work has worked for a TV station in London.
2. interview hundreds of guests.
3. meet many famous people.
4. find out about their lives.
5. make friends with celebrities.
6. became a celebrity herself.
7. sign lots of autographs.
8. shake hands with thousands of people.
9. write two books about how to interview people.
10. think a lot about the best ways to help people feel
comfortable on her show.
o Exercise 8. Let's talk. (Chart 4-2)

Your teacher will ask a question. Two students will answer. Speaker A will answer with
since. Speaker B will use Speaker A's information and answer with for. Only the teacher's
book is open.
Example:
To SPEAKERA: How long have you been in this room?
SPEAKERA: I've been in this room since (10:00).
To SPEAKERB: How long has (Student A) been in this room?
SPEAKERB: She/He has been in this room for (15 minutes).
1. How long have you known me?

2. How long have you been up* today?
3. Where do you live? How long have you lived there?
4. Who has a cell phone? How long have you had your phone?
5. Who has a bike? How long have you had it?
6. How long have you been in this building today?
7. Who is wearing something new? What is new? How long have you had it/them?
8. Who is married? How long have you been married?
*be up = be awake and out of bed

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in parentheses. Put brackets
around the since-clauses.
1. I (know) have known Mark Miller [ever since* we (be) were in college.]
2. Pedro (change) his major three times since he (start)

school.
3. Ever since I (be) -- a child, I (be) afraid of snakes.
4. I can't wait to get home to my own bed. I (sleep, not) well since
I (leave) home three days ago.
5. Ever since Pete (meet) Nicole, he (think, not) _
about anything or anyone else. He's in love.
6. Otto (have) ------ __ a lot of problems with his car ever since he (buy)
it. It's a lemon. **
7. A: What (you, eat) --- since you (get)

up this morning?
B: So far, I (eat) a banana and some yogurt.***
o Exercise 10. Warm-up: pairwork. (Chart 4-3)

Work with a partner. Partner A makes a true statement with a phrase from the list and then
changes it to a question. Partner B gives a true answer.
climbed a tree heard bedtime stories ridden a tricycle

flown a kite played in the dirt slept with a stuffed animal
PARTNERA: Since my childhood, I haven't _

Since your childhood, have you ?
PARTNERB: Yes, I have. OR No, I haven't.
*Ever since has the same meaning as since.

**a lemon = a car with a lot of problems
***So far + present perfect expresses situations that began in the past and continue to the present.
86 CHAPTER 4
. . • • •
(a) I have not (haven't) seen Tom since lunch. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
(b) Ann has not (hasn't) eaten for several NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS: have + not = haven't
hours. has + not = hasn't
Question
(c) Have you seen Tom? QUESTION: have/has + subject + past participle
(d) Has Ann eaten?
(e) How long have you lived here?
- Have you ever met a famous person? In (f): ever = in your lifetime; from the time you were born to
- No, I've never met a famous person. the present moment. Questions with ever frequently use the
present perfect.
When answering questions with ever, speakers often use
never. Never is frequently used with the present perfect.
In the answer to (f), the speaker is saying: "No, I haven't met
a famous person from the time I was born to the present
moment."
Short Answer
(g) - Have you seen Tom? SHORT ANSWER: have/haven't or has/hasn't
- Yes,I have. OR No, I haven't. NOTE: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted
(h) - Has Ann eaten lunch? with the pronoun.
- Yes,she has. OR No, she hasn't. INCORRECT: Yes,I've. OR Yes,he's.

Complete the conversations. Use the present perfect form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. A: (you) eat) ever) Have you ever eaten an insect?

B: No, I _~~~__
haven't ' I (eat) never) have never eaten an insect.
2. A: (you) stay) ever) ___________________ in a room on the top

floor of a hotel?
B: Yes, I ________ . I (stay) . in a room on the
top floor of a hotel a few times.
3. A: (you) meet) ever) ___________________ a movie star?

B: No, I _________ . I (meet) never) a movie star.
4. A: (Ted) travel) ever) ___________________ overseas?
B: Yes, he ________ . He (travel) _____ _ to several

countries on business.

5. A: (Lara, be, ever) in Mexico?
B: No, she . She (be, never) many
Spanish-speaking countries.
o Exercise 12. Listening. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, and 4-3)

{J Listen to each sentence and then the beginning of a question. Complete the question with the
past participle of the verb you heard in the first sentence. Have you ever done these things?
Circle yes or no.
Example: You will hear: I saw a two-headed frog once. Have you ever ... ?
You will write: Have you ever seen a two-headed frog? yes @)
1. Have you ever a two-headed snake? yes no
2. Have you ever in a small plane? yes no
3. Have you ever in a limousine? yes no
4. Have you ever volunteer work? yes no
5. Have you ever a shirt? yes no
6. Have you ever a scary experience on an airplane? yes no
7. Have you ever out of a boat? yes no
8. Have you ever so embarrassed that your face got hot? yes no
9. Have you ever to a famous person? yes no
10. Have you ever to be famous? yes no
o Exercise 13. Let's talk: interview. (Charts 2-4 and 4-3)

Interview your classmates. Make questions using the present perfect form of the given verbs.
1. you \ ever \ cut \ your own hair
2. you \ ever \ catch \ a big fish
3. you \ ever \ take care of \ an injured animal
4. you \ ever \ lose \ something very important
5. you \ ever \ sit \ on a bee
6. you \ ever \ fly \ in a private plane
7. you \ ever \ break \ your arm or your leg
8. you \ ever \ find \ something very valuable
9. you \ ever \ swim \ near a shark
10. you \ ever \ throw \ a ball \ and \ break \ a window
88 CHAPTER 4
o Exercise 14. Let's talk and write: interview. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, 4-2, and 4-3)
Part 1. Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions. Begin your questions
with How long have you and the present perfect. Answer questions with since, for, or
never and the present perfect.
Example: have a pet

PARTNER A: How long have you had a pet?
PARTNER B: I've had (a cat, a dog, a bird, etc.) for two years. OR
I've had (a cat, a dog, a bird, etc.) since my 18th birthday. OR
I've never had a pet.
1. live in (this area) 6. wear glasses / contact lenses

2. study English 7. have a roommate / a pet
3. be in this class / at this school 8. be interested in (a particular subject)
4. have long hair / short hair 9. be married
5. have a beard / a mustache
Part II. Use the information from your interview to write a paragraph about your partner. You
can add some information to make it more interesting. Use the following paragraph as an
example. Notice the present perfect phrases in green.
Example:
Ellie
I'd like to tell you a little about Ellie. She has lived in Vancouver, Canada, for six
months. She has studied English for five years. She has been at this school since
September. She likes it here.
She has short hair. She has worn short hair for a few years. Of course, she
doesn't have a mustache! She has never worn glasses, except sunglasses.
Ellie doesn't have a roommate, but she has a pet bird. She has had her bird for
one month. Its name is Howie, and he likes to sing.
She is interested in biology. She has been interested in biology since she was a
child. She has never been married. She wants to be a doctor. She wants to become a
doctor before she has a family.

Circle the correct completion (a. or b.) for each sentence.
1. Tyler has rented a house __ '

a. last week. b. already.
2. I have seen it
a. recently. b. two days ago.
3. His parents haven't seen it __ '
a. yesterday. b. yet.
4. I have been there

a. two times. b. yesterday.

- ~ -_.,.. . . .
4-4 Present Perfect with Unspecified Time

-- - -- ~__ _~... ~. ~_ _~ J ._~ ••• .-c ~~... ..:;..;,;,,""''''=_c ~ ___, _ ~~~"
: _~_ _ __..••.•.. __
Toshihas already eaten lunch. Eva hasn't eaten lunch yet.
:=: (a) Toshi has just eaten lunch. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity or
0
c:
(b) Jim has recently changed situation that occurred (or did not occur) before
jobs. now, at some unspecified or unknown time in
before now the past.
, Common time words that express this idea are
C". just, recently, already, yet, ever, never.
-
(J)
E
In (a): Toshi's lunch occurred before the
present time. The exact time is not mentioned;
it is unimportant or unknown.
:=: (c) Pete has eaten at that

g An activity may be repeated two, several, or
restaurant many times. more times before now, at unspecified times in
(d) I have eaten there twice. the past, as in (c) and (d).
before now
,. / /
/ .•.. /'-
(e) Pete has already left. OR In (e): Already is used in affirmative

Pete has left already. statements. It can come after the helping verb
or at the end of the sentence.
Idea of already: Something happened before
now, before this time.
(f) Min hasn't left yet. In (f): Yet is used in negative statements and
comes at the end of the sentence.
Idea of yet: Something did not happen before
now (up to this time), but it may happen in the
future.
(g) Have you already left? In (g): Both yet and already can be used in
Have you left already? questions.
Have you left yet?
90 CHAPTER 4
Circle all the possible answers for each question. Work in small groups and then discuss your
answers as a class.
SITUATION 1:
Sara is at home. At 12:00 P.M., the phone rang. It was Sara's friend from high school.
They had a long conversation, and Sara hung up the phone at 12:59. It is now 1:00.
Which sentences describe the situation?
a. Sara has just hung up the phone.
b. She has hung up the phone already.
c. The phone has just rung.
d. Sara hasn't finished her conversation yet.
e. Sara has been on the phone since 12:00 P.M.
SITUATION 2:
Mr. Peters is in bed. He became sick with the flu eight days ago. Mr. Peters isn't sick very
often. The last time he had the flu was one year ago. Which sentences describe the situation?
a. Mr. Peters has been sick for a year.

b. He hasn't gotten well yet.
c. He has just gotten sick.
d. He has already had the flu.
e. He hasn't had the flu before.
SITUATION 3:
Rob is at work. His boss, Rosa, needs a report. She sees Rob working on it at his desk.
She's in a hurry, and she's asking Rob questions. What questions is she going to ask him?
a. Have you finished?

b. Have you finished yet?
c. Have you finished already?
o Exercise 17. Listening. (Charts 2-4 and 4-4)

Richard and Lori are new parents. Their baby was born a week ago. Listen to each sentence
(J and complete the question with the past participle of the verb you hear.
1. Has Richard held the baby a lot yet?
2. Has Lori the baby a bath yet?
3. Has Richard a diaper yet?
4. Has Lori some pictures of the baby yet?
5. Has Richard up when the baby cries yet?
6. Has Lori some of the household chores yet?
7. Has Richard tired during the day yet?

Look at Andy's day planner. Write answers to the questions. Make complete sentences with
yet and already.
finish errands
pick up k"d
1 S at school
It is 11:55 A.M. right now.
1. Has Andy had his dentist appointment yet? Yes, he has had his dentist
appointment already.
2. Has Andy picked up his kids at school yet? _
3. Has Andy taken his car for an oil change already? _
4. Has Andy finished his errands yet? _
5. Has Andy shopped for groceries already? _
6. Has Andy had lunch with Michael yet? _
o Exercise 19. Listening. (Charts 4-2 -+ 4-4)

{; verb
Both is and has can be contracted to's. Listen to each sentence. Decide if the contracted
is is or has. Before you begin, you may want to check your understanding of these
words: order, waiter.
Examples: You will hear: I have to leave. My order's taking too long.
You will choose: @ has
You will hear: I have to leave. My order's taken too long.
You will choose: IS ~
At a restaurant
1. is has 3. is has 5. is has
2. is has 4. IS has 6. is has
92 CHAPTER 4
o Exercise 20. Listening. (Charts 4-2 -> 4-4)
Answer the questions and then listen to the job interview. Listen again and complete the
(J sentences with the words you hear. Before you begin, you may want to check your
understanding of these words: clinic, prison, volunteer, low-income, patient, challenge.
What types of jobs can nurses have?

Which ones could be very exciting?
A job interview
Mika is a nurse. She is interviewing for a job with the manager of a hospital emergency room.
He is looking at her resume and asking her some general questions.
INTERVIEWER:It looks like a lot of things since you became a
nurse.
MIKA: Yes, for a medical clinic.

2 3
in a prison. in several area hospitals. And
4
___________ volunteer work at a community health center for
5
low-income patients.
INTERVIEWER:Very good. But, let me ask you, why _

6
jobs so often?
MlKA: Well, I like having new challenges and different experiences.
INTERVIEWER:Why for this job?

7
MIKA: Well, I'm looking for something more fast-paced,* and _
8
interested in working in an E.R. ** for a long time. _
9
that this hospital provides great training for its staff, and it offers excellent
patient care.
INTERVIEWER:Thank you for coming in. I'll call you next week with our decision.
MIKA: It was good to meet you. Thank you for your time.
*more fast-paced = at a faster speed
**E.R. = emergency room

o Exercise 21. Warm- up. (Chart 4-5)
Read the short conversation. Who is more likely to say the last sentence, Pamela or Jenna?
PAMELA: I've traveled around the world several times.
JENNA: I traveled around the world once.
I'm looking forward to my next trip.
SIMPLE PAST
In (a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past
(a) I finished my work two hours ago. (two hours ago).
PRESENT PERFECT In (b): I finished my work at an unspecified time in the

(b) I have already finished my work. past (sometime before now).
SIMPLE PAST
The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity that occurred at
(c) I was in Europe last year / three years ago / in 2006/ a specific time (or times) in the past, as in (a) and (c).
in 2008 and 2010 / when I was ten years old.
The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity that
PRESENT PERFECT occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in the past,
(d) I have been in Europe many times / several times / as in (b) and (d).
a couple of times / once / (no mention of time).
SIMPLE PAST In (e): In sentences where for is used in a time

(e) Ann was in Miami for two weeks. expression, the simple past expresses an activity that
began and ended in the past.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Bob has been in Miami for two weeks / since In (f): In sentences with for or since, the present
May 1st. perfect expresses an activity that began in the past
and continues to the present.

Answer each question and discuss the meanings of the verb tenses in italics.
1. All of these verbs talk about past time, but the verb in (a) is different from the other three
verbs. What is the difference?
(a) I have had several bicycles in my lifetime.
(b) I had a red bicycle when I was in elementary school.
(c) I had a blue bicycle when I was a teenager.
(d) I had a green bicycle when I lived and worked in Hong Kong.
2. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?
(e) I had a wonderful bicycle last year.
(f) I've had many wonderful bicycles.
3. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?
(g) Ann had a red bike for two years.
(h) Sue has had a red bike for two years.
4. Who is still alive, and who is dead?
(i) In his lifetime, Uncle Alex had several red bicycles.
(j) In his lifetime, Grandpa has had several red bicycles.
94 CHAPTER 4
Look at each verb in italics. Is it simple past or present perfect? Check (.I) the box that
describes whether the verb expresses something that happened at a specified or unspecified
time in the past.
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
TIME IN TIME IN
THE PAST THE PAST
1. Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times. o

- present perfect
2. Ms. Parker was in Tokyo last week. o
- simple past
3. I've met Kaye's husband. He's a nice guy. o o
4. I met Kaye's husband at a party last week. o o
5. Mr. White was in the hospital three times last month. o o
6. Mr. White has been in the hospital many times. o o
7. I like to travel. I've been to more than 30 foreign countries. o o
8. I was in Morocco in 2008. o o
9. Venita has never been to Morocco. o o
10. Venita wasn't in Morocco when I was there in 2008. o o

Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect or the simple past form of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. A: Have you ever been to Singapore?
B: Yes, I (be) have . I (be) have been to Singapore several times. In fact,
I (be) was in Singapore last year.
2. A: Are you going to finish your work before you go to bed?

B: I (finish, already*) have already finished it. I (finish) finished my work
two hours ago.
3. A: Have you ever eaten at the Sunset Beach Cafe?

B: Yes, I . I (eat) ___________ there many times. In
fact, my wife and I (eat) _________ lunch there yesterday.
*In informal spoken English, the simple past is sometimes used with already. Practice using the present perfect with already
in this exercise.

4. A: Do you and Erica want to go to the movie at the Galaxy Theater with us tonight?
B: No thanks. We (see, already) it. We (see)
--- it last week.
5. A: When are you going to write your report for Mr. Berg?
B: I (write, already) ------------ it. I (write)
-------_ it two days ago and gave it to him.
6. A: (Antonio, have, ever) a job?

B: Yes, he . He (have) lots of part-time
jobs. Last summer he (have) a a job at his uncle's auto shop.
7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I'm finished?
B: Thanks, but I (read, already) it. I (read)
----- it a couple of months ago.
8. A: What African countries (you, visit)

---------------_?
B: I (visit) Kenya and Ethiopia. I (visit)
----------_ Kenya in 2002. I (be) in
Ethiopia last year.
o Exercise 25. Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 4-5)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions. Use the present perfect
and the simple past. Share a few of your partner's answers with the class.
Example:
PARTNERA: What countries have you been to?
PARTNERB: I've been to Norway and Finland.
PARTNERA: When were you in Norway?
PARTNERB: I was in Norway three years ago. How about you? What countries have you been to?
PARTNERA: I've never been to Norway or Finland, but I've been to ....
1. What countries have you been to?
When were you in ... ?
2. Where are some interesting places you have lived?
When did you live in ... ?
3. What are some interesting / unusual/scary things you have done in your lifetime?
When did you ... ?
4. What are some helpful things (for a friend / your family / your community) you have done
in your lifetime?
When did you ... ?
96 CHAPTER 4
(J
For each item, you will hear two complete sentences and then the beginning of a third
sentence. Complete the third sentence with the past participle of the verb you heard in the
first two sentences.
Example: You will hear: I eat vegetables every day. I ate vegetables for dinner last night.
I have ...
You will write: I have eaten vegetables every day for a long time.
1. Since Friday, I have a lot of money.
2. All week, I have big breakfasts.
3. Today, I have already several emails.
4. I just finished dinner, and I have a nice tip.
5. Since I was a teenager, I have in late on weekends.
6. All my life, I have very carefully.
7. Since I was little, I have in the shower.
o Exercise 27. Game. (Charts 2-4 and 4-5)

Work in groups.
(1) On a piece of paper, write down two statements about yourself, one in the simple past
tense and one in the present perfect tense.
(2) Make one statement true and one statement false.
(3) The other members of your group will try to guess which one is true.
(4) Tell the group the correct answers when everyone has finished guessing.
The person with the most correct guesses at the end of the game is the winner.
Example:
STUDENT A: I've never cooked dinner.
I saw a famous person last year.
STUDENT B: rou've never cooked dinner is true.
rou saw a famous person last year is false.

Complete the sentences with time information.
1. I am sitting at my desk right now. I have been sitting at my desk since --------
2. I am looking at my book. I have been looking at my book for

AI and Ann are in their car right now. They are The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE talks about how
driving home. It is now four o'clock. long an activity has been in progress before now.
(a) They have been driving since two o'clock. NOTE: Time expressions with since, as in (a), and for,
(b) They have been driving for two hours. as in (b), are frequently used with this tense.
They will be home soon.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

(c) How long have they been driving? QUESTION:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

Present Progressive vs. Present Perfect Progressive
Present Progressive (d) Po is sitting in class right now. The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE describes an
6 activity that is in progress right now, as
"
in (d). It does not discuss duration
(length of time).
I
INCORRECT: Po has been sitting in class
right now.
I
/
Present Perfect Progressive Po is sitting at his desk in class. He The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
""
o sat down at nine o'clock. It is now
nine-thirty.
expresses the duration (length of time)
of an activity that began in the past and
(e) Po has been sitting in class is in progress right now.
since nine o'clock. INCORRECT: Po is sitting in class since
I
/
I
(f) Po has been sitting in class nine o'clock.
for thirty minutes.
(g) CORRECT: I knowYoko. NOTE: Non-action verbs (e.g., know, like, own, belong)
(h) INCORRECT: I am knowing Yoko. are generally not used in the progressive tenses.*
(i) CORRECT: I have known Yoko for two years. In (i): With non-action verbs, the present perfect is
(j ) INCORRECT: I have been knowing Yoko for two years. used with since or for to express the duration of a
situation that began in the past and continues to the
present.
*See Chart 1-6, Non-Action Verbs, p. 17.
98 CHAPTER 4
Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present perfect progressive form of
the verbs in parentheses.
1. I (sit) am sittin@ in the cafeteria right now. I (sit) have been sittin@
here since twelve o'clock.
2. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) for the bus. She
(wait) for the bus for twenty minutes.
3. Scott and Rebecca (talk) on the phone right now. They

______________ (talk) on the phone for over an hour.
4. Right now we're in class. We (do) an exercise. We (do)

______________ this exercise for a couple of minutes.
5. A: You look busy right now. What (you, do) ?

B: I (work) on my physics experiment. It's a difficult
experiment.
A: How long (you, work) on it?
B: I started planning it last January. I (work)
on it since then.

Answer the questions your teacher asks. Your book is closed.
Example:
TEACHER: Where are you living?
STUDENTA: I'm living in an apartment on Fourth Avenue.
TEACHER: How long have you been living there?
STUDENTA: I've been living there since last September.
1. Right now you are sitting in class. How long have you been sitting here?
2. When did you first begin to study English? How long have you been studying English?
3. I began to teach English in (year). How long have I been teaching English?
4. I began to work at this school in (month or year). How long have I been working here?
5. What are we doing right now? How long have we been doing it?
6. (Student's name), I see that you wear glasses. How long have you been wearing glasses?
7. Who drives? When did you first drive a car? How long have you been driving?
8. Who drinks coffee? How old were you when you started to drink coffee? How long have
you been drinking coffee?

Q Part I. When speakers use the present perfect in everyday speech, they often contract have
and has with nouns. Listen to the sentences and notice the contractions.
1. Jane has been out of town for two days.
2. My parents have been active in politics for 40 years.
3. My friends have moved into a new apartment.
4. I'm sorry. Your credit card has expired.
5. Bob has been traveling in Montreal since last Tuesday.
6. You're the first one here. No one else* has come yet.
Part II. Listen to the sentences. Complete them with the words you hear: noun + have/has.
1. The -~~-'-=~=
weather has been warm since the beginning of April.
2. This - been unusually warm.
3. My ------ been living in the same house for 25 years.
4. My ----- lived in the same town all their lives.
5. You slept late. Your ------ already gotten up and made breakfast.
6. My ----------- planned a going-away party for me. I'm moving back to my
hometown.
7. I'm afraid your ---- been getting a little sloppy.**
8. My -------- traveled a lot. She's visited many different countries.

Read the situations and answer the questions.
SITUATION 1:
Roger is having trouble with math. I am helping him with his homework tonight. I have been
helping him since 6:00.
SITUATION 2:
Roger is moving to a new apartment. I have helped him move furniture several times this
week.
SITUATION 3:
I sure was busy last week. I helped Roger with his homework, and I helped him move to a new
apartment.
a. In which situation does the speaker emphasize the duration or the time that something
continues?
b. In which situation(s) is the speaker finished with the activity?
c. Do you think the activity in situation 1 or 2 is more recent? Why?
*else is an adverb and is frequently contracted witb have and has in phrases such as no one else, someone else, anyone else, etc.
** sloppy = careless or messy
100 CHAPTER 4
••
Present Perfect Progressive

(a) Gina and Tarik are talking on the phone. The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE expresses the
They have been talking on the phone for duration of present activities, using action verbs,
20 minutes. as in (a). The activity began in the past and is still in
progress.
Present Perfect
(b) Gina has talked to Tarik on the phone many times The PRESENT PERFECT expresses
(before now). (1) repeated activities that occur at unspecified
(c) INCORRECT: Gina has been talking to Tarik on the times in the past, as in (b), OR
phone many times.
(2) the duration of present situations, as in (d),
(d) Gina has known Tarik for two years. using non-action verbs.
(e) INCORRECT: Gina has been knowing Tarik for two
years.
Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect

(f) I have been living here for six months. OR For some (not all) verbs, duration can be expressed
(g) I have lived here for six months. by either the present perfect or the present perfect
progressive.
(h) Ed has been wearing glasses since he was ten. OR
Ed has worn glasses since he was ten. Examples (f) and (g) have essentially the same
meaning, and both are correct.
(i) I've been going to school ever since I was five
years old. OR Often either tense can be used with verbs that
I've gone to school ever since I was five years old. express the duration of usual or habitual
activities/situations (things that happen daily or
regularly), e.g., live, work, teach, smoke, wear
glasses, play chess, go to school, read the same
newspaper every morning, etc.

1. A: I'm tired. We (hike) have been hikin@
B: Well, let's stop and rest for a while.
2. A: Is the hike to Glacier Lake difficult?
B: No, not at all. I (hike) _~~~~~
have hiked __ it many times with my kids.
3. A: Do you like it here?

B: I (live) have been livin@ / have lived here for only a short while. I don't know yet.
4. A: My eyes are getting tired. I (read) ______________ for two hours.

I think I'll take a break.
B: Good idea.
5. A: I (read) this same page in my chemistry book three times,
and I still don't understand it.
B: Maybe I can help.
6. A: Do you like the Edgewater Inn?
B: Very much. I (stay) _____________ there at least a dozen times. It's
my favorite hotel.
7. A: The baby's crying. Shouldn't we do something? He (cry) _

for several minutes.
B: I'll go check.
8. A: Who's your daughter's teacher for next year?

B: I think her name is Mrs. Jackson.
A: She's one of the best teachers at the elementary school. She (teach) _
kindergarten for twenty years.
9. A: Ed (play) tennis for ten years, but he still doesn't have

a good serve.
B: Neither do I, and I (play) tennis for twenty years.
10. A: Where does Mrs. Alvarez work?

B: At the power company. She (work) there for fifteen
years. She likes her job.
A: What about her husband?
B: He's currently unemployed, but he'll find a new job soon.
A: What kind of experience does he have?
B: He (work) for two different accounting firms and at
one of the bigger software companies. With his work experience, he won't have any
trouble finding another job.
102 CHAPTER 4
o Exercise 34. Listening. (Chart 4-7)
Listen to the weather report. Then listen again and complete the sentences with the words you
{J hear. Before you begin, you may want to check your understanding of these words: hail,
weather system, rough.
Today's Weather
The weather certainly today. Boy,

2
what a day! ________ already rain, wind, hail, and sun. So, what's
3 4
in store* for tonight? As you probably , dark clouds
5 6
______________ . We have a weather system moving in that is going to
7
bring colder temperatures and high winds. ______________ all week that
8
this system is coming, and it looks like tonight is it! even
9
________ snow down south of us, and we could get some snow here too. So hang
10
onto your hats! We may have a rough night ahead of us.
o Exercise 35. Looking at grammar. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4)

Look at each pair of sentences. Compare the meanings of the verb tenses in italics. Check (.I)
the sentences that express duration.
1. a. __ Rachel is taking English classes.
b. __ Nadia has been taking English classes for two months.
2. a. __ Ayako has been living in Jerusalem for two years. She likes it there.
b. __ Beatriz has lived in Jerusalem. She's also lived in Paris. She's lived in New York
and Tokyo. She's lived in lots of cities.
3. a. __ Jack has visited his aunt and uncle many times.

b. __ Matt has been visiting his aunt and uncle for the last three days.
4. a. __ Cyril is talking on the phone.

b. __ Cyril talks on the phone a lot.
c. __ Cyril has been talking to his boss on the phone for half an hour.
d. __ Cyril has talked to his boss on the phone lots of times.
5. a. __ Mr. Woods walks his dog in Forest Park every day.

b. __ Mr. Woods has walked his dog in Forest Park many times.
c. __ Mr. Woods walked his dog in Forest Park five times last week.
d. __ Mr. Woods is walking his dog in Forest Park right now.
e. __ Mr. Woods has been walking his dog in Forest Park since two o'clock.
*what's in store = what to expect or what is coming in the future

o Exercise 36. Listening. (Charts 4-1 ~ 4-7)
({) Listen to each conversation and choose the sentence Ca.or b.) that best describes it.
Example: You will hear: A: This movie is silly.
B: I agree. It's really dumb.
You will choose: 0
The couple has been watching a movie.
b. The couple finished watching a movie.
1. a. The speakers listened to the radio already.

b. The speakers have been listening to the radio.
2. a. The man lived in Dubai a year ago.

b. The man still lives in Dubai.
3. a. The man has called the children several times.

b. The man called the children once.
4. a. The speakers went to a party and are still there.

b. The speakers went to a party and have already left.
o Exercise 37. Listening and speaking. (Chapters 1 ~ 4)

(J Part 1. Listen to the phone conversation between a mother and her daughter, Lara.
A common illness
LARA: Hi, Mom. I was just calling to tell you that I can't come to your birthday party this
weekend. I'm afraid I'm sick.
MOM: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
LARA: Yeah, I got sick Wednesday night, and it's just been getting worse.
MOM: Are you going to see a doctor?
LARA: I don't know. I don't want to go to a doctor if it's not serious.
MOM: Well, what symptoms have you been having?
LARA: I've had a cough, and now I have a fever.
MOM: Have you been taking any medicine?
LARA: Just over-the-counter* stuff.
MOM: If your fever doesn't go away, I think you need to call a doctor.
LARA: Yeah, I probably will.
MOM: Well, call me tomorrow and let me know how you're doing.
LARA: Okay. I'll call you in the morning.
*over-the-counter = medicine you can buy without a prescription from a doctor
104 CHAPTER 4
Part II. Work with a partner. Take turns being the parent and the sick person. Complete the
conversation. Practice the new conversation with your partner.
Possible symptoms:
a fever chills a sore throat
a runny nose achiness a stomachache
a cough a headache sneezing
nausea
A: Hi, Mom/Dad. I was just calling to tell you that I can't come to __ ' I'm afraid
I'm sick.
B: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.
A: Yeah, I got sick Wednesday night, and it's just been getting worse.
B: Are you going to see a doctor?
A: I don't know. I don't want to go to a doctor if it's not serious.
B: Well, what symptoms have you been having?
A: I've had __ , and now I have __ '
B: Have you been taking any medicine?
A: Just over-the-counter stuff.
B: If your __ doesn't go away, I think you need to call a doctor.
A: Yeah, I probably will.
B: Well, call me tomorrow and let me know how you're doing.
A: Okay. I'll call you in the morning.
o Exercise 38. Looking at grammar. (Chapter 1 and Charts 4- 1-~ 4-7)

Choose the correct verb. In some sentences, more than one answer may be possible.
Discuss your answers.
1. I __ the windows twice, and they still don't look clean.
a. am washing b. have washed c. have been washing
2. Please tell Mira to get off the phone. She __ for over an hour.
a. is talking b. has talked c. has been talking
3. Where are you? I at the mall for you to pick me up.

a. wait b. am waiting c. have been waiting
4. We __ at the Lakes Resort once. We want to go back again.

a. stay b. have stayed c. have been staying
5. Where have you been? The baby __ , and I can't comfort her.
a. cries b. is crying c. has been crying

o Exercise 39. Reading. (Charts 4-1--+ 4-7)
Answer the questions. Then read the passage and the statements that follow. Circle "T" for
true and "F" for false.
Have you heard about the problem of disappearing honeybees?

Why are honeybees important to fruit and many other crops?
Where Have the Honeybees Gone?
Honeybees have been disappearing around the world for several years now. In the United
States, billions of bees have already died. Europe, Australia, and Brazil have also reported losses
of honeybees. This is a serious problem because bees pollinate* crops. Without pollination,
apple, orange, and other fruit trees cannot produce fruit. Other crops like nuts also need
pollination. In the United States, one-third of the food supply depends on honeybees.
Scientists have a name for this problem: colony collapse disorder (CCD). Bees live in
colonies or hives, and thousands of beekeepers have been finding their hives empty. A hive that
once held 50,000 bees may just have a few dead or dying ones left.
There have been many theories about why this has happened; for example, disease, pests, **
unnatural growing conditions, and damaged DNA.*** Scientists now think that the cause may be
a combination of a virus and a fungus, but they need to do more research to find a solution to this
very serious problem.
1. Honeybees have stopped disappearing. T F

2. Scientists expect that more bees will die. T F
3. Apples and other fruits depend on honeybees. T F
4. Bee hives have been disappearing. T F
5. There are only four reasons why honeybees have died. T F
*pollinate (verb) = fertilize; pollination (noun) = the process that causes a plant to make a new plant
**pest = an insect or animal that damages crops
*** DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid, a carrier of genetic information
106 CHAPTER 4
o Exercise 40. Grammar and writing. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4)
Part I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in parentheses.
My name (be) _~is Surasuk Jutukanyaprateep. I (be) from

1 2
Thailand. Right now I (study) English at this school. I (be)
3
__________ at this school since the beginning o[January. I (arrive)
4
__________ here January 2nd, and my classes (begin) _
5 6
January 6th.
Since I (come) here, I (do) many

7 8
things, and I (meet) many people. Last week, I (go)
9
- to a party at my friend's house. I (meet) some of the
10 11
other students from Thailand at the party. Of course, we (speak) Thai, so
12
I (practice, not) my English that night. There (be)
13
________ only people from Thailand at the party.
14
However, since I (come) here, I (meet)
15
--- a lot of other people too, including people from Latin America,
16
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. I enjoy meeting people from other countries. Now I (know)
________ people from all these places, and they (become) _

17 18
my friends.
Part II. Write three paragraphs about yourself. Use the passage in Part I as a model. Answer
these questions:
PARAGRAPH I.
1. What is your name?
2. Where are you from?
3. How long have you been here?
PARAGRAPH II.
4. What have you done since you came here? OR
5. What have you learned since you began studying English?
PARAGRAPH III.
6. Who have you met in this class? OR
7. Who have you met recently?
8. Give a little information about these people.

o Exercise 41. Warm- up. (Chart 4-8)
Read Karen's statement. Which sequence of events Ca.or b.) is correct?
KAREN:Jane met me for lunch. She was so happy. She had passed her driver's test.
a. Jane talked to Karen. Then she passed her test.
b. Jane passed her test. Then she talked to Karen.
Situation: The PAST PERFECT is used when the speaker is talking

Jack left his apartment at 2:00. Sue arrived at his about two different events at two different times in the
apartment at 2: 15 and knocked on the door. past; one event ends before the second event happens.
(a) When Sue arrived, Jack wasn't there. He had left. In (a): There are two events, and both happened in the
past Jack left his apartment. Sue arrived at his
apartment.
To show the time relationship between the two events,

we use the past perfect (had left) to say that the first
event (Jack leaving his apartment) was completed
before the second event (Sue arriving at his
apartment) occurred.
(b) Jack had left his apartment when Sue arrived. FORM: had = past participle
(c) He'd left. I'd left. They'd left. Etc. CONTRACTION: 1/ you / she / he / it / we / they + 'd
(d) Jack had left before Sue arrived. When before and after are used in a sentence, the
(e) Jack left before Sue arrived. time relationship is already clear so the past perfect is
often not necessary. The simple past may be used, as
(f) Sue arrived after Jack had left.
in (e) and (g).
(g) Sue arrived after Jack left.
Examples (d) and (e) have the same meaning.
Examples (f) and (g) have the same meaning.
(h) Stella was alone in a strange city. She walked The past perfect is more common in formal writing
down the avenue slowly, looking in shop windows. such as fiction, as in (h).
Suddenly, she turned her head and looked behind
her. Someone had called her name.
108 CHAPTER 4
Identify which action in the past took place first (l st) and which action took place second
(2nd).
1. The tennis player jumped in the air for joy. She had won the match.
a. 1st The tennis player won the match.
b. 2nd The tennis player jumped in the air.
2. Before I went to bed, I checked the front door. My roommate had already locked it.
a. 2nd I checked the door.
b. 1st My roommate locked the door.
3. I looked for Diego, but he had left the building.

a. Diego left the building.
b. I looked for Diego.
4. I laughed when I saw my son. He had poured a bowl of noodles on top of his head.
a. ____ I laughed.
b. ____ My son poured a bowl of noodles on his head.
5. Oliver arrived at the theater on time, but he couldn't get in. He had left his ticket at
home.
a. ____ Oliver left his ticket at home.
b. ____ Oliver arrived at the theater.
6. I handed Betsy the newspaper, but she didn't want it. She had read it during her lunch
hour.
a. ____ I handed Betsy the newspaper.
b. ____ Betsy read the newspaper.
7. After Carl arrived in New York, he called his mother. He had promised to call her as
soon as he got in.
a. ____ Carl made a promise to his mother.
b. ____ Carl called his mother.

(J Listen to the short conversations and choose the verbs you hear.
Examples: You will hear: A: I'll introduce you to Professor Newton at the meeting tonight.
B: You don't need to. I have already met him.
You will choose: has cE~v had
You will hear: A: Did Jack introduce you to Professor Newton?

B: No, it wasn't necessary. I had already met him.
You will choose: has have ~
1. has have had 3. has have had

2. has have had 4. has have had
o Exercise 44. Check your knowledge. (Chapter 4)

Edit the sentences. Correct the errors in verb tense usage.
My experience with English
studying
1. I have been studied English for eight years, but I still have a lot to learn.
2. I started English classes at this school four weeks ago, and I am learning a lot of English
since then.
3. I want to learn English since I am a child.
4. I have been thinking about how to improve my English skills quickly since I came here, but
I hadn't found a good way.
5. Our teacher likes to give tests. We has have six tests since the beginning of the term.
6. I like learning English. When I was young, my father found an Australian girl to teach my
brothers and me English, but when I move to another city, my father didn't find anyone to
teach us.
7. I meet many friends in this class. I meet Abdul in the cafeteria on the first day. He was
friendly and kind. We are friends since that day.
8. Abdul have been study English for three months. His English is better than mine.
110 CHAPTER 4
Choose the correct completion.
A: __ you need help?
a. Are c. Have
b. Do d. Were
B: Yes, __ .
a. I need c. I have
b. I'm d. I do
YeslNo Question Short Answer (+ Long Answer)

(a) Do you like tea? Yes, I do. (I like tea.) A yes/no question is a question that can be
No, I don't. (I don't like tea.) answered by yes or no.
(b) Did Sue call? Yes, she did. (Sue called.) In an affirmative short answer (yes), a helping
No, she didn't. (Sue didn't call.) verb is NOT contracted with the subject.
In (c): INCORRECT: Yes, I've.
(c) Have you met AI? Yes, I have. (I have met AI.)
In (d): INCORRECT: Yes, it's.
No, I haven't. (I haven't met AI.)
In (e): INCORRECT: Yes, he'll.
(d) Is it raining? Yes, it is. (It's raining.) The spoken emphasis in a short answer is on
No, it isn't. (It isn't raining.) the verb.
(e) Will Rob be here? Yes, he will. (Rob will be here.)

No, he won't. (Rob won't be here.)

Choose the correct verbs.
A new cell phone
1. Is, Does that your new cell phone? Yes, it is, does.
2. Are, Do you like it? Yes, I am, do.
3. ~re, Did you buy it online? Yes, I was, did.
111
4. Was, Did it expensive? No, it wasn't, didn't.
5. Is, Does it ringing? Yes, it is, does.
6. Are, Do you going to answer it? Yes, I am, do.
7. ~s,Did the call important? Yes, it was, did.
8. Have, Wf!re you turned your phone off? No, I haven't, wasn't.
9. Will, Are you call me later? Yes, I will, are.
o Exercise 3. Looking at grammar. (Chart 5- 1)

Use the information in parentheses to make yes/no questions. Complete each conversation
with an appropriate short answer. Do not use a negative verb in the question.
1. A: Do you know my brother?
B: No, I don't. (I don't know your brother.)
2. A:
B: No, (Snakes don't have legs.)
3. A:
B: Yes, (Mexico is in North America.)
4. A:
B: No, (I won't be at home tonight.)
5. A:
B: Yes, (I have a bike.)*
6. A:
B: Yes, (Simon has left.)
7. A:
B: Yes, (Simon left with Kate.)
8. A:
B: Yes, (Acupuncture relieves pain.)
*In American English, a form of do is usually used when have is the main verb: Do you have a car?
In British English, a form of do with the main verb have is not necessary: Have you a car?
112 CHAPTER 5
o
Listen to each question and choose the correct response.
Example: You will hear: Are you almost ready?
You will choose: a. Yes, I was. b. Yes, I do. @) Yes, I am.
Leaving for the airport
1. a. Yes, I am. b. Yes, I do. c. Yes, it does.
2. a. Yes, I did. b. Yes, I was. c. Yes, I am.
3. a. Yes, I will. b. Yes, it will. c. Yes, it did.
4. a. Yes, they are. b. Yes, it did. c. Yes, it is.
5. a. Yes, I am. b. Yes, I will. c. Yes, I do.
o Exercise 5. Let's tolk: interview. (Chart 5-1)

Interview seven students in your class. Make questions with the given words. Ask each
student a different question.
1. you \ like \ animals? 5. you \ sleep \ well last night?
2. you \ ever \ had \ a pet snake? 6. you \ be \ tired right now?
3. it \ be \ cold \ in this room? 7. you \ be \ here next year?
4. it \ rain \ right now?
o
o
Exercise 6. Listening. (Chart 5-1)
In spoken English, it may be hard to hear the beginning of a yes/no question because the words
are often reduced. *
Part 1. Listen to these common reductions.

1. Is he absent? -+ Ih-ze absent? OR Ze absent?
2. Is she absent? -+ Ih-she absent?
3. Does it work? -> Zit work?
4. Did it break? -+ Dih-dit break? OR Dit break?
5. Has he been sick? -+ Ze been sick? OR A-ze been sick?
6. Is there enough? -> Zere enough?
7. Is that okay? -> Zat okay?
Part II. Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Write the non-reduced forms.
At the grocery store
1. I need to see the manager. available?
2. I need to see the manager. in the store today?
3. Here is one bag of apples. enough?
4. I need a drink of water. a drinking fountain?
5. My credit card isn't working. Hmmm. expire?
*See also Chapter 1, Exercise 33, p. 21, and Chapter 2, Exercise 20, p. 39.
Asking Questions 113

6. Where's Simon? left?
7. The price seems high. include the tax?

Circle the correct answers. There may be more than one correct answer for each question.
1. Where did you go?

a. To the hospital. b. Yes, I did. c. Outside. d. Yesterday.
2. When is James leaving?

a. I'm not sure. b. Yes, he is. c. Yes, he does. d. Around noon.
3. Who did you meet?

a. Tariq did. b. Sasha. c. Well, I met Sam and Mia. d. Yes, I did.
A yes/no question = a question that can be answered by "yes" or "no"

A: Does Ann live in Montreal?
B: Yes, she does. OR No, she doesn't.
An information question = a question that asks for information by using a question word:
where, when, why, who, whom, what, which, whose, how
A: Where does Ann live?
B: In Montreal.
(Question Helping Subject Main Verb (Rest of

Word) Verb Sentence)
(a) Does Ann live in Montreal? The same subject-verb word order is
(b) Where does Ann live? used in both yes/no and information
questions:
(c) Is Sara studying at the library?
(d) Where is Sara studying? Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb
(e) Will you graduate next year? Example (a) is a yes/no question.
(f) When will you graduate? Example (b) is an information question.
(g) Did they see Jack?

(h) Who(m)* did they see? In (i) and 0): Main verb be in simple
present and simple past (am, is, are,
(i) Is Heidi at home?
was, were) precedes the subject. It has
(j) Where is Heidi?
the same position as a helping verb.
(k) Who came to dinner? When the question word (e.g., who or
(I) What happened yesterday? what) is the subject of the question,
usual question word order is not used.
Notice in (k) and (I) that no form of do
is used.
*See Chart 5-4 for a discussion of who(m).
114 CHAPTER 5
Read the information about Irina and Paul. Then make complete questions with the given
words and choose the correct short answers.
The Simple Life
Irina and Paul live a simple life. They have a one-room cabin on a lake in the
mountains. They fish for some of their food. They also raise chickens. They pick fruit
from trees and berries from bushes. They don't have electricity or TV, but they enjoy their
life. They don't need a lot to be happy.
1. QUESTION: where \ Irina and Paul \ live?

Where do Irina and Paul live?
fu"lSWER: a. Yes, they do. @ On a lake.
2. QUESTION: they \ live \ a simple life?
ANSWER: a. Yes, they live. b. Yes, they do.
3. QUESTION: what \ they \ pick \ from the trees?
ANSWER: a. Fruit. b. Yes, they pick.
4. QUESTION: they \ have \ electricity?
ANSWER: a. No, they don't. b. No, they don't have.
5. QUESTION: they \ enjoy \ their life?
ANSWER: a. Yes, they do. b. Yes, they enjoy.
6. QUESTION: they \ be \ happy?
ANSWER: a. Yes, they do. b. Yes, they are.

{J Listen to the conversation. Then listen again and complete the sentences with the words you
hear.
W'here are Roberto and Isabel?
A: ____________ Roberto and Isabel?
B: Yes, ________ . They live around the corner from me.

2
A: ______________ them lately?

3
B: No, __________ . They're out of town.

4
A: ______________ to their parents? I heard Roberto's parents are ill.

5
B: Yes, __________ . They went to help them.

6
A: _________________ them soon?

7
B: Yes, In fact, I'm going to pick them up at the airport.

8
A: _______________ back this weekend? I'm having a party, and I'd like
9
to invite them.
B: No, __________ . They won't be back until Monday.

10

Complete the sentences with the most appropriate question word from the list. One sentence
has two possible answers. Match the answers to the questions.
Why What time Where When
QUESTIONS
l. ____________ do you live? __
2. ____________ are you laughing? __
3. ____________ will you get here? __
ANSWERS
a. At noon.
b. On Fifth Street.
c. Because the joke was funny.
116 CHAPTER 5
,
Question Answer
(a) Where did he go? Home. Where asks about place.
Last night. A question with when can be answered by
Two days ago. any time expression, as in the sample
(b) When did he leave?
{ Monday morning. answers in (b).
Seven-thirty.
Seven-thirty. A question with what time asks about
(c) What time did he leave? Around five o'clock. time on a clock.
{
A quarter past ten.
(d) Why did he leave? Because he didn't feel well.* Why asks about reason.
(e) What did he leave for? Why can also be expressed with the phrases What ... for and How come, as
(f) How come he left? in (e) and (f).
Notice that with How come, usual question order is not used. The subject
precedes the verb and no form of do is used.
*See Chart 8-6, p. 221, for the use of because. Because I didn'tfeel well is an adverb clause. It is not a complete sentence. In this
example, it is the short answer to a question.
0 Exercise 11. Looking at grammar. (Chart 5-3)

Complete each conversation. Make questions using the information from Speaker A.
I. A: I'm going downtown in a few minutes.

B: I didn't catch that. When are you @oin@downtown ? OR
B: I didn't catch that. Where are you @oin@in a few minutes ?
2. A: My kids are transferring to Lakeview Elementary School because it's a better school.
B: What was that? Where ? OR
B: What was that? Why ?
3. A: I will meet Taka at 10:00 at the mall.
B: I couldn't hear you. Tell me again. What time ? OR

B: I couldn't hear you. Tell me again. Where ?
4. A: Class begins at 8:15.

B: Are you sure? When ? OR
B: Are you sure? What time ?
5. A: I stayed home from work because I wanted to watch the World Cup final on TV.
B: Huh?! Why ? OR
B: Huh?! What for?
Asking Questions 11 7
Restate the sentences. Use How come and What for.
1. Why are you going? 3. Why does he need more money?
2. Why did they come? 4. Why are they going to leave?
o Exercise 13. Reading and grammar. (Charts 5-2 and 5-3)

Read the passage about Nina's birthday. Make questions with the given words. Answer the
questions in small groups or as a class.
The Birthday Present
Tom got home late last night, around midnight. His wife, Nina, was sitting on the couch
waiting for him. She was quite worried because Tom is never late.
Tomorrow is Nina's birthday. Unfortunately, Tom doesn't think she will be happy with her
birthday present. Yesterday, Tom bought her a bike and he decided to ride it home from the
bike shop. While he was riding down a hill, a driver came too close to him, and he landed in a
ditch. Tom was okay, but the bike was ruined. Tom found a bus stop nearby and finally got
home.
Tom told Nina the story, but Nina didn't care about the bike. She said she had a better
present: her husband.
1. When \ Tom \ get home 4. Why \ be \ Tom \ late

2. Where \ be \ his wife 5. What present \ Nina \ get
3. What \ Tom \ buy
0 Exercise 14. Listening. (Charts 5-2 and 5-3)

(J Listen to each question and choose the best answer.
Example: You will hear: When are you leaving?

You will choose: a. Yes, I am. @Tomorrow. c. In the city.
1. a. I am too. b. Yesterday. c. Sure.

2. a. For dinner. b. At 6:00. c. At the restaurant.
3. a. Outside the mall. b. Mter lunch. c. Because I need a ride.
4. a. At work. b. Because traffic was heavy. c. A few hours ago.
5. a. A pair of jeans. b. At the store. c. Tomorrow.

Match each question in Column A with the correct answer in Column B.
ColumnA ColumnB
1. Who flew to Rome? a. A small plane flew to Rome.

2. Who did you fly to Rome? __ b. Pablo flew to Rome.
3. What did you fly to Rome? __ c. I flew a small plane to Rome.
4. What flew to Rome? d. I flew Pablo to Rome.
118 CHAPTER 5
S S In (a): Who is used as the subject (8) of a question.
(a) Who came? Someone came.
In (b): Who(m) is used as the object (0) in a question.
o S 0 Whom is used in very formal English. In everyday
(b) Who(m) did you see? I saw someone.
spoken English, who is usually used instead of
whom:
UNCOMMON: Whom did you see?
COMMON: Who did you see?
S S What can be used as either the subject or the object in

(c) What happened? Something happened. a question.
o S 0 Notice in (a) and (c): When who or what is used as

(d) What did you see? I saw something. the subject of a question, usual question word order is
not used; no form of do is used:
CORRECT: Who came?
INCORRECT: Who did come?

Make questions with who, who(m), and what. Write "S" if the question word is the subject.
Write "0" if the question word is the object.
Question Answer
S S
1. Who knows? Someone knows.
o o
2. Who(m) did you ask? I asked someone.
3. Someone knocked on the door.
4. Talya met someone.
5. Mike learned something.
6. Something changed Gina's mind.
7. Gina is talking about someone. *
8. Gina is talking about something.
*A preposition may come at the beginning of a question in very formal English:

About whom (NOT who) is Tina talking?
In everyday English, a preposition usually does not come at the beginning of a question.

Complete the sentences with who or what.
1. A: just called? 4. A: is going on?
B: That was Antonia. B: Ben's having a party.
2. A: do you need? 5. A: did you call?
B: A pair of scissors. I'm cutting my hair. B: Tracy.
3. A: is Jae? 6. A: do you need?
B: My stepmom. B: Dr. Smith or her nurse.
o Exercise 18. Let's talk: interview. (Chart 5-4)

Walk around the room and ask your classmates questions with who or what.
Example:__ are you currently reading?
SPEAKERA: What are you currently reading?
SPEAKERB: A book about a cowboy.
1. __ do you like to do in your free time?
2. __ is your idea of the perfect vacation?
3. __ is your best friend?
4. __ was the most memorable event of your childhood?
5. __ stresses you out?
6. __ do you need that you don't have?
7. __ would you most like to invite to dinner? Why? (The person can be living or dead.)

{} Listen to the conversation. Listen again and complete the sentences with the words you hear.
A secret
A: John told me something.
B: tell you?
1
A: It's confidential. I can't tell you.
B: anyone else?
2
A: He told a few other people.
B: tell?
3
A: Some friends.
B: Then it's not a secret. say?
4
A: I can't tell you.
B: can't me?
5 6
A: Because it's about you. But don't worry. It's nothing bad.
B: Gee. Thanks a lot. That sure makes me feel better.
120 CHAPTER 5
o Exercise 20. Let's read and talk. (Chart 5-4)
Work in small groups. Ask your classmates for the meaning of the italicized words in the
passage. Refer to a dictionary as necessary.
Example: type
STUDENT A: What does type mean?
STUDENT B: TYpe means kind or category.
Types of Books
There are several different types of books. You may be familiar with the categories of fiction
and nonfiction. These are the two main types. Fiction includes mysteries, romance, thrillers, science
fiction, and horror. Nonfiction includes biographies, autobiographies, history, and travel. There are
other types, but these are some of the more common ones. Which type do you like best?

Answer the questions with information about yourself.
1. What do you do on weekends? I .

2. What did you do last weekend? I .
3. What are you going to do this weekend? I'm going to ...
4. What will you do the following weekend? I will ...
(a) What does Bob do every morning? He goes to class. What + a form of do is used to ask
(b) What did you do yesterday? I went downtown. questions about activities.
(c) What is Anna doing (right now)? She s studying. Examples of forms of do: am doing,
(d) What are you going to do tomorrow? I 'm going to go to the beach. will do, are going to do, did, etc.
(e) What do you want to do tonight? I want to go to a movie.
(f) What would you like to do tomorrow? I would like to visit Jim.

Make questions beginning with What + a form of do.
1. A: What are you doin@ right now?

. B: I'm working on my monthly report .
2. A: last night?
B: I worked on my monthly report.
3. A: tomorrow?
B: I'm going to visit my relatives.

4. A: _________________ tomorrow?
B: I want to go to the beach.
5. A: _________________ this evening?

B: I would like to go to a movie.
6. A: _________________ tomorrow?
B: I'm staying home and relaxing most of the day.
7. A: _________________ in your history class every day?

B: We listen to the teacher talk.
8. A: _________________ (for a living)?*

B: I'm a teacher.
A: your wife ?
B: She designs websites. She works for an Internet company.

Interview your classmates. Make questions with the given words and what + a form of do.
More than one verb tense may be possible. Share a few of your classmates' answers with the
class.
Example: tomorrow
SPEAKER A: What are you going to do tomorrow? /What do you want to do tomorrow? /What
would you like to do tomorrow? / Etc.
SPEAKERB: I'm going to buy a new video game. / I want to buy a new video game. / I'd like to
buy a new video game. / Etc.
1. last night 6. last weekend
2. right now 7. after class yesterday
3. next Saturday 8. every morning
4. this afternoon 9. since you arrived in this city
5. tonight 10. on weekends

Answer the questions about ice-cream flavors.
blackberry chocolate coffee lemon strawberry

caramel coconut green tea mint vanilla
1. Which ice-cream flavors are popular in your country?

2. What kind of ice cream do you like?
*What do you do? has a special meaning. It means: What is your occupation, your job? Another way of asking the same
question: What do you do for a living?
122 CHAPTER 5
Which
(a) TOM: May I borrow a pen from you? In (a): Ann uses which (not what) because she
ANN: Sure. I have two pens. This pen has black ink. wants Tom to choose.
That pen has red ink.
Which is used when the speaker wants someone to
Which pen do you want? OR
make a choice, when the speaker is offering
Which one do you want? OR
alternatives: this one or that one; these or those.
Which do you want?
(b) SUE: I like these earrings, and I like those too. Which can be used with either singular or plural
nouns.
BOB: Which (earrings lanes) are you going to buy?
SUE: I think I'll get these.
(c) JIM: Here's a photo of my daughter's class. Which can be used to ask about people as well as
KIM: Very nice. Which one is your daughter? things.
(d) SUE: My aunt gave me some money for my birthday. In (d): The question doesn't involve choosing from a
I'm going to take it with me to the mall. particular group of items, so Bob uses what, not
BOB: What are you going to buy with it? which.
SUE: I haven't decided yet.
What kind of
QUESTION ANSWER What kind of asks for information about a specific

type (a specific kind) in a general category.
Boots.
Sandals. In (e): general category = shoes
Tennis shoes. specific kinds = boots
(e) What kind of shoes did you buy? Loafers. sandals
Running shoes. tennis shoes
High heels. etc.
Etc.
Apples. In (f): general category = fruit

Bananas.
specific kinds = apples
Oranges.
i (f) What kind of fruit do you like best? bananas
Grapefruit.
oranges
Strawberries.
etc.
Etc.

Make questions beginning with Which or What.
1. A: I have two books. Which book / Which one / Which do you want?
B: That one. (I want that book.)
2: A: What did you buy when you went shoppin@?
B: A book. (I bought a book when I went shopping.)

3. A: Could I borrow your pen for a minute?
B: Sure. I have two. _
A: That one. (I would like that one.)
4. A:
B: A pen. (Hassan borrowed a pen from me.)
5. A:
B: Two pieces of hard candy. (I have two pieces of hard candy in my hand.) Would you
like one?
A: Yes. Thanks.
B:
A: The yellow one. (I'd like the yellow one.)
6. A: Tony and I went shopping. I got some new shoes.
B:
A: A tie. (Tony got a tie.)
7. A: Did you enjoy your trip to South America?

B: Yes, I did. Very much.
A:
B: Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela. (I visited Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela.)*
A:
B: Peru. (I enjoyed Peru the most. I have family there.)

Make questions. Ask one of your classmates each question and write the answer. Share some
of their answers with the class.
l. A: What kind of shoes are you wearing?
B: Boots. Classmate's answer:
2. A: What kind of meat do you eat most often?

B: Beef. Classmate's answer:
3. A: What kind of do you like best?

B: Rock 'n roll. Classmate's answer:
4. A: What kind of do you like to watch?

B: Comedy. Classmate's answer:
5. A: What kind of do you like best?

B: Classmate's answer:
* The difference between what country and which country is often very small.
124 CHAPTER 5
o Exercise 27. Warm. up. (Chart 5-7)
Answer the questions.
1. This is Ted's daughter. Whose daughter is that?
a. That's Terry. b. That's Terry's.
2. This is Ted. Who's next to him?

a. That's Terry. b. That's Terry's.
,
Question Answer
(a) Whose (book) is this? It's John's (book). Whose asks about possession.*
(b) Whose (books) are those? They're mine (OR my books). Notice in (a): The speaker of the question
(c) Whose car did you borrow? I borrowed Karen's (car). may omit the noun (book) if the meaning is
clear to the listener.
COMPARE:
Who's and whose have the same
(d) Who's that? Mary Smith. pronunciation.
(e) Whose is that? Mary's.
Who's is a contraction of who is.
Whose asks about possession.
*See Charts 6-11, p. 166, and 6-12, p. 168, for ways of expressing possession.

Work with a partner. Partner B looks at the picture below and tries to remember what the
women are wearing. Then Partner B closes his/her book. Partner A asks questions by pointing
to an item on page 126 and using whose. Partners should change roles after four items.
Example:
PARTNER A: Whose purse is that?
PARTNERB: It's Rita's.
Nina Rita

0 Exercise 29. Listening. (Chart 5-7)
(J Listen to the questions and circle the correct completions.
1. Who's Whose 3. Who's Whose 5. Who's Whose
2. Who's Whose 4. Who's Whose 6. Who's Whose

(J Listen to the questions. Decide if the speaker is saying whose or who's.
An old vacation photo

1. whose who's 3. whose who's 5. whose who's
2. whose who's 4. whose who's 6. whose who's

Match each question in Column A with the correct answer in Column B.
ColumnA Column B
1. How tall is your sister? __ a. By bus.
2. How old is your brother? __ b. In five minutes.
3. How did you get here? __ c. I don't. I only know his sister.
4. How soon do we need to go? __ d. Fifteen.
5. How well do you know Kazu? __ e. Five feet (1.52 meters).
126 CHAPTER 5
Question Answer
I drove. / By car. How has many uses. One use of
I took a taxi. / By taxi. how is to ask about means (ways) of
(a) How did you get here? I took a bus. / By bus. transportation.
I flew. / By plane.
I took a train. / By train.
I walked. / On foot.
(b) Howald are you? Twenty-one. How is often used with adjectives
(c) How tall is he? About six feet. (e.g., old, big) and adverbs (e.g., wel/,
(d) How big is your apartment? It has three rooms. quickly).
(e) How sleepy are you? Very sleepy.

(f) How hungry are you? I'm starving.
(g) How soon will you be ready? In five minutes.
(h) How well does he speak English? Very well.
(i) How quickly can you get here? I can get there in 30 minutes.
o Exercise 32. Reading and grammar. (Chart 5-8)

Read the passage about John and then answer the questions.
Long John
John is 14 years old. He is very tall for his age. He is 6 foot, 6 inches (2 meters). His
friends call him "Long John." People are surprised to find out that he is still a teenager. Both
his parents are average height, so John's height seems unusual.
It causes problems for him, especially when he travels. Beds in hotels are too short, and
there is never enough leg room on airplanes. He is very uncomfortable. When he can, he
prefers to take a train because he can walk around and stretch his legs.
1. How tall is John?
2. How old is John?
3. How well do you think he sleeps in hotels?
4. How comfortable is he on airplanes?
5. How does he like to travel?

Make questions with How.
1. A: How old is your dau@hter?
B: Ten. (My daughter is ten years old.)
2. A:
B: Very important. (Education is very important.)
3. A:
B: By bus. (I get to school by bus.)
4. A:
B: Very, very deep. (The ocean is very, very deep.)
5. A:
B: By plane. (I'm going to get to Buenos Aires by plane.)
6. A:
B: Not very. (The test wasn't very difficult.)
7. A:
B: It's 29,029 feet high. (Mt. Everest is 29,029 feet high.)*
8. A:
B: I ran. (I ran here.)
1. A:
B:
2. A:
B: They were 50% off.
3. A: ____________ was the driver's test?
B: Well, I didn't pass, so that gives you an idea.
4. A: ____________ is the car?
B: There's dirt on the floor. We need to vacuum it inside.
5. A: ____________ is the frying pan?
B: Don't touch it! You'll burn yourself.
6. A: ____________ is the street you live on?
B: There is a lot of traffic, so we keep the windows closed a lot.
7. A: ____________ are you about interviewing for the job?
B: Very. I already scheduled an interview with the company.
*29,029 feet = 8,848 meters
128 CHAPTER 5
o Exercise 35. Warm-up: trivia. (Chart 5-9)
Match each question in Column A with the best answer in Column B.*
ColumnA Column B
1. How often does the earth go completely a. About six times a year.
around the sun? b. Several hundred times a day.
2. How often do the summer Olympics c. Once a year.
occur? d. Every four years.
3. How often do earthquakes occur? __ e. Exactly 22 times a day.
4. How many times a year can a healthy
person safely donate blood? __
5. How many times a day do the hands
on a clock overlap? __
,
Question Answer
Every day. How often asks about frequency.
Once a week.
About twice a week.
(a) How often do you go shopping?
1
Every other day or so.*
Three times a month.
(b) How many times a day do you eat? Three or four. Other ways of asking how often:
How many times a week do a day
you go shopping? Two. a week
How many times a month do
how many times a month
{
you go to the post office? Once. a year
How many times a year do
you take a vacation? Once or twice.
Frequency Expressions
a lot every
occasionally every other
once in a while once a
day / week / month / year
not very often twice a
hardly ever three times a
almost never ten times a
never
* Everyother day means" Monday yes, Tuesday no, Wednesday yes, Thursday no," etc.
Or so means "approximately."
*See Trivia Answers, p. 421.

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions with How often or How
many times a day/week/month/year.
Example: eat lunch at the cafeteria
SPEAKER A: How often do you eat lunch at the cafeteria?
SPEAKER B: About twice a week. How about you? How often do you eat at the cafeteria?
SPEAKER A: I don't. I bring my own lunch.
1. check email
2. listen to podcasts
3. go out to eat
4. cook your own dinner
5. buy a toothbrush
6. go swimming
7. attend weddings
8. download music from the Internet
o Exercise 37. Reading and listening. (Charts 5-8 and 5-9)

{} Read the short paragraph about Ben. Then complete the questions with the words you hear.
Ben's Sleeping Problem
Ben has a problem with insomnia. He's unable to fall asleep at night very easily. He also
wakes up often in the middle of the night and has trouble getting back to sleep. Right now he's
talking to a nurse at a sleep disorders clinic. The nurse is asking him some general questions.
1. you?
2. you?
3. you weigh?
4. In general, -- you sleep at night?
5. you fall asleep?
6. you wake up during the night?
7. you in the mornings?
8. you exercise?
9. ------- you feeling right now?
10. ------ you come in for an overnight appointment?
130 CHAPTER 5
Look at the map and answer the questions about flying distances to these cities.
1. How far is it from London to Madrid?

2. How many miles is it from London to Paris?
3. How many kilometers is it from Paris to Madrid?
(a) It is 489 miles from Oslo to Helsinki byair.* The most common way of expressing distance:
It is + distance + from/to + to/from
from Moscow to Beijing.
In (b): All four expressions with from and to have the
(b) It is 3,605 miles from Beijing to Moscow.
to Beijing from Moscow. same meaning.
{
to Moscow from Beijing.
(c) - How far is it from Mumbai to Delhi? How far is used to ask questions about distance.
-725 miles.
(d) - How far do you live from school?
- Four blocks.
(e) How many miles is it from London to Paris? Other ways to ask how far:
(f) How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here? • how many miles
(g) How many blocks is it to the post office? • how many kilometers
• how many blocks
*1 mile = 1.60 kilometers; 1 kilometer = 00.614 mile

Make questions with How far.
1. A: How far is it from Pra~lUeto Budapest?
B: 276 miles. (It's 276 miles to Prague from Budapest.)

2. A:
B: 257 kilometers. (It's 257 kilometers from Montreal to Quebec.)
3. A:
B: Six blocks. (It's six blocks from here to the post office.)
4. A:
B: A few miles. (I live a few miles from work.)

Write four questions with How far and words from the list. Use this model: How far is it
from (_) to (_)? Look up the correct distances. Ask other students your questions.
the sun the moon the earth Mars
Venus Jupiter Saturn Neptune

Complete the sentences. Then ask three different classmates about their nighttime routine.
Begin with How long does it take you to ... ? Share some of their answers with the class.
1. It takes me minutes to get ready for bed.
2. It takes me minutes to brush my teeth.
3. It usually takes me minutes/hour(s) to fall asleep.
IT + TAKE + (SOMEONE) + LENGTH OF TIME + INFINITIVE

It + take is often used with time words
(a) It takes and an infinitive to express length of
20 minutes to cook rice.
time, as in (a) and (b).
(b) It took AI two hours to drive to work.
An infinitive = to + the simple form of a
verb. *
In (a): to cook is an infinitive.
(c) How long does it take to cook rice? Twenty minutes. How long asks about length of time.
(d) How long did it take AI to drive to work today? Two hours.
(e) How long did you study last night? Four hours.
(f) How long will you be in Hong Kong? Ten days.
(g) How many days will you be in Hong Kong? Other ways of asking how long:
minutes
hours
days
how many +
weeks
months
years
*See Chart 13-3, p. 346.
132 CHAPTER 5
Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions using it + take. Share a few
of your answers with the class.
1. How long does it take you to ...

a. eat breakfast? --> It takes me ten minutes to eat breakfast.
b. get to class?
c. write a short paragraph in English?
d. read a 300-page book?
2. Generally speaking, how long does it take to ...

a. fly from (a city) to (a city)?
b. get from here to your hometown?
c. get used to living in a foreign country?
d. commute from (a local place) to (a local place) during rush hour?

Make questions with How long.
1. A: How lon@did it take you to drive to Istanbul?

B: Five days. (It took me five days to drive to Istanbul.)
2. A:
B: A week. (Mr. McNally will be in the hospital for a week.)
3. A:
B: A long time. (It takes a long time to learn a second language.)
4. A:
B: Six months. (I've been living here for six months.)
5. A:
B: Six years. (I lived in Oman for six years.)
6. A:
B: A couple of years. (I've known Mr. Pham for a couple of years.)
7. A:
B: Since 2005. (He's been living in Canada since 2005.)

o
o
Exercise 44. Warm-up: listening. (Chart 5-12)
Listen to the questions. The verbs in italics are contracted with the question word. Choose the
correct verb from the list for each question.
does did is are will
A birthday
1. When's your birthday?
2. When'll your party be?
3. Where'iiyou decide to have it?
4. Who're you inviting?
.- .~ r ~- ~ . - .~.-... ~ r- ?_" ' •• ';'>~~ _ _ ~ ""<- , ;;
5-12
----
Spoken and Written
------
--
Contractions"witii"~QuestionWords
. ~-~---~)~ ~~-"~ ,~. ~~"--
Spoken Only
is (a) "When s he coming?" Is, are, does, did, has, have, and will are usually
"Why's she late?" contracted with question words in speaking.
are (b) "What're these?"
"Who're they talking to?"
does (c) "When's the movie start?"
"Wheres he live?"
did (d) "Who'dyou see?"
"What'd you do?"
has (e) "What's she done?"
"Wheres he gone?"
have ( f) "How've you been?"
"What've I done?"
will (g) "Where'llyou be?"
"When'lIthey be here?"
(h) What do you Whaddaya think? What do you and What are you both can be reduced
(i) What are you -+ Whaddaya thinking? to "Whaddaya" in spoken English.
Written
is (j) Wheres Ed? Only contractions with where, what, or who + is are
What's that? commonly used in writing, such as in letters to friends
Who's he? or emails. They are generally not appropriate in more
formal writing, such as in magazine articles or
reference material.
134 CHAPTER 5
to
Listen to the contractions in these questions.
8. Why is the teacher absent?
1. Where is my key?
2. Where are my keys? 9. Who is that?
3. Who are those people? 10. Why did you say that?
4. What is in that box? 11. Who did you talk to at the party?
5. What are you doing? 12. How are we going to get to work?
6. Where did Bob go last night? 13. What did you say?
7. Who will be at the party? 14. How will you do that?
to
Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Write the non-contracted forms.
On an airplane
Example: You will hear: When's the plane land?
You will write: When does the plane land?
1. __________ you going to sit with?
2. __________ you going to get your suitcase under the seat?
3. __________ the flight attendant just say?
4. __________ we need to put our seat belts back on?
5. __________ the plane descending?
6. __________ we going down?
7. __________ the pilot tell us what's going on?
8. __________ meet you when you land?
9. __________ our connecting flight?
10. __________ we get from the airport to our hotel?
to
Complete the questions with the words you hear. Write the non-contracted forms.
A mother talking to her teenage daughter
1. _______________________ going?
2. _______________________ going with?
3. _______________________ that?
4. _______________________ known him?
5. _______________________ meet him?

6. --------------- go to school?
7. --------------- a good student?
8. --------------- be back?
9. ------------------- wearing that outfit?
10. ------------------- giving me that look?
11. ------------------- asking so many questions?
Because I love you!
o
Listen to the questions and circle the correct non-reduced forms of the words you hear.
Example: You will hear: Whaddaya wan~
You will choose: What are you ~
1. What are you What do you

Part I. Both sentences in each pair are grammatically correct. Which question in each pair do
you think is more common in spoken English?
1. a. How do you spell "Hawaii?"
b. What is the spelling for "Hawaii?"
2. a. How do you pronounce G-A-R-A-G-E?

b. What is the pronunciation for G-A-R-A-G-E?
Part II. Which two questions have the same meaning?
1. How are you doing?

2. How's it going?
3. How do you do?
136 CHAPTER 5
,
Question Answer
(a) How do you spell "coming"? C-O-M-I-N-G. To answer (a): Spell the word.
(b) How do you say "yes" in Japanese? Hai. To answer (b): Say the word.
(c) How do you say /pronounce this word? To answer (c): Pronounce the word.
(d) How are you getting along? In (d), (e), and (f): How is your life? Is your life
~i~ee~t.
(e) How are you doing? okay? Do you have any problems?
(f) How's it going? Okay.
{ NOTE:Example (f) is also used in greetings: Hi,
So-so.
Bob. How's it going?
Terrific! The questions in (g) ask about health or about

Wonderful! general emotional state.
Great!
(g) How do you feel? Fine.
How are you feeling? Okay.
So-so.
A bit under the weather.
Not so good.
Terrible! / Lousy. / Awful!
(h) How do you do? How do you do? How do you do? is used by two speakers
when they meet each other for the first time in a
somewhat formal situation, as in (h).*
*A: Dr. Erickson, I'd like to introduce you to a friend of mine, Rick Brown. Rick, this is my biology professor, Dr. Erickson.
B: How do you do, Mr. Brown?
C: How do you do, Dr. Erickson? I'm pleased to meet you.
o Exercise 50. Game. (Chart 5- 13)

Divide into two teams. Take turns spelling the words your teacher gives you. The team with
the most correct answers wins. Your book is closed.
Example: country
TEACHER:How do you spell "country"?
TEAMA: C-O-U-N-T-R-Y.
TEACHER:Good. (If the answer is incorrect, the other team gets a try.)
1. together 7. beginning
2. people 8. intelligent
3. daughter 9. Mississippi
4. beautiful 10. purple
5. foreign 11. rained
6. neighbor 12. different

Walk around the room and ask your classmates how to say each item in another language
Gapanese, Arabic, German, French, Korean, etc). If someone doesn't know, ask another
person. Use this question: How do you say ( _ ) in ( _ )?
Example:
SPEAKER A: How do you say "yes" in French?
SPEAKERB: "Yes" in French is "oui."
1. No. 3. Okay. 5. Good-bye.
2. Thank you. 4. How are you? 6. Excuse me.

In the conversation, the speakers are making suggestions. Underline their suggestions.
A: Let's invite the Thompsons over for dinner.
B: Good idea! How about next Sunday?
A: Let's do it sooner. What about this Saturday?
• - ~~5"'" -. -. "'"'/';~~f::';"~=--~-~ ,~ , -----:

-t ~ . _.
5-14 Using How About apd W!za~About,!,i /,~:
A ~ " ~-~
-- - - - ~ ~... _ ~ "-•• ~~ ,_ u ~~ ..•.__ .•.~ ~~~ -' ']}i!j. ••• ~_ "_.,

"_"-- _ __~
~ .~ __
(a) A: We need one more player. How about and what about have the same meaning
B: How about/What about Jack? and usage. They are used to make suggestions or
Let's ask him if he wants to play. offers.
(b) A: What time should we meet? How about and what about are followed by a noun
B: How about/What about three o'clock? (or pronoun) or the -ing form of a verb (gerund).
(e) A: What should we do this afternoon? NOTE: How about and what about are frequently
B: How about going to the zoo? used in informal spoken English, but are usually not
used in writing.
(d) A: What about asking Sally over for dinner next
Sunday?
B: Okay. Good idea.
(e) A: I'm tired. How about you? How about you? and What about you? are used to
B: Yes, I'm tired too. ask a question that refers to the information or
(f) A: Are you hungry? question that immediately preceded it.
B: No. What about you? In (e): How about you? = Are you tired?
A: I'm a little hungry.
In (f): What about you? = Are you hungry?
oo Exercise 53. Grammar and listening. (Chart 5 -14)

Choose the best response. Then listen to each conversation and check your answer.
Example:
SPEAKER A: What are you going to do over vacation?
SPEAKERB: I'm staying here. What about you?
SPEAKER A: a. Yes, I will. I have a vacation too.
@ I'm going to Jordan to visit my sister.
c. I did too.
138 CHAPTER 5
1. A: Did you like the movie?
B: It was okay, I guess. How about you?
A: a. I thought it was pretty good.
b. I'm sure.
c. I saw it last night.
2. A: Are you going to the company party?
B: I haven't decided yet. What about you?
A: a. I didn't know that.
b. Why aren't you going?
c. I think I will.
3. A: Do you like living in this city?
B: Sort of. How about you?
A: a. I'm living in the city.
b. I'm not sure. It's pretty noisy.
c. Yes, I have been.
4. A: What are you going to have?
B: Well, I'm not really hungry. I think I might order just a salad. How about you?
A: a. I'll have one too.
b. I'm eating at a restaurant.
c. No, I'm not.

Work with a partner. The given questions are common ways to begin casual conversations or
make "small talk." Partner A asks the question and Partner B answers. Both speakers look at
each other, not the book, when speaking.
What kind of books do you like to read?
Example:
PARTNERA: What kind of books do you like to read?
PARTNERB: I like biographies. How about you?
PARTNERA: Thrillers are my favorite.
1. How long have you been living in (this city or country)?
2. What are you going to do after class today?
3. What kind of movies do you like to watch?
Change roles.
4. Do you come from a large family?
5. What kind of sports do you enjoy?
6. Do you speak a lot of English outside of class?

What is the expected response? Circle yes or no.
1. You're studying English, aren't you? yes no

2. You're not a native speaker of English, are you? yes no

(a) Jill is sick, isn't she? A tag question is a question that is
(b) You didn't know, did you? added onto the end of a sentence.
(c) There's enough time, isn't there? An auxiliary verb is used in a tag
(d) I'm not late, am I? question.
(e) I'm late, aren't I? Notice that I am becomes aren't I
in a negative tag, as in (e). (Am I
not is also possible, but it is very
formal and rare.
Affirmative (+) Negative (-) Affirmative When the main verb is affirmative,
Expected Answer the tag question is negative, and
(d) You know Bill, don't you? Yes. the expected answer agrees with
(e) Marie is from Paris, isn't she? Yes. the main verb.
Negative (-) Affirmative (+) Negative When the main verb is negative,
Expected Answer the tag question is affirmative, and
(f) You don't know Tom, do you? No. the expected answer agrees with
(g) Marie isn't from Athens, is she? No. the main verb.
THE SPEAKER'S QUESTION THE SPEAKER'S IDEA
Tag questions have two types of intonation: rising and falling. The
intonation determines the meaning of the tag.
~
(h) It will be nice tomorrow, won't it? A speaker uses rising intonation to make sure information is correct. In
(h): the speaker has an idea; the speaker is checking to see if the idea
--.,. is correct.
(i) It will be nice tomorrow, won't it? Falling intonation is used when the speaker is seeking agreement. In (i):
the speaker thinks it will be nice tomorrow and is almost certain the
listener will agree.
YES/NO QUESTIONS In (j): The speaker has no idea. The speaker is simply looking for
(j) - Will it be nice tomorrow? information.
- Yes, it will. OR No, it won't. Compare (h) and (i) with 0).
o Exercise 56. Listening and grammar.

<0
(Chart 5 -15)
Listen to each pair of sentences and answer the question.
1. a. You're Mrs. Rose, aren't you?
b. Are you Mrs. Rose?
QUESTION: In which sentence is the speaker checking to see if her information is correct?
2. a. Do you take cream with your coffee?

b. You take cream with your coffee, don't you?
QUESTION: In which sentence does the speaker have no idea?
3. a. You don't want to leave, do you?

b. Do you want to leave?
QUESTION: In which sentence is the speaker looking for agreement?
140 CHAPTER 5
o Exercise 57. Grammar and listening. (Chart 5 -15)
(J Complete the tag questions with the correct verbs. Then listen to the questions and check
your answers.
l. Simple Present
a. You like strong coffee, don't you?
b. David goes to Ames High School, he?
c. Leila and Sara live on Tree Road, they?
d. Jane has the keys to the storeroom, she?
e. Jane's in her office, she?
f. You're a member of this class, you?
g. Oleg doesn't have a car, he?
h. Lisa isn't from around here, she?
1. I'm in trouble, I?
2. Simple Past
a. Paul went to Indonesia, he?
b. You didn't talk to the boss, you?
c. Ted's parents weren't at home, they?
d. That was Pat's idea, it?
3. Present Progressive, Be Going To, and Past Progressive

a. You're studying hard, you?
b. Greg isn't working at the bank, he?
c. It isn't going to rain today, it?
d. Michelle and Yoko were helping, they?
e. He wasn't listening, he?
4. Present Perfect
a. It has been warmer than usual, it?
b. You've had a lot of homework, you?
c. We haven't spent much time together, we?
d. Fatima has started her new job, she?
e. Bruno hasn't finished his sales report yet, he?
f. Steve's had to leave early, he?

o Exercise 58. Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 5 -15)
Work with a partner. Make true statements for your partner to agree with. Remember, if your
partner makes an affirmative statement before the tag, the expected answer is "yes." If your
partner makes a negative statement before the tag, the expected answer is "no."
1. The weather is today, isn't it?
2. This book costs , doesn't it?
3. I'm , aren't I?
4. The classroom isn't . .;l

, ISIt.
5. Our grammar homework wasn't ,was it?

6. Tomorrow will be , won't it?

{J Listen to the tag questions and choose the expected responses.
Checking in at a hotel
Example: You will hear: Our room's ready, isn't it?
You will choose: 8 no
1. yes no 6. yes no
2. yes no 7. yes no
3. yes no 8. yes no
4. yes no 9. yes no
5. yes no 10. yes no

Edit the sentences. Correct the errors in question formation.
1. Who you saw? ~ Who did you see?
2. Where I buy subway tickets?
3. Whose is that backpack?
4. What kind of tea you like best?
5. It's freezing out and you're not wearing gloves, aren't you?
6. Who you studied with at school?
7. She is going to work this weekend, doesn't she?
8. How long take to get to the airport from here?
9. How much height your father have?
10. It's midnight. Why you so late? Why you forget to call?
142 CHAPTER 5
_J
o
o Exercise 61. Listening. (Chapter 5)
Part I. Listen to the questions and choose the correct answers.
Example: You will hear: How often do you brush your teeth?
You will choose: @ Three times a day.
b. Yes, I do.
c. In the evening.
1. a. I love it. 4. a. Two miles.

b. Jazz and rock. b. Three blocks.
c. The radio. c. Ten minutes.
2. a. I was really tired. 5. a. Amy is.

b. At 7:30. b. Amy's.
c. A package. c. That is Amy.
3. a. A little sick. 6. a. Next week.

b. No, I'm not. b. A few days ago.
c. Howard's fine. c. On Fifth Street.
Part II. Listen to each conversation and choose the sentence that best completes it.
7. a. My wallet. 9. a. Yes, I am.

b. At the box office. b. My company is moving to another city.
c. I think so. c. I loved my job.
8. a. It usually comes by noon. 10. a. It's great.

b. By truck. b. I'm a construction supervisor.
c. One time a day. c. We're doing really well.
o
o Exercise 62. Let's listen and talk: pairwork. (Chapter 5)
Listen to the conversation. Then work with a partner. Take turns being the cashier and the
customer. Complete the sentences with items from the menu and practice the conversation.
burger chicken strips soft drinks: cola, lemon soda, iced tea
cheeseburger fish burger milkshakes: vanilla, strawberry, chocolate
, double cheeseburger veggie burger (small, medium, large)
fries salad
Ordering at a fast-food restaurant

CASHIER: So, what'll it be?
CUSTOMER:I'll have a _
CASHIER: Would you like fries or a salad with your burger?
CUSTOMER:I'll have (a) _
CASHIER: What size?
CUSTOMER:
CASHIER: Anything to drink?
CUSTOMER:I'll have a _
CASHIER: Size?

CUSTOMER:
CASHIER: Okay. So that's _
CUSTOMER: About how long'll it take?

CASHIER: We're pretty crowded right now. Probably 10 minutes or so. That'll be $6.50.
Your number's on the receipt. I'll call the number when your order's ready.
CUSTOMER: Thanks.
o Exercise 63. Let's read and write. (Chapters 1-+ 5)

Part 1. Read the fairy tale and answer the questions at the end.
The Frog Prince
Once upon a time, there was a king with three unmarried daughters. One day while the
king was thinking about his daughters' futures, he had an idea. He thought, "I'm going to drop
three jewels among the young men in the village center. The men who find* the jewels will
become my daughters' husbands." He announced his plan to all of the people of his kingdom.
The next day, the king took an emerald, a ruby, and a diamond into the village. He walked
among the young men and dropped the jewels. A handsome man picked up the emerald. Then
a wealthy prince found the ruby. But a frog hopped toward the diamond and took it. He said
to the king, "I am the Frog Prince. I claim your third daughter as my wife."
When the king told Trina, his third daughter, about the Frog Prince, she refused to marry
him. She hid from her friends and grew sadder every day. Meanwhile, her two sisters had
grand weddings.
*The simple present is used here because the story is giving the king's exact words in a quotation. Notice that quotation marks
("... ") are used. See Chart 14-8, p. 000, for more information about quotations.
144 CHAPTER 5
Eventually, Trina ran away and went to live in the woods, but she was very lonely and
unhappy. One day Trina went swimming in a lake. Trina became tired in the cold water and
decided to give up. She didn't want to live anymore. As she was drowning, the frog suddenly
appeared and pushed Trina to the shore.
"Why did you save my life, Frog?"
"Because you are very young, and you have a lot to live for."
"No, 1 don't," said the princess. "1 am the most miserable person in the world."
"Let's talk about it," said the frog. Trina and the Frog Prince sat together for hours and
hours. Frog listened and understood. He told her about his own unhappiness and loneliness.
They shared their deepest feelings with each other.
One day while they were sitting near the lake, Trina felt great affection for the frog. She
bent down and kissed him on his forehead. Suddenly the frog turned into a man! He took
Trina in his arms and said, "You saved me with your kiss. An evil wizard changed me from a
prince into a frog. 1 needed to find the love of a woman with a truly good heart to set me free. *
You looked inside me and found the real me."
Trina and the prince returned to the castle and got married. Her two sisters, she
discovered, were very unhappy because their husbands treated them poorly. But Trina and her
Frog Prince lived happily ever after.
Questions:
1. What did the king want for his daughters?
2. Why did a frog claim Trina for his wife?
3. What did Trina do to escape the marriage?
4. Where did she meet the frog again?
5. Why did she kiss the frog?
6. What did an evil wizard do to the frog?
7. What kind of lives did her sisters have?
8. What kind of life did Trina and the Frog Prince have?
Part II. Write a story that begins Once upon a time. Use one of the given topics.
TOpics:
1. Read the story again and then retell it in your own words. Write one or two paragraphs.
Do not look at the story when you write.
2. Write a fairy tale that you are familiar with, perhaps one that is well known in your culture.
3. Create a story with your classmates. Each student writes one or two sentences at a time.
One student begins the story. Then he or she passes the paper on to another student, who
then writes a sentence or two and passes the paper on - until everyone in the class has
had a chance to write part of the story, or until the story has an ending. This story can
then be reproduced for the class to edit together. The class may want to add art and
"publish" the final product as a small book.
*ser mefree = give me my freedom

o Exercise 1. What do I already know? (Chapter 6)
This exercise previews grammar terms used in this chapter. Identify the italicized word in each
sentence as a noun, adjective, preposition, or pronoun.
1. Miki is a student at my school. noun
2. She is from Kyoto, Japan. I?ronoun

j
3. Kyoto is south of Tokyo. I?rel?osition

j j
4. It is a beautiful city. adiective

0
5. This summer I am going there with Miki.
6. I am looking forward to this trip.
7. My parents are happy for me.
8. I will stay with Miki's family.
9. They have a small hotel.
10. It is near a popular park.
11. The park has lovely gardens.
12. Miki has shown me postcards of them.
o Exercise 2. Warm. up. (Chart 6 - 1)

Write the word one before the singular nouns and the word two before the plural nouns.
1. ______ trips 4. ______ way
2. vacation 5. ______ cities
3. ______ classes 6. ______ knives
146
Singular Plural
(a) one bird two birds To make most nouns plural, add -So
one street two streets
one rose two roses
(b) one dish two dishes Add -es to nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -x.
one match two matches
one class two classes
one box two boxes
(c) one baby two babies If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the y to i and add
one city two cities -es, as in (c).
(d) one toy two toys If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only os, as in (d).
one key two keys
(e) one knife two knives If a noun ends in -fe or of, change the ending to -ves.
one shelf two shelves EXCEPTIONS: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cliffs.
(f) one tomato two tomatoes The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -oes and
one zoo two zoos sometimes -os.
one zero two zeroes! zeros
-oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes
-os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos,
videos
-oes or -os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos,
tornadoes/tornados, mosquitoes/mosquitos
(g) one child two children Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
one foot two feet
NOTE: The singular form of people can be person, woman, man,
one goose two geese
child. For example, one man and one child = two people.
one man two men
(Two persons is also possible.)
one mouse two mice
one tooth two teeth
one woman two women
two people
(h) one deer two deer The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
one fish two fish
one sheep two sheep
(i) one bacterium two bacteria Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages
one crisis two crises have foreign plurals.
o Exercise 3. Looking at grammar. (Chart 6 - 1)

Write the correct singular or plural form of the given words.
1. one chair two _
2. a a lot of windows
3. one wish several _
Nouns and Pronouns 147
subject verb object of verb

(J Listen to the words. Circle the sound you hear at the end of each word: lsi, /z/, or I;}z/.
5. The actor sang a song.
6. Accidents happen frequently.
7. The accident injured a woman.
o Exercise 13. Looking at grammar. (Charts 6-2 and 6-3)

If the word in italics is used as a noun, circle "N." If the word in italics is used as a verb,
circle "v."
1. People smile when they're happy. N @)
2. Maryam has a nice smile when she's happy. @ V
3. Please don't sign your name in pencil. N V
4. People often name their children after relatives. N V
5. Airplanes land on runways at the airport. N V
6. The land across the street from our house is vacant. N V
7. People usually store milk in the refrigerator. N V
8. We went to the store to buy some milk. N V
9. I took the express train from New York to Washington, D.C., last week. N V
10. Lindsey trains horses as a hobby. N V
o Exercise 14. Warm-up: pairwork. (Chart 6-4)

Work with a partner. Make true sentences about yourself using like or don't like. Share a
few of your partner's answers with the class.
I likeldon't like to do my homework ...
1. at the library. 6. in the evening.
2. at the kitchen table. 7. on weekends.
3. in my bedroom. 8. after dinner.
4. on my bed. 9. before class.
5. with a friend. 10. during class.
152 CHAPTER 6
S v 0 PREP o OF PREP Many English sentences have prepositional phrases.
(a) Ann put her books on the desk. In (a): on the desk is a prepositional phrase.
(noun)
A prepositional phrase consists of a PREPOSITION (PREP) and
S V PREP o OF PREP an OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION (0 of PREP). The object of a
(b) A leaf fell to the ground. preposition is a NOUN.
(noun)
Reference List of Prepositions

about before despite of to
above behind down off toward(s)
across below during on under
after beneath for out until
against beside from over up
along besides in since upon
among between into through with
around beyond like throughout within
at by near till without

Check (.I) the prepositional phrases, and underline the noun in each phrase that is the object
of the preposition .
1. .I across the street 5. __ next to the phone

2. in a minute 6. __ doing work
3. __ daily 7. in a few hours
4. down the hill 8. __ from my parents

Check (.I) the sentences that have objects of prepositions. Identify the preposition (P) and the
object of the preposition (Obj. of P).
1. a. __ Emily waited quietly.
P Obj. of P
b. ~ Emily waited quietly for her mother.
P Obj. of P
c. ~ Emily's mother was talking to a friend.
2. a. __ Kimiko saw a picture on the wall.
b. __ Kimiko recognized the people.
c. __ Kimiko looked at the picture closely.

3. a. __ Annika lost her ring yesterday.
b. __ Annika lost her ring in the sand.
c. __ Annika lost her ring in the sand at the beach.
4. a. A talkative woman sat with her husband.
b. __ We were at a meeting.
c. She talked to her husband the entire time.

Review prepositions of place by using the given phrases in complete sentences. Demonstrate
the meaning of the preposition with an action while you say the sentence. Work in pairs, in
small groups, or as a class.
Example: across the room

~ I'm walking across the room. OR I'm looking across the room.
1. above the door 9. below the window

2. against the wall 10. beside my book
3. toward(s) the door 11. near the door
4. between two pages of my book 12. far from the door
5. in the room 13. off my desk
6. into the room 14. out the window
7. on my desk 15. behind me
8. at my desk 16. through the door
o Exercise 18. Game: trivia. (Chart 6-4)

Work in small groups. Answer the questions without looking at a map. After you have
finished, look at a map to check your answers. * The team with the most correct answers wins.
1. Name a country directly under Russia.
2. Name the country directly above Germany.
3. What river flows through London?
4. What is a country near Haiti?
5. Name a country next to Vietnam.
6. Name a city far from Sydney, Australia.
7. What is the country between Austria and Switzerland?
8. Name the city within Rome, Italy.
9. Name two countries that have a river between them.
10. Name a country that is across from Saudi Arabia.
"See Trivia Answers, p. 421.
154 CHAPTER 6
o Exercise 19. Reading. (Chart 6-4)
Read the passage and then answer the questions.
emergent layer --------.-.
The Habitats of a Rainforest
Rainforests have different areas where animals live. These areas are called habitats.
Scientists have given names to the four main habitats or layers of a rainforest.
Some animals live in the tops of giant trees. The tops of these trees are much higher than
the other trees, so this layer is called the emergent* layer. Many birds and insects live there.
Under the emergent layer is the canopy. The canopy is the upper part ofthe trees. It is
thick with leaves and vines, and it forms an umbrella over the rainforest. Most of the animals in
the rainforest live in the canopy.
The next layer is the understory. The understory is above the ground and under the leaves.
In the understory, it is very dark and cool. It gets only 2-5% of the sunlight that the canopy
gets. The understory has the most insects of the four layers, and a lot of snakes and frogs also
live there.
Finally, there is the forest floor. On the surface of this floor are fallen leaves, branches, and
other debris. ** In general, the largest animals in the rainforest live in this layer. Common
animals in this habitat are tigers and gorillas.
1. Name two types of animals that live in the tops of giant trees.
2. Where is the understory?
3. Where do you think most mosquitoes live?
4. What are some differences between the emergent layer and the forest floor?
*emergent = in botany, a plant that is taller than other plants around it, like a tall tree in a forest
**debris = loose, natural material, like dirt

Complete the sentences with information about yourself.
I was born ...
1. in (month). 3. on (weekday).
2. on (date). 4. at (time).
in (a) Please be on time in the future.

in + the past, the present, the future*
(b) I usually watch TV in the evening.
+
I
in the morning, the afternoon, the evening
(c) I was born in October.
a month
(d) I was born in 1995.
. a year
(e) I was born in the 20th century. In +
a century
(f) The weather is hot in (the) summer.
a season
on (g) I was born on October 31st, 1995. on + a date
(h) I went to a movie on Thursday. on + a weekday
(i) I have class on Thursday morning(s). on + (a) weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
at (j) We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight. at + noon, night, midnight

(k) I fell asleep at 9:30 (nine-thirty). at + "clock time"
( I) He's busy at the moment. Can I take a message? at + the moment, the present time, present
*Possible in British English: injuture (e.g., Please be on time injuwre.).

Complete the sentences with in, at, or on. All the sentences contain time expressions.
Studious Stan has collegeclasses...
1. ____ the morning. 6. ____ Saturdays.
2. ____ the afternoon. 7. ____ Saturday mornings.
3. ____ the evening. 8. ____ noon.
4. ____ night. 9. ____ midnight.
5. ____ weekdays.
Unlucky Lisa has a birthday every four years. She was born ...
10. ____ February 29th. 13. ___ 2000.
11. ____ February 29th, 2000. 14. ____ February 2000.
12. ____ February. 15. ____ the winter.
Cool Carlos is afashion designer. He's thinking about clothing designs ...
16. ____ the moment.
17. ____ the present time.
18. ____ the past.
156 CHAPTER 6
Complete each question with an appropriate preposition. Interview seven classmates. Ask
each person one question.
1. What do you like to do the evening?
2. What do you usually do night before bed?
3. What do you like to do Saturday mornings?
4. What did you do January 1st of this year?

5. What were you doing January 1st, 2000 (the beginning of the new
millennium)?
6. How do you spend your free time January?
7. What will you do with your English skills the future?

Check (.I) all the grammatically correct sentences.
1. a. I left Athens in 2005. 2. a. __ Lee sold his car yesterday.

b. I left in 2005 Athens. b. __ Yesterday Lee sold his car.
c. __ In 2005, I left Athens. c. __ Lee sold yesterday his car.
s V PLACE TIME In a typical English sentence, "place" comes before "time," as in (a).
(a) Ann moved to Paris in 2008.
INCORRECT: Ann moved in 2008 to Paris.
We went to a movie yesterday.
S-V-O-P-T = Subject-Verb-Object-Place-Time
S V 0 P T
(basic English sentence structure)
(b) We bought a house in Miami in 2005.
TIME S V PLACE Expressions of time can also come at the beginning of a sentence,
(c) In 2008, Ann moved to Paris. as in (c) and (d).
(d) Yesterday we went to a movie. A time phrase at the beginning of a sentence is often followed by a
comma, as in (c).

Put the given phrases in correct sentence order.
1. to Paris \ next month

Monique's company is going to transfer her _
2. last week \ through Turkey

William began a bike trip _

3. at his uncle's bakery \ Alexi \ on Saturday mornings \ works
4. arrived \ in the early morning \ at the airport \ my plane

Add -8 where appropriate. If no final -8 is necessary, write 0.
1. Lions roar 4. A tiger in the jungle roar __ '
2. A lion roar 5. Tigers in the jungle roar __ '
3. Lions and tigers roar __ ' 6. Tigers in jungles roar __ '
-- - ~ - .. --: ~ '" '" ~ ~~ . ~ --

~:7 _Subje~!-Verl!~g_~,~_e1!le~
__ .~_._'~. _ ~ ~ _
SINGULAR SINGULAR
A singular subject takes a singular verb, as in (a).
(a) The sun shines.
A plural subject takes a plural verb, as in (b).
PLURAL PLURAL Notice: verb + -s = singular (shines)
(b) Birds sing. noun + -s = plural (birds)
SINGULAR SINGULAR
Two subjects connected by and take a plural verb, as
(c) My brother lives in Jakarta. in (d).
PLURAL PLURAL
(d) My brother and sister live in Jakarta.
(e) The glasses over there under the window by the Sometimes phrases come between a subject and a
sink are clean.
verb. These phrases do not affect the agreement of
(f) The information in those magazines about the subject and verb.
Vietnamese culture and customs is very interesting.
v s There + be + subject expresses that something

(g) There is a book on the desk. exists in a particular place. The verb agrees with the
noun that follows be.
v S
(h) There are some books on the desk.
-----------1--------------------
(i) Every student is sitting down. Every is a singular word. It is used with a singular,
(j) Everybody/Everyone hopes for peace. not plural, noun.
INCORRECT: Every students ...
Subjects with every take singular verbs, as in (i)

and (j).
(k) People in my country are friendly. People is a plural noun and takes a plural verb.
158 CHAPTER 6
Work in small groups. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb from the list.
Discuss the words you use to describe different animal sounds in your native language.
bark chirp hiss meow roar
"What sounds do these animals make?

1. A dog _ 6. A bird _
2. Dogs _ 7. Cats _
3. Lions in the wild _ 8. Sea lions on a beach _
4. Lions, tigers, and leopards _ 9. A lizard _
5. Every snake _ 10. Baby chickens _

Underline and identify the subject (S) and the verb (V). Correct errors in agreement.
s V
1. The students in this class speak%,English very well.
2. My aunt and uncle speak Spanish. -> OK (no error).
3. Every students in my class speak English well.
4. There are five student from Korea in Mr. Ahmad's class.
5. There's a vacant apartment in my building.
6. Does people in your neighborhood know each other?
7. The neighbors in the apartment next to mine is very friendly and helpful.

(J Listen to the passage. Listen a second time and add -8 where necessary. Before you begin,
you may want to check your understanding of these words: sweat, fur, paw, flap, mud.
How Some Animals Stay Cool
How do animal __ stay cool in hot weather? Many animal __ don't sweat like
1 2
human __ , so they have other way __ to cool themselves.
3 4
Dog __ , for example, have a lot of fur __ and can become very hot. They stay __
567
cool mainly by panting. By the way, if you don't know what panting means, this is the sound of
panting.

Cat __ lick __ their paw __ and chest __ . When their fur __ is wet, they
8 9 10 11 12
become cooler.
Elephant __ have very large ear __ . When they are hot, they can flap their huge
13 14
ear __ ' The flapping ear __ act __ like a fan and it cool __ them. Elephant __ also
15 16 17 18 19
like to roll in the mud __ to stay cool.
20

Think about the very first teacher you had. Choose words from below to describe him/her.
young friendly serious

middle-aged unfriendly patient
elderly fun impatient
ADJECTIVE NOUN
Words that describe nouns are called ADJECTIVES.
(a) Bob is reading a good book.
In (a): good is an adjective; it describes the book.
(b) The tall woman wore a new dress. We say that adjectives "modify" nouns. Modify means "change
(c) The short woman wore an old dress. a little." An adjective changes the meaning of a noun by giving
(d) The young woman wore a short dress. more information about it.
(e) Roses are beautiful flowers. Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. They do NOT have a
INCORRECT: Roses are beautifuls flowers. plural form.
(f) He wore a white shirt. Adjectives usually come immediately before nouns, as in (f).
INCORRECT: He wore a shirt white.
Adjectives can also follow main verb be, as in (g) and (h).
(g) Roses are beautiful.
(h) His shirt was white.

Check (v') the phrases that have adjectives. Underline the adjectives.
1. ~ a scary story 4. __ a small, dark, smelly room
2. __ on Tuesday 5. __ quickly and then slowly
3. __ going to a famous place 6. __ long or short hair

Add the given adjectives to the sentences. Choose two of the three adjectives in each item to
add to the sentence.
Example: hard, heavy, strong A man lifted the box.

~ A strong man lifted the heavy box.
1. beautiful, safe, red Roses are flowers.
160 CHAPTER 6
2. empty, wet, hot The waiter poured coffee into my cup.
3. fresh, clear, hungry Mrs. Fields gave the kids a snack.
4. dirty, modern, delicious After our dinner, Frank helped me with the dishes.

Work in small groups.
Part I. Add your own nouns, adjectives, and prepositions to the list. Don't look at Part II.
1. an adjective old 6. an adjective
2. a person's name 7. an adjective
3. a plural noun 8. a preposition of place
4. a plural noun 9. an adjective
5. a singular noun 10. a plural noun
Part II. Complete the sentences with the same words you added in Part I. Some of your
completions might sound a little odd or funny. Read your completed passage aloud to another
group or to the rest of the class.
One day a/an old girl was walking in the city. Her name was
1
She was carrying a package for her grandmother. It contained some
2
________ , some , and a/an , among other
3 4 5
things.
As she was walking down the street, a/an thief stole her package.
6
The girl pulled out her cell phone and called the police, who caught the
7
thief a nearby building and returned her package to her. She took it
8
immediately to her grandmother, who was glad to get the package
9
because she really needed some new _
10

Combine the word chicken with the words in the list .
.lfresh hot .llegs recipe soup
1. chicken le@s 4.
2. fresh chicken 5.
3.

(a) I have a flower garden. Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
(b) The shoe store also sells socks. For example, flower is usually a noun, but in (a), it's used as an adjective
to modify garden.
(c) INCORRECT: a flowers garden When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
(d) INCORRECT: the shoes store

Underline and identify the nouns eN). Use one of the nouns in the first sentence as an
adjective in the second sentence.
N N
1. This book is about grammar. It's a @rammar book*
2. My garden has vegetables. It's a _
3. The soup has beans. It's _
4. I read a lot of articles in magazines. I read a lot of _
5. The factory makes toys. It's a _
6. The villages are in the mountains. They are _
7. The lesson was about art. It was an _
8. Flags fly from poles. Many government buildings have _

Add -8 to the italicized nouns if necessary. Then agree or disagree with each statement.
Circle yes or no.
1. One day, computer programs will make it possible for computers to think.
yes no
2. Computer make life more stressful.
yes no
3. Airplane trips are enjoyable nowadays. yes no
4. Airplane don't have enough legroom.
yes no
5. Bicycle are better than cars for getting around in a crowded city. yes no
6. It's fun to watch bicycle races like the TOur de France on TV.
yes no
7. ~getable soups are delicious.
yes no
8. Fresh vegetable are my favorite food.
yes no
*When one noun modifies another noun, the spoken stress is usually on the first noun: a grammar book.
162 CHAPTER 6
o Exercise 36. Listening and speaking. (Charts 6-1 ~ 6-9)
(J Part 1. Listen to two friends talking about finding an apartment.
Part II. Complete your own conversation. Perform it for the class. You can use words from
the list. NOTE: This conversation is slightly different from Part 1.
air-conditioning an elevator near a bus stop a studio

a balcony an exercise room near a freeway a two-bedroom
close to my job a laundry room parking a walk-up
A: I'm looking for a new place to live.
B: How come?
A: ____________ . I need _
B: I just helped a friend find one. I can help you. What else do you want?
A: I want Also, I _
I don't want
B: Anything else?
A: ____________ would be nice.
B: That's expensive.
A: I guess I'm dreaming.

Read the conversation. Look at the personal pronouns in green. Decide if they are subject or
object pronouns.
A: Did you hear? Ivan quit his job.
1
B: I know. I don't understand him. Between you and me, I think it's a bad decision.
2 3 4 5
1. you subject object

2. I subject object
3. him subject object
4. you subject object
5. me subject object

Personal Pronouns
SUBJECT PRONOUNS: I we you he, she, it they
OBJECT PRONOUNS: me us you him, her, it them
S A pronoun refers to a noun.

(a) Kate is married. She has two children. In (a): she is a pronoun; it refers to Kate.
t j
In (b): her is a pronoun; it refers to Kate.
o
(b) Kate is my friend. I know herwell. In (a): She is a SUBJECT PRONOUN.
t j
In (b): her is an OBJECT PRONOUN.
(c) Mike has a new blue bike. A pronoun can refer to a single noun (e.g., Kate) or to a noun phrase.
He bought it yesterday.
In (c): it refers to the whole noun phrase a new blue bike.
S Guidelines for using pronouns following and:

(d) 'Eric and l' are good friends.
If the pronoun is used as part of the subject, use a subject
o pronoun, as in (d).
(e) Ann met 'Eric and me' at the museum. If the pronoun is part of the object, use an object pronoun,
as in (e) and (f).
o of PREP
(f) Ann walked between 'Eric and me: INCORRECT: Eric and me are good friends.
INCORRECT: Ann met Eric and I at the museum.
SINGULAR PRONOUNS: I me you he, she, it him, her

PLURAL PRONOUNS: we us you they them
(g) Mike is in class. He is taking a test. Singular = one. Plural = more than one.
(h) The students are in class. They are Singular pronouns refer to singular nouns; plural pronouns refer to
taking a test. plural nouns, as in the examples.
(i) Kate and Tom are married. They
have two children.

Write the nouns that the pronouns in boldface refer to.
1. The apples were rotten, so the children didn't eat them even though they were really
hungry.
a. them =
b. they = _
2. Do bees sleep at night? Or do they work in the hive all night long? You never see them
after dark. What do they do after night falls?
a. they =
b. them =
c. they = _
164 CHAPTER 6
3. Table tennis began in England in the late 1800s. Today it is an international sport. My
brother and I played it a lot when we were teenagers. I beat him sometimes, but he was a
better player and usually won.
a. it =
b. it =
c. him =
d. he
o Exercise 39. Looking at grammar. (Chart 6 -1 0)

Circle the correct words in italics.
1. Toshi ate dinner with I, me.
2. Toshi ate dinner with Mariko and I, me.
3. I, me had dinner with Toshi last night.
4. Jay drove Eva and I, me to the store. He waited for we, us in the car.
5. A: I want to get tickets for the soccer game.
B: You'd better get it, them right away. It, They IS, are selling fast.

Complete the sentences with she, he, it, her, him, they, or them.
1. I have a grammar book. It is black.
2. Brian borrowed my books. returned yesterday.
3. Sonya is wearing some new earrings. look good on
4. Don't look directly at the sun. Don't look at directly even if you are
wearing sunglasses. The intensity of its light can injure your eyes.
5. Recently, I read about "micromachines." are machines that are smaller

than a grain of sand. One scientist called "the greatest scientific invention
of our time."

o Exercise 41. Warm. up. (Chart 6- 11)
Match the phrases to the pictures that describe them.
Picture A Picture B
1. the teacher's office

2. the teachers' office
__ .
t- . -~
6-11
- ••• '--~~-"""~r-:- '~." mr~ ~. ,- " "'~~,~'"'.'~ ~ •
-- Possessive
---- -"' Nouns
--- . ~~--~ '- ,~-_ ~.. .'.. - ""~,
",,:- ~~ ...'- •.. ' --....• .
.
--"'--"--
SINGULAR: (a) I know the student's name. An apostrophe (') and an -s are used with nouns to
PLURAL: (b) I know the students' names. show possession.
PLURAL: (c) I know the children's names,
a: (d) the student --7 the student's name SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN:
«
...J
::>
my baby --7 my baby's name noun + apostrophe (') + -s
CD a man --7 a man's name
z
Cii A singular noun that ends in -s has two possible
(e) James --7 James'lJames's name possessive forms: James' OR James's.
(f) the students --7 the students' names PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN:
my babies --7 my babies' names noun + -s + apostrophe (')
...J (g) men --7 men's names
« IRREGULAR PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN:
a: the children --7 the children's names
::>
...J noun + apostrophe (') + -s
0..
(An irregular plural noun is a plural noun that does not
end in os: children, men, people, women. See
Chart 6-1.)
Compare: In (h): Tom's is not a possessive noun. It is a

(h) Tom's here. contraction of Tom is, used in informal writing.
(i) Tom's brother is here.
In (i): Tom's is a possessive noun.

Decide if the meaning of the italicized word is "one" or "more than one."
1. The teacher answered the student's questions. more than one
2. The teacher answered the students' questions. one more than one
3. Our daughters' bedroom is next to our room. one more than one
166 CHAPTER 6
4. Our son's room is downstairs. one more than one
5. Men's clothing is on sale at the department store. one more than one
6. This looks like a woman's shirt. one more than one

Look at the Nelson's family tree. Complete the sentences using the correct possessive form.
1. Ned's wife is Ella. Nelson Family Tree

2. __________ husband is Sam.
Ella + Ned
3. Howard is brother.
4. Howard is husband.
5. __________ grandmother is Ella.
Lisa + Sam Howard + Monil
6. __________ parents are Sam and Lisa.
I
7. Ella and grandson is William. William
8. Howard and Monica are aunt and uncle.
o Exercise 44. Game: trivia. (Chart 6- 11)

Work in small groups. Use the correct possessive form of the given nouns to complete the
sentences. Decide if the information is true or false. The group with the most correct answers
wins.*
1. earth The surface is about 70% water. T F

2. elephant An skin is pink and wrinkled. T F
3. man Pat is a name. T F
4. woman Pat is a name. T F
5. women The area for language is larger in brains. T F
6. Men brains are bigger than women's brains. T F
7. person A eyes blink more if he/she is nervous. T F
8. People voices always get lower as they age. T F

Check (.I) all the grammatically correct responses.
W7zose camera is this?
1. __ It's my camera. 5. __ It's your camera.
2. __ It's mine. 6. __ It's your's.
3. __ It's my. 7. It's theirs.
4. __ It's yours. 8. It's their camera.

.t'"~;,;;"~4~'-~!1p?m7ff. ~ ~ , ~t'~ 1"
6.12 Possessive Pronouns and :Adjectiv:e~:;, , .,'
• ~~~-- '-~ J ~" j '1 .', !
-- -'--'" - ------- ---~-~~-"-~-. ~; _w~or_ ~_~~~ ~ __ ~_

i "
".:i;,~~, ~~~_
",
This pen belongs to me. Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning; they
(a) It's mine. both show possession.
(b) It is my pen. Mine is a possessive pronoun; my is a possessive
adjective.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN is used alone, without a noun
(c) I have mine. I have my pen. following it.
(d) You have yours. You have your pen. A POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE is used only with a noun
(e) She has hers. She has her pen. following it.
(f) He has his. He has his pen. INCORRECT: I have mine pen.
(g) We have ours. We have our pens. INCORRECT: I have my.
(h) You have yours. You have your pen.
( i) They have theirs. They have their pens.
(j) I have a book.
Its cover is black.
COMPARE its vs. it's: In (k): its (NO apostrophe) is a possessive adjective
(k) Sue gave me a book. I don't remember its title. modifying the noun title.
(I) Sue gave me a book. It's a novel. In (I): It's (with an apostrophe) is a contraction of it + is.
COMPARE their vs. there vs. they're: Their, there, and they're have the same
(m) The students have their books. pronunciation, but not the same meaning.
(n) My books are over there. their = possessive adjective, as in (m)
(0) Where are the students? They're in class. there = an expression of place, as in (n)
they're = they are, as in (0)

Circle the correct completions.
1. Alice called (f!i!)hers friend.
2. Hasan wrote a letter to his, he's mother.
3. It's, Its normal for a dog to chase it's, its tail.
4. The bird cleaned its, it's feathers with its, it's beak.
5. Paula had to drive my car to work. Hers, Her had a flat tire.
6. Junko fell off her bike and broke hers, her arm.
. *
7. Anastasia is a good friend of me, mzne.
8. I met a friend of you, yours yesterday.
9. A: Excuse me. Is this my, mzne pen or your, yours?
B: This one is my, mine. Thur, Thurs is on your, yours desk.
*A friend of + possessive pronoun (e.g., a friend of mine) is a common expression.
168 CHAPTER 6
10. a. Adam and Amanda are married. They, Them live in an apartment building.
b. Their, There, They're apartment is on the fifth floor.
c. We live in the same building. Our, Ours apartment has one bedroom, but their,
theirs has two.
d. Their, There, They're sitting their, there, they're now because their, there, they're
waiting for a visit from their, there, they're son.

Work in small groups. Use a mirror to demonstrate the following sentences. Take turns saying
the sentences while students perform the actions.
1. I am looking at myself. 5. They are looking at themselves.
2. You are looking at yourself. 6. She is looking at herself.
3. You are looking at yourselves. 7. We are looking at ourselves.
4. He is looking at himself.
myself (a) I saw myself in the mirror. Reflexive pronouns end in -self/-selves. They are used
yourself (b) You (one person) saw yourself when the subject (e.g., I) and the object (e.g., myself) are
herself (c) She saw herself. the same person.
himself (d) He saw himself. INCORRECT: I saw me in the mirror.

itself (e) It (e.g., the kitten) saw itself.
ourselves (f) We saw ourselves.
yourselves (g) You (plural) saw yourselves.
themselves (h) They saw themselves.
(i) Greg lives by himself By + a reflexive pronoun = alone

(j) I sat by myself on the park bench. In (i): Greg lives alone, without family or roommates.
(k) I enjoyed myself at the fair. Enjoy and a few other verbs are commonly followed by a
reflexive pronoun. See the list below.
Common Expressions with Reflexive Pronouns

believe in yourself help yourself pinch yourself tell yourself
blame yourself hurt yourself be proud of yourself work for yourself
cut yourself give yourself (something) take care of yourself wish yourself (luck)
enjoy yourself introduce yourself talk to yourself
feel sorry for yourself kill yourself teach yourself

Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.
1. Are you okay, Heidi? Did you hurt vourself ?
2. Leo taught to play the piano. He never had a teacher.
3. Do you ever talk to ? Most people talk to

__________ sometimes.
4. A newborn baby can't take care of _
5. It is important for all of us to have confidence in our own abilities. We need to believe in
6. Isabel always wishes good luck before a big test.
7. Kazu, there's plenty of food on the table. Please help _
8. I couldn't believe my good luck! I had to pinch to make sure I

wasn't dreaming.

{} Listen to the sentences and complete them with reflexive pronouns.
Example: You will hear: The accident was my fault. I caused it. I was responsible. In other
words, I blamed ...
You will write: mvself
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.

Interview six students in your class. Ask each student a different question. Share some of
their answers with the class.
1. In this town, what is a good way to enjoy yourself?

2. How do people introduce themselves in your country? What do they say?
3. Have you ever wished yourself good luck? When or why?
4. Have you ever felt sorry for yourself? Or, have you ever felt proud of yourself? If so, why?
5. When athletes talk to themselves before an important event, what do you imagine they say?
6. In your country, at what age does a person usually begin living by himself or herself?
170 CHAPTER 6
o Exercise 51. Warm - up. (Chart 6-14)
Choose the picture that matches the description.
One flower is red. Another is yellow. The other is pink.
Picture A Picture B
(a) There is a large bowl of apples on the table. Paul Another means "one more out of a group of similar
is going to eat one apple. If he is still hungry after items, one in addition to the one(s) already mentioned."
that, he can eat another apple. There are many
Another is a combination of an + other, written as
apples to choose from.
one word.
I The Other
I
(b) There are two apples on the table. Paul is going to The other means "the last one in a specific group; the
eat one of them. Sara is going to eat the only one that remains from a given number of similar
other apple. items."
another apple. Another and the other can be used as adjectives in

(c) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another one. front of a noun (e.g., apple) or in front of the word one. I
{
another.
Another and the other can also be used alone as
the other apple. pronouns.
(d) Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other one.
{
the other.

o Exercise 52. Looking at grammar. (Chart 6 -14)
Complete the sentences with another or the other.
1. There are two birds in Picture A. One is an eagle. The other is a chicken.
."' ."
.
~~'
~
Picture A Picture B
2. There are three birds in Picture B. One is an eagle.

a. one is a chicken.
b. bird is a crow.
3. There are many kinds of birds in the world. One kind is an eagle.
a. kind is a chicken.
b. kind is a crow.
c. kind is a sea gull.
d. What is the name of kind of bird in the world?
4. It rained yesterday, and from the look of those dark clouds, we're going to have
rainstorm today.
5. Nicole and Michelle are identical twins. The best way to tell them apart is by looking at
their ears. One of them has pierced ears, and doesn't.
6. France borders several countries. One is Spain. __________ is Italy.

Match the sentences to the correct pictures.
Picture A Picture B
1. __ Some are red. Others are yellow.

2. __ Some are red. The others are yellow.
172 CHAPTER 6
,
Other(s)
one
"apple
, ill.
other other
(appleS /apPles
others etc.
There are many apples in Paul's kitchen. Paul is Other(s) (without the) means "several more out of a
holding one apple. group of similar items, several in addition to the one(s)
(a) There are other apples in a bowl. already mentioned."
(adjective) + (noun)
The adjective other (without an -s) can be used with a
(b) There are other ones on a plate. plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word ones.
(adjective) + ones
Others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used
(c) There are others on a chair. with a noun.
(pronoun) In (c): others = other apples
The Other(s)
There are four apples on the table. Paul is going The other(s) means "the last ones in a specific group,
to take one of them. the remains from a given number of similar items."
(d) Sara is going to take the other apples. The other (without an -s) can be used as an adjective
(adjective) + (noun)
in front of a noun or the word ones, as in (d) and (e).
(e) Sara is going to take the other ones. The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not
(adjective) + ones used with a noun.
(f) Sara is going to take the others. In (f): the others = the other apples
(pronoun)

Perform these actions.
1. Hold two pens. Use a form of other to describe the second pen.
-+ I'm holding two pens. One is mine, and the other belongs to Ahmed.
2. Hold three pens. Use a form of other to describe the second and third pens.
3. Hold up your two hands. One of them is your right hand. Tell us about your left hand,
using a form of other.
4. Hold up your right hand. One of the five fingers is your thumb. Using forms of other, tell
us about your index finger, then your middle finger, then your ring finger, and then your
little finger, the last of the five fingers on your right hand.

Complete the sentences with other(s) or the other(s).
1. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. Some
others are tigers, horses, and bears.
2. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. Some
__________ kinds are tigers, horses, and bears.
3. There are three colors in the Italian flag. One of the colors is red.
__________ are green and white.
4. There are three colors in the Italian flag. One of the colors is red.
__________ colors are green and white.
5. Many people like to get up very early in the morning. __________ like to
sleep until noon.
6. There are many kinds of geometric figures. Some are circles.

figures are squares. Still are rectangular.
D I_I 0 6
7. There are four geometric figures in the above drawing. One is a square.
__________ figures are a rectangle, a circle, and a triangle.
8. Of the four geometric figures in the drawing, only the circle has curved lines.
__________ have straight lines.
174 CHAPTER 6
o Exercise 56. Let's read and write. (Charts 6-13-+ 6-15)
Part I. Read the passage and answer the questions.
Calming Yourself
When was the last time you felt nervous or anxious? Were you able to calm yourself?
There are a variety of techniques that people use to calm themselves. Here are three that many
people have found helpful.
One way that people relax is by imagining a peaceful place, such as a tropical beach.
Thinking about the warm water, cool breezes, and steady sounds of the ocean waves helps
people calm themselves. Another popular method is deep breathing. Inhaling deeply and then
slowly exhaling is an easy way for people to slow their heart rate and relax their body. Still other
people find exercise helpful. Some people benefit from a slow activity like a 20-minute walk.
Others prefer activities that make them tired, like running or swimming.
How about you? How do you calm yourself when you feel nervous? Do any of these
methods help you, or do you do other things to relax?
1. What are three ways people relax when they are nervous? (Use one and another in your
answer.)
2. Why do some people choose activities like running and swimming as a way to relax?
3. Imagine you are trying to relax by thinking of a peaceful place. What place would you
think of?
4. How do you relax when you are nervous?
Part II. Read this paragraph by one student who tells how he relaxes when he's nervous.
How I Calm Down
Sometimes I feel nervous, especially when I have to give a speech. My body begins to
shake, and I realize that I have to calm myself down. This is the technique I use: I imagine myself
in a peaceful place. My favorite place in the world is the sea. I imagine myself on the water. I am
floating. I feel the warm water around me. The sounds around me are very relaxing. I only hear
the waves and maybe a few birds. I don't think about the past or the future. I can feel my heart
rate decrease a little, and my body slowly starts to calm down.
Part III. Write a paragraph about how you relax when you are nervous. Follow the model.
Give specific details about how you relax and what the results are.
Sometimes I feel nervous, especially when I have to My
------ and I realize that I have to calm myself down. This is the
technique I use: _

Adjective Pronoun
SINGULAR another apple another Notice that the word others (other + final -s) is used only as a
plural pronoun.
PLURAL other apples others
SINGULAR the other apple the other
PLURAL the other apples the others

Complete the sentences with correct forms of other: another) other) others) the other)
the others.
1. Juan has only two suits, a blue one and a gray one. His wife wants him to buy
another one.
2. Juan has two suits. One is blue, and is gray.
3. Some suits are blue. __________ are gray.
4. Some jackets have zippers. __________ jackets have buttons.
5. Some people keep dogs as pets. have cats. Still

people have fish or birds as pets.
6. My boyfriend gave me a ring. I tried to put it on my ring finger, but it didn't fit. So I had
to put it on finger.
7. People have two thumbs. One is on the right hand. __________ is on the
left hand.
8. Sometimes when I'm thirsty, I'll have a glass of water, but often one glass isn't enough, so
I'll have one.
9. There are five letters in the word fresh. One of the letters is a vowel.
are consonants.
10. Smith is a common last name in English. __________ common names are
Johnson, Jones, Miller, Anderson, Moore, and Brown.

(J Listen to each conversation and circle the correct statement Ca.or b.).
1. a. The speaker was looking at two jackets.
b. The speaker was looking at several jackets.
2. a. The speakers have only two favorite colors.
b. The speakers have more than two favorite colors.
176 CHAPTER 6
3. a. There are several roads the speakers can take.
b. There are two roads the speakers can take.
4. a. There are only two ways to get downtown.

b. There are more than two ways to get downtown.
5. a. The speaker had more than four pets.
b. The speaker had only four pets.

(J Listen to the conversation about dealing with loneliness. Complete the sentences with the
words you hear.
A: What do you do when you're feeling lonely?
B: I go someplace where I can be around people. Even if they

are strangers, I feel better when there are around me. How
about you?
A: That doesn't work for me. For example, if I'm feeling lonely and I go to a movie by
myself, I look at all people who are there with their friends
and family, and I start to feel even lonelier. So I try to find _
things to do to keep myself busy. When I'm busy, I don't feel lonely.

Edit the sentences. Correct errors in nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and subject-verb agreement.
wishes
1. Jimmy had three wisfl for his birthday.
2. I had some black beans soup for lunch.
3. The windows in our classroom is dirty.
4. People in Brazil speaks Portuguese.
5. Are around 8,600 types of birds in the world.
6. My mother and father work in Milan. Their teacher's.
7. Today many womens are carpenter, pilot, and doctor.
8. Is a new student in our class. Have you met her?
9. There are two pool at the park. The smaller one is for childs. The another is for adults.
10. The highways in my country are excellents.
11. I don't like my apartment. Its in a bad neighborhood. Is a lot of crime. I'm going to
move to other neighborhood.

Check (.,I) the sentences that are grammatically correct.
1. __ I can speak English well.
2. __ He cans speaks English well.
3. __ She can to speak English well.
4. __ Our neighbors can speak some English.
5. __ My parents can't speaking English at all.
. l' .~."'I ')""If'! «I~~l~r}"r I ••. ~ I, "':,;."~ 0~,' '" ., ~ ~", "'~:
7 -1 The Form of Modal Auxiliaries

< ." --, • ,... ''''' (
.________ _ ~:..J;:.c -,..,'~~, \ ~..,.'~;.o(.,~'c ~'.3f>-~ • .:_(:;,_

,
•••••••~ ~_ ...• ~~ __ • _
The verbs listed below are called "modal auxiliaries." They are helping verbs that express a wide range of
meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.
Auxiliary + the Simple Form of a Verb

can (a) Olga can speak English. Can, could, may, might, should, had better, must, will,
could (b) He couldn't come to class. and would are immediately followed by the simple form
( c) It may rain tomorrow. of a verb.

may
• They are not followed by to.
might (d) It might rain tomorrow.
INCORRECT: Olga can to speak English.
should ( e) Mary should study harder.
• The main verb does not have a final -so
had better ( f) I had better study tonight.
INCORRECT: Olga can speaks English.
must (g) Billy! You must listen to me!
• The main verb is not in a past form.
will (h) I will be in class tomorrow. INCORRECT: Olga can spoke English.
would ( i) Would you please close the door? • The main verb is not in its -ing form.
INCORRECT: Olga can speaking English.
Auxiliary + to + the Simple Form of a Verb

have to ( j) I have to study tonight. To + the simple form is used with these auxiliaries:
have got to (k) I have got to study tonight. have to, have got to, be able to, and ought to.
be able to ( I) Kate is able to study harder.

ought to (m) Kate ought to study harder.
178
Make sentences with the given verbs + come. Add to where necessary. Use this model:
Leo __ tonight.
Example: can -~ Leo can come tonight.

1. may 6. might
2. should 7. had better
3. ought 8. has
4. will not 9. has got
5. could not 10. is not able
o
Listen to the sentences. Add to where necessary. If to isn't necessary, write 0.
Notice that to may sound like "ta."
1. I have ~ go downtown tomorrow.
2. You must ~ fasten your seat belt.
3. Could you please __ open the window?
4. May I __ borrow your eraser?
5. I'm not able __ sign the contract today.
6. Today is the deadline. You must __ sign it!
7. I have got __ go to the post office this afternoon.
8. Shouldn't you __ save some of your money for emergencies?
9. I feel bad for Elena. She has __ have more surgery.
10. Alexa! Stop! You must not __ run into the street!

Circle the best completion for each sentence. Discuss your answers.
1. A newborn baby can / can't roll over.
2. A baby of four months can / can't smile.
3. A newborn baby is able to / isn't able to see black and white shapes.
4. A baby of six months is able to / isn't able to see colors.
5. When I was nine months old, I could / couldn't crawl.
6. When I was nine months old, I could / couldn't walk.
Modal Auxiliaries 179

(a) Bob can play the piano. Can expresses ability in the present or future.
(b) You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store.
(c) I can meet you atTed's tomorrow afternoon.
(d) I { ~:~~ot
}
can not
understand that sentence.
The negative form of can may be written can't, cannot,
or can not.
, In spoken English, can is usually unstressed and

(e) I can go.
, pronounced Ik~nl = "kun."
(f) I can't go. Can't is stressed and pronounced Ikren?l, with the final
sound being a glottal stop.* The glottal stop replaces the
It! in spoken English. Occasionally native speakers have
trouble hearing the difference between can and can't
and have to ask for clarification.
(g) Our son could walk when he was one year old. The past form of can is could.
(h) He couldn't walk when he was six months old. The negative of could is couldn't or could not.
( i) He can read. Ability can also be expressed with a form of be able to.
(j) He is able to read. Examples (i) and (j) have the same meaning.
(k) She could read. Examples (k) and (I) have the same meaning.
( I) She was able to read.
*A glottal stop is the sound you hear in the negative "unh-uh." The air is stopped by the closing of your glottis in the back of your
throat. The phonetic symbol for the glottal stop is /7/.

Part 1. Complete the sentences with can or can't.
1. A dog swim, but it fly.
2. A frog live both on land and in water, but a cat
3. A bilingual person speak three languages, but a trilingual person
4. People with a Ph.D. degree use "Dr." in front of their name, but people
with a master's degree _
Part II. Restate the sentences in Part 1. Use be able to.

Interview your classmates. Ask each student a different question. If the answer is "yes,"
ask the follow-up question in parentheses. Share some of your answers with the class.
180 CHAPTER 7
Can you ...
1. speak more than two languages? (Which ones?)
2. play chess? (How long have you played?)
3. fold a piece of paper in half more than six times? (Can you show me?)
4. draw well - for example, draw a picture of me? (Can you do it now?)
Are you able to ...

5. write clearly with both your right and left hands?
(Can you show me?)
6. pat the top of your head with one hand and rub your
stomach in a circle with the other hand at the same time?
(Can you show me?)
7. drive a stick-shift car? (When did you learn?)
8. playa musical instrument? (Which one?)

{J Listen to the conversation. You will hear reductions for can and can't. Write the words you
hear.
In the classroom
A: I ____________ this math assignment.
B: I __________ you with that.

2
A: Really? ____________ this problem to me?
3
B: Well, we ____________ out the answer unless we do this part first.
4
A: Okay! But it's so hard.
B: Yeah, but I know you __________ it. Just go slowly.

5
A: Class is almost over. -- me after school today to finish this?
6
B: Well, I --- you right after school, but how about at 5:00?
7
A: Great!

Complete the sentences with could/couldn't/be able to/not be able to and your own words.
Example: A year ago I __ , but now I can.
-> A year ago 1 couldn't speak English, but now 1 can.
1. When I was a child, I __ , but now I can.

2. When I was six, I __ , but I wasn't able to do that
when I was three.
3. Five years ago, I __ , but now I can't.
4. In the past, I __ , but now I am.

o Exercise9. Warm-up. (Chart 7-3)
Check (.f) the sentences in each group that have the same meaning.
GROUP A
1. Maybe it will be hot tomorrow.
2. It might be hot tomorrow.
3. It may be hot tomorrow.
GROUP B
4. __ You can have dessert, now.
5. __ You may have dessert, now.
GROUP C
6. She can't stay up late.
7. She might not stay up late .
"'%7' '-nso:#-.~"'T. '"J-t'''' ~':.~~; ~~' •.l<l'{(~ -r-~~"'-:"~ ~,\--:"-"'''::''~

...-- ..'''' . "-p- ~_. _.
7- 3 Expressing .Pos-si~ility': ~ciy':¥ignt,;la~(fMaybe;

••
:
•• _IV" 0"-
___ ExJ2ressitH~:~Q!I!iM{iYi~~~,," . ~'"

__ .. _
(a) It may rain tomorrow. May and might express possibility in the present or
(b) It might rain tomorrow. future. They have the same meaning. There is no
(c) - Why isn't John in class? difference in meaning between (a) and (b).
- I don't know. He {m~Yh

mig
} t
be sick today.
---------t---------------------
(d) It may not rain tomorrow. Negative: may not and might not
(e) It might not rain tomorrow. (Do not contract may and might with not.)
(f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. In (f) and (g): maybe (spelled as one word) is an
adverb. It means "possibly." It comes at the beginning
COMPARE:
of a sentence.
(g) Maybe John is sick. (adverb)
INCORRECT: It will maybe rain tomorrow.
(h) John may be sick. (verb)
In (h): may be (two words) is a verb form: the
auxiliary may + the main verb be.
Examples (g) and (h) have the same meaning.
INCORRECT: John maybe sick.
(i) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. May is also used to give permission, as in (i).
(j) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner. Can is often used to give permission, too, as in 0).
NOTE: Examples (i) and 0) have the same meaning,
but may is more formal than can.
(k) You may not have a cookie. May not and cannot (can't) are used to deny
You can't have a cookie. permission (i.e., to say "no").
182 CHAPTER 7
Complete the sentences with can, may, or might. Identify the meaning expressed by the
modals: possibility or permission.
In a courtroom for a speeding ticket

1. No one speaks without the judge's permission. You may / can not speak until the
judge asks you a question. Meaning: j
oermission
2. The judge reduce your fine for your speeding ticket, or she
________ not. It depends. Meaning:
3. You not argue with the judge. If you argue, you will get a fine.
Meaning:
4. You have a strong case, but I'm not sure if you will convince the judge. You _
win or you lose. Meaning:

Rewrite the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1. It may snow tonight.
(might)
(Maybe) _
2. You might need to wear your boots.

(may)
(Maybe) _
3. Maybe there will be a blizzard.

(may)
(might) _

Answer each question with may, might, and maybe. Include at least three possibilities in
each answer. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
Example: What are you going to do tomorrow?
~ I don't know. I may go downtown. OR I might go to the laundromat.
Maybe I'll study all day. Who knows?
1. What are you going to do tomorrow night?

2. What's the weather going to be like tomorrow?
3. What is our teacher going to do tonight?
4. ( __ ) isn't in class today. Where is he/she?
5. What is your occupation going to be ten years from now?

You will hear sentences with can, may, or might. Decide if the speakers are expressing
(J ability, possibility, or permission.
Example: You will hear: A: Where's Victor?

B: I don't know. He may be sick.
You will choose: ability ~sibi~ permission
1. ability possibility permission 4. ability possibility permission

2. ability possibility permission 5. ability possibility permission
3. ability possibility permission

In which sentence is the speaker expressing a past ability? a present possibility? a future possibility?
A soccer game
1. There is five minutes left and the score is 3-3. Our team could win.
2. The goalie is on the ground. He could be hurt.
3. Our team didn't win. We couldn't score another goal.
(a) - How was the movie? Could you One meaning of could is past ability, as in (a).*
understand the English? Another meaning of could is possibility.
- Not very well. I could only understand it In (b): He could be sick has the same meaning as
with the help of subtitles. He may/might be sick, i.e., It is possible that he is sick.
(b) - Why isn't Greg in class? In (b): could expresses a present possibility.
- I don't know. He could be sick.
(c) Look at those dark clouds. It could start raining In (c): could expresses a future possibility.
any minute.
*See also Chart 7-2.
184 CHAPTER 7
Does could express past, present, or future time? What is the meaning: ability or possibility?
Sentence Past Present Future Ability Possibility
l. I could be home late tonight. Don't

x x
wait for me for dinner.
2. Thirty years ago, when he was a small
child, David could speak Swahili fluently.
Now he's forgotten a lot of it.
3. A: Where's Alicia?
B: I don't know. She could be at the mall.
4. When I was a child, I could climb trees,
but now I'm too old.
5. Let's leave for the airport now. Yuki's
plane could arrive early, and we want
to be there when she arrives.
6. A: What's that on the carpet?
B: I don't know. It looks like a bug.
Or it could be a piece of fuzz.

Suggest possible solutions for each situation. Use could. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as
a class.
Example: Tim has to go to work early tomorrow. His car is completely out of gas.
His bicycle is broken.
-~ He could take the bus to work.
-~ He could get a friend to take him to a gas station to get gas.
-~ He could try to fix his bike.
-~ He could get up very early and walk to work.
Etc.
1. Lisa walked to school today. Now she wants to go home. It's raining hard. She doesn't
have an umbrella, and she's wearing sandals.
2. Joe and Joan want to get some exercise. They have a date to play tennis this morning, but
the tennis court is covered with snow.
3. Roberto just bought a new camera. He has it at home now. He has the instruction
manual. It is written in Japanese. He can't read Japanese. He doesn't know how to
operate the camera.
4. Albert likes to travel around the world. He is 22 years old. Today he is alone in Paris. He
needs to eat, and he needs to find a place to stay overnight. But while he was asleep on the
train last night, someone stole his wallet. He has no money.

(J Listen to the conversation between a husband and wife. Listen again and complete the
sentences with the words you hear.
In a home office
A: Look at this cord. Do you know what it's for?
B: I don't know. We have so many cords around here with all our electronic equipment. It
for the printer, I guess.

1
A: No, I checked. The printer isn't missing a cord.
B: It for one of the kid's toys.

2
A: Yeah, I But they don't have many electronic toys.

3
B: I have an idea. It __________ for the cell phone. You know - the one I
4
had before this one.
A: I bet that's it. We probably throw this out.

5
B: Well, let's be sure before we do that.

Check (.I) all the sentences that have the same meaning.
1. __ May I use your cell phone?
2. __ Can I use your cell phone?
3. __ Could I use your cell phone?
186 CHAPTER 7
Polite Question Possible Answers
(a) May I please borrow your pen? Yes. People use may I, could I, * and can I
(b) Could Iplease borrow your pen? Yes. Of course. to ask polite questions. The questions
Yes. Certainly. ask for someone's permission or
(c) Can I please borrow your pen?
Of course. agreement.
Certainly. Examples (a), (b), and (c) have
Sure. (informal) basically the same meaning.
Okay. (informal)
NOTE: can I is less formal than may I
Uh-huh (meaning 'yes")
and could I.
I'm sorry, but I need to use it
(d) Can I borrow your pen, please? myself. Please can come at the end of the
question, as in (d).
(e) Can I borrow your pen? Please can be omitted from the
question, as in (e).
*In a polite question, could is NOT the past form of can.

Complete the phone conversations. Use may I) could I) or can I + a verb from the list.
NOTE: The caller is always Speaker B.
ask help leave speak/talk take
1. A: Hello?
B: Hello. Is Ahmed there?
A: Yes, he is.
B: to him?
A: Just a minute. I'll get him.
2. A: Hello. Mr. Black's office.

B: to Mr. Black?
A: who is calling?
B: Susan Abbott.
A: Just a moment, Ms. Abbott. I'll transfer you.
3. A: Hello?
B: Hi. This is Bob. to Pedro?
A: Sure. Hold on.

4. A: Good afternoon. Dr. Wu's office. you?
B: Yes. I have an appointment that I need to change.
A: Just a minute, please. I'll transfer you to our appointment desk.
5. A: Hello?
B: Hello. to Emily?
A: She's not at home right now. - a message?
B: No, thanks. I'll call later.
6. A: Hello?
B: Hello. to Maria?
A: She's not here right now.
B: Oh. a message?
A: Sure. Just let me get a pen.

Work with a partner. Ask and answer polite questions. Begin with May I, Could I, or Can I.
Make conversations you can role-play for the class.
Example: (A), you want to see (B)'s grammar book for a minute.
SPEAKER A: May/Could/Can I (please) see your grammar book for a minute?
SPEAKERB: Of course. / Sure. / Etc.
SPEAKER A: Thank you. / Thanks. I forgot to bring mine to class today.
1. (A), you want to see (B)'s dictionary for a minute.
2. (A), you are at a restaurant. (B) is your server. You have finished your meal. You want the
check.
3. (B), you run into (A) on the street. (A) is carrying some heavy packages. What are you
going to say to him/her?
4. (A), you are speaking to (B), who is one of your teachers. You want to leave class early today.
5. (B), you are in a store with your good friend (A). The groceries cost more than you
expected. You don't have enough money. What are you going to say to your friend?

Check the questions that are grammatically correct. Which two questions do you think are
more polite than the others?
In the kitchen
1. __ Will you help me with the dishes?
2. __ Would you load the dishwasher?
3. __ May you load the dishwasher?
4. __ Can you unload the dishwasher?
5. __ Could you unload the dishwasher?
188 CHAPTER 7
, ,
Polite Question Possible Answers
(a) Would you please open the door? Yes. People use would you, could you,
(b) Could you please open the door? Yes. Of course. will you, and can you to ask polite
(c) Will you please open the door? Certainly. I'd be happy to. questions. The questions ask for
(d) Can you please open the door? Of course. I'd be glad to. someone's help or cooperation.
Sure. (informal) Examples (a), (b), (c), and (d) have
Okay. (informal) basically the same meaning.
Uh-huh. (meaning "yes") Would and could are generally
I'm sorry. I'd like to help, but considered more polite than will and
my hands are full.
can.
NOTE: May is NOT used when you is the

subject of a polite question.
INCORRECT: May you please open the
door?

Make two different questions for each situation. Use you.
1. You're in a room and it's getting very hot.
Formal: Would you please open the window?
Informal: Can you turn on the air-conditioner?
2. You're trying to listen to the news on TV, but your friends are talking too loud, and you
can't hear it.
Formal:
Informal:
3. You're in a restaurant. You are about to pay and notice the bill is more than it should be.
The server has made a mistake.
Formal:
Informal:
o Exercise 23. Let's talk: pairwork. (Charts 7-5 and 7-6)

Work with a partner. Make a conversation for one (or more) of the given situations. Perform
your conversation for the rest of the class.
Example: You're in a restaurant. You want the server to refill your coffee cup.
You catch the server's eye and raise your hand slightly. He approaches your table and
says: "Yes? What can I do for you?"
PARTNERA: Yes? What can I do for you?
PARTNERB: Could I please have some more coffee?
PARTNERA: Of course. Right away. Could I get you anything else?

PARTNERB: No thanks. Oh, on second thought, yes. Would you bring some cream too?
PARTNERA: Certainly.
PARTNERB: Thanks.
1. You've been waiting in a long line at a busy bakery. Finally, it's your turn. The clerk turns
toward you and says: "Next!"
2. You are at work. You feel sick and you have a slight fever. You really want to go home. You
see your boss, Mr. Jenkins, passing by your desk. You say: "Mr. Jenkins, could I speak with
you for a minute?"
3. The person next to you on the plane has finished reading his newspaper. You would like to
read it. He also has a bag on the floor that is in your space. You would like him to move it.
You say: "Excuse me."

Your friend Paula has a terrible headache. What advice would you give her? Check (.I) the
sentences you agree with.
1. You should lie down.

2. You should take some medicine.
3. __ You ought to call the doctor.
4. __ You should go to the emergency room.
5. __ You ought to put an ice-pack on your forehead.
- ... . --- - - - . .-
.7-7 Expressing Advic~~Shoul~_an(tOug!!.~.To __ _ _ . _

(a) My clothes are dirty. I { should } wash them. Should and ought to have the same meaning:
ought to "This is a good idea. This is good advice."
(b) INCORRECT: I should to wash them. FORMS:
(c) INCORRECT: I ought washing them. should + simple form of a verb (no to)
ought + to + simple form of a verb
(d) You need your sleep. You should not (shouldn't) NEGATIVE: should + not = shouldn't
stay up late. (Ought to is usually not used in the negative.)
(e) A: I'm going to be late for the bus. What should I do? QUESTION: should + subject + main verb
B: Run! (Ought to is usually not used in questions.)
(f) A: I'm tired today. The use of maybe with should and ought to
B: You should/ought to go home and take a nap. "softens" advice.
(g) A: I'm tired today. COMPARE:
B: Maybe you should/ought to go home and take a In (f): Speaker B is giving definite advice. He is
nap. stating clearly that he believes going home for a
nap is a good idea and is the solution to Speaker
A's problem.
In (g): Speaker B is making a suggestion: going
home for a nap is one possible way to solve
Speaker A's problem.
190 CHAPTER 7
Work with a partner. Partner A states the problem. Partner B gives advice using should or
ought to. Include maybe to soften the advice if you wish.
I'm sleepy.
Example:
PARTNER
A: I'm sleepy.
PARTNER
B: (Maybe) You should/ought to drink a cup of tea.
1. I can't fall asleep at night.

2. I have a sore throat.
3. I have the hiccups.
4. I sat on my friend's sunglasses. Now the frames are bent.
Change roles.
5. I'm starving.*
6. I dropped my sister's camera, and now it doesn't work.
7. Someone stole my lunch from the refrigerator in the staff lounge at work.
8. I bought some shoes that don't fit. Now my feet hurt.

Marco has lost his passport. Here are some suggestions. Check (.I) the sentences you agree
with. Which sentences seem more serious or urgent?
1. __ He had better go to the embassy.
2. He should wait and see if someone returns it.
3. __ He had better report it to the police.
4. __ He should ask a friend to help him look for it.
•
{:~:%':to } wash
Had better has the same basic meaning as should
(a) My clothes are dirty. I them. and ought to: "This is a good idea. This is good
had better advice."
Had better has more of a sense of urgency than

(b) You're driving too fast! You'd better slowdown.
should or ought to. It often implies a warning about
possible bad consequences. In (b): If you don't slow
down, there could be a bad result. You could get a
speeding ticket or have an accident.
(c) You'd better not eat that meat. It looks spoiled. NEGATIVE: had better not
(d) I'd better send my boss an email right away. In conversation, had is usually contracted: 'd.
*srarving (informal English) = very, very hungry

Give advice using had better. What are some possible bad consequences if your advice is not
followed? Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
1. I haven't paid my electric bill.
-~ lOu'd better pay it by tomorrow. If you don't pay it, the electric company will turn off the power.
2. Joe oversleeps a lot. This week he has been late to work three times. His boss is very
unhappy about that.
3. I don't feel good right now. I think I'm coming down with something. *
4. I can't remember if I locked the front door when I left for work.
5. My ankle really hurts. I think I've sprained it.
6. I can't find my credit card, and I've looked everywhere.

Edit the sentences. Correct the verb form errors.
had
1. You will better not be late.
2. Anna shouldn't wears shorts to work.
3. I should to go to the post office today.
4. I ought paying my bills today.
5. You'd had better to call the doctor today.
6. You don't should stay up too late tonight.
7. You better not leaving your key in the door.
8. Mr. Lim is having a surprise party for his wife. He ought told people soon.
o Exercise 29. Let's talk. (Charts 7-7 and 7-8)

Work in small groups. Give advice using should, ought to, and had better. The leader states
the problem, and others in the group offer suggestions. Select a different leader for each item.
Example:
LEADER: I study, but I don't understand my physics class. It's the middle of the term, and I'm
failing the course. I need a science course in order to graduate. What should I do?**
SPEAKER A: You'd better get a tutor right away.
SPEAKER B: You should make an appointment with your teacher and see if you can get some
extra help.
SPEAKER C: Maybe you ought to drop your physics course and take a different science course
next term.
*The idiom come down wirh somerhing = get a sickness, like a cold or the flu
**Should (NOT oughrco or had beuer) is usually used in a question that asks for advice. The answer, however, can contain should,
oughr co, or had beuer. For example:
A: My houseplanrs always die. "Whar should I do?
B: You'd better ger a book on planes. Thu should rry co find out why rhey die. Maybe you ought to look on rhe Inrerner and see
If you can find some informarion.
192 CHAPTER 7
1. I forgot my dad's birthday yesterday. I feel terrible about it. What should I do?
2. I just discovered that I made dinner plans for tonight with two different people. I'm
supposed to meet my parents at one restaurant at 7:00, and I'm supposed to meet my boss
at a different restaurant across town at 8:00. What should I do?
3. Samira accidentally left the grocery store with an item she didn't pay for. Her young
daughter put it in Samira's shopping bag, but she didn't see it. What should Samira do?
4. I borrowed Karen's favorite book of poetry. It was special to her. A note on the inside
cover said "To Karen." The author's signature was under it. Now I can't find the book.
I think I lost it. What should I do?

Which of these statements about writing a resume are true in your country? Check (.I) them
and then decide which sentence is more common in writing and which sentences are more
common in speaking.
Writing a resume
1. __ You must list all your previous employers.
2. __ You have to provide references.
3. __ You have got to include personal information, for example, whether you are
married or not.
I .:.
(a) I have a very important test tomorrow. Have to, have got to, and must have basically the
same meaning. They express the idea that something
is necessary.
I {~:~: ;ot to} study tonight.
must
(b) I'd like to go with you to the movie this evening, but Have to is used much more frequently in everyday
I can't. I have to go to a meeting. speech and writing than must.
(c) Bye now! I've got to go. My wife's waiting for me. Have got to is typically used in informal conversation,
I'll call you later. as in (c).
(d) All passengers must present their passports at
customs upon arrival. Must is typically found in written instructions or rules,
(e) Tommy, you must hold onto the railing when you as in (d). Adults also use it when talking to younger
go down the stairs. children, as in (e). It sounds very strong.
(f) Do we have to bring pencils to the test? QUESTIONS: Have to is usually used in questions, not
(g) Why did he have to leave so early? must or have got to. Forms of do are used with have
to in questions.
(h) I had to study last night. The PAST form of have to, have got to, and must
(meaning necessity) is had to.
( i) I have to (UhaftaU)go downtown today. Notice that have to, has to, and have got to are
(j) Rita has to (Uhasta") go to the bank. commonly reduced, as in (i) through (k).
(k) I've got to (Ugotta") study tonight.

Answer the questions. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
1. What are some things you have to do today? tomorrow? every day?
2. What is something you had to do yesterday?
3. What is something you've got to do soon?
4. What is something you've got to do after class today or later tonight?
5. What is something a driver must do, according to the law?
6. What is something a driver should always do to be a safe driver?
7. What are some things a person should do to stay healthy?
8. What are some things a person must do to stay alive?

(J Complete the sentences with the words you hear. Before you begin, you may want to check
your understanding of these words: apply, applicable, legal, nickname, previous, employer.
EMPLOYMENT APPLICATION
Applications are considered for all positions without regard to race, color. religion. sex. national origin.
age, maritalor veteran status., or in the presence of a non-related medical condition or handicap.
l/OlV\';' N/A Fro~ M';''74,20ft

First Name Middle Initial last Name Date
1443M,;,pfe Ridge Hetght!; ???-?4?-?4?4

Address Phone #
H';'PP'7vr"ffe PA o?o?? 123-000-7890

City Sta", Zip Code Social Security #
Filling out a job application

1. The application be complete. You shouldn't skip any parts. If a
section doesn't fit your situation, you can write N/A (not applicable).
2. type it, but your writing _
be easy to read.
3. use your full legal name, not your nickname.
4. list the names and places of your previous employers.
5. list your education, beginning with either high school
or college.
6. always apply in person. Sometimes you can do
it online.
7. write some things, like the same telephone number,

twice. You can write "same as above."
8. All spelling be correct.
194 CHAPTER 7
o Exercise 33. Let's read and talk. (Charts 7-7 -> 7-9)
Read the passage and then give advice.
A Family Problem
Mr. and Mrs. Hill don't know what to do about their 15-year-old son, Mark. He's very
intelligent but has no interest in learning. His grades are getting worse, and he won't do any
homework. Sometimes he skips school and spends the day at the mall.
His older sister Kathy is a good student, and she never causes any problems at home.
Kathy hasn't missed a day of school all year. Mark's parents keep asking him why he can't be
more like Kathy. Mark is jealous of Kathy and picks fights* with her.
All Mark does when he's home is stay in his room and listen to loud music. He often
refuses to eat meals with his family. He argues with his parents, his room is a mess, and he
won't** help around the house.
This family needs advice. Tell them what changes they should make. What should they
do? What shouldn't they do?
Use each of these words at least once in the advice you give:
should ought to
shouldn't have to/has to
have got to/has got to must
had better

Which sentence Ca.or b.) completes the idea of the given sentence?
We have lots of time.

a. You must not drive so fast!
b. You don't have to drive so fast.
(a) I finished all of my homework this afternoon. Don't/doesn't have to expresses the idea that
I don't have to study tonight. something is not necessary.
(b) Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary doesn't have to go
to class.
I
I (c) Bus passengers must not talkto the driver. Must not expresses prohibition (DONOTDOTHIS!).
I (d) Children, you must not play with matches!
(e) You mustn't play with matches. Must + not = mustn't

(NOTE:The first "t" is not pronounced.)
*pick a fight = start a fight
**won't is used here to express refusal: He refuses to help around the house.

Complete the sentences with don't have to, doesn't have to, or must not.
1. You must not drive when you are tired. It's dangerous.
2. I live only a few blocks from my office. I don't have to drive to work.
3. Liz finally got a car, so now she drives to work. She take
the bus.
4. Mr. Murphy is very wealthy. He work for a living.
5. You tell Daddy about the birthday party. We want it to be

a surprise.
6. A: Did Professor Acosta give an assignment?
B: Yes, she assigned Chapters 4 and 6, but we read

Chapter 5.
7. A: Listen carefully, Kristen. If a stranger offers you a ride, you _

get in the car. Never get in a car with a stranger. Do you understand?
B: Yes, Mom.

Read the situation and the conclusions that follow. Which conclusion(s) seems logical to you?
Explain your answers, if necessary.
SITUATION:Mr. Ellis is a high school gym teacher. He usually wears gym clothes to work.
Today he is wearing a suit and tie.
1. He must have an important meeting.

2. He must be rich.
3. He must need new clothes.
4. He must want to make a good impression on someone.
5. His gym clothes must not be clean.
196 CHAPTER 7
(a) A: Nancy is yawning.
. .:.
In (a): Speaker B is making a logical guess. He bases
B: She must be sleepy. his guess on the information that Nancy is yawning.
His logical conclusion, his "best guess," is that Nancy
is sleepy. He uses must to express his logical
conclusion.
(b) LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Amy plays tennis every day. COMPARE: Must can express
She must like to play tennis. • a logical conclusion, as in (b).
(c) NECESSITY: If you want to get into the movie • necessity, as in (c).
theater, you must buy a ticket.
(d) NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Eric ate everything COMPARE: Must not can express
on his plate except the pickle. He must not like • a negative logical conclusion, as in (d).
pickles. • prohibition, as in (e).
(e) PROHIBITION:There are sharks in the ocean near
our hotel. We must not go swimming there.

Complete the conversations with must or must not.
1. A: Did you offer our guests something to eat?

B: Yes, but they didn't want anything. They must not be hungry yet.
2. A: You haven't eaten since breakfast? That was hours ago. You must be
hungry.
B: I am.
3. A: Gregory has already had four glasses of water, and now he's having another.
B: He be really thirsty.
4. A: I offered Holly something to drink, but she doesn't want anything.

B: She be thirsty.
5. A: The dog won't eat.

B: He feel well.
6. A: Brian has watery eyes and has been coughing and sneezing.
B: Poor guy. He have a cold.
7. A: Erica's really smart. She always gets above 95 percent on her math tests.
B: I'm sure she's pretty bright, but she also study a lot.
8. A: Listen. Someone is jumping on the floor above us.

B: It be Sam. Sometimes he does exercises in his apartment.

Make a logical conclusion for each situation. Use must.
1. Alima is crying. ~ She must be unhappy.
2. Mrs. Chu has a big smile on her face.
3. Samantha is shivering.
4. Olga watches ten movies a week.
5. James is sweating.
6. Toshi can lift one end of a compact car by himself.

Make logical conclusions with must or must not. Use the suggested completions and/or your
own words.
1. I am at Cyril's apartment door. I've knocked on the door and have rung the doorbell
several times. Nobody has answered the door. be at home? be out somewhere?
~ Cyril must not be at home. He must be out somewhere.
2. Jennifer reads all the time. She sits in a quiet corner and reads even when people come to
visit her. love books? like books better than people? like to talk to people?
3. Lara has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead in the school
play, is a volunteer at the hospital, takes piano lessons, and has a part-time job at an
ice-cream store. be busy all the time? have a lot of spare time? be a hard worker?
4. Simon gets on the Internet every day as soon as he gets home from work. He stays at his
computer until he goes to bed. be a computer addict? have a happy home life? have a lot of
friends?

Complete the sentences with must, have to, or had to and the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses.
---- really tired.
---------_ up all night working on a project.
-----------_ on it later today, but I have a million other
really busy.
198 CHAPTER 7
Complete the questions with the correct words from the list. Two words don't fit any questions.
can't couldn't do does will wouldn't
1. You can work this weekend, you?
2. He won't be late, he?
3. We'd like you to stay, we?
4. They don't have to leave, they?
•• •
(a) You can come, can't you? Tag questions are common with these modal
(b) She won't tell, will she? auxiliaries: can, will, should, could, and would. *
(c) He should help, shouldn't he?
(d) They couldn't do it, could they?
(e) We would like to help, wouldn't we?
(f) They have to leave, don't they? Tag questions are also common with have to, has to,
(g) They don't have to leave, do they? and had to.
(h) He has to leave, doesn't he? Notice that forms of do are used for the tag in
I (i) He doesn't have to leave, does he? (f) through (k).
(j) You had to leave, didn't you?
(k) You didn't have to leave, did you?
*See Chart 5-15, p. 140, for information on how to use tag questions.

Complete the tag questions.
1. You can answer these questions, you?
2. Melinda won't tell anyone our secret, __________ she?
3. Alice would like to come with us, ___________ she?
4. I don't have to do more chores, I?

5. Steven shouldn't come to the meeting, __________ he?
6. Flies can fly upside down, they?
7. You would rather have your own apartment, ___________ you?
8. Jill has to renew her driver's license, ___________ she?
9. If you want to catch your bus, you should leave now, ___________ you?

10. Ms. Baxter will be here tomorrow, she?
11. You couldn't hear me, you?
12. We have to be at the doctor's early tomorrow, we?
o Exercise43. Warm-up. (Chart 7-13)

Read each group of sentences. Decide who the speaker is and a possible situation for each
group.
GROUP A
1. Show me your driver's license.
2. Take it out of your wallet, please.
3. Step out of the car.
GROUP B
1. Open your mouth.
2. Stick out your tongue.
3. Say "ahhh."
4. Let me take a closer look.
5. Don't bite me!
COMMAND:
Imperative sentences are used to give commands,
(a) Captain: Open the door! make polite requests, and give directions. The
Soldier: Yes, sir! difference between a command and a request lies in
REQUEST: the speaker's tone of voice and the use of please.
(b) Teacher: Open the door, please. Please can come at the beginning or end of a request:
Student: Sure. Open the door, please.
DIRECTIONS: Please open the door.
(c) Barbara: Could you tell me how to get to the post
office?
Stranger: Certainly. Walk two blocks down this
street. Turn left and walk three more
blocks. It's on the right-hand side of
the street.
(d) Close the window. The simple form of a verb is used in imperative
(e) Please sit down. sentences. In (d): The understood subject of the
(f) Be quiet! sentence is you (meaning the person the speaker is
(g) Don't walk on the grass. talking to): Close the window = You close the window.
(h) Please don't wait for me.
NEGATIVE FORM:
(i) Don't be late.
Don't + the simple form of a verb
200 CHAPTER 7
Part I. Read the steps for cooking rice. Put them in a logical order (1-9). Work with a partner
or in small groups.
1. Measure the rice.
2. Cook for 20 minutes.
3. Pour water into a pan.
4. Bring the water to a boil.

5. Put the rice in the pan.
6. Don't burn yourself.
7. Set the timer.

8. Turn off the heat.
9. Take the pan off the stove.
Part II. Write instructions for cooking something simple. Share your recipe with the class.

(J Part I. Listen to the steps in this number puzzle and write the verbs you hear.
Before you begin, you may want to check your understanding of these words: add, subtract,
multiply, double.
Puzzle steps:
1. _____ down the number of the month you were born. For example,
_____ the number 2 if you were born in February.
_____ 3 if you were born in March, etc.
2. _____ the number.
3. _____ 5 to it.
4. ____ it by 50.
5. _____ your age.
6. ____ 250.
Part II. Now follow the steps in Part I to complete the puzzle. In the final number, the last
two digits on the right will be your age, and the one or two digits on the left will be the month
you were born.

o Exercise 46. Reading and writing. (Chart 7-13)
Part I. Read the passage. Cross out suggestions that don't work for a job interview in your
country. Then add more suggestions until there are ten.
How to Make a Good Impression in a Job Interview
Do you want to know how to make a good impression when you interview for a job? Here
are some suggestions for you to consider.
1. Dress appropriately for the company. Flip-flops and shorts, for

example, are usually not appropriate.
2. Be sure to arrive early. Employers like punctual workers.
3. Bring extra copies of your resume and references. There may be
more than one interviewer.
4. Make eye contact with the interviewer. It shows confidence.
5. Don't chew gum during the interview.
6. Research the company before you go. That way you can show your
knowledge and interest in the company.
If you follow these suggestions, you will have a better chance of making a good impression
when you go for a job interview.
Part II. Write three paragraphs. Use the topic in Part I, or give general advice to people who
want to ...
1. improve their health. 4. find a job.

2. get good grades. 5. get a good night's sleep.
3. improve their English. 6. protect the environment by recycling.
Use this model.
I. Introductory paragraph: Do you want to ... ? Here are some suggestions for you to consider.
II. Middle paragraph: (List the suggestions and add details.)
III. Final paragraph: If you follow these suggestions) you will ....
202 CHAPTER 7
Check (.I) the items that are suggestions.
1. __ Why do bears hibernate?
2. __ I have a day off. Why don't we
take the kids to the zoo?
3. __ Let's go see the bears at the zoo.
(a) - It's hot today. Let's ga ta the beach. Let's and Why don't we are used to make
- Okay. Good idea. suggestions about activities for you and another
person to do.
(b) - It's hot today. Why don't we ga ta the beach?
Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
- Okay. Good idea.
Let's = let us
(c) - I'm tired. In (c): Why don't you is used to make a friendly
- Why don't you take a nap? suggestion or to give friendly advice.
- That's a good idea. I think I will.

Make suggestions beginning with Let's and Why don't we.
1. Where should we go for dinner tonight?
2. Who should we ask to join us for dinner tonight?
3. What time should we meet at the restaurant?
4. Where should we go afterwards?

Work in small groups. The leader states the problem, and then others in the group offer
suggestions beginning with Why don't you.
1. I'm freezing.
2. I'm feeling dizzy.
3. I feel like doing something interesting and fun this weekend. Any ideas?
4. I need to get more exercise, but I get bored with indoor activities. Any suggestions?
5. I haven't done my assignment for Professor Lopez. It will take me a couple of hours, and
class starts in an hour. What am I going to do?
6. I've lost the key to my apartment, so I can't get in. My roommate is at the library. What
am I going to do?
7. My friend and I had an argument, and now we aren't talking to each other. I've had some
time to think about it, and I'm sorry for what I said. I miss her friendship. What should
I do?

(J Listen to the conversation about a couple making suggestions
time and put the suggestions in the correct order (1-3).
for the evening. Listen a second
Suggestions:
1. go to a restaurant
2. go dancing
3. go to a movie

Check (.1) the statements that are true for you.
1. __ I prefer fruit to vegetables.

2. __ I like raw vegetables better than cooked.
3. __ I would rather eat vegetables than meat.
(a) I prefer apples to oranges. prefer + noun + to + noun

(b) I prefer watching TV to studying. prefer + -ing verb + to + -ing verb
(c) I like apples better than oranges. like + noun + better than + noun
(d) I like watching TV better than studying. like + -ing verb + better than + -ing verb
(e) Ann would rather have an apple than an orange. Would rather is followed immediately by the simple
(f) INCORRECT: Ann would rather has an apple. form of a verb (e.g., have, visit, live), as in (e).
(g) I'd rather visit a big city than live there. Verbs following than are also in the simple form, as
in (g).
(h) INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big city than to live there.
INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big city than living there.
(i) I'd / You'd / She'd / He'd / We'd / They'd rather Contraction of would = 'd
have an apple.
(j) Would you rather have an apple or an orange? In (j): In a polite question, would rather can be
followed by or to offer someone a choice.

Complete the sentences with than or to.
1. When I'm hot and thirsty, I prefer cold drinks to hot drinks.
2. When I'm hot and thirsty, I like cold drinks better than hot drinks.
3. When I'm hot and thirsty, I'd rather have a cold drink than a hot drink.
4. I prefer tea coffee.
5. I like tea better coffee.
204 CHAPTER 7
6. I'd rather drink tea coffee.
7. When I choose a book, I prefer nonfiction ______ fiction.
8. I like folk music music better rock and roll.
9. My parents would rather work ______ retire. They enjoy their jobs.
10. Do you like spring better fall?
II. I prefer visiting my friends in the evening _______ watching TV by myself.
12. I would rather read a book in the evening ______ visit with friends.

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions. Be sure to answer in
complete sentences.
Examples: Which do you prefer: apples or oranges?*
-~ I prefer oranges to apples.
Which do you like better: bananas or strawberries?
-~ I like bananas better than strawberries.
Which would you rather have right now: an apple or a banana?
-~ I'd rather have a banana.
1. Which do you like better: rice or potatoes?

2. Which do you prefer: peas or corn?
3. Which would you rather have for dinner tonight: fish or chicken?
4. Name two sports. Which do you like better?
5. Name two movies. Which one would you rather see?
6. What kind of music would you rather listen to: rock or classical?
7. Name two vegetables. Which do you prefer?
8. Name two TV programs. Which do you like better?

Interview your classmates. Use would rather ... than in your answers.
WVuld you rather ...

1. live in an apartment or in a house?** Why? 5. surf the Internet or watch TV? Why?
2. be an author or an artist? Why? 6. have a big family or a small family? Why?
3. drive a fast car or fly a small plane? Why? 7. be a bird or a fish? Why?
4. be rich and unlucky in love or 8. spend your free time with other people
poor and lucky in love? Why? or be by yourself? Why?
~ -----,.
*Use a rising intonation on the first choice and a falling intonation on the second choice: Which do you prefer, apples or oranges?
**It is possible but not necessary to repeat a preposition after than.

CORRECT: I'd rather live in an apartment than in a house.
CORRECT: I'd rather live in an apartment than a house.

o Exercise 55. Looking at grammar. (Chapter 7)
Choose the best completion for each sentence.
Example: A: My cat won't eat.
B: You call the vet.
a. will @ had better c. may
1. A: Does this pen belong to you?

B: No. It be Susan's. She was sitting at that desk.
a. had better b. will c. must
2. A: Let's go to a movie this evening.
B: That sounds like fun, but I can't. I __ finish a report before I go to bed tonight.
a. have got to b. would rather c. ought to
3. A: Hey, Pietro. What's up* with Ken? Is he upset about something?
B: He's angry because you recommended Ann instead of him for the promotion. You
__ sit down with him and explain your reasons. At least that's what I think.
a. should b. will c. can
4. A: Does Omar want to go with us to the film festival tonight?
B: No. He __ go to a wrestling match than the film festival.
a. could b. would rather c. prefers
5. A: I did it! I did it! I got my driver's license!
B: Congratulations, Michelle. I'm really proud of you.
A: Thanks, Dad. Now __ I have the car tonight? Please, please?
B: No. You're not ready for that quite yet.
a. will b. should c. may
6. A: I just tripped on your carpet and almost fell. It's loose right by the door. You __ fix
it before someone gets hurt.
B: Yes, Uncle Ben. I should. I will. I'm sorry. Are you all right?
a. can b. ought to c. may
7. A: Are you going to the conference in Atlanta next month?
B: 1 __ . It's sort of iffy** right now. I've applied for travel money, but who knows what
my supervisor will do.
a. will b. have to c. might
8. A: What shall we do after the meeting this evening?
B: __ pick Jan up and all go out to dinner together.
a. Why don't b. Let's c. Should
9. A: What shall we do after that?
B: __ we go back to my place for dessert.
a. Why don't b. Let's c. Should
*ll7hat's up? = What's going on?
**iffy = uncertain; doubtful
206 CHAPTER 7
10. A: Have you seen my denim jacket? I __ find it.
B: Look in the hall closet.
a. may not b. won't c. can't
11. A: Bye, Mom. I'm going to go play soccer with my friends.
B: Wait a minute, young man! You __ do your chores first.
a. had better not b. have to c. would rather
12. A: Do you think that Scott will quit his job?
B: I don't know. He He's very angry. We'll just have to wait and see.
a. must b. may c. will
13. A: The hotel provides towels, you know. You __ pack a towel in your suitcase.
B: This is my bathrobe, not a towel.
a. don't have to b. must not c. couldn't
14. A: Did you climb to the top of the Statue of Liberty when you were in New York?
B: No, I didn't. My knee was very sore, and I __ climb all those stairs.
a. might not b. couldn't c. must not
15. A: Rick, __ work for me this evening? I'll take your shift tomorrow.
B: Sure. I was going to ask you to work for me tomorrow anyway.
a. should you b. could you c. do you have to
16. A: What are you children doing? Stop! You __ play with sharp knives.
B: Why not?
a. must not b. couldn't c. don't have to
17. A: Don't wait for me. I late.
B: Okay.
a. maybe b. can be c. may be
18. A: The Bensons are giving their daughter a new skateboard for her birthday.
B: They __ give her a helmet, too. She does some dangerous things on a skateboard.
a. had better b. can't c. would rather

Check C.",) the sentences that have the correct punctuation.
1. __ I ate an apple, and an orange.
2. __ I ate an apple and an orange.
3. __ I ate an apple, an orange, and a banana.
4. __ I ate an apple, Nina ate a peach.
5. __ I ate an apple, and Nina ate a peach.
Connecting Items within a Sentence

(a) NO COMMA: I saw a cat and a mouse. When and connects only TWO WORDS (or phrases) within a
(b) COMMAS: I saw a cat, a mouse, anda dog. sentence, NO COMMA is used, as in (a).
When and connects THREE OR MORE items within a
sentence, COMMAS are used, as in (b).*
Connecting Two Sentences

(c) COMMA: I saw a cat, and you saw a mouse. When and connects TWO COMPLETE SENTENCES (also called
"independent" clauses), a COMMA is usually used, as in (c).
(d) PERIOD: I saw a cat. You saw a mouse. Without and, two complete sentences are separated by a
(e) INCORRECT: I saw a cat, you saw a mouse. period, as in (d), not a comma.**
A complete sentence begins with a capital letter; note that
You is capitalized in (d).
*In a series of three or more items, the comma before and is optional.
ALSO CORRECT: I saw a Cal, a mouse and a dog.
**A "period" (the dot used at the end of a sentence) is called a "full stop" in British English.
208
Underline and label the words (noun, verb, adjective) connected by and. Add commas as
necessary.
noun + noun
1. My mom puts milk and sugar in her tea. ~ (no commas needed)
noun + noun + noun

2. My mom puts milk, sugar, and lemon in her tea. -> (commas needed)
3. The river is wide and deep.
4. The river is wide deep and dangerous.
5. The teenage girls at the slumber* party played music ate pizza and told ghost stories.
6. The teenage girls played music and ate pizza.
7. My mom dad sister and grandfather came to the party to see my son and daughter
celebrate their fourth birthday.
8. When he wanted to entertain the children, my husband mooed like a cow roared like a lion
and barked like a dog.
o Exercise 3. Let's talk and write: interview. (Chart 8-1)

Interview another student in your class. Take notes and then write complete sentences using
and. Share some of the answers with the class.
W'hat are ...
1. your three favorite sports?
2. three adjectives that describe the weather today?
3. four cities that you would like to visit?
4. two characteristics that describe this city or town?
5. five things you did this morning?
6. three things you are afraid of?
7. two or more things that make you happy?
8. three or more adjectives that describe the people in your country?
9. the five most important qualities of a good parent?
*slumber = sleep; at a slumber party, friends sleep overnight together.
Connecting Ideas 209

Add commas and periods where appropriate. Capitalize as necessary.
T
1. The rain fell. ,the wind blew.
2. The rain fell, and the wind blew.*
3. I talked he listened.
4. I talked to Ryan about his school grades and he listened to me carefully.
5. The five most common words in English are the and of to and a.
6. The man asked a question the woman answered it.
7. The man asked a question and the woman answered it.
8. Rome is an Italian city it has a mild climate and many interesting attractions.
9. You should visit Rome its climate is mild and there are many interesting attractions.

Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Make true statements.
1. When I'm not sure of the meaning of a word in English, I _
____________ or
2. Sometimes I don't understand native speakers of English, but I _
(a) I went to bed but couldn't sleep. And, but, and or are called "coordinating conjunctions."
(b) Is a lemon sweet or sour? Like and, but and or can connect items within a
(c) Did you order coffee, tea, or milk? sentence.
Commas are used with a series of three or more items,

as in (c).
I dropped the vase. = a sentence A comma is usually used when but or or combines two
It didn't break. = a sentence complete (independent) sentences into one sentence,
(d) I dropped the vase, but it didn't break. as in (d) and (e).
(e) Do we have class on Monday, or is Monday a A conjunction can also come at the beginning of a
holiday? sentence, except in formal writing.
ALSO CORRECT: I dropped the vase. But it didn't break.
I saw a cat. And you saw a mouse.
*Sometimes the comma is omitted when and connects two very short independent clauses.
ALSO CORRECT: The rain fell and the wind blew. (NO COMMA)
In longer sentences, the comma is helpful and usual.
21 0 CHAPTER 8
Complete the sentences with and, but, or or. Add commas as necessary.
1. I washed my shirt, but it didn't get clean.
2. Would you like some water or some fruit juice?
3. I bought some paper, a birthday card, and some envelopes.
4. The flight attendants served dinner I didn't eat it.
5. I was hungry didn't eat on the plane. The food didn't look appetizing.
6. I washed my face, brushed my teeth combed my hair.
7. Golf tennis are popular sports.
8. Sara is a good tennis player she's never played golf.
9. Which would you prefer? Would you like to play tennis golf Saturday?
10. Who made the call? Did Bob call you did you call Bob?

Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary.
Electronic devices* on airplanes

C
1. Laptops are electronic devices. jtell phones are electronic devices.
2. Laptops and portable DVD players are electronic devices but flashlights aren't.
3. Passengers can't use these electronic devices during takeoffs and landings they can use
them the rest of the flight.
4. During takeoffs and landings, airlines don't allow passengers to use laptops DVD players
electronic readers or PDAs. **
5. The devices may cause problems with the navigation system and they may cause problems
with the communication system.

Match the sentences in Column A with a logical idea from Column B.
ColumnA Column B
1. I was tired, so 1 __ . a. didn't sleep
2. I was tired, but I __ ' b. slept
*device = a thing, often electric or electronic, that has a specific purpose
** PDA = personal digital assistant; a small device that has some computer functions

(a) The room was dark, so I turned on a light. So can be used as a conjunction, as in (a). It is
preceded by a comma. It connects the ideas in two
independent clauses.
So expresses results:
cause: The room was dark.
result: I turned on a light.
(b) COMPARE: But often expresses an unexpected result, as in (b).

The room was dark, but I didn't turn on a light.

Complete the sentences with so or but.
1. It began to rain, so I opened my umbrella.
2. It began to rain, but I didn't open my umbrella.
3. I didn't have an umbrella, I got wet.
4. I didn't have an umbrella, I didn't get wet because I was wearing my

raincoat.
5. The water was cold, I went swimming anyway.
6. The water was cold, I didn't go swimming.
7. Scott's directions to his apartment weren't clear, Sonia got lost.
8. The directions weren't clear, I found Scott's apartment anyway.
9. My friend lied to me, I still like and trust her.
10. My friend lied to me, I don't trust her anymore.
o Exercise 1O. Looking at grammar. (Charts 8-1 -> 8-3)

Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary.
Surprising animal facts:
W
1. Some tarantulas* can go two and a half years without food. ~hen they eat, they like
grasshoppers beetles small spiders and sometimes small lizards.
2. A female elephant is pregnant for approximately twenty months and almost always has
only one baby a young elephant stays close to its mother for the first ten years of its life.
*tarantula = a big, hairy spider
212 CHAPTER 8
3. Dolphins sleep with one eye open they need to be conscious or awake in order to breathe if
they fall asleep when they are breathing, they will drown so they sleep with half their brain
awake and one eye open.
o Exercise 11. Listening and grammar. (Charts 8-1 -} 8-3)
IJ Listen to the passage. Then add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. Listen
again as you check your answers. Before you begin, you may want to check your
understanding of these words: blinker, do a good deed, motioned, wave someone on.
Paying It Forward*
A
(1) a
few days ago, a friend and I were driving from Benton Harbor to Chicago.
W
(2) ,ve didn't have any delays for the first hour but we ran into some highway construction
(3) near Chicago the traffic wasn't moving my friend and I sat and waited we talked about
(4) our jobs our families and the terrible traffic slowly it started to move
(5) we noticed a black sports car on the shoulder its blinker was on the driver
(6) obviously wanted to get back into traffic car after car passed without letting him in I
(7) decided to do a good deed so I motioned for him to get in line ahead of me he waved
(8) thanks and I waved back at him
(9) all the cars had to stop at a toll booth a short way down the road I held out my
(10) money to pay my toll but the toll-taker just smiled and waved me on she told me that the
(11) man in the black sports car had already paid my toll wasn't that a nice way of saying
(12) thank you?
*paying itforward = doing something nice for someone after someone does something nice for you. For example, imagine you
are at a coffee stand waiting to buy a cup of coffee. The person in front of you is chatting with you and pays for your cup of
coffee. You then buy a cup of coffee for the next person in line. You are paying itforward.
Paying it forward means the opposite of paying it back (repaying a debt or an obligation).

0 Exercise 12. Warm. up. (Chart 8-4)
Complete the sentences. Make true statements.
1. I like fish , but my sister doesn't.
2. I don't like , but does.

3. I've seen , but hasn't.
4. I'm not , but is.
(a) I don't like coffee, but my husband does.

After but, often only an auxiliary verb is used. It has
(b) I like tea, but my husband doesn't. the same tense or modal as the main verb.
(c) I won't be here tomorrow, but Sue will. In (a): does = likes coffee
(d) I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't.
Notice in the examples:
(e) He isn't here, but she is.* negative + but + affirmative
affirmative + but + negative
*A verb is not contracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after but and and:
CORRECT: •.. but she is.
INCORRECT: ... but she's.

Part I. Complete each sentence with the correct negative auxiliary verb.
1. Alan reads a lot of books, but his brother doesn't
2. Alan reads a lot of books, but his brothers don't
3. Alan is reading a book, but his brother _
4. Alan is reading a book, but his brothers _
5. Alan read a book last week, but his brother(s) _
6. Alan has read a book recently, but his brother _
7. Alan has read a book recently, but his brothers _
8. Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brother _
9. Alan is going to read a book soon, but his brothers _
10. Alan will read a book soon, but his brother(s)
Part II. Complete each sentence with the correct affirmative auxiliary verb.
1. Nicole doesn't eat red meat, but her sister __ d_o_e_s _
2. Nicole doesn't eat red meat, but her sisters do
214 CHAPTER 8
3. Nicole isn't eating red meat, but her sister __
4. Nicole isn't eating red meat, but her sisters _
5. Nicole didn't eat red meat last night, but her sister(s)
6. Nicole hasn't eaten red meat recently, but her sister _
7. Nicole hasn't eaten red meat recently, but her sisters _
8. Nicole isn't going to eat red meat soon, but her sister _
9. Nicole isn't going to eat red meat soon, but her sisters _
10. Nicole won't eat red meat soon, but her sister(s) _

Complete the sentences with true statements about your classmates. You may need to
interview them to get more information. Use appropriate auxiliary verbs.
1. Kira has long hair, but Yuki doesn't
2. isn't hungry right now, but
3. lives nearby, but
4. can speak (a language) , but
5. plays a musical instrument, but
6. wasn't here last year, but
7. will be at home tonight, but
8. doesn't wear a ring, but
9. didn't study here last year, but
10. has lived here for a long time, but

{J Complete the sentences with appropriate auxiliary verbs.
A strong storm
Example: You will hear: My husband saw a tree fall, but I ...
You will write: didn't
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.

Match each sentence with the correct picture. NOTE: One picture doesn't match any of the
sentences.
Picture A Picture B Picture C
1. __ Alice has a motorcycle, and her husband does too.

2. __ Alice has a motorcycle, and so does her husband.
3. __ Alice doesn't have a motorcycle, and her husband doesn't either.
4. __ Alice doesn't have a motorcycle, and neither does her husband.
S + AUX + TOO In affirmative statements, an auxiliary verb + too

(a) Sue works, andTom does too. or so can be used after and.
80+ AUX + S Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
(b) Sue works, and so does Tom. Word order:
subject + auxiliary + too
so + auxiliary + subject
S + AUX + EITHER An auxiliary verb + either or neither are used

(c) Ann doesn't work, and Joe doesn't either. with negative statements.
Examples (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
NEITHER + AUX +S
(d) Ann doesn't work, and neither does Joe. Word order:
subject + auxiliary + either
neither + auxiliary + subject
NOTE: An affirmative auxiliary is used with neither.
(e) - I'm hungry. And is not usually used when there are two
- 1am too. / So am I. speakers.
(f) - I don't eat meat.

- 1don't either. / Neither do I.
(g) - I'm hungry. Me too, me either, and me neither are often

- Me too. (informal) used in informal spoken English.
(h) - I don't eat meat.

- Me (n)either. (informal)
216 CHAPTER 8
Complete the sentences with the given words. Pay special attention to word order.
Omar James Marco Ivan
1. a. too Marco has a mustache, and ,James does too
b. so Marco has a mustache, and
2. a. either Omar doesn't have a mustache, and

b. neither Omar doesn't have a mustache, and
3. a. too Marco is wearing a hat, and

b. so Marco is wearing a hat, and
4. a. either Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and

b. neither Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and

Part I. Complete each sentence with the correct affirmative auxiliary verb.
1. Andy walks to work, and his roommate does too.
2. Andy walks to work, and his roommates too.
3. Andy is walking to work, and his roommate too.
4. Andy is walking to work, and his roommates too.
5. Andy walked to work last week, and his roommate(s) too.
6. Andy has walked to work recently, and so his roommate.
7. Andy has walked to work recently, and so his roommates.
8. Andy is going to walk to work tomorrow, and so his roommate.
9. Andy is going to walk to work tomorrow, and so his roommates.
10. Andy will walk to work tomorrow, and so his roommate(s).
Connecting Ideas 21 7
Part II. Complete each sentence with the correct negative auxiliary verb.
1. Karen doesn't watch TV, and her sister doesn't either.
2. Karen doesn't watch TV, and her sisters either.
3. Karen isn't watching TV, and her sister either.
4. Karen isn't watching TV, and her sisters either
5. Karen didn't watch TV last night, and her sister(s) either.
6. Karen hasn't watched TV recently, and neither her sister.
7. Karen hasn't watched TV recently, and neither her sisters.
8. Karen isn't going to watch TV tomorrow, neither her sister.
9. Karen isn't going to watch TV tomorrow, and neither her sisters.
10. Karen won't watch TV tomorrow, and neither her sister(s).
o Exercise 19. Let's talk and write. (Chart 8-5)

Work in small groups. Complete the sentences with too, so, either, or neither. Make true
statements. You may need to research your answers.
1. Haiti is a small country, and Cuba is too
2. Japan produces rice, and _
3. Turkey has had many strong earthquakes, and _
4. Iceland doesn't grow coffee, and _
5. Most Canadian children will learn more than one language, and _
6. Norway joined the United Nations in 1945, and _
7. Argentina doesn't lie on the equator, and _
8. Somalia lies on the Indian Ocean, and _
9. Monaco has never* hosted the Olympic Games, and _
10. South Korea had a Nobel Prize winner in 2000, and _
*Never makes a sentence negative: The teacher is never late, and neither am I. OR I'm not either.
218 CHAPTER 8
Work with a partner. Speaker A says the given sentence. Speaker B agrees with Speaker A's
statement by using so or neither.
I'm confused.
Example:
SPEAKER
A (book open): I'm confused.
SPEAKER
B (book closed): So am I.
1. I studied last night.

2. I study grammar every day.
3. I'd like a cup of coffee.
4. I'm not hungry.
5. I've never seen a vampire.
6. Running is an aerobic activity.
7. Snakes don't have legs.
8. Coffee contains caffeine.
Change roles.
9. I overslept this morning.
10. I don't like mushrooms.
11. Swimming is an Olympic sport.
12. Denmark doesn't have any volcanoes.
13. I've never touched a crocodile.
14. Chickens lay eggs.
15. Elephants can swim.
16. I'd rather go to (name of a place) than (name of a place).
o Exercise 21. Let's listen and talk. (Chart 8-5)

{J There are responses you can use if you don't agree with someone else's statement.
Part 1. Listen to the examples. As you listen, pay special attention to the sentence stress in
items 4-6 when Speaker B is disagreeing.
10 get more information:

1. A: I'm going to drop this class.
B: You are? Why? What's the matter?
2. A: My laptop doesn't have enough memory for this application.
B: Really? Are you sure?
3. A: I can read Braille.
B: You can? How did you learn to do that?
10 disagree:
4. A: I love this weather.
B: I don't.
5. A: I didn't like the movie.
B: I did!
6. A: I'm excited about graduation.
B: I'm not.

Part II. Work with a partner. Partner A will make a statement, and Partner B will ask for more
information. Take turns saying the sentences.
1. I'm feeling tired.
2. I don't like grammar.
3. I've seen a ghost.
4. I didn't eat breakfast this morning.
5. I haven't slept well all week.
6. I'm going to leave class early.
Part III. Now take turns disagreeing with the given statements.
7. I believe in ghosts.
8. I didn't study hard for the last test.
9. I'm going to exercise for an hour today.
10. I like strawberries.
11. I haven't worked very hard this week.
12. I don't enjoy birthdays.

Make true statements about your classmates using and and but. You may need to interview
them to get more information. Use the appropriate auxiliary verbs.
1. Kunio lives in an apartment, and Boris does too
2. Ellen is wearing jeans, but Ricardo isn't
3. is absent today, but
4. didn't live here last year, and either.
5. can cook, and too.
6. has a baseball cap, and too.
7. doesn't have a motorcycle, and either.

8. doesn't have a pet, but
9. will get up early tomorrow, but
10. has studied English for more than a year, and too.

Circle all the logical completions.
Because Roger felt tired, __ '
a. he took a nap. c. he went to bed early.
b. he didn't take a nap. d. he didn't go to bed early.
220 CHAPTER 8
... : # ,
Because expresses a cause; it gives a reason. Why did he

(a) He drank water because he was thirsty.
drink water? Reason: He was thirsty.
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: He drank water. A main clause is a complete sentence:

He drank water = a complete sentence
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because he was thirsty An adverb clause is NOT a complete sentence:
because he was thirsty = NOT a complete sentence
Because introduces an adverb clause:
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE An adverb clause is connected to a main clause, as in

(d) 'He drank water' 'because he was thirsty. (d) and (e).
(no comma) In (d): main clause + no comma + adverb clause
ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE In (e): adverb clause + comma + main clause
(e) 'Because he was thirsty; I he drank water. Examples (d) and (e) have exactly the same meaning.
(comma)
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING: Example (f) is incorrect in written English: Because he

He drank water. Because he was thirsty was thirsty cannot stand alone as a sentence that starts
with a capital letter and ends with a period. It has to be
connected to a main clause, as in (d) and (e).
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING: In spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as the
- Why did he drink some water? short answer to a question, as in (g).
- Because he was thirsty.
o Exercise 24. LOOking at grammar. (Chart 8-6)

Combine each pair of sentences in two different orders. Use because. Punctuate carefully.
1. We didn't have class. \ The teacher was absent.

-~ ~ didn't have class because the teacher was absent.
-~ Because the teacher was absent, we didn't have class.
2. The children were hungry. \ There was no food in the house.
3. The bridge is closed. \ We can't get across the river.
4. My car didn't start. \ The battery was dead.
5. Talya and Patti laughed hard. \ The joke was very funny.

Add periods, commas, and capital letters as necessary.
B
1. Jimmy is very young. J)'ecausehe is afraid of the dark, he likes to have a light on in his
bedroom at night.
2. Mr. EI-Sayed had a bad cold because he was not feeling well he stayed home from
the office.

3. Judy went to bed early because she was tired she likes to get at least eight hours of sleep
a night.
4. Frank put his head in his hands he was angry and upset because he had lost a lot of work
on his computer.

Make sentences with the same meaning as the given sentence. Use commas where
appropriate.
Part I. Restate the sentences. Use so.

1. Wendy lost her job because she never showed up for work on time.
~ ~ndy never showed up for work on time, so she lost her job.
2. I opened the window because the room was hot.
3. Because it was raining, I stayed indoors.
Part II. Restate the sentences. Use because.

4. Jason was hungry, so he ate.
~ Because Jason was hungry, he ate. OR Jason ate because he was hungry.
5. The water in the river is polluted, so we shouldn't go swimming there.
6. My alarm clock didn't go off, * so I was late for my job interview.
o Exercise 27. Looking at grammar. (Charts 8-1 ~ 8-6)

Add commas, periods, and capital letters where appropriate. Don't change any of the words or
the order of the words.
H
1. Jim was hot. y{e sat in the shade.
2. Jim was hot and tired so he sat in the shade.
3. Jim was hot tired and thirsty.
4. Because he was hot Jim sat in the shade.
5. Because they were hot and thirsty Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank iced-tea.
6. Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank iced-tea because they were hot and thirsty.
7. Jim sat in the shade drank iced-tea and fanned himself with his cap because he was hot
tired and thirsty.
8. Because Jim was hot he stayed under the shade of the tree but Susan went back to work.
*go off = ring
222 CHAPTER 8
{} Listen to the passage. Then add commas, periods, and capital letters where appropriate.
Listen again as you check your answers.
Understanding the Scientific Term Matter
M
The word matter is a chemical term. ~atter is anything that has weight this book your
finger water a rock air and the moon are all examples of matter heat and radio waves are not matter
because they do not have weight happiness dreams and fears have no weight and are not matter.

In which sentences is the result (in green) the opposite of what you expect?
1. Even though I didn't eat dinner last night, I wasn't hungry this morning.
2. Because I didn't eat dinner last night, I was hungry this morning.
3. Although I didn't eat dinner last night, I wasn't hungry this morning.
,
(a) Even though I was hungry, I did not eat. Even though and although introduce an adverb
I did not eat even though I was hungry. clause.
(b) Although I was hungry, I did not eat. Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning:
I did not eat although I was hungry. I was hungry, but I did not eat.
COMPARE: Because expresses an expected result, as in (c).

(c) Because I was hungry, I ate. Even though/although expresses an unexpected or
(d) Even though I was hungry, I did not eat. opposite result, as in (d).

Complete the sentences with the given words.
1. is) isn't
a. Because Dan is sick, he going to work.
b. Although Dan is sick, he going to work.
c. Even though Dan is sick, he going to work.
2. went, didn't go
a. Even though it was late, we home.
b. Although it was late, we home.
c. Because it was late, we home.

Complete the sentences with even though or because.
1. Even thou@h the weather is cold, Rick isn't wearing a coat.
2. Because the weather is cold, Ben is wearing a coat.
3. Jane was sad, she smiled.
4. Jane was sad, she cried.
5. it was cold outside, we went swimming in the lake.
6. our friends live on an island, it isn't easy to get there by car.
7. People ask Kelly to sing at weddings she has a good voice.
8. I'm training for the Olympics, I biked up the mountain

it was starting to snow.
9. George sings loudly he can't carry a tune.

1. Even though the test was fairly easy, most of the class __ '
@failed
b. passed
c. did pretty well
2. Jack hadn't heard or read about the bank robbery even though __ '
a. he was the robber
b. it was on the front page of every newspaper
c. he was out of town when it occurred
3. Although __ , she finished the race in first place.
a. Miki was full of energy and strength
b. Miki was leading all the way
c. Miki was far behind in the beginning
224 CHAPTER 8
4. We can see the light from an airplane at night before we can hear the plane because -_.
a. light travels faster than sound
b. airplanes travel at high speeds
c. our eyes work better than our ears at night
5. My partner and I worked all day and late into the evening. Even though __ , we stopped
at our favorite restaurant before we went home.
a. we were very hungry
b. we had finished our report
c. we were very tired
6. In the mountains, melting snow in the spring runs downhill into rivers. The water carries
soil and rocks. In the spring, mountain rivers become muddy rather than clear because
a. mountain tops are covered with snow

b. the water from melting snow brings soil and rocks to the river
c. ice is frozen water
oo Exercise 33. Listening. (Charts 8-6 and 8-7)

Example: You will hear: Because there was a sale at the mall, ...
You will choose: a. it wasn't busy.
@ there were a lot of shoppers.
c. prices were very high.
1. a. they were under some mail.

b. my roommate helped me look for them.
c. I never found them.
2. a. the rain had stopped.

b. a storm was coming.
c. the weather was nice.
3. a. he was sick.
b. he had graduated already.
c. he was happy for me.
4. a. I mailed it.
b. I decided not to mail it.
c. I sent it to a friend.
5. a. the coaches celebrated afterwards.

b. the fans cheered loudly.
c. the players didn't seem very excited.

Answer the questions in complete sentences, using either because or even though. Work in
pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
Example: Last night you were tired. Did you go to bed early?
~ ~s, I went to bed early because I was tired. OR
~ ~s, because I was tired, I went to bed before nine. OR
~ No, I didn't go to bed early even though I was really sleepy. OR
~ No, even though I was really tired, I didn't go to bed until after midnight.
1. Last night you were tired. Did you stay up late?
2. Vegetables are good for you. Do you eat a lot of them?
3. Space exploration is exciting. Would you like to be an astronaut?
4. What are the winters like here? Do you like living here in the winter?
5. (A recent movie) has had good reviews. Do you want to see it?
6. Are you a good artist? Will you draw a picture of me on the board?
7. Where does your family live? Are you going to visit them over the next holiday?
o Exercise 35. Reading and grammar. (Chapter 8)

Part I. Read the passage.
The Importance of Water

What is the most common substance on earth? It isn't wood, iron, or sand. The most
common substance on earth is water. Every living thing contains water. For example, a
person's body is about 67 percent water, a bird's is about 75 percent water, and most fruit
contains about 90 percent water.
In addition, 70 percent of the earth's surface is water. Besides being in lakes, rivers, and
oceans, water is in the ground and in the air. However, most of the water in the world is
saltwater. Only 3 percent of the earth's water is fresh, and just one percent of that is available
for human use. The rest is saltwater, and people can't drink it or grow food with it.
Water is essential to life, but human beings often poison it with chemicals from industry
and farming. When people pollute water, the quality of all life - plant life, animal life, and
human life - suffers. Life cannot exist without fresh water, so it is essential that people take
care of this important natural resource.
Part II. Complete the sentences with because/although/even though/so.

1. ----------- 70 percent of the earth's surface is water and water is in every
living thing, it is the most common substance on earth.
2. 70 percent of the earth's surface is water, only 3 percent is fresh.
3. water is everywhere, not much is available for human use.
4. Chemicals pollute water, it is important to keep them out of the

water supply.
5. water is essential to human life, people need to take care of it.
6. Water is essential to human life, people need to take care of it.
226 CHAPTER 8
Edit the sentences. Correct the errors in sentence structure. Pay special attention to
punctuation.
1. Even though I was sick, l3Bt I went to work.
2. Gold silver and copper. They are metals.
3. The children crowded around the teacher. Because he was doing a magic trick.
4. I had a cup of coffee, and so does my friend.
5. My roommate didn't go. Neither I went either.
6. Even I was exhausted, I didn't stop working until after midnight.
7. Although I like chocolate, but I can't eat it because I'm allergic to it.
8. I like to eat raw eggs for breakfast and everybody else in my family too.
9. A hardware store sells tools and nails and plumbing supplies and paint.
10. Most insects have wings, spiders do not.
o Exercise 37. Let's write. (Chapter 8)

Write about an animal that interests you. Follow these steps:
1. Choose an animal you want to know more about.
Hint: If you are doing your research on the Internet, type in "interesting facts
about "
2. Take notes on the information you find. For example, here is some information about
giraffes from an Internet site.
Sample notes:
Giraffes
-> have long necks (6 feet or 1.8 meters)
-> can reach tops of trees
-> need very little sleep (20 minutes to two hours out of 24 hours)
-> eat about 140 pounds of food a day
-. can go for weeks without drinking water
-> get a lot of water from the plants they eat
-> can grab and hold onto objects with their tongues
-> don't have vocal cords
-> can communicate with one another
(but humans can't hear them)

3. Write sentences based on your facts. Combine some of the ideas using and, but, or, so,
because, although, even though.
Sample sentences:
Giraffes
~ Giraffes have long necks, so they can reach the tops of trees.
~ Although they eat about 140 pounds of food a day, they can go for
weeks without drinking water.
~ Even though giraffes don't have vocal cords, they can communicate
with one another.
~ Giraffes can communicate, but people can't hear their communication.
4. Put your sentences into a paragraph.
Sample paragraph:
Interesting Facts About Giraffes
Giraffes are interesting animals. They have long necks, so they can
reach the tops of trees. They eat flowers, fruit, climbing plants, and the
twigs and leaves from trees. Although they eat about 140 pounds of food
a day, they can go for weeks without drinking water. They get a lot of
water from the plants they eat too. They have very long tongues and
these tongues are useful. Because they are so long, they can grab
objects with them. Even though giraffes don't have vocal cords, they can
communicate, but people can't hear their communication.
228 CHAPTER 8
Compare the lengths of the lines.
1. Line D is as long as Line __ ' LineA

2. Line A isn't as long as Line __ ' Line B
3. Line E is almost as long as Line __ ' Line C
Line D
Line E
(a) Tina is 21 years old. Sam is also 21. As ... as is used to say that the two parts of a
Tina is as old as Sam (is). comparison are equal or the same in some way.
In (a): as + adjective + as
(b) Mike came as quickly as he could. In (b): as + adverb + as
(c) Ted is 20. Tina is 21. Negative form: not as ... as.* Quite and nearly are
Ted is not as old as Tina. often used with the negative.
(d) Ted is not quite as old asTina. In (d): not quite as as = a small difference.
(e) Amy is 5. She is not nearly as old asTina. In (e): not nearly as as = a big difference.
(f) Sam is just as old asTina. Common modifiers of as ... as are just (meaning
"exactly") and nearly/almost.
(g) Ted is nearly/almost as old as Tina.
Tina Sam Ted Amy

21 21 20 5
* Also possible: not so ... as: Ted is not so old as Tina.
229
o Exercise 2. Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-1 )
Complete the sentences, with just as, almost as/not quite as, or not nearly as.
Part I. Compare the fullness of the glasses.
----
\~
:z. 3
1. Glass 4 is almost as / not quite as full as Glass 2.
2. Glass 3 is full as Glass 2.
3. Glass 1 is full as Glass 2.
Part II. Compare the size of the boxes.
A
[J[J[J lEJ
~ C 0 Eo
4. Box B is big as Box A.
5. Box E is big as Box A.
6. Box C is big as Box B.
7. Box E is big as Box D.

Complete the sentences with as ... as and words from the list. Give your own opinion.
Use negative verbs where appropriate.
a housefly / an ant good health / money

a lake / an ocean honey / sugar
a lemon / a watermelon monkeys /people
a lion / a tiger reading a book / listening to music
a shower / a bath the sun / the moon
230 CHAPTER 9
1. An ant isn't as big as a houseflv
2. A lion is as dangerous and wild as a ti@er
3. large as
4. sweet as
5. important as
6. quiet as
7. hot as
8. good at climbing trees as
9. relaxing as

,{} Complete the sentences with the words you hear.
Sylvia Brigita Lara Tanya

30 28 50 50
Example: You will hear: Brigita isn't as old as Lara.

You will write: isn't as old as
1. Lara Tanya.
2. Sylvia _______________________________ Lara.
3. Sylvia and Brigita __________________________ Tanya.
4. Brigita _____________________________ Sylvia.
5. Brigita _____________________________ Sylvia.
Comparisons 231
o Exercise 5. Game. (Chart 9- 1)
As ... as is used in many traditional phrases. These phrases are generally spoken rather than
written. See how many of them you're familiar with by completing the sentences with the
given words. Work in teams. The team with the most correct answers wins .
.fa bear a cat a hornet a mule an ox

a bird a feather a kite a rock the hills
ox mule
1. When will dinner be ready? I'm as hungry as a bear
2. Did Toshi really lift that heavy box all by himself? He must be as strong as
3. It was a lovely summer day. School was out, and there was nothing in particular that I had
to do. I felt as free as _
4. Marco won't change his mind. He's as stubborn as
5. How can anyone expect me to sleep in this bed? It's as hard as _
6. Of course I've heard that joke before! It's as old as
7. Why are you walking back and forth? What's the matter? You're as nervous as
8. Thanks for offering to help, but I can carry the box alone. It looks heavy, but it isn't. It's
as light as _
9. When Erica received the good news, she felt as high as _
10. A: Was he angry?

B: You'd better believe it! He was as mad as
hornet
232 CHAPTER 9
Compare the people.
David Paolo Matt
1. Paolo looks younger than _

2. Matt looks younger than _
3. __________ looks the youngest of all.
• •
(a) "A" is older than "B." The comparative compares this to that or these to those.
(b) "A" and "B" are older than"C" and "D." Form: -eror more (See Chart 9-3.)
(c) Ed is more generous than his brother. Notice: A comparative is followed by than.
(d) "A," "B," "C," and "0" are sisters. "A" is the The superlative compares one part of a whole group to
oldest of aI/four sisters. all the rest of the group.
(e) A woman in Turkey claims to be the oldest Form: -est or most (See Chart 9-3 for forms.)
person in the world. Notice: A superlative begins with the.
(f) Ed is the most generous person in his family.
o Exercise 7. Game. (Chart 9-2)

Work in teams. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). The team with the most
correct answers wins.
1. Canada is larger than France. T F
2. Russia and Canada are the largest countries in the world. T F
3. The South Pole is generally colder than the North Pole. T F
4. The Pacific Ocean is the coldest ocean in the world. T F
5. The Mediterranean Sea is the biggest sea of all. T F
6. In general, Libya is hotter than Mexico. T F
7. Africa is larger than Asia. T F
8. Argentina has the highest and lowest points in South America. T F
9. The nearest continent to Antarctica is Australia. T F
10. The longest country in the world is Chile. T F
Comparisons 233
(J Listen to the statements. Do you agree or disagree? Circle yes or no. Before you begin, you
may want to check your understanding of these words: talkative, cooked, tasty, raw.
1. yes no
2. yes no
3. yes no
4. yes no
5. yes no
6. yes no
7. yes no
8. yes no

Compare the three handwriting samples.
A: 1)a" /tW/M ,~-, cd P[~ /

B: /a,1 IfktJLlu't '7'kf-4, q-.erj ~U -
C: Ue aWMt;kfMikat¥!
1. ~ is neater than A (or B)
2. is messier than _
3. is more readable than _
4. __ is better than _
5. __ is the best.
6. is the worst.
7. __ wrote more carefully than _
234 CHAPTER 9
Comparative Superlative
ONE-SYLLABLE old older the oldest For most one-syllable adjectives,
ADJECTIVES wise wiser the wisest -er and -est are added.
TWO-SYLLABLE famous more famous the most famous For most two-syllable adjectives,
ADJECTIVES pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant more and most are used.
clever cleverer the cleverest Some two-syllable adjectives use

more clever the most clever either -er/-est or more/most: able,
gentle gentler the gentlest angry, clever, common, cruel,
more gentle the most gentle friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow,
friendly friendlier the friendliest pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, sour.
more friendly the most friendly
busy busier the busiest -Er and -est are used with two-
pretty prettier the prettiest syllable adjectives that end in -yo
The -y is changed to -i.
ADJECTIVES WITH important more important the most important More and most are used with long
THREE OR fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating adjectives.
MORE SYLLABLES
IRREGULAR good better the best Good and bad have irregular
ADJECTIVES bad worse the worst comparative and superlative forms.
! -LY ADVERBS carefully more carefully the most carefully More and most are used with
slowly more slowly the most slowly adverbs that end in -Iy. *
ONE-SYLLABLE fast faster the fastest The -er and -est forms are used
ADVERBS hard harder the hardest with one-syllable adverbs.
IRREGULAR well better the best Both farther and further are used
ADVERBS badly worse the worst to compare physical distances: I
far farther/further the farthest/furthest walked farther than my friend did.
OR I walked further than my friend
did. Further also means
"additional": I need further
information.
NOTE: Farther cannot be used
when the meaning is "additional."
*Exception: early is both an adjective and an adverb. Forms: earlier, earliest.
Comparisons 235
0 Exercise 10. Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-2 and 9-3)
Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs.
1. high hi@her, the hi@hest 8. dangerous
2. good 9. slowly
3. lazy 10. common
4. hot* 11. friendly
5. neat* 12. careful
6. late* 13. bad
7. happy 14. far

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form (more/-er) of the adjectives in
the list.
clean dangerous funny ./sweet

confusing dark pretty wet
1. Oranges are sweeter than lemons.
2. I heard some polite laughter when I told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when Janet
told hers. Her jokes are always much than mine.
3. Many more people die in car accidents than in plane accidents. Statistics show that
driving your own car is than flying in an airplane.
4. Professor Sato speaks clearly, but I have trouble understanding Professor Larson's lectures.
Her lectures are much than Professor Sato's.
5. Is there a storm coming? The sky looks than it did an hour ago.
6. That tablecloth has some stains on it. Take this one. It's _
7. We're having another beautiful sunrise. It looks like an orange fireball. The sky is even
than yesterday.
8. If a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much than
the duck. The water will just roll off the duck's feathers, but it will soak into the cat's hair.
*Spelling notes:
• When a one-syllable adjective ends in one vowel + a consonant, double the consonant and add -er/-est: sad, sadder,
saddest .
• When an adjective ends in two vowels + a consonant, do NOT double the consonant: cool, cooler, coolest .
• When an adjective ends in -e, do NOT double the consonant: wide, wider, widest.
236 CHAPTER 9
o
Listen to the sentences and choose the words that you hear.
Example: You will hear: I am the shortest person in our family.
You will choose: short shorter ciliorte:iY
My family
l. young younger youngest
2. tall taller tallest
3. happy happier happiest
4. happy happier happiest
5. old older oldest
6. funny funnier funniest
7. hard harder hardest
S. hard harder hardest

Choose the correct completion(s) for each sentence.
1. Ron and his friend went jogging. Ron ran two miles, but his friend got tired after one
mile. Ron ran than his friend did.
@ farther @ further
2. If you have any __ questions, don't hesitate to ask.
a. farther b. further
3. I gave myoId computer to my younger sister because I had no __ use for it.
4. Paris is __ north than Tokyo.

5. I like my new apartment, but it is __ away from school than myoId apartment was.
6. Thank you for your help, but I'll be fine now. I don't want to cause you any __ trouble.
7. Which is __ from here: the subway or the train station?

Comparisons 237
o Exercise 14. Let's talk: pairwork. (Charts 9-2 and 9-3)
Work with a partner. Make comparison sentences with more/-er and adjectives in the list.
Share some of your answers with the class.
beautiful enjoyable light soft

cheap expensive relaxing stressful
deep fast shallow thick
easy heavy short thin
1. traveling by air \ traveling by train

~ Traveling by air is faster than traveling by train.
~ Traveling by air is more stressful than traveling by train.
Etc.
2. a pool \ a lake
3. an elephant's neck \ a giraffe's neck
4. taking a trip \ staying home
5. iron \ wood
6. going to the doctor \ going to the dentist
7. gold \ silver
8. rubber \ wood
9. an emerald \ a diamond
10. a feather \ a blade of grass

Listen to each sentence and choose the statement Ca.or b.) that has a similar meaning.
{J
Example: You will hear: I need help! Please come as soon as possible.
You will choose: @ Please come quickly.
b. Please come when you have time.
1. a. Business is better this year. 6. a. I'm going to drive faster.

b. Business is worse this year. b. I'm not going to drive faster.
2. a. Steven is a very friendly person. 7. a. Your work was careful.

b. Steven is an unfriendly person. b. Your work was not careful.
3. a. The test was difficult for Sam. 8. a. I am full.

b. The test wasn't so difficult for Sam. b. I would like more to eat.
4. a. We can go farther. 9. a. My drive and my flight take

b. We can't go farther. the same amount of time.
b. My drive takes more time.
5. a. Jon made a very good decision.
b. Jon made a very bad decision.
238 CHAPTER 9
Complete the sentences with the names of people you know. Make true statements.
1. I'm older than lS.
2. I live nearer to/farther from school than does.
3. I got to class earlier/later than did.
4. __________ 's hair is longer/shorter than mine.
• •
••
(a) I'm older than my brother (is). In formal English, a subject pronoun (e.g., he) follows than, as
(b) I'm older than he is. in (b).
(c) I'm older than him. (informal) In everyday, informal spoken English, an object pronoun (e.g.,
him) often follows than, as in (c).
(d) He works harder than I do. Frequently an auxiliary verb follows the subject after than.
(e) I arrived earlier than they did. In (d): than I do = than I work
(f) Ann's hair is longer than Kate's. A possessive noun (e.g., Kate's) or pronoun (e.g., mine) may
(g) Jack's apartment is smaller than mine. follow than.

Complete the sentences. Use pronouns in the completions.
1. My sister is only six. She's much younger than I am OR (informally) me
2. Peggy is thirteen, and she feels sad. She thinks most of the other girls in school are far
more popular than _
3. The kids can't lift that heavy box, but Mr. El-Sayid can. He's stronger than
4. Jared isn't a very good speller. I can spell much better than _
5. I was on time. Carlo was late. I got there earlier than
6. Mariko is out of shape. I can run a lot faster and farther than _
7. Isabel's classes are difficult, but my classes are easy. Isabel's classes are more difficult than
--- . My classes are easier than
8. Our neighbor's house is very large. Our house is much smaller than
-- . Their house is larger than
Comparisons 239
Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Circle yes or no.
l. I enjoy very cold weather. yes no

2. It's cooler today than yesterday. yes no
3. It's much warmer today than yesterday. yes no
4. It's a little hotter today than yesterday. yes no
(a) Tom is very old. Very often modifies adjectives, as in (a), and adverbs, as
(b) Ann drives very carefully. in (b).
(c) INCORRECT: Tom is very older than I am. Very is NOT used to modify comparative adjectives and
INCORRECT: Ann drives very more carefully adverbs.
than she used to.
(d) Tom is much / a lot / far older than I am. Instead, much, a lot, or far are used to modify comparative
(e) Ann drives much / a lot / far more carefully adjectives and adverbs, as in (d) and (e).
than she used to.
(f) Ben is a little (bit) older than I am OR Another common modifier is a little/a little bit, as in (f).
(informally) me.

Add very, much, a lot, or far to the sentences.
1. It's hot today. ~ It's very hot today.
2. It's hotter today than yesterday. ~ It's much/a lot/far hotter today than yesterday.
3. An airplane is fast.
4. Taking an airplane is faster than driving.
5. Learning a second language is difficult for many people.
6. Learning a second language is more difficult than learning chemistry formulas.
7. You can live more inexpensively in student housing than in a rented apartment.
8. You can live inexpensively in student housing.

Complete the sentences with your own words.
1. Compare the cost of two cars:
(A/An) __________ is more expensive than (a/an) _
2. Compare the cost of two kinds of fruit:

__________ are less expensive than _
3. Compare the cost of two kinds of shoes (boots, sandals, tennis shoes, flip-flops, etc.):
__________ are not as expensive as
240 CHAPTER 9
4. Compare the cost of two kinds of heat: (gas, electric, solar, wood, coal, etc.):
________ heat is not as cheap as heat.
••
MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE: The opposite of -er/more is expressed by less or
(a) A pen is less expensive than a book. not as ... as.
(b) A pen is not as expensive as a book. Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
Less and not as ... as are used with adjectives and adverbs
of more than one syllable.
ONE SYLLABLE: Only not as ... as (NOT less) is used with one-syllable
(c) A pen is not as large as a book. adjectives or adverbs, as in (c).
INCORRECT: A pen is less large than a book.

Circle the correct completion(s) for each sentence.
1. My nephew is __ old __ my niece.

a. less ... than b. not as ... as
2. My nephew is __ hard-working __ my niece.

3. A bee is __ big __ a bird.

4. My brother is __ interested in computers __ I am.

5. Some students are serious about their schoolwork others.

6. I am __ good at repairing things __ Diane is.

o Exercise 22. Game. (Charts 9- 1-} 9-6)

Work in teams. Compare the given words using (not) as ... as) less) and more/-er. How
many comparison sentences can you think of? The team with the most correct sentences wins.
Example: trees and flowers (big) coloiful) useful) etc.)

-} Trees are bigger than flowers.
-~ Flowers are usually more coloiful than trees.
-~ Flowers are less useful than trees.
-} Flowers aren't as tall as trees.
1. the sun and the moon 3. two restaurants in this area

2. teenagers and adults 4. two famous people in the world
Comparisons 241
(J Listen to each sentence and the statements that follow it. Choose "T" for true or "F" for false.
Example: France \ Brazil

You will hear:
You will choose:
You will hear:
o
a. France isn't as large as Brazil.
F
b. France is bigger than Brazil.
You will choose: T @
1. a sidewalk \ a road 4. toes \ fingers
a. T F a. T F
b. T F b. T F
c. T F
2. a hill \ a mountain
a. T F 5. basic math \ algebra
b. T F a. T F
b. T F
3. a mountain path \ a mountain peak c. T F
a. T F d. T F
b. T F
o Exercise 24. Warm-up: trivia. (Chart 9-7)

Compare Manila, Seattle, and Singapore. Which two cities have more rain in December?*
and have more rain

than in December .
. ~-_.- - •• ~ •••• '.~,,' ~'~~'%"~~' «~"['/~"';''''' ~4;~.4r:,/'~~' /;~.;"'."'I""'".'h""" .,~ -Ii ~'''''~-r-:: """" - _ ••. -
__
9- 7 Using More with.
~_
Nouns " ....
-_~.il"'~~"'.
__
,.:... '"
_' • !j:\ ••••••••••••• ~ i,;;.
,:1
",,;;;,t._
1,,,,,,,",,,,".~~J~_~_
" . :
~'~~~--"-
. ~
(a) Would you like some more coffee? In (a): Coffee is a noun. When more is used with
(b) Not everyone is here. I expect more people to nouns, it often has the meaning of "additional." It is
come later. not necessary to use than.
(c) There are more people in China than there are in More is also used with nouns to make complete
the United States. comparisons by adding than.
(d) Do you have enough coffee, or would you like When the meaning is clear, the noun may be omitted
some more? and more can be used by itself.
242 CHAPTER 9
o Exercise 25. Game: trivia. (Chart 9-7)
Work in teams. Write true sentences using the given information. The team with the most
correct sentences wins. *
1. more kinds of mammals: South Africa \ Kenya

~ Kenya has more kinds of mammals than South Africa.
2. more volcanoes: Indonesia \ Japan
3. more moons: Saturn \ Venus
4. more people: Sao Paulo, Brazil \ New York City
5. more islands: Greece \ Finland
6. more mountains: Switzerland \ Nepal
7. more sugar (per 100 grams): an apple \ a banana
8. more fat (per 100 grams): the dark meat of a chicken \ the white meat of a chicken
o Exercise 26. Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-2, 9-3, and 9-7)

First, underline the words in the list that are nouns. Second, use -er/more and the words in
the list to complete the sentences.
doctors information responsible

happily mistakes responsibly
happiness responsibilities .ftraffic
happy
1. A city has more traffic than a small town.

2. There is available on the Internet today than there was one
year ago.
3. I used to be sad, but now I'm a lot about my life than I
used to be.
4. Unhappy roommates can live together if they learn to respect
each other's differences.
5. Maggie's had a miserable year. I hope she finds _ in the future.
6. I made on the last test than I did on the first one, so I got a
worse grade.
7. My daughter Layla is trustworthy and mature. She behaves much
than my nephew Jakob.
8. A twelve-year-old has at home and in school than an
eight-year-old.
9. My son is about doing his homework than his older sister is.
10. Health care in rural areas is poor. We need to treat people in
rural areas.
Comparisons 243
Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Circle yes or no.
1. The grammar in this book is getting harder and harder. yes no
2. The assignments in this class are getting longer and longer. yes no
3. My English is getting better and better. yes no
(a) Because he was afraid, he walked faster and Repeating a comparative gives the idea that
faster. something becomes progressively greater, i.e., it
increases in intensity, quality, or quantity.
(b) Life in the modern world is getting more and
more complicated.

Complete the sentences by repeating a comparative. Use the words in the list.
big .ffast hard loud warm

discouraged good long tired wet
1. When I get excited, my heart beats faster and faster
2. When you blow up a balloon, it gets _
3. Brian's health is improving. It's getting

every day.
4. As the ambulance came closer to us, the siren became
5. The line of people waiting to get into the theater got

________ until it went around the building.
6. Thank goodness winter is over. The weather is getting

________ with each passing day.
7. I've been looking for a job for a month and still haven't been able to find one. I'm getting
8. The rain started as soon as I left my office. As I walked to the bus stop, it rained
________________ , and I got
9. I started to row the boat across the lake, but my arms got _
____________ , so I turned back.
244 CHAPTER 9
Do you agree or disagree with the following idea? Why?
If you pay more money for something, you will get better quality. In other words,
the more expensive something is, the better the quality will be .
••
(a) The harder you study, the more you will learn. A double comparative has two parts; both parts begin
(b) The more she studied, the more she learned. with the, as in the examples. The second part of the
(c) The warmer the weather (is), the better I like it. comparison is the result of the first part.
In (a): If you study harder, the result will be that you
will learn more.
(d) - Should we ask Jenny and Jim to the party too? The more, the merrier and the sooner, the better
- Why not? The more, the merrier. are two common expressions.
(e) - When should we leave? In (d): It is good to have more people at the party.
- The sooner, the better. In (e): It is good if we leave as soon as we can.

Part I. Complete the sentences with double comparatives (the more/-er ... the more/-er)
and the words in italics.
1. If the fruit is fresh, it tastes good.
The fresher the fruit (is), the better it tastes.
2. We got close to the fire. We felt warm.

- we got to the fire, we felt.
3. If a knife is sharp, it is easy to cut something with.

------ a knife (is), it is to cut something.
4. The party got noisy next door. I got angry.

it got, I got.
5. If a flamingo eats a lot of shrimp, it becomes very pink.

The a flamingo eats,
the it gets.
Comparisons 245
Part II. Combine each pair of sentences. Use double comparatives (the more/-er ... the
more/-er) and the words in italics.
6. She drove fast. \ I became nervous.
Rosa offered to take me to the airport, and I was grateful. But we got a late start, so she
began to drive faster. ~ The faster she drove, the more nervous I became.
7. He thought about his family. \ He became homesick.

Pierre tried to concentrate on his studies, but he kept thinking about his family and
home. ~
8. The sky grew dark. \ We ran fast to reach the house.

A storm was threatening. ~
o Exercise 31. Warm- up. (Chart 9- 10)

Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
1. _______________ is the most expensive city I have ever visited.
2. _______________ is one of the most expensive cities in the world.
3. _______________ is one of the least expensive cities in the world.
(a) Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the world. Typical completions when a superlative is used:
(b) David is the most generous person I have ever In (a): superlative + in a place (the world, this class,
known. my family, the corporation, etc.)
(c) I have three books. These two are quite good, but In (b): superlative + adjective clause*
this one is the best (book) of all. In (c): superlative + of all
(d) I took four final exams. The final in accounting The least has the opposite meaning of the most.
was the least difficult of all.
(e) Ali is one of the best students in this class. Notice the pattern with one of:
(f) One of the best students in this class is Ali. one of + plural noun (+ singular verb)
(g) I've never taken a harder test. Never + comparative = superlative
(h) I've never taken a hard test. Example (g) means "It was the hardest test I've ever
taken." Compare (g) and (h).
*See Chapter 12 for more information about adjective clauses.

Complete the sentences with superlatives of the words in italics and the appropriate
preposition, in or of
1. Kyle is lazy. He is the laziest student in the class.
246 CHAPTER 9
2. Mike and Julie were nervous, but Amanda was the most nervous of all.
3. Costa Rica is beautiful. It is one of _
countries the world.
4. Scott got a bad score on the test. It was one of scores

____ the class.
5. Neptune is far from the sun. Is it planet from the

sun our solar system?
6. There are a lot of good cooks in my family, but my mom is cook

____ all.
7. My grandfather is very old. He is person the town

where he lives.
8. That chair in the corner is comfortable. It is _

chair the room.
9. Everyone who ran in the race was exhausted, but I was all.

Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the given phrases.
big bird long river in South America

two great natural dangers popular forms of entertainment
.I deep ocean three common street names
high mountains on earth
1. The Pacific is the deepest ocean

I
in the world.
2. ----- are in the Himalayan Range

in Asia.
3. Most birds are small, but not the flightless North African ostrich. It is
------ in the world.
4. -------- to ships are fog and icebergs.
5. One of throughout the world

is movies.
6. --------- in the United States are Park,

Washington, and Maple.
7. --- is the Amazon.
Comparisons 247
Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the words in italics.
1. I have had many good experiences. Of those, my vacation to Honduras was one of
_____________________________ I have ever had.
2. Ayako has had many nice times, but her birthday party was one of _
______ she has ever had.
3. I've taken many difficult courses, but statistics is one of _

________ I've ever taken.
4. I've made some bad mistakes in my life, but lending money to my cousin was one of
___________________ I've ever made.
5. We've seen many beautiful buildings in the world, but theTaj Mahal is one of _
___________________ I've ever seen.
6. The final exam I took was pretty easy. In fact, it was one of _
__________ I've ever taken.
o Exercise 35. Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 9- 10)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions. Use superlatives in your
answers. Pay special attention to the use of plural nouns after one of
Example:
SPEAKER A: You have known many interesting people. Who is one of them?
SPEAKER B: One of the most interesting people I've ever known is ( __ ). OR
( __ ) is one of the most interesting people I've ever known.
1. There are many beautiful countries in the world. What is one of them?
2. There are many famous people in the world. Who is one of them?
3. You've probably seen many good movies. What is one of them?
4. You've probably done many interesting things in your life. What is one of them?
5. Think of some happy days in your life. What was one ofthem?
6. There are a lot of interesting animals in the world. What is one of them?
7. You have probably had many good experiences. What is one of them?
8. You probably know several funny people. Who is one of them?
o Exercise 36. Grammar and listening. (Chart 9- 10)

Part 1. Circle the sentence (a. or b.) that is closest in meaning to the given sentence.
1. I've never been on a bumpier plane ride.

a. The flight was bumpy. b. The flight wasn't bumpy.
2. I've never tasted hot chili peppers.
a. The peppers are hot. b. I haven't eaten hot chili peppers.
248 CHAPTER 9
3. The house has never looked cleaner.
a. The house looks clean. b. The house doesn't look clean.
4. We've never visited a more beautiful city.
a. The city was beautiful. b. The city wasn't beautiful.
0 Part II. Listen to the sentences.

one you hear.
Circle the sentence (a. or b.) that is closest in meaning to the
5. a. His jokes are funny. b. His jokes aren't funny.

6. a. It tastes great. b. It doesn't taste very good.
7. a. The mattress is hard. b. I haven't slept on hard mattresses.
8. a. The movie was scary. b. I haven't watched scary movies.

Make questions with the given words and the superlative form, and then interview your
classmates. Share some of their answers with the class.
1. what \ bad movie \ you have ever seen
-~ W'hat is the worst movie you have ever seen?
2. what \ interesting sport to watch \ on TV
3. what \ crowded city \ you have ever visited
4. where \ good restaurant to eat \ around here
5. what \ fun place to visit \ in this area
6. who \ kind person \ you know
7. what \ important thing \ in life
8. what \ serious problem \ in the world
9. who \ most interesting person \ in the news right now
o Exercise 38. Game. (Charts 9-1 -~ 9-10)

Work in teams. Compare each list of items using the words in italics. Write sentences using
as ... as, the comparative (-er/more), and the superlative (-est/most). The group with the
most correct sentences wins.
Example: streets in this city: wide / narrow / busy / dangerous

--+ First Avenue is wider than Market Street.
--+ Second Avenue is nearly as wide as First Avenue.
--+ First Avenue is narrower than Interstate Highway 70.
--+ The busiest street is Main Street.
--+ Main Street is busier than Market Street.
--+ The most dangerous street in the city is Olive Boulevard.
1. a lemon, a grapefruit, and an orange: sweet / sour / large / small

2. a kitten, a cheetah, and a lion: weak / poweiful / wild / gentle / fast
3. boxing, soccer, and golf: dangerous / safe / exciting / boring
4. the food at (three places in this city where you have eaten): delicious /
appetizing / inexpensive / good / bad
Comparisons 249
o Exercise 39. Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-1 - 9-10)
Complete the sentences with any appropriate form of the words in parentheses. Add any other
necessary words. In some cases, more than one completion may be possible.
1. Lead is a very heavy metal. It is (heavy) heavier than gold or silver. It is one of
(heavy) the heaviest metals of all.
2. Mrs. Cook didn't ask the children to clean up the kitchen. It was (easy)
________ for her to do it herself to nag them to do it.
3. A car has two (wheels) a bicycle.
4. Crocodiles and alligators are different. The snout of a crocodile is (long) _
and (narrow) than an alligator's snout. An alligator has a (wide)

________ upper jaw than a crocodile.
5. Although both jobs are important, being a teacher requires (education) _

_________________ being a bus driver.
6. The Great Wall of China is (long) structure that has ever

been built.
7. Hannah Anderson is one of (friendly) and (delightful)

_________________ people I've ever met.
8. One of (famous) volcanoes the

world is Mount Etna in Sicily.
9. It's possible that the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa near Java in 1883 was (loud)
____________ noise recorded history. People heard it 2,760
miles/4,441 kilometers away.
250 CHAPTER 9
10. (hard) I tried, (impossible)
the math problem seemed.
11. World Cup Soccer is (big) sporting event the world.

It is viewed on TV by (people) _____________ any other event in sports.
12. When the temperature stays below freezing for a long period of time, the Eiffel Tower
becomes six inches or fifteen centimeters (short) _
13. Young people have (high) rate of automobile accidents

____ all drivers.
14. You'd better buy the tickets for the show soon. (long) _
you wait, (difficult) it will be for you to get
good seats.
15. No animals can travel (fast) ____________ birds. Birds are (fast)
____________ animals of all.
16. (great) variety of birds a single area can be

found in the rainforests of Southeast Asia and India.

Solve the math problems* and then complete the sentences.
PROBLEM A: 2 +2=
PROBLEM B: V900 + 20 =
PROBLEM C: 3 X 127 =
PROBLEM D: 2 +3=
PROBLEM E: 127 X 3=
1. Problem and Problem have the same answers.

2. Problem and Problem have similar answers
3. Problem and Problem have different answers.
4. The answer to Problem is the same as the answer to Problem
5. The answers to Problem and Problem are similar.
6. The answers to Problem Problem are different.
7. Problem has the same answer as Problem
8. Problem is like Problem
9. Problem and Problem are alike.
*See Trivia Answers, p. 421, for answers to the math problems.
Comparisons 251
- - - " .. - - ..••....
- - ~:::;~<~.-X)~"/-:,~-~'f'< .:",.-:-:Q--t-
.•.
9-1 1 Using The Same, Similar, Different, Like, Alike

""£r-~
._-_. - - -~-- ~~- ~-.- ••• ~..-<S.~_ ''i_"",,",~,' __ '~ ~~M
(a) John and Mary have the same books. The same, similar, and different are used as adjectives.
(b) John and Mary have similar books.
Notice: the always precedes same.
(c) John and Mary have different books.
(d) Their books are the same.
(e) Their books are similar.
(f) Their books are different.
(g) This book is the same as that one. Notice: the same is followed by as;
(h) This book is similar to that one. similar is followed by to;
( i) This book is different from that one. different is followed by from. *
(j) She is the same age as my mother. A noun may come between the same and as, as in 0).
My shoes are the same size as yours.
(k) My pen is like your pen. Notice in (k) and (I):

(I) My pen and your pen are alike. noun + be like + noun
noun and noun + be alike
(m) She looks like her sister. In addition to following be, like also follows certain verbs, primarily
It looks like rain. those dealing with the senses.
It sounds like thunder.
Notice the examples in (m).
This material feels like silk.
That smells like gas.
This chemical tastes like salt.
Stop acting like a fool.
He seems like a nice guy.
(n) The twins look alike. Alike may follow a few verbs other than be.
We think alike.
Notice the examples in (n).
Most four-year-olds act alike.
My sister and I talk alike.
The little boys are dressed alike.
*In informal speech, native speakers might use than instead ofjrom after different. From is considered correct in formal English,
unless the comparison is completed by a clause: I have a different attitude now than I used to have.

Complete the sentences with as, to, from, or 0.
1. Geese are similar to ducks. They are both large water birds.
2. But geese are not the same ducks. Geese are usually larger and have
longer necks.
3. Geese are dIfferent ducks.
4. Geese are like _~~~~_ ducks in some ways, but geese and ducks are not exactly
alike _
5. An orange is similar ~ __ a peach. They are both round, sweet, and juicy.
252 CHAPTER 9
6. However, an orange is not the same a peach.
7. An orange is different a peach.
8. An orange is like a peach in some ways, but they are not exactly alike

(J Listen to each passage. Complete the sentences with the words you hear.
Gold vs. Silver

Gold is similar silver. They are both valuable metals that people use for
jewelry, but they aren't same. Gold is not same color

2 3
______ silver. Gold is also different silver in cost: gold is
4 5
_______ expensive silver.
6 7
Two Zebras
Look at the two zebras in the picture. Their names are Zee and Bee. Zee looks
_______ Bee. Is Zee exactly same Bee? The pattern of

8 9 10
the stripes on each zebra in the world is unique. No two zebras are exactly _
II
Even though Zee and Bee are similar each other, they are different
12
_______ each other in the exact pattern of their stripes.
13
Comparisons 253
Compare the figures. Complete the sentences with the same (as), similar (to), different
(from), like, or alike.
A B
c 0
1. All of the figures are similar to each other.
2. Figure A is Figure B.
3. Figure A and Figure Bare
4. A and Care
5. A and Care D.
6. Cis A.
7. B isn't D.

Complete the sentences with the same (as), similar (to), different (from), like, or alike.
In some cases, more than one completion may be possible.
1. Jennifer and Jack both come from Rapid City. In other words, they come from
the same town.
2. This city is the same as / similar to / like my hometown. Both are quiet and
conservative.
3. You and I don't agree. Your ideas are mine.
4. Sergio never wears clothes two days in a row.
5. A male mosquito is not size a female

mosquito. The female is larger.
254 CHAPTER 9
6. I'm used to stronger coffee. I think the coffee at this cafe tastes _
dishwater!
7. Meet and meat are homonyms; in other words, they have _

pronunciation.
8. Flower has pronunciation flour.
9. My twin sisters act , but they don't look _
10. Trying to get through school without studying is trying to

go swimming without getting wet.
o Exercise 45. Reading. (Chapter 9)

Part 1. Read the passage and the statements that follow it. NOTE: He and she are used
interchangeably.
Birth Order
In your family, are you the oldest, youngest, middle, or only child? Some psychologists
believe your place in the family, or your birth order, has a strong influence on your personality.
Let's look at some of the personality characteristics of each child.
The oldest child has all the parents' attention when she is born. As she grows up, she may
want to be the center of attention. Because she is around adults, she might act more like an
adult around other children and be somewhat controlling. As the oldest, she might have to take
care of the younger children, so she may be more responsible. She may want to be the leader
when she is in groups.
The middle child (or children) may feel a little lost. Middle children have to share their
parents' attention. They may try to be different from the oldest child. If the oldest child is
"good," the second child may be "bad." However, since they need to get along with both the
older and younger sibling(s), they may be the peacekeepers of the family.
The youngest child is the "baby" of the family. Other family members may see him as
weaker, smaller, or more helpless. If the parents know this is their last child, they may not want
the child to grow up as quickly as the other children. As a way to get attention, the youngest
child may be the funniest child in the family. He may also have more freedom and turn out to
be more artistic and creative.
An only child (no brothers or sisters) often grows up in an adult world. Such children
may use adult language and prefer adult company. Only children may be more intelligent and
serious than other children their age. They might also be more self-centered because of all the
attention they get, and they might have trouble sharing with others.
Of course, these are general statements. A lot depends on how the parents raise the child,
how many years are between each child, and the culture the child grows up in. How about you?
Do you see any similarities to your family?
Comparisons 255
Part II. Read the statements. Circle "T" for true and "F" for false according to the
information in the passage.
1. The two most similar children are the oldest and only child. T F
2. The middle child often wants to be like the oldest child. T F
3. The youngest child likes to control others. T F
4. Only children may want to spend time with adults. T F
5. All cultures share the same birth order characteristics. T F
o Exercise 46. Writing. (Chapter 9)

Part I. The word list contains personality characteristics. Do you know all these words?
artistic funny rebellious

competitive hard-working relaxed
controlling immature secretive
cooperative loud sensitive
creative mature serious
flexible outgoing shy
Part II. Compare yourself to other members of your family. Write sentences using the
structures below:
Structures:
1. not as as
2. more than
3. -er... than
4. the most ...
Part III. Write a paragraph comparing your personality to that of another member of your
family. Follow these steps:
1. Write an introductory sentence: I am different from / similar to my ...

2. Choose at least four characteristics from the list. For each one, make some type of
comparison.
3. Write a few details that explain each comparison.
4. Write one or two concluding sentences.
Sample paragraph:
My Father and I
I am different from my father in several ways. He is more hard-working

than I am. He is a construction worker and has to get up at 6:00 A.M. He often
doesn't get home until late in the evening. I'm a student, and I don't work as
hard. Another difference is that I am funnier than he is. I like to tell jokes and
make people laugh. He is serious, but he laughs at my jokes. My father was
an athlete when he was my age, and he is very competitive. I don't like playing
competitive sports, but we watch them together on TV. My father and I are
different, but we like to spend time with each other. Our differences make our
time together interesting.
256 CHAPTER 9
Edit the sentences. Correct the errors in comparison structures.
the
1. Did you notice? My shoes and your shoes are j same.
2. Alaska is largest state in the United States.
3. A pillow is soft, more than a rock.
4. Who is most generous person in your family?
5. The harder you work, you will be more successful.
6. One of a biggest disappointment in my life was when my soccer team lost the
championship.
7. My sister is very taller than me.
8. A firm mattress is so comfortable for many people than a soft mattress.
9. One of the most talkative student in the class is Frederick.
10. Professor Bennett's lectures were the confusing I have ever heard.
Comparisons 257

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What is the difference between regular and irregular verbs?

What is the difference between regular and irregular verbs?

What tenses use the past participle form of verbs?

What tenses use the past participle form of verbs?

INTERNATIONAL EDITION-Not for Sale in the U.S.A.

0 Exercise 1. Warm-up. (Chart 4-1)

1. stay stayed staved

The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT

You will hear: go went gone

Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past

1. call called 6. come came

0 Exercise 3. Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, and 4-1)

Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past

1. finish finished finished 6. hear heard

o Exercise 4. Warm-up. (Chart 4-2)

2. Toshi has lived in the same apartment for 30 years.

INCORRECT: I am in class since ten o'clock

(c) I have FORM: have/has + past participle

MAIN CLAUSE SINCE-CLAUSE Since may also introduce a time clause

Present Perfect and Past Perfect 83

1. _~ for two months. 11. school began.

7. ______ two years. 17. ______ almost four months.

o Exercise 6. Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-2)

since nine o'clock this mornin@

Since 1995, Theresa, a talk-show host, ...

2. interview hundreds of guests.

3. meet many famous people.

4. find out about their lives.

5. make friends with celebrities.

6. became a celebrity herself.

7. sign lots of autographs.

8. shake hands with thousands of people.

9. write two books about how to interview people.

o Exercise 8. Let's talk. (Chart 4-2)

1. How long have you known me?

*be up = be awake and out of bed

Present Perfect and Past Perfect 85

2. Pedro (change) his major three times since he (start)

3. Ever since I (be) -- a child, I (be) afraid of snakes.

5. Ever since Pete (meet) Nicole, he (think, not) _

about anything or anyone else. He's in love.

7. A: What (you, eat) --- since you (get)

B: So far, I (eat) a banana and some yogurt.***

o Exercise 10. Warm-up: pairwork. (Chart 4-3)

climbed a tree heard bedtime stories ridden a tricycle

PARTNERA: Since my childhood, I haven't _

PARTNERB: Yes, I have. OR No, I haven't.

*Ever since has the same meaning as since.

o Exercise 11. Looking at grammar. (Chart 4-3)

1. A: (you) eat) ever) Have you ever eaten an insect?

2. A: (you) stay) ever) ___________________ in a room on the top

3. A: (you) meet) ever) ___________________ a movie star?

4. A: (Ted) travel) ever) ___________________ overseas?

B: Yes, he ________ . He (travel) _____ _ to several

Present Perfect and Past Perfect 87

o Exercise 12. Listening. (Charts 2-3, 2-4, and 4-3)

o Exercise 13. Let's talk: interview. (Charts 2-4 and 4-3)

Example: have a pet

1. live in (this area) 6. wear glasses / contact lenses

o Exercise 15. Warm-up. (Chart 4-4)

7. two years. 17. almost four months.

B: Yes, he ____ . He (travel) _ _ to several