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    Introduction To Physical Chemistry: Raoult'S Law

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    Nurul izzati
    Raoult's law describes how the vapor pressure of a solution is affected by the mole fraction of the solvent. The vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution (PA) is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent (XA) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P°A). For a sucrose solution, the mole fraction of water is calculated and used to determine the vapor pressure of water above the solution. The degree of freedom (F) of a system is the number of variables that can be changed without altering the state of the system. The phase rule relates the number of phases (P), components (C), and degrees of freedom (F) using the equation P + F = C

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    Introduction To Physical Chemistry: Raoult'S Law

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    Nurul izzati
    96 views7 pages
    Raoult's law describes how the vapor pressure of a solution is affected by the mole fraction of the solvent. The vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution (PA) is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent (XA) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P°A). For a sucrose solution, the mole fraction of water is calculated and used to determine the vapor pressure of water above the solution. The degree of freedom (F) of a system is the number of variables that can be changed without altering the state of the system. The phase rule relates the number of phases (P), components (C), and degrees of freedom (F) using the equation P + F = C

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    Raoult's Law

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    Raoult's law describes how the vapor pressure of a solution is affected by the mole fraction of the solvent. The vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution (PA) is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent (XA) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P°A). For a sucrose solution, the mole fraction of water is calculated and used to determine the vapor pressure of water above the solution. The degree of freedom (F) of a system is the number of variables that can be changed without altering the state of the system. The phase rule relates the number of phases (P), components (C), and degrees of freedom (F) using the equation P + F = C

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    96 views7 pages

    Introduction To Physical Chemistry: Raoult'S Law

    Uploaded by

    Nurul izzati
    Raoult's law describes how the vapor pressure of a solution is affected by the mole fraction of the solvent. The vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution (PA) is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent (XA) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P°A). For a sucrose solution, the mole fraction of water is calculated and used to determine the vapor pressure of water above the solution. The degree of freedom (F) of a system is the number of variables that can be changed without altering the state of the system. The phase rule relates the number of phases (P), components (C), and degrees of freedom (F) using the equation P + F = C

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    1

    INTRODUCTION TO
    PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

    MODULE 5.2
    RAOULT’S LAW
    Raoult’s Law
    2

     The lowering of the vapour pressure (ΔP) when a non-volatile solute is


    dissolved in a volatile solvent (A) can be described by Raoult’s law.

     The vapor pressure of solvent A above solution (PA) or the partial pressure of
    solvent A (PA) is the product of the vapor pressure of pure solvent A (P°A) and
    the mole fraction of solvent A in the solution (XA).

    PA = XA x P°A

     The partial vapour pressure of a component in a mixture is equal to the


    vapour pressure of the pure component at that temperature multiplied by its
    mole fraction in the mixture.
    What is the vapor pressure of water above a sucrose (MW=342.3 g/mol)
    solution prepared by dissolving 158.0 g of sucrose in 641.6 g of water at
    25 ºC? The vapor pressure of pure water at 25 ºC is 23.76 mmHg.

    Ans:
    mol sucrose = (158.0 g)/(342.3 g/mol) = 0.462 mol

    mol water = (641.6 g)/(18 g/mol) = 35.6 mol

    mol water 35.6


    X water = = = 0.987
    (mol water) + (mol sucrose) 35.6 + 0.462

    Pwater = Xwater P°water = (0.987)(23.76 mmHg)


    = 23.5 mmHg

    Vapor pressure lowering (ΔP) = 23.76 mmHg – 23.5 mmHg


    3
    = 0.26 mmHg
    Degree of Freedom (F)
    4

     Also known as the variance of the system.


     It is the number of variable (e.g. P & T) that can be independently changed
    without altering the state of the system (e.g. the number of phase and their
    composition are constant).
     Phase rule states that for every heterogeneous system in equilibrium, the
    degree of freedom is given as follows:

    P+F=C+2
    Where;
     F is the number of degree of freedom in the system
     P is the number of phase in the system
     C is the minimum number of component constitutes all the phases in the system
     2 is the number of variable
    5

     For one component system, C = 1

    P+F=C+2
    P+F=1+2
    F=3–P

    If one phase, F = 3 – 1 = 2 (divariant system)


    If two phases, F = 3 – 2 = 1 (univariant system)
    If three phases, F = 3 – 3 = 0 (invariant system)

     The more components in a system, the more degree of freedom.


     The more phases involved in a system, the less degree of freedom.
    6

     Three common types of equilibria are possible:

     Invariant equilibria in which neither P nor T can be changed. On a phase diagram,


    this is represented as a singular invariant point (F = 0).

     Univariant equilibria in which either P or T can be changed independently, but to


    maintain the state of the system, there must be a corresponding change in the other
    variable. On a phase diagram, this is referred to as a univariant curve (F = 1).

     Divariant equilibria in which both P and T are free to change independently without
    changing the state of the system, but bounded by the conditions defined by the
    univariant equilibria (F = 2).
    7

    See You
    Module 5.3

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