TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 1

Educational Technology 1 module was conceived to help would-be professional teachers like
you to make your classes come alive by the full and appropriate use of educational technologies in their
experiential, constructivist and integrative teaching approaches.

You will note that the educational technology includes traditional and new technology, as well,
with emphasis on the former. Why focus on traditional technology in this course? First, the second
course in Educational Technology dwells more on the new educational technology. Second, traditional
technology has been proven to be effective and continues to be effective when used well. We are not
giving them up for the sake of embracing the new technology. Third, the technology divide is real. Let us
admit that while a few schools in the country benefit very much from new technology because of
adequate and superior computer facilities and faculty computer experts, most schools remain wanting
in computers and computers fluent teachers. Fourth, the use of traditional technology can be enhanced
by new technology. If teachers are trained on the effective use of traditional technology, they will know
exactly how this traditional technology can be enhanced by new technology for better results. The old
and new technology are complementary.

Each lesson in this module follows the following format:

 Quotation beneath the title- this stimulates your brain as you are introduced into the lesson
 Focus Question/s- this part sets the direction of the lesson. It gives the you an idea on the
most significant points that have to be tackled in the lesson
 Introduction- it puts the lesson in context. It tells why the lesson has to be learned or it links
the present lesson to the past
 Activity- this is the experiential phase of the lesson. An instructional material is used to
stimulate you to respond by recalling, thinking of and sharing an experience
 Analysis- in here, you, with the help of guide questions, are made to look back to the
experience, “examine that experience with a magnifying lens”, think incisively over that
direct or vicarious experience in the Activity phase.
 Abstraction- base on the analysis of the experience, you are expected to arrive at your own
generalizations. Your generalizations are seen against the concepts and principles of the
authorities on the subject.
 Application- this phase requires the application of the generalizations, concepts and
principles learned in another setting. Application of concepts also tests how well the
concepts were understood and mastered.
 Summing up- this is a synthesis of what transpired in the lesson considering the focus
questions which have to be given answers.
 Making Connection- this includes integration of the lesson with other lesson in this Course,
with other lessons in other professional subjects and in other subjects of the curriculum,
with the teaching professional and life itself.
 Personal Postscript- this is an afterthought of the whole lesson. Most often they are random
thoughts or reflections on what have been learned. It is like a newspaper editorial. It is
meant to leave something to ponder on even beyond the lesson.
 LESSON 1:

MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

“Technology is more than hardware, Technology consists of the designs and the
environments that engage learners.”- D. Jonassen

Focus Questions:
 What is educational technology
 How does educational technology differ from technology in educational
 How do educational technology, instructional technology and technology
integration, educational media relate to one another?

Introduction:
The organization of this course on Educational Technology 1 is based on the board
meaning of educational technology. That’s why we start this course with a comprehensive
understanding of the term educational technology.

Activity:

Brainstorming
 In two minutes, write down anything that comes to mind when you hear the phrase
educational technology.
 Read what you wrote

Analysis

Question for Discussion

 Of the words written, what is common?

 Are the words related? If yes, how are they related?
 What conclusion can you draw on what most people think educational technology is?
 Is this common concept on educational technology adequate? Defend your answer

Abstraction

Meaning of Educational Technology

To understand the meaning of educational technology, it may be good to begin with the
meaning of technology. The word “technology” comes from the Greek word techne which means
craft or art. Based on the etymology of the word “technology”, the term educational technology,
therefore refers to the craft of responding to our educational needs.

Many people think that technology refers only to machines such as computers, tv, videos,
and the like. All these form part of technology but educational technology is all these and more!
Technology is not just machines. It is a “planned”, systematic method of working to achieve planned
outcomes-a process not a product. Technology is the applied side of scientific development.” Dale,
1969) Technology also refers to many valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from
basic research using the scientific method. Technology refers to “all the ways people use their
inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and desires” (The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol
19). So, educational technology refers to how people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy
their educational needs and desires, i.e. learning.

Educational technology is “a complex”, integrated process involving people, procedures,

ideas, devices, and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and
managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning.” (Association for
Educational Communications and Technology, 1977. The definition of educational technology: A
summary, In the definition of educational technology, 1-16, Washington D.C.:AECT).

Educational technology ‘consists of the designs and environments that engage learners…and
reliable technique or method for engaging learning such as cognitive learning strategies and critical
thinking skills.” David H. Jonassen, et.al 1999).

Educational technology is a theory about how problems in human learning are identified
and solved. (David H. Jonasses, Kyle L. Peck, Brent G. Wilson, 1999). As a theory, educational
technology has an “integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.”

Educational technology is a field involved in applying a complex, integrated process to

analyze and solve problems in human learning (David H. Jonassen, et al 1999).

Educational technology is field study which is concerned with the practice of using
educational methods and resources for the ultimate goal of facilitating the learning process (Lucido
and Borabo, 1997). As a field, it operates within the total field of education.

Educational technology is a profession like teaching. It is made up of organized effort to

implement the theory, intellectual technique, and practical application of educational technology
(David H. Jonasses, et al 1999).

From the definition of educational technology given above, we can say that educational
technology is a very broad term. It is the application of scientific findings in our method, process or
procedure of working in the field of education in order to effect learning. It embraces curriculum
and instructional design, learning environment, theories of teaching-learning. It is also a field study
and a profession. It is the use of all human inventions for teachers to realize their mission to teach in
order that students learn.

There are other terms that are associated with educational technology. We come across
terms like technology in education, instructional technology and technology integration in education
books, educational media. Are they synonymous with educational technology?
 Technology in education is “ the application of technology to any of those processes
involved in operating the institution which house the educational enterprise. It includes the
application of technology to food, health, finance, scheduling, grade, reporting. And other processes
which support education within institutions” (David H. Jonassen, et al, 1999).

Instructional technology is a part of educational technology. Instructional technology is a

part of educational technology. Instructional technology refers to those aspects of educational
technology that “are concerned with instruction as contrasted to designs and operations of
educational institutions. Instructional technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and
evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives” ( Lucido and
Borado, 1997).

Technology integration means using “learning technologies to introduce, reinforce,

supplement and extend skill,” (William, ed. 2000). Like instructional technology, it is a part and
parcel of instructional technology, which in turn is a part of educational technology.

Educational media are channels or avenues or instruments of communication. Examples are

books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and Internet. These media also serve educational
purposes.

Which of the terms above are very much related to educational technology? Which one is
least related?

Application

1. Explain what educational technology is by using this graphic organizer?

2. Using the three concentric circle given below, show that educational technology, instructional
technology are much broader than educational media and technology integration.

3. Differentiate education technology from technology in education by the help of these arrows. The
direction of the arrows suggests that they differ.
4. Are the chalkboards and bulletin boards and other traditional learning equipment also included in the
term educational technology?

5. Accomplish this learning bank.

DEPOSIT DIVIDEND
(What I learned) (How I use what I learned in my life)

Summing Up

Educational technology is a broad term. Often times, however, it is given a narrow meaning, to
mean just hardware. It refers to the use of all human inventions and discoveries to satisfy our
educational need and desire, i.e learning. These inventions and discoveries can be devices, tools,
equipment, activities, procedures and processes. Included among these human inventions are the
various educational media. Educational technology is more than instruction. Technology integration is
part of instructional technology which, in turn, is part of educational technology. Educational technology
is different from technology in education. The latter refers to the application of technology in the
operation of education institutions while the former refers to the application of technology in the
process that takes place in such education institutions.

Making the Connection

Recall your course on Principle of Teaching. Was educational technology or instructional

technology ever mentioned? If not, were there terms that you learned in that course that are related to
educational technology?

Personal Postscript- Educational Technology is Hardware and More!

We sometimes think that educational technology is limited to tools and equipment. We were
made to understand that educational technology is more than material for it also includes processes,
procedures and activities, instructional and curricular designs, learning environment and systems.
Likewise, we think that educational technology includes only the recent human inventions like video,
computer, CD-ROM and INTERNET as though the traditional tools like the chalkboard, no matters how
old, is also a human invention and so definitely forms part of educational technology. In fact, even today
every classroom has a chalkboard. The chalkboard remains to be a popular equipment in the classroom.