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    Endocrine Pancreas and Blood Glucose Level

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    sarah-saudhotmail.com
    The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells clustered in the islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, while glucagon increases blood glucose through glycogenolysis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin (Type 1) or the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and complications like glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia. Untreated diabetes can cause acute hypoglycemia or long-term damage to organs and nerves.

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    Endocrine Pancreas and Blood Glucose Level

    Uploaded by

    sarah-saudhotmail.com
    22 views5 pages
    The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells clustered in the islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, while glucagon increases blood glucose through glycogenolysis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin (Type 1) or the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and complications like glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia. Untreated diabetes can cause acute hypoglycemia or long-term damage to organs and nerves.

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    The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells clustered in the islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, while glucagon increases blood glucose through glycogenolysis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin (Type 1) or the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and complications like glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia. Untreated diabetes can cause acute hypoglycemia or long-term damage to organs and nerves.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views5 pages

    Endocrine Pancreas and Blood Glucose Level

    Uploaded by

    sarah-saudhotmail.com
    The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells clustered in the islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, while glucagon increases blood glucose through glycogenolysis. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin (Type 1) or the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels and complications like glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia. Untreated diabetes can cause acute hypoglycemia or long-term damage to organs and nerves.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    Ahmad Hamed

    Endocrine: Pancreas and Blood Glucose Level

    Pancreas is an EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE organ.


    Exocrine part: account for ~99% of pancreas volume and it secrete digestive
    enzymes by PANCREATIC ACINI CELLS.
    Endocrine part: account for ~1% of pancreas volume and it secrete different
    hormones by ISLETS OF LANGERHANS CELLS.
    ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas
    contain 5 different cells each cell produces a different hormone.
    INSULIN
    Actions of insulin:
    • reduce blood glucose level by:
    o increasing permeability of cell membrane to glucose
    o stimulation of glycogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscles
    • increasing amino acid uptake by the cells → increasing protein
    synthesis
    • stimulate lipogenesis

    Factor stimulating insulin secretion include


    • GI hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
    • High level of amino acids in the blood

    Factors inhibiting insulin secretion include:


    • Sympathetic stimulation
    • High level of adrenaline, cortisol, glucagon and somatostatin

    GLUCAGON
    Actions of Glucagon:
    • increase blood glucose level by:
    o breaking down glycogen to glucose in the liver
    (Glycogenolysis)
    • hypersecretion of glucagon will lead to hyperglycemia symptoms
    include: fat gain in the waist, headache, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia,
    skin rash w/pus, increased triglycerides (up to 170 mg/dl), increased
    fasting blood glucose (up to 180 mg/dl)

    Factors stimulating Glucagon secretion include:


    • Exercise

    Factors reducing Glucagon secretion include:


    • Insulin
    • Somatostatin
    Diabetes Mellitus
    • Type1:

    o Cause by autoimmune destruction (or damage to the majority of)


    beta cells due to genetic factors or auto immune reaction generally
    due to viral infections.

    • Type2

    o About 90% of DM patient have type2, its usually caused by insulin


    resistance and insulin deficiency.

     Insulin resistance: when your body doesn’t respond to insulin it


    usually the reason for both metabolic syndrome and type2 diabetes
    (especially in obese patients).

     Insulin deficiency: when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin


    (this is the primary cause in non-obese patients).

    Type 2 patients can control blood sugar by exercise, diet and medication,
    with a strict diet and exercise regimen some patient can control it without
    any medication.
    Type 2 diabetes can occur during pregnancy if it is not managed it can
    result in large babies or even still births.

    Effect of Diabetes
    • Glycosuria: glucose in the urine, when the blood sugar is too high.
    • Polyuria: glucose is osmotically active so with high glucose in the
    urine more water will be dumbed too.
    • Polydipsia: the more water out of the body the more the body will by
    dehydrated leading to increase thirst.
    COMPLICATIONS
    • Acute complication:
    Hypoglycemic coma: When blood sugar is so low that it affects the brain,
    which result in excessive sweating, anxiety, restlessness, mental confusion,
    difficulty in speech and coma.
    Usually due to:
    o Insulin over-dose: common in type 1 diabetic patient
    o Severe Vomiting and Diarrhea: reduce the absorption of Glucose
    o Unexpected heavy exercise
    o Insulin producing pancreatic tumor

    • Long term complications: Macro & Micro


    And Autonomic Neuropathy

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