INDO-GERMAN TOOL ROOM, AURANGABAD

CHAPTER : A6 – CNC GRINDING MACHINE TG2

CHAPTER OUTLINE
A6.1 – Introduction
A6.2 – Machine Description
A6.3 – Cutting tools
A6.4 – Tool holding devices
A6.5 –Safety

A 6.1 Introduction

TOPIC OUTLINE
a) Classification of CNC
Grinding machine

The application of CNC capability to Grinding operations is a rapidly expanding area of

technology. This section documents the common & popular machine configuration, and the
standard & advanced grinding commands for operations and subroutines offered in today’s
controls.

A6.1a Classification of CNC Grinding Machine

Machine axis configurations: Four axes CNC Internal grinding machine

The 4- axis CNC Internal Grinder is a very versatile machine that is capable of multiple
operations, Bore or outer diameter grinding. Cylindrical or tapered grinding, blending,
chamfers & radius capabilities, front or back faces, vector grinding of diameters & faces, all
with negative or positive feeds. A common axis configuration designates the main axis as
X & Z with B, C, D & U as auxiliary axes.

Grinding wheel profiles can also be “Dressed” on these grinders by CNC axes by
dedicated specially for this. By using Linear & Circular interpolations Wheel dressing
control, advanced profiles can be dressed, cylindrical, tapered, tapered with blending
chamfers or radius at right / left, Concave or Convex, Cylindrical with two steps as well as
front and/ or back faces.

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Four Axes contouring CNC Cylindrical Grinding machines

Four axes cylindrical grinders are capable of variety of operations, all under CNC
guidance, Plunge Grinding, Transverse grinding, Tapers, Faces, Counters, Forms & profile
Dressing are among some of the operations that can be accomplished using four axes
CNC cylindrical grinders. Combined with available auxiliary axis , the possible
configuration offer a great flexibility for variety of grinding operations.

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SUMMARY
At the end of this topic student shall be able to –
 Classify the CNC Grinding Machine.
 Identify the various operations performed by various axes
In the next topic students are going to learn about the parts of CNC Grinding machine.

QUESTION BANK
Questions:
1) What is four axes cylindrical CNC Grinding machine?

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A6.2 Machine Description

TOPIC OUTLINE
a) Machine Components & axis

A6.2a Machine components & axes

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CHAPTER : A6 – CNC GRINDING MACHINE TG2

SUMMARY
At the end of this topic student shall be able to –
 Label the parts & axes of CNC Grinding machine.

In the next topic students are going to learn about Cutting tools (Wheel) & wheel
Specification.

QUESTION BANK
Questions:
1) Label the various parts of CNC Grinding machine.

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A6.3 Cutting Tools (Grinding Wheel)

TOPIC OUTLINE
a) Grinding Wheel Specifications
b) Dresser
c) Cutting Fluid

A6.3a Grinding Wheel - Specifications

Precision CNC Grinding include such operations as Cylindrical Grinding (between center
or center less), Internal grinding, surface grinding & tool & Cutter grinding. The only
difference in these is in the methods for grinding and tooling specialized for each type of
machine.

A basic relationship exists between the different grades of grinding wheels, the grits and
the material they can cut. On hard materials, the increased number of cutting points on the
face of moderately fine grit wheel will remove stock faster than the fewer cutting points of
the coarser wheel. The larger abrasive grain of a coarse wheel cannot penetrate as deeply
in to the hard material without burning it. On soft ductile metals the larger grains of a
coarse wheel penetrate easily & provide the necessary clearance to minimize wheel
loading.

CNC Wheel identification system

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Abrasive Grits & Grains

On a grinding wheel surface, the cutting tool is actually the abrasive grit or grains. For
CNC Grinding the essential requirement of the perfect grain are the ones that maintain
resistance to point dulling and the ability of grain to fracture under normal grinding before
serious dulling occurs. During a grain fracture new sharp cutting points are exposed.

There are two general categories in to which abrasive grains fall, Natural & manufactured.
Emery, sand stone, corundum, quartz & Diamond are all natural grains.

Conventional electric – furnace abrasives or the manufactured abrasives are classified in

two categories. The first includes, Aluminum Oxide, aluminum oxide/ zirconium alloy and
silicon carbide. The second diamond & cubic boron nitrite. Aluminium oxide is
manufactured by alloying aluminum oxide & zirconium oxide. Silicon carbide is produced
from silica sand and carbon in the form of coke.

For hi9gh tensile strength material carbon and alloy steels, malleable cast iron & wrought
iron, aluminum oxide wheels are used. Alundum abrasives are widely used for heavy-duty
work on a wide range of steel. Zircoma alumina abrasive alloys are very well suited for
high pressure, high speed grinding of cast and selled steels.

A black silicon carbide wheel is used for cast iron, brass, soft bronze, aluminium copper
and nonmetallic materials. a special green colored silicon carbide wheel is used for
sharpening carbide tipped tools. Silicon carbide is curemely brittle and is used for low-
tensile-strength materials.

For grinding cemented tungsten carbide in both wet & dry applications, diamond abrasives,
natural or man made are used. The type of diamond abrasives selected depends on how
much steel is to be ground along with the carbide or if brazing material are contacted. Also,
whether the grinding operation is wet or dry is another significant factor.

For grinding hard & tough alloy steels & all tool steels of Rockwell C 50 hardness or
better, cubic boron nitride (CBN) a material manufactured by a process similar to that used
to make synthetic diamond abrasive is recommended.

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CNC Grinding type identification system

Standard shapes of CNC Grinding wheel faces

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A6.3b Dressers

CNC Grinding wheel dressers / diamond – Standard wheel dressing diamonds come in a
variety of sizes. Typically available and the most commonly used for CNC grinding
machines are the single pint standard diamond dresser. For common radii, the coned
radius dresser is typically used, coming in a full range of angular selections. Thread
grinding diamond tools normally are supplied in 60 0 & 38 0 configuration.

Tool room diamond grinding dressers commonly are available in three types, Norton,
Cincinnati & Landis.

Dressing diamonds for CNC Grinders

CNC profile dressers accurately move diamond tool in a pre programmed tool path
enabling the placement of complex forms directly on to grinding wheel for machining in to
work piece surfaces. Precision contour wheel dressing allows the pivoting axis of the
dresser to form the smallest, deep contour in to the wheel as the angle of inclination of tool
(in relation to curves)

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CNC Contour grinding wheel dresser (Controlled by cycle command)

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A6.3c Cutting Fluid

Functions of cutting fluid -

CNC Grinders operating at high machining speed produce high surface temperature. A
cutting is used to reduce the temperature of cutting action, to reduce the friction of chips
sliding along the tool face to prevent rust & flush away chips. Cutting fluid have ant seizure
and anti welding properties that inhibit the formation of edge build up & other adhesions.
Cutting fluids also have the ability to resist the foaming, smoking & misting also posses
hygienic properties,( to prevent dermatitis, which is a skin rash). Water is an ideal coolant
but to avoid rusting, it is mixed in various proportions with soluble & emulsifying oils,
sometimes called aqueous cutting fluid. All-purpose coolants now in the market are mixed
with water in the ratio of 1:5.

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CHAPTER : A6 – CNC GRINDING MACHINE TG2

SUMMARY
At the end of this topic student shall be able to –
 Know the various cutting fluids used in CNC Grinding machine
 Identify geometry of various dressers
 Understand the specification of grinding wheel.

In the next topic students are going to learn about work holding devices of machine.

QUESTION BANK
Questions:
1) Explain the properties of coolants.
2) What is the necessity of coolants?
3) Describe the various abrasives used on CNC Grinding machines.

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A6.4 Work holding devices

TOPIC OUTLINE
a) Magnetic Devices \ chucks

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SUMMARY
At the end of this topic student shall be able to –
 Identify various work holding devices on CNC Grinding machines.

In the next topic students are going to learn about safety precautions of machine.

QUESTION BANK
Questions:
1. Explain the work holding devices used on CNC Grinding machines.

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A6.5 safety precautions

TOPIC OUTLINE
a) Safety on CNC grinding machines

 Use machines with safety enclosing bulletproof covers.

 Do setting when machine is in off condition, only exception being the operation,
which require machine power to be switched on. Such as resetting work part with
tools.
 Always use safety goggles while working.
 Check for the simulation if available.
 Watches and rings are to be taken off.

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