1. List the advantages of integrated circuits over discrete component circuits.

• Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.

• Cost reduction due to batch processing.
• Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
• Improved functional performance.
• Matched devices.
• Increased operating speeds.
• Reduction in power consumption
2. List the basic process used in IC fabrication.
The basic processes used to fabricate ICs using silicon planar technology are,
1. Silicon wafer (substrate) preparation
2. Epitaxial growth
3. Oxidation
4. Photolithography
5. Diffusion
6. Ion Implantation
7. Isolation techniques
8. Metallization

9.Assembly processing and packaging

3. What do you mean by input offset current and offset voltage?
Since the input transistors cannot be made identical There will be a difference between

the input bias currents it is called input offset current. | Ios = I+ B-I - B | A small voltage

applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two input

terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage. It is denoted by Vio

4. Draw the circuit diagram of an integrator and give its output equation.

5. Summarize the applications of an instrumentation amplifier.

The instrumentation amplifier, along with a transducer bridge can be used in a wide
variety of applications. These applications are generally known as data acquisition
systems.
Temperature indicator, Temperature controller, Light intensity meter
Display of various sensor outputs.

6. Which is the fastest ADC? Why?

Flash type ADC is the fastest type of ADC because the conversion is performed

simultaneously through a set of comparators, hence referred as flash type ADC.

Typical conversion time is 100ns or less.The construction is simple and easier to

 design.
7. Define lock range and capture range with respect to PLL
Lock Range : The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain

lock with the incoming signal is called the lock in range or tracking range.

Capture range: The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire

lock with the input signal is called capture range.

8. What is analog multiplier? Mention its applications.
Analog multiplier is an Integrated Circuit(IC) that gives
multiplied signal as output for the two analog input signals.
V0= 𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑦 Vref . Analog multiplier is applied for frequency
doubling, Squaring of signal,Dividing, Finding square root and
Phase angle detection.
9. Give the comparison between switching regulators and variable voltage regulators.
Linear voltage regulators needs stepdown transformers, it is
bulky and most expensive.  Efficiency is very low  Input
voltage must be always higher than output voltage.  More
power is dissipated in series pass transistor
10. How are frequency of triangular waveforms, obtained using ICL 8038 function

generator?
The ICL8038 is a function generator chip, capable of generating triangular, square ,

sine, pulse and sawtooth waveforms . From these sine, square & triangular wave forms

can be made simultaneously.There is an option to control the parameters like

frequency,duty cycle and distortion of these functions.

PART-B (5 x 13 = 65 Marks)

11. (a) Describe about the basic process used in silicon planar technology with (13)
neat diagram.
(b) Construct a typical transistor from the fabrication techniques of monolithic
ICs and briefly explain the process involved in it.
(13)
12. (a) List the Six Characteristics of an ideal op-amp and explain in detail, and
Give the practical op-amp equivalent circuit. (13)
(b) Draw and explain the working principle symmetrical emitter coupled
differential amplifier and derive for CMRR. (13)
13. (a) Discuss multivibrators in detail with neat sketches. (13)
The two states of circuit are only stable for a limited time and the circuit
switches between them with the output alternating between positive and
negative saturation values.
 • Analysis of this circuit starts with the assumption that at time t=0
the output has just switched to state 1, and the transition would have
occurred.
• An op-amp Astable multivibrator is also called as free running
oscillator. The basic principle of generation of square wave is to
force an op-amp to operate in the saturation region (±Vsat).
• A fraction β =R2/(R1+R2) of the output is feedback to the positive
input terminal of op-amp. The charge in the capacitor increases &
decreases upto a threshold value called ±βVsat. The charge in the
capacitor triggers the op-amp to stay either at +Vsat or –Vsat.
• Asymmetrical square wave can also be generated with the help of
Zener diodes. Astable multi vibrator do not require a external
trigger pulse for its operation & output toggles from one state to
another and does not contain a stable state.
• Astable multi vibrator is mainly used in timing applications &
waveforms generators.
Design:
The expression of fo is obtained from the charging period t1 & t2 of
capacitor as T=2RCln (R1+2R2)/R1
2.        To simplify the above expression, the value of R1 & R2 should be
taken as R2 = 1.16R Such that fo simplifies to fo =1/2RC.
3.        Assume the value of R1 and find R2.
4.   Assume the value of C & Determine R from fo =1/2R C
5.   Calculate the threshold point from βVSATl = R1lVTl/ R1-R2
l/βVSATl w h e r e β is the feedback ratio.

(Or)
(b) (i) Sketch an instrumentation amplifier using 3 Op-Amp and derive its (7)
output voltage equation.
• The most commonly used Instrumentation amplifiers consist of
three op-amps. In this circuit, a non-inverting amplifier is
connected to each input of the differential amplifier.
• This instrumentation amplifier provides high input impedance
for exact measurement of input data from transducers .
• The op-amps 1 & 2 are non-inverting amplifiers and together
form an input stage of the instrumentation amplifier. The op-
amp 3 is a difference amplifier that forms the output stage of the
instrumentation amplifier.
• The output stage of the instrumentation amplifier is a difference
amplifier, whose output Vout is the amplified difference of the
input signals applied to its input terminals. If the outputs of op-
amp 1 and op-amp 2 are Vo1 and Vo2 respectively, then the
output of the difference amplifier is given by,
• Vout = (R3/R2)(Vo1-Vo2)
• The expressions for Vo1 and Vo2 can be found in terms of the
input voltages and resistances.
• Consider the input stage of the instrumentation amplifier as
shown in the figure below.

• The potential at node A is the input voltage V 1. Hence the

potential at node B is also V 1, from the virtual short concept.
Thus, the potential at node G is also V1.
• The potential at node D is the input voltage V 2. Hence the
potential at node C is also V2, from the virtual short. Thus, the
potential at node H is also V2.
• Ideally the current to the input stage op-amps is zero. Therefore
the current I through the resistors R1, Rgain and R1 remains the
same.
• Applying Ohm’s law between the nodes E and F,
• I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(R1+Rgain+R1) ——————— 1
• I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain)
• Since no current is flowing to the input of the op-amps 1 & 2,
the current I between the nodes G and H can be given as,
• I = (VG-VH)/Rgain = (V1-V2)/Rgain ————————- 2
• Equating equations 1 and 2,
• (Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain) =  (V1-V2)/Rgain 
• (Vo1-Vo2) = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain —————— 3
• The output of the difference amplifier is given as,
• Vout = (R3/R2) (Vo1-Vo2)
• Therefore, (Vo1 – Vo2) =  (R2/R3)Vout
 • Substituting (Vo1 – Vo2) value in the equation 3, we get
• (R2/R3)Vout = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain
• i.e. Vout = (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}(V1-V2)
• The above equation gives the output voltage of an
instrumentation amplifier. The overall gain of the amplifier is
given by the term (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}.
• Note:
• The overall voltage gain of an instrumentation amplifier can be
controlled by adjusting the value of resistor Rgain.
• The common mode signal attenuation for the instrumentation
amplifier is provided by the difference amplifier.

(ii) Explain the first order low pass butterworth filter with neat diagram.
Derive its frequency response and plot the same (6)
It has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cutoff frequency f1.
2.     At fH the gain in down by 3db.
3. The frequency between 0 Hz and fH are known as the pass band
frequencies where as the range of frequencies those beyond fH, that are
attenuated includes the stop band frequencies.
4.  Butterworth, Chebyshev and Cauer filter are some of the most
commonly used practical filters.
5.     The key characteristics of the butter worth filter are that it has a flat
pass band as well as stop band. For this reason, it is sometimes called flat-
flat filters.
6.     Chebyshev filter -> has a ripple pass band & flat stop band.
7.     Causer Filter -> has a ripple pass band & ripple stop band. It gives
best stop band response among the three.
• First order LPF that uses an RC for filtering op-amp is used in the
non inverting configuration. Resistor R1 & Rf determine the gain of
the filter. According to the voltage –divider rule, the voltage at the
non-inverting terminal (across capacitor) C is,
 Design:
A LPF can be designed by implementing the following steps.
1. Choose a value of high cut off frequency fH.
2. Select a value of C less than or equal to 1μf.
3. Choose the value of R using fh=1/2πRC
4.      Finally select values of R1 and RF dependent on the desired pass
band gain AF Using A=(1+Rf/R1)

14. (a) Describe the block diagram of a VCO and explain its operation. (13)
 (Or)
(b) (i) Discuss the operation of a FSK generator using 555 timer.

(7)
(ii) Describe any two applications of PLL. (6)
15. (a) (i) Discuss about the functional diagram of 723 IC regulator in detail.

(7)
(ii) Explain the fold back characteristics of 723 IC regulator.

(6)
(Or)
 (b) Explain the operation of LM79XX fixed voltage regulator with necessary
diagram.

(13)

PART-C (1 x 15 = 15 Marks)

16. (a) Configure a circuit using analog multiplier to measure the square and (15)
square root of a signal.
 (Or)
(b) Determine the output voltage for the following circuits.
(i) (7+8))
(ii)

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