For each type of source in this guide, both 

the general form and an example will be provided.

The following format will be used:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a
researcher or author using your own words.  For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue.
In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.
References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association  (7th ed.).

Government Publication
APA Citation Style does not have a separate category for government publications. According to APA, government
documents can be considered Books, Technical/Research Reports or Brochures.
Helpful Tips:

 Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure.

 If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author.
 If no person is named, use the government agency, department, or branch as a group author.
 Give the name of the group author exactly as it appears on the title page. If the branch or agency is not well
known, include its higher department first.
 If the group author is also the publisher, just use the word Author after the location.
 If there is a series or report number, include it after the title.
 The manual refers to the GPO (U.S. Gov. Printing Office). Canadian equivalents may be: Queen’s Printer,
Ministry of Supply and Services, Canadian Government Publishing, etc.

General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Author Surname OR Name of Government Organization, Year)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Author Surname OR Name of Government Organization, Year, page number)
References:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Government Name. Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title:
Subtitle (Report No. xxx [if available]). Publisher.
Example 1
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Gilmore et al., 1999)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Gilmore et al., 1999, p. 5)
References:
Gilmore, J., Woollam, P., Campbell, T., McLean, B., Roch, J., & Stephens, T. (1999). Statistical report on the health of
Canadians: Prepared by the Federal, Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health. Health
Canada, Statistics Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information.
Example 2
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Edwards, et al., 1997)
 In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Edwards, et al., 1997, p. 2)
References:
Edwards, N., Sims-Jones, N., Hotz, S., & Cushman, R. (1997). Development and testing components of a multifaceted
intervention program to reduce the incidence of smoking relapse during pregnancy and post-partum of both women
and their partners. Report prepared for Health Canada at the Community Health Research Unit, University of Ottawa,
Canada.
Example 3
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Ontario Ministry of Health, 1994)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Ontario Ministry of Health, 1994, p. 7)
References:
Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health Survey.
Queen's Printer for Ontario.
Example 4
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 2004)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 2004, p. 8)
References:
U. S. Food and Drug Administration/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2004). Worsening depression and
suicidality in patients being treated with antidepressant medications: FDA public health advisory. Author.

Blog
Source Generic
Actual Example
Type Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Post R: Author, A. R: Dubner, S. J. (2014, June 25). The quality-quantity
A. or Screen tradeoff
Name. (Full dilemma. Freakonomics. https://freakonomics.com/201
date). Title of 4/06/25/the-quality-quantity-tradeoff-dilemma/
post in sentence
T: (Dubner, 2014)
case. Title of
Blog in Title
Case and
 Italics. URL
T: (Screen
Name or Author
, year)

R: Author, A. R: MiddleKid. (2007, January 5). Re: The unfortunate

A. or Screen prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your
Name. mind [Comment on the blog post "Has anyone seen
(Full date). Re:  my sanity?"].
Title of original https://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/22/the-
blog post in unfortunate-prerequisites/
sentence case
T: (MiddleKid, 2007)
[Comment on
Comment
the blog post
"Title of blog
post in sentence
case"]. URL
T: (Screen
Name or Author
, year)

Book
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.
 For translated works, see the Translations rule.

Print Book
Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title R: Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore's
One of book in sentence case and dilemma: A natural history of four
author italics. Publisher. meals. Penguin.
T: (Author, year) T: (Pollan, 2006)

Two R: Author, A. A., & Author, B. R: Strindberg, A., & Wärn, M.

authors B. (Year). Title of book in (2011). Islamism: Religion, radicalization
with sentence case and and resistance (2nd ed.). John Wiley and
edition italics (edition number).
 Publisher. Sons.
number
T: (Author A & Author B, year) T: (Strindberg & Wärn, 2011)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A.,

& Author, C. C. (Year). Title of & Kasten, D. (2009). Winning in
Three book in sentence case and Afghanistan: Creating effective Afghan
authors italics. Publisher. security forces. Center for Strategic and
International Studies.
T: (Author A et al., year)
T: (Cordesman et al., 2009, pp. 45–46)

Book Chapter in Edited Book

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title
R: Haynes, P. (2009). Al-Qaeda, oil
of chapter in sentence case.
dependence, and US foreign policy. In D.
In B. B. Editor & C. C. Editor
One Moran and J. A. Russell (Eds.), Energy
(Eds.), Title of book in
author, security and global politics:
sentence case and italics (xx
two The militarization of resource
ed., pp. starting page of
editors management (2nd ed., pp. 62–74).
chapter–ending page of
Routledge.
chapter). Publisher.
T: (Haynes, 2009, p. 70)
T: (Author, year)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B.,

R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., &
& Author, C. C. (Year). Title of
Kasten, D. (2009). Introduction. In J. Smith
chapter in sentence case. In
Three (Ed.), Winning in Afghanistan: Creating
D. D. Editor (Ed.), Title of
authors, book in sentence case and effective Afghan security forces (pp. 1–12).
one Center for Strategic and International
italics (pp. starting page of
editor Studies.
chapter–ending page of
chapter).  Publisher. T (first citation): (Cordesman et al., 2009,
pp. 2–3)
T: (Author A et al., year)

Electronic Book
Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
With R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title
Digital of book in sentence case and
Object italics. DOI or URL R: Bonds, M. E. (2014). Absolute music:
Identifie The history of an
T: (Author, year, location
r (DOI) idea. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/978
information)
or URL 0199343638.003.0004
DOI T: (Bonds, 2014, Chapter 7, para. 2)
preferre
d

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title
From of book in sentence case and R: Crabtree, J. & Chaplin, A.
library italics. Name of Database in (2013). Bolivia: Processes of
databas Title Case. change. ProQuest.
e T: (Author, year, T: (Crabtree & Chaplin, 2013)
location information)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title R: A. Krishnan. (2008). War as business:

With of book in sentence case and Technological change and military service
book italics [E-reader version]. contracting [Kindle DX version].
provider DOI or URL https://www.amazon.com
T: (Author, year) T: (Krishnan, 2008) 

 When citing a direct quotation from an electronic book without page numbers,

include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material.
The citation might include a chapter number, section heading, location number,
or paragraph number within the section.
 If present, include a DOI link only (not a URL) in references from a library
database.

Class Notes, Slides, Lecture, Presentation, Workshop

 Class notes include lecture notes, slides, and any other course-related material
published by an instructor.
 If slides, lecture, class notes are not available to your readers, format as
a personal communication using professor's/lecturer's name and type of
medium (e.g., "class notes," "PowerPoint slides").
 Class notes and lectures published to your online course site are
considered unpublished.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
 also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Johnson, J. (2017). Python NumPy
R: Instructor, A. A.
tutorial [Class notes for CS231n:
(Year). Title of notes in
Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual
sentence case and
Class Notes Recognition]. Department of Computer
italics [Class notes
Science, Stanford
Published for/on...]. Department,
University. https://cs231n.github.io/python-
University. DOI or URL
numpy-tutorial/
T: (Instructor, year)
T: (Johnson, 2017)

R: Do not include in R: None

Class Notes, references list if not
T: (D. Bray, PowerPoint slides, March 26,
Lecture, or publicly available
2017)
Slides
T: (A. Author, class
Unpublished notes, Month and day
of class, year)

R: Author, A. A. (Year R: Horse, B. B. (2020). Horseshoes and

of presentation). Title hand grenades: On the joys of
of lecture in sentence approximation [Lecture]. Belmont Race
case and Track, Elmont, NY, United States.
Lecture italics [Lecture] or [Des https://horse.edu/
cription of lecture in
Published T: (Horse, 2020)
sentence case].
Venue, location.
DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)

R: Author, A. A. (Full R: Randall, L. (2002, July 19). Unification

date). Title of in warped extra dimensions and bulk
presentation in holography [Presentation]. Holography in
sentence case and Action, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Presentation or italics [Presentation or  https://www.dialogues.org/interview/03/19/
Workshop Workshop]. Name of 2014/lisa-randall-unification-in-warped-
Event, extra-dimensions-and-bulk-
Location. DOI or URL holography/1465817708
T: (Author, year) T: (Randall, 2002)

Computer Program / Software

 Cite the software you use in your research if it is not well known in your field.
  Do not cite the software you use in your research if it is well known in your field.
Simply name it in your text.
 However, a citation is always required if paraphrasing or quoting
material from a software program; this includes code, text, images, etc.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., R: Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.,
Author, C. C., & Author, D. Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H.
D. or Company. (Year). Title in (2005). Comprehensive meta-
sentence case and italics (Version analysis (Version 2) [Computer
Online number) [Computer software]. software]. Biostat.
Publisher. DOI or URL https://www.meta-
analysis.com/index.html
T: (Author A et al., year)
T: (Borenstein et al., 2005)

R: Author, A. R: Esolang, A. N.
A. or Company. (Year). Title in (2014). Obscure reference
sentence case and italics (Version generator [Computer software].
Hard copy number) [Computer software]. E & K Press.
Publisher.
T: (Esolang, 2014)
T: (Author, year)

Conference Paper / Proceedings

 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Conferen R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., R: Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C.
ce Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. E., Wong, P., Kass, J. H., & Lent, R.
Proceedi (Year). Title of article in sentence (2008). The basic nonuniformity of
ngs case. Title of Proceedings or the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of
Collection in Title Case and Italics, the National Academy of Sciences
(online)
volume in italics, starting page of of the United States of
article–ending page of article. America, 105,12593–12598.
 DOI or URL https://doi.org.10.1073/pnas.080541
7105
T (first citation): (Author A et al.,
year) T (first citation): (Herculano-
Houzel et al., 2008, p. 12595)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., R: Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan,

Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. H. (2007). A multi-touch surface
(Year). Title of article in sentence using multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-
Conferen
case. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, &
ce
C. C. Editor, . . . & Z. Z. Editor P. Scheunders (Eds.) Lecture Notes
Proceedi
(Eds.) Title of Proceedings or in Computer Science: Vol.
ngs
Collection in Title Case and 4678. Advanced Concepts for
(print) Italics (pp. x–xxx). Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97–
108).
T: (Author A et al., year)
T: (Katz et al., 2007)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., R: Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M.,

Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. Abram, K. M., & Washburn, J. J.
Paper
(Full date). Title of paper in (2020, January 7). Early violent
Presente
sentence case and italics [Paper death in delinquent youth: A
d at
presentation]. Conference Name, prospective longitudinal
Conferen
Location. DOI or URL study [Paper presentation]. Annual
ce
Meeting of the American
T: (Author A et al., year)
Unpublis Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla,
hed CA, United States.
T: (Teplin et al., 2005) 

Data Set / Database

 For information retrieved from a database, provide enough information for your
readers to replicate the data. In your text, include the name of the database or
the source of the data, along with other descriptive information (such as the unit
of observation, the years selected, the sample size, and/or other selection
criteria).
 Data that is unpublished and retrievable is available to your readers if they
contact the given source.
 Data that is unpublished and not retrievable is not available to the general
public.

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Published R: Author, A. R: Suro, R. (2004). Changing channels and
 A. or Organization.
crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news
(Year). Title in sentence
media [Data set]. Pew Research
case and italics (Version
Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/20
number) [Data set].
04/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-
Publisher. DOI or URL
cultures/
T: (Author or Organizatio
T: (Suro, 2004)
n, year)
R: Carotene, B. (2020). Changing chard and
R: Author, A. crisscrossing cucumbers [Unpublished raw data].
A. or Organization. U.S. Department of Vegetable Statistics.
(Year). Title in sentence
case and italics (Version T: (Carotene, 2020)
Unpublish number) [Unpublished
ed and raw
retrievabl data] or [Unpublished
e raw data on...]. Source of R: Carotene, B. (2020). [Unpublished raw data on
data. DOI or URL the benefits of eating vegetables that begin with
the letter C]. U.S. Department of Vegetable
T: (Author or Organizatio Statistics. https://www.wallcrust.edu/fiberchunks
n, year)
T: (Carotene, 2020)
An unpublished data set R: None
that is not retrievable by
T: (K. Kanteen, personal communication,
readers is treated
December 18, 2019)
Unpublish as a personal communic
ed and ation and therefore not
not cited in references.
retrievabl R: None
e
T: (Author, A. A.,
personal communication,
full date)
 

Dictionary / Encyclopedia
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Dictionary R: Organization  R: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Metamorphosis.
in Title Case. In Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 6,
(n.d.). Entry in 2017, from https://www.merriam-
 sentence case. webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis
In Reference
T: (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
work in
sentence case
and
italics. Retrieved
full date from
URL
T: (Organization
, n.d.)

R: Author, A. A. R: Stewart, J. I. M. (2019). Rudyard Kipling.

(Year). Title of In Encyclopedia
entry in Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ru
sentence case. dyard-Kipling
In Title of
T: (Stewart, 2019)
Reference Work
in Title Case
and Italics. URL
T: (Author, year)

Encyclopedi
a
For an
organizational
author, format
as a dictionary
entry (see
above).
For a personal
author, format
as a chapter in
an edited book.

Fact Sheet
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
 R: Department or Organizatio R: Department of Labor. (2008). The
n Name. (Year). Title of fact construction industry under the Fair
sheet in sentence case and Labor Standards Act
italics [Fact sheet]. (FLSA) [Fact sheet].
DOI or URL https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact
Fact Sheet -sheets/1-flsa-construction
T (first citation): (Department
[Acronym], year) T (first citation): (Department of
Labor [DOL], 2008)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of T (subsequent citations): (DOL,
Department, year) 2008)

Government / Military Document

 Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

Directive
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
R: Organization. (Full R: Department of Defense. (2005, December 19). I
date). Title of instruction in management (DoD Directive 8570.01-M). https://ww
sentence case and dodm/857001m.pdf
italics (document
T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DOD], 2
identification number).
Department [if different from T (subsequent citations): (DOD, 2005)
the authoring organization].
Directive DOI or URL
T (first
citation): (Department
[Acronym], year)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of
Department, year)

Doctrine
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
Joint Doctrine R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2017). Countering air and
(Year). Title of joint doctrine
 in sentence case and https://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_201
italics (document
T (first citation): (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017
identification number).
DOI or URL T (subsequent citations): (JCS, 2017)
T (first
citation): (Department
[Acronym], year)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of
Department, year)

Field Manual / Military Regulatio

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
R: Organization. (Full R: Department of the Army. (1994). Sniper training
date). Title of instruction in archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf
sentence case and
T (first citation): (Department of the Army [DA], 19
italics (document
identification number). T (subsequent citations): (DA, 1994)
Department [if different from
Field Manual / the authoring organization].
Military DOI or URL
Regulation T (first
citation): (Department
[Acronym], year)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of
Department, year)

Government Report
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
  CRS Report   CRS Report
Government R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title R: Erwin, M. C. (2011). Intelligence issues for Cong
Report of report in sentence case Service. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539
and italics (CRS Report No.
T: (Erwin, 2011)
xxxxxxx). Congressional
Research Service. URL
 T: (Author, year)

GAO Report GAO Report

R: Author, A. R: Berrick, C. A. (2009). Homeland security: DHS’s
A. or Organization. cybersecurity (GAO-10-106). Government Account
(Year). Title of report in
T: (Berrick, 2009)
sentence case and
italics (GAO-xx-xxx).
Publisher.
T: (Author, year)

Strategy Document / Strategy Document / Other Government Report

Other Government Report
R: White House. (2015). National security strategy
R: Name of Department. 12-18-2017-0905.pdf
(Year). Title of document in
T: (White House, 2015)
sentence case and
italics. DOI or URL
T (first citation): (Name of
Department [Acronym],
year)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of
Department, year)

Instruction
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
Instruction R: Organization. (Full R: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. (2019, M
date). Title of instruction in afloat (OPNAVINST 5100.19F). Department of the
 
sentence case and https://www.secnav.navy.mil/doni/Directives/05000
italics (document %20Services/05-100%20Safety%20and%20Occup
identification number).
T (first citation): (Office of the Chief of Naval Ope
Department [if different from
the authoring organization]. T (subsequent citations): (CNO, 2019)
DOI or URL
T (first
citation): (Department
[Acronym], year)
T (subsequent
citations): (Acronym of
 Department, year)

Memorandum
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
R: Author, A. A. (Full date of R: Takai, T. (2013, March 28). Adoption of the nati
issuance). Title of Defense [Memorandum]. Department of Defense. h
memorandum in sentence 28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within
case and
Memorandum T: (Takai, 2013)
italics [Memorandum].
Department. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)

Handbook
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See also Capitalization
Sentence case)
R: Name of
Company.
(Year). Title of
handbook in
R: Western Spud. (1972). Transmission systems for potatoes 
sentence case
Online [Handbook]. https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.
and
italics [Handbook T: (Western Spud, 1972)
]. DOI or URL
T: (Name of
Company, year)
Print R: Name of R: Western Electric. (1985). Transmission systems for commu
Company. ed.) [Handbook].
(Year). Title of
T: (Western Electric, 1985)
handbook in
sentence case
and
italics [Handbook
].
T: (Name of
 Company, year)

Journal Article
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.
 If present, include a DOI link only (not a URL) in references from a library
database.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Sanico, G., & Kakinaka, M. (2008).
Terrorism and deterrence policy with
transnational support. Defence &
R: Author, A. A., & Author, Peace Economics, 19(2), 153–167.
B. B. (Year). Title of article in https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269070150
sentence case. Title of 5419
Journal in Title Case and T: (Sanico & Kakinaka, 2008)
Online
Italics, volume in italics(issue
DOI number), starting page of
preferred article–ending page of
article. DOI or URL R: Catrantzos, N. (2010). No dark
T: (Author A & Author B, corners: A different answer to insider
year) threats. Homeland Security
Affairs, 6(2). 
https://www.hsaj.org/articles/83
T: (Catrantzos, 2010)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title R: Griffin, G. (2009). Managing

of article in sentence peacekeeping communications. Journal
case. Title of Journal in Title of Business Continuity & Emergency
Case and Italics, volume in Planning, 3(4), 317–327.
Print italics(issue number),
T: (Griffin, 2009, pp. 324–325)
starting page of article–
ending page of article.
T: (Author, year)
From a R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title R: Giannopoulou,  Z. (2014). Prisoners
library of article in sentence of plot in José Saramago’s The
database case. Title of Journal in Title Cave. Philosophy and
Case and Italics, volume in Literature 38(2), 126–137. Project
italics(issue number), Muse.
starting page of article–
 ending page of article. Name T: (Giannopoulou, 2014)
of Database in Title
Case. DOI
T: (Author, year)

Legal
 For more information, see Cornell University Law School Legal Information
Institute.

Bill / Resolution
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Federal R: Bill or R: H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992). 
unenacted Resolution Title https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-
in Title Case [if bill/5936/cosponsors?r=254&overview=closed
present],
T: (H.R. 5936, 1992)
Abbreviated Bill
or Resolution
Chamber and
Number, xxx
Cong. (year). R: Every Vote Counts Amendment, H.J. Res.
DOI or URL 4, 110th Cong. (2007).
T: (Bill or In your text: In the Every Vote Counts Amendment
Resolution Title (H.J. Res. 4, 2007), Congress declared ...
in Title
Case or Abbre
viated Bill or
Resolution
Chamber and
Number, year)
or
In your
text: Mention
title of bill or
resolution
(Abbreviated
Bill or
Resolution
 Chamber and
Number, year)

R: Abbreviated R: S. Res. 438, 114 Cong., 162 Cong. Rec. 2394
Bill or (2016) (enacted).
Resolution
T: (S. Resolution 438, 2016)
Chamber and
Number, xxx
Federal Cong., volume
enacted, Cong. Rec.
published page (year)
in Congress (enacted).
ional DOI or URL
Record
T: (Abbreviated
Bill or
Resolution
Chamber and
Number, year)

Code of Federal Regulations

Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Name of Act R: Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 10
in Title Case, C.F.R. 451 (2006).
title number https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2006-
C.F.R. part title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2006-title10-vol3.pdf
Code of number or §
T: (Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 2006)
Federal section number
Regulations (year
compiled).
DOI or URL
T: (Name of
Act, year)
Congressional Hearing / Testimony within a Hearing
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
 R: Title of
hearing in
sentence case
R: Long-term sustainability of current defense plans:
and italics, xxx
Hearing before the Committee on the Budget, House
Congressio Cong. (year).
of Representatives, 111th Cong. 1 (2009).
nal Hearing  DOI or URL
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-
Full Hearing T: (Shortened  111hhrg47035/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg47035.pdf
Title of Hearing
T: (Long-term Sustainability, 2009)
in Title Case
and
Italics, year)

R: Title of R: NASA infrastructure: Enabling discovery, enabling

testimony in durability, U.S. House Committee on Science, Space,
sentence case and Technology, 113th Cong. 25 (2013).
and italics, xxx https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-
Cong. (year). 113hhrg85276/html/CHRG-113hhrg85276.htm
DOI or URL
In your text: John Armstrong, NASA lead engineer,
In your noted in his statement before the House... 
Testimony
text: mention
within a T: (NASA Infrastructure, 2009)
name and
Hearing
credentials/title
of testifier.
T: (Shortened
Title of Hearing
in Title Case
and
Italics, year)

Court Case Decision

Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Lower court R: Party R: Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078, 1092–
Names, Case 1104 (E.D. Wis. 1972).
(online)
ID [includes https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?
first page of case=16374362071956566586&q
decision], =Lessard+v.+Schmidt&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_vis=1
pages or
T: (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)
paragraphs
cited (Court
 Abbreviation
and year).
DOI or URL
T: (Party
Names in
italics, year)
R: Party R: Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365 (2008).
Names, Case
T: (Winter v. NRDC, 2008)
ID [includes
first page of
decision],
Supreme
pages or
Court
paragraphs
(print) cited (year).
DOI or URL
T: (Party
Names in
italics, year)

Executive Order
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Exec. Order
No. xxxxx, 3
C.F.R. page
Executive number (year R: Exec. Order No. 13655, 3 C.F.R. 339 (2014). 
Order compiled). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2014-title3-
DOI or URL vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title3-vol1.pdf
Basic
format T: (Executive T: (Executive Order No. 13655, 2014)
Order No.
xxxxx, year
compiled)

Executive R: Exec. Order R: Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971–1975),
Order No. xxxxx, 3 reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. § 301 app. at 404–
C.F.R. page 407 (1994).
Extended
number (year
format T: (Executive Order No. 11609, 1994)
compiled),
reprinted in title
number U.S.C.
 § section
number app. at
starting page of
order–ending
page of order
(year
reprinted).
T: (Executive
Order No.
xxxxx, year
reprinted)
Federal Acquisition Regulation
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: FAR subpar R: FAR 8.5, Acquisition of Helium (2019).
t number, Title https://www.acquisition.gov/content/subpart-85-
of Subpart in acquisition-helium
Federal
Title Case
Acquisition T: (FAR 8.5, 2019)
(year). URL
Regulation
T: (FAR subpar
t, year)

Public Law
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Title of Act
in Title Case,
title number R: National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. §
Public Law U.S.C. § 4331 (1969).
section number
Published in T: (first citation): (National Environmental Policy Act
(year).
the U.S. [NEDA],1969)
DOI or URL
Code
T: (Title of Act T (subsequent citations): (NEDA, 1969)
in Title Case,
year)
 R: Title of Act
in Title Case,
Public Law Pub. L. No. R: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No.
xxx, volume 101–336 § 2, 104 Stat. 328 (1991).
Published in Source page
http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files
the U.S. number (year /PPL_101_336_AmericansWithDisabilities.pdf
Statutes at published).
Large DOI or URL T: (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1991)

T: (Title of Act,
year published)

Magazine Article
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.
 If present, include a DOI link only (not a URL) in references from a library
database.

Source Generic
Actual Example
Type Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Title of article R: So long easy money: Foreign drug firms face a
in sentence case. severe profit squeeze. (2014, June 12). The
(Year, Month Economist.
[and day if https://www.economist.com/news/business/216041
weekly or 78-foreign-drug-firms-face-severe-profit-squeeze-
biweekly]). Title so-long-easy-money
of Magazine in
T: (“So Long,” 2014)
Title Case and
Italics, volume in
No author
italics(issue
given
number), starting
page of article–
ending page of
article.
DOI or URL
T: ("First Few
Words of Article
Title in Title
Case," year)
Author R: Author, A. A. R: Beforebad, S. (2017, July 4). Cold spaghetti: To
given (Year, Month eat or not to eat? Pasta Dynamics, 547(7661), 30–
[and day if
 weekly or 31.
biweekly]). Title
T: (Beforebad, 2017).
of article in
sentence  
case. Title of
Magazine in Title
Case and Italics,
volume in
italics(issue
number), starting
page of article–
ending page of
article.
DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)

R: Author, A. A. R: Katz, F. (2020, January–March). You're

(Date). Title of grounded for life. Parenting Highlights
article in Quarterly, 112(1), 22–27. ProQuest. 
sentence
T: (Katz, 2020, p. 25)
case. Title of
Magazine in Title
Case and Italics,
From a volume in
library italics(issue
database number), starting
page of article–
ending page of
article. Name of
Database in Title
Case. DOI
T: (Author, year)

Map
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Google Map / R: Google. (n.d.). R: Google (n.d.). [Google Map of Monterey Bay].
Earth [Description of Retrieved July 6, 2017, from
map]. Retrieved  https://www.google.com/maps/
Month and day, place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-
 122.0843052,11z/
data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:
year, from URL 0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-
T: (Google, n.d.) 121.947311
T: (Google, n.d.)

Multimedia
 If the director is unknown or if it is useful, someone in a similar role can be
credited to aid readers in retrieving the work, such as the producer, host, artist,
uploader, etc.

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Director, B. B. R: Dick, K. (Director). (2012). The invisible
(Director). war [Film]. Chain Camera
(Year). Title of film Pictures. https://www.amazon.com/Invisible-War-
in sentence case Helen-Benedict/dp/B009G9YCB4
and italics [Film].
Film T: (Dick, 2012)
Production
Company.
DOI or URL
T: (Director, year
published)
Podcast R: Host, H. H. R: McBracket, D. (Host). (2020, January 7). Taking
(Host) or Executive the sigh out of citation (No. 846) [Audio podcast
Producer, E. P. episode]. In Team Citation
(Executive presents. Komodo Studios. https://www.komodo-
Producer). (Full studios.com/
date). Title of podcasts/10486/firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html/
episode sentence
T: (McBracket, 2020)
case (No. #)
[Audio podcast
episode].
In Podcast title in
sentence case and
italics. Production
company. URL
 T: (Screen
Name or Organizat
ion or Author or Pr
oducer, year)
R: Screen R: CNN. (2017, August 31). US military sends
Name or Organizat warships, aircraft to Texas [Video].
Video ion or Author, A. http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-
A. or  Producer, A. harvey-flooding-military-
News
A. (Full date). Title esponse/iid=ob_lockedrail_topeditorial
video, 
of video in
YouTube,
sentence case and T: (CNN, 2017)
or
italics [Video].
any kind
Platform. URL
of
streaming
T: (Screen
video
Name or Organizat
ion or Author or Pr
oducer, year)
Newspaper Article
 Use the leading word “the” when referencing newspaper names in list of
references (The New York Times, not New York Times).
 If present, include a DOI link only (not a URL) in references from a library
database.
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Source Generic
Actual Example
Type Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Author R: Author, R: Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep
given A. A. (Full brains agile. The New York Times.
date). Title https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/health/11brod.html
of article in
T: (Brody, 2007)
sentence
case. Title
of
Newspaper
in Title
Case and
Italics.
DOI or URL
 T: (Author,
year)

R: Title of R: Toxic algae in San Luis Reservoir prompts warning from

article in state. (2017, June 30). Monterey
sentence Herald. https://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-
case. (Full nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-
date). Title warning-from-state
of
T: ("Toxic Algae," 2017)
Newspaper
No in Title
author Case and
given Italics.
DOI or URL
T: ("First
Few Words
of Article
Title in Title
Case,"
year)
R: Author,
A. A. (Full
date). Title
of article in
sentence
case. Title
of
Newspaper
From a in Title R: Gordon, M. R. (2001, December 9). Shifting fronts, rising
library Case and danger: The Afghanistan War evolves. The New York
databas Italics, pag Times, A3. ProQuest.
e e number
T: (Gordon, 2001)
or section
number. Na
me of
Database in
Title
Case. DOI
T: (Author,
year)

Patent
Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
 R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Inventor, A. A.
(Year
issued). Title of
patent in sentence
R: Bell, A. G. (1876). Improvement in
case and
telegraphy (U.S. Patent No. 174465). U.S. Patent
italics (U.S. Patent
and Trademark
Patent No. xxxxxx). U.S.
Office. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465
Patent and
Trademark Office. T: (Bell, 1876)
DOI or URL
T: (Inventor, year
issued)

Personal Communication, Interview, Email

 Cite in text only.
 
 Personal communication is material obtained directly from a person,
organization, or other source that your typical readers will be unable to access.
 
 A source should be cited as a personal communication when there is no direct,
reliable path for your readers to retrieve the information. Examples include
phone calls, conversations, letters, emails, files attached to an email Including
attachments, internal documents, documents posted to a listserv or internal
server, or any unpublished source to which your readers have no access.

Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: None
R: None
T: Include
T: (J. Smith, personal communication, September 8,
person's name
Personal 2009)
, personal
Communicati
communicatio or
on
n, Full date of
T: According to Rebecca Risotto (personal
communicatio
communication, September 8, 2009)
n
 R: None
R: None
T: Include
T: (S. Jones, interview with author, June 1, 2012)
name and title
Interview of interviewee or
as well as full
T: According to Sandi Jones (interview with author,
date of
June 1, 2012)
interview.

Email R: None
(including T: Include R: None
attachments  sender's T: (Q. Grumbupple, email to author, October 22,
such as name, email to 1994)
presentation author, Full
slides, data date of email or
sets, internal T: According to Quentin Grumbupple (email to
documents, author, October 22, 1994) 
etc.)

Photograph
Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Photographer
, P. P.
(Year). Title of
photograph in
sentence case R: Harrison, T. (2018). [Kenya Defense Force's 1st
and Canine Regiment].
italics or [Descri Military.com. https://www.military.com/off-
Photograph
ption of duty/2018/12/30/best-military-photos-2018.html
photograph in
T: (Harrison, 2018)
sentence case].
Source. URL
T: (Photographe
r, year)

Report
 An official report is freestanding and should have publisher and/or copyright
information. If it is not freestanding, then format it as a webpage.
 
  Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Research R: Author, A. A., Author, R: Dixon, L., Clancy, N., Miller, B.
Report / B. B., ... Author, Z. M., Hoegberg, S. Lewis, M. M., Bender, B., ...
Think Tank Z. or Organization. Choquette, S. R. (2017). The cost and
Report / (year). Title of report in affordability of flood insurance in New York
White sentence case and City (Report No. RR1776-NYCEDC). RAND.
Paper italics (document https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/
identification number). research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR
(online)
Publisher or 1776.pdf
Organization.
T: (Dixon et al., 2017)
DOI or URL

List of T: (Author et
Think al. or Organization,
Tanks, year)
U.S. and
Globally 

Technical Report
Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A. R: Tang, K. L., & Eignor, D. R. (2001). A study
(Year). Title of technical in the use of collateral statistical information in
report in sentence case attempting to reduce TOEFL IRT item
Author and italics (document parameter estimation sample sizes (Report
given identification number). Nos. RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17). ETS.
(online) Publisher or https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_r
Organization. URL eports/
publications/report/2001/hsfb
T: (Author, year)
T: (Tang & Eignor, 2001)
Organizati R: Organizational R: National Toxicology Program.
on as Author. (Year). Title of (2012). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies
 technical report in of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (Report No.
sentence case and TR-576). National Institutes of Health.
italics (document https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm
author identification number). /reports/longterm/tr500580/listedreports/tr576/i
Publisher or Parent ndex.html
(online) Organization [if different
T (first citation): (National Toxicology
from organizational
Program [NTP], 2012)
author]. DOI or URL
T (subsequent citations): (NTP, 2012)
T: (Author, year)
R: Author, A. A. R: Jones, K. A., & Johnson, F. (2015). The
(Year). Title of technical absorption rate of E. coli in cats (Report No.
report in sentence case 17-59). Veterinary Studies. 
Author
and italics (document
given T: (Jones & Johnson, 2015)
identification number).
(print) Publisher or
Organization.
T: (Author, year)

Secondary Source
 Only use secondary sources when the primary source is unavailable. How to
cite secondary sources.

Generic
Source Type Actual Example
Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Secondary Source R: List the R: Nicholson, I. A. M. (2003). Inventing
secondary personality: Gordon Allport and the science
source that of selfhood. American Psychological
quotes or Association.
discusses the
material you are
T: We can see this idea in the following
referring to (cite
passage from Allport’s diary (1926), as cited
using the
in Nicholson (2003): " ... " (p. 36).
appropriate
reference-list
or
format for the
source type— T:  (Allport, 1926, as cited in Nicholson,
book, journal 2003, p. 36)
article, etc.)
 T: In your text,
identify the
primary source
using the phrase
"as cited in,"
followed by the
secondary
source.

or
T: If using a
parenthetical
citation, cite the
primary source
first, followed by
the phrase "as
cited in" and
then the
secondary
source.

Social Media
Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Facebook, R: Author, A. R: Enginewarmup [@owl-pellets].
Instagram, A. or Organization or Screen Na (2020, January 7). Follow the
Twitter, etc. me [handle]. (Full date). Title of rules when shortening
post or up to 20 words of the tweets [Tweet]. Twitter. 
post in sentence case and https://twitter.com/owl-
italics or [Description of post in pellets/mouse-parts128987899
sentence case]. [Type of post].
T: (Enginewarmup, 2020)
Platform. URL
T: (Author or Organization or Scr
een
Name, year) R: Babygiraffe
[@babygiraffehaslastlaugh]. (2020,
January 7). Mocking those visiting
the zoo [Video]. Instagram.
https://instagram.com/p/s340[jafmO
 ujejl
T: (Babygiraffe, 2020)

Speech
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: List the source that
quotes or reprints the
R: Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said!
speech you are referring
Great speeches in American history. E &
to (cite using the
K Publishing.
appropriate reference-list
Speech format for the source type T: Martin Luther King, Jr. declared, “I
—book, journal article, have a dream that one day this nation will
etc.) rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed” (Smith, 2009).
T: Include name of
speaker.
Thesis / Dissertation
 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
From an R: Author, A. A. R: Moon, T. D. (2009). Rising dragon:
institutional (Year). Title of Infrastructure development and Chinese
archive thesis/dissertation in influence in Vietnam [Master’s thesis,
sentence case and Naval Postgraduate School]. NPS
italics [Type of document, Archive: Calhoun.
Name of Institution]. https://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694
Name of Institutional
T: (Moon, 2009)
Archive. DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)

R: Rivera, J. (2010). Software system

 architecture modeling methodology for
naval gun weapon systems [Doctoral
dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School].
NPS Archive: Calhoun.
https://hdl.handle.net/10945/10504
T: (Rivera, 2010)

R: Author, A. A. R: Choi, M.
(Year). Title of (2008). Contesting imaginaires in death
thesis/dissertation in rituals during the Northern Song
sentence case and Dynasty (Publication No. 3300426)
From a italics (Identification [Doctoral dissertation, University of
commercial number) [Type of Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations and
database document, Name of Theses Global.
Institution]. Name of
T: (Choi, 2008)
Database in Title Case. 
T: (Author, year)

Unpublished / Informally Published Work

 Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.
 Unpublished works include work that is in progress, has been completed but
not yet submitted for publication, or has been submitted but not yet accepted for
publication.

Source
Generic Example Actual Example
Type
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A. R: Horse, B. B. (1995). Back in the
(Year saddle [Unpublished manuscript].
Work not produced). Title of
T: (Horse, 1995)
submitted manuscript in
for sentence case
publication and
italics [Unpublishe
(print)
d manuscript].
T: (Author, year)

Work R: Author, A. A. R: Horse, B. B. (1996). Back in the saddle 2: Back

submitted (Year in the saddle [Manuscript submitted for publication].
for produced). Title of
 work in sentence https://horse.com/bits2bits
case and
T: (Horse, 1996)
italics [Manuscript
publication
submitted for
(online) publication].
DOI or URL
T: (Author, year)

R: Author, A. A. R: Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial

(in press). Title of representation in action and perception. Philosophy
article in sentence and Phenomenological
Work case. Title of Research. http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07
accepted Journal in Title .pdf
for Case and
T: (Briscoe, in press)
publication Italics, volume in
italics(issue  
(online) number).
DOI or URL
T: (Author, in
press)
 

Website / Webpage
 Title of website rarely includes ".com"—for example, BBC online is "BBC," not
"BBC.com."
 Italicize newspaper names, not names of news organizations—for
example, The New York Times, not Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, etc. These
news organizations only have an online presence, whereas The New York
Times has both an online and print counterpart.
 If additional information is necessary for identification and retrieval of a
reference, it may be included in brackets immediately after the title and any
parenthetical information.
 When citing a direct quotation from a website without page numbers, include as
much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. A direct
quotation might provide chapter number, section heading, and paragraph
number within the section.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
Author given R: Author, A. A. R: Roth, R. (2020, January 7). 75 years ago, the
(Full date). Title, Doolittle Raid changed history. CNN.
 section, or page
name in sentence
case and
https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/
italics. Website
75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html
Name in Title
Case. URL T: (Roth, 2020, para. 2)
T: (Author, year,
locator)

R: Organization.
(Full date). Title, R: Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2020,
section, or page January 7). Forging papers to sell fake
name in sentence art. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-
Organization case and papers-to-sell-fake-art
as author italics. Website
Name in Title T (first citation): (Federal Bureau of Investigation
Case. URL [FBI], 2020)

T: (Organization, T (subsequent citations): (FBI, 2020)

year)

R: Author, A. R: Python, M. (n.d.). Finding a dead parrot on a

A. or Organization. silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Retrieved
(n.d.). Title, January 7, 2020,
section, or page from https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers
name in sentence
No date T: (Python, n.d.)
case and
given
italics. Website
Name in Title
Case. Retrieved
full date, from URL
T: (Author, n.d.)
R: Jane’s. R: Jane’s. (2020). Mali: Executive
(Year). Title, summary. https://customer.janes.com/
section, or page
Jane's T: (Jane’s, 2020)
name in sentence
example case and
italics. URL
T: (Jane’s, year)

Wikipedia
 Wikipedia is not normally an accepted source in academia; please ask your
 instructor or advisor.

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example

R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Title of entry in
sentence case.
(n.d.). In Title of
R: Psychology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved
Reference Work in
May 17, 2011, from
Title Case and
Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
Italics. Retrieved
full date, from URL T: (“Psychology,” n.d.)
T: ("Title of entry,"
n.d.)

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

Source Type Generic Example Actual Example
R = Bibliography / List of References entry       T = In-text Citation       See
also Capitalization (Title Case / Sentence case)
R: Author, A. A. R: Linguine, L. (2019). Anteaters and
(Year). Title of fact sheet aardvarks: Power critters [Working
Working in sentence case and paper]. Animal Rights Institute.
Paper / italics [Working paper]. https://www.aanda.power/careers.html
Occasional Institution or Company.  
Paper DOI or URL T: (Linguine, 2014)
 
T: (Last Name, year)