Characterization Report

BARORO RIVER WATERSHED
CHARACTERIZATION REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

DENR-CENRO, SAN FERNANDO CITY
I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Baroro River Watershed has a total area of 19,063.07 hectares. It covers the
Municipalities of San Gabriel, Bagulin, San Juan, San Fernando , Bacnotan and Santol, La
Union. The head waters are located at San Gabriel and Bagulin and exit at Brgy. Baroro,
Bacnotan, La Union. It is the main source of water for both irrigation and domestic consumption
of the municipalities of San Gabriel, San Juan, Bacnotan and San Fernando City. It is also where
the La Union Water District (LUWD) is drawing their water supply particularly at Brgy. Lon-oy,
San Gabriel, La Union.
Timberland within the watershed is now generally covered with brushes and grasses
except in San Gabriel where thick vegetation could still be seen due to the presence of
plantations. Patches of cultivated areas for cash crop production are also present in the
watershed. High rainfall intensity, steep slopes, erodible soils and geological instability
contributed to the watershed’s vulnerability to hazards and calamities which resulted to damages
of properties and posted danger to human lives.
With this situation, proper management and implementation of appropriate
developmental activities is deemed necessary to sustain its productive capacity in providing
water and other land services. However, there is a need to characterize the watershed to provide
basic information in the formulation of the integrated watershed management plan.
II. PRESENT STATE OF THE WATERSHED
2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1 GEOPHYSICAL LOCATION
The watershed is located at the northeastern portion of the province of La
Union. It lies within 216,103 to 237,205 Easting and 1839022 to 1851914
Northing (Figure 1). The eastern part of the watershed is situated in San Gabriel
while the western part within the municipality of Bacnotan.
It is bounded on the North by portions of Santol and Bacnotan, on the East
by portions of San Gabriel on the South by portions of Bagulin and San Fernando
and on the West by the China Sea where the Baroro River finally drains (Figure 2)
2
Figure 1 Location map of Baroro River Watershed
3
Figure 2 Political / Administrative boundary map at Baroro River Watershed
4
2.1.2 TOPOGRAPHY/GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
A. Watershed-shape Parameters:
The bifurcation ratio of Baroro River Watershed was determined

using the formula of the Gravelius Form factor which is presented below
to wit:
Where:
Gravelius Form Factor
Gf = Average Width = 10,677.00 = 0.50

Axial length of Basin 21,109.00
Elongation Ratio = Diameter of Circle = 10,919 = 0.51

Length of Basin 21,109
Circulatory Ratio = 34,054 = 0.45

75,003
The gravelius form factor of the watershed is 0.50. Rain water

rapidly flows to the river resulting to lower infiltration rate. Watershed
with higher gravelius form factor usually have higher amount of ground
water than those with lower value. The watershed average bifurcation
ratio of 3.02 signifies that three tributaries are converging to the next order
stream (Table 1). Discharges are generally high with sharp peaks,
especially in stream order No. 1. Four streams join together to the next
stream order.
Table 1 Bifurcation Ratio of Baroro River Watershed
Stream Order No. of Streams Bifurcation Ratio

1 72 72/19 or 3.78
2 19 19/15 or 3.8
3 5 5/2 or 2.5
4 2 2/1 or 2
5 1
Total 99 Average = 3.02
5
The Watershed has an elongation ratio of .51
Rain water emanates from both sides of the river. It has a

circulatory ratio of 0.45 signifying the almost square shape of the
watershed. Water also drawing from various headwaters of the watershed.
It has a basin length of 21.10 km. from the outlet to the geographical
divide in Barangay Sasaba, Santol, La Union.
B. Watershed-Relief Features
The relief ratio is 0.06 which means that there is a rise of .06 in
elevation for every 1 meter length of the watershed. The relative relief of
0.01 was computed as the product of highest elevation over the perimeter
of the watershed.
The watershed is composed of flat to rolling hills and steep

mountains. Elevation ranges from 3 meters above sea level (masl) to
1,300 masl (Figure 3).
The lowest elevation is located at Brangay Baroro, Bacnotan,

while that of the highest is situated at Sitio Bay-o, Sasaba, Santol, La
Union.
Low-lying areas in Barangays Baroro, Poblacion, Bacsil, Agtipal

Saragosa, Legleg, Liceb in the Municipality of Bacnotan and barangays
Sta. Rosa, Calingcamasan, Bacsayan, Dangdangla, Caarosipan,
Cabugnayan, Dasay, Nagsabaran, Oaquing in the Municipality of San
Juan, La Union experience flash floods during typhoons and heavy
rainfall.
6
Areas below 100 masl elevation are found within A & D land.
These are mostly located at the western portion of the watershed. More
than half of the watershed is above 200 masl elevation wherein the
classified as timber land, unclassified Public Forest is located.
Baroro River Watershed has five (5) slope categories (Table 2 and
Figure 4). About 73% of the watershed has a slope more than 18%. The
>50% slope has the highest area of 6,455.78 hectares followed by the 18-
30% slope with 5,258.80 hectares. The 8-18% slope occupies the smallest
area of 1,185.42 ha.
Table 2 Slope Categories at Baroro River Watershed

Slope % Description Area (ha)
0-8 Level to undulating 3,920.07
8-18 Undulating to rolling 1,185.42
18-30 Rolling to moderately steep 5,258.80
30-50 Steep 2,236.43
>50 Very steep 6,455.78
Inland Water 6.57
Total 19,063.07
7
Figure 3 Topographic map of Baroro River Watershed
8
Figure 4 Slope map of Baroro River Watershed
9
C. Channel Morphology
Baroro River Watershed is rectangular shaped. The extreme head

water is located in Barangay Lon-oy, Bayabas, Balbalayang, Daking,
Amontoc, and Lacong, San Gabriel, La Union (Figure 5). The main river
system (5th order stream) has a distance of 11.556 km (Table 3). This is
the merging zone of the different stream orders. The watershed has 99
tributaries with a length of 212.913 km.
It has a drainage density of .01 km/km2 which means that there is a

.01 km stream for every 1 km2 (or 100 ha) area of the watershed. The
relatively low value of the drainage density indicates a slow response of
the watershed to typhoon. It would take a longer period for the water to
convene together to the main river channel.
The stream density (.005 km) indicates that there is .0051 stream
for every one hectare area of the watershed. The watershed has an
overland flow of .0105 km for every one km2 area of the watershed.
Run-off takes a longer period to flow before concentrating in the

main river channel.
Table 3 Drainage System of Baroro River Watershed
River Stream Order No. of Streams Length (km)

Main 5 1 11.556
Baroro 1 72 126.45
2 19 41.832
3 5 18.969
4 2 14.104
Total 5 99 212.911
10
Figure 5 Drainage map of Baroro River Watershed
11
2.1.3 GEOLOGY
The area was previously studied by several geologists. As extracted from

the different reports, the area is underlain by the following rock units arranged in
chronological order from youngest to oldest (Table 4 and Figure 6).
Table 4 Geology of Baroro River Watershed
Geological Formation Area (ha)

Cataguintingan Formation 3,847.18
Quaternary Deposits 5,919.54
Amlang Formations 9,296.35
Total 19,063.07
Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau
The Baroro River Watershed has three (3) geological formations namely:
Cataguintingan formations, Quaternary Deposits and Amlang formations.
The Amlang formations occupied the largest area of 9,296.35 ha and is

found at higher elevation of the watershed.This formations are sequence of
turbidite sandstones, siltstone, shale and minor conglomerate (Late Miocene),
while the Quaternary deposits has an area of 5,919.54 ha and are consists of coral
reefs, terrace gravel and sand dunes.
The Cataguintingan formations has the smallest area of 3,847.18 ha and

are mainly tuffaceous sandstones, volcanic tuff and conglomerate interbedded
with siltstone and shale (pilocine),
There are two (2) faultlines of about 9,906.89 meters (west) and 9,931.07
(east) traversing the Municipality of San Gabriel (Figure 7).
12
Figure 6 Geologic Map of Baroro River Watershed
13
Figure 7 Seismicity Map of Baroro River Watershed
14
2.1.4 SOIL
Soil Series
The soil at Baroro River Watershed is made up of four (4) series, namely:
Bauang Clay, Mountain soil, San Manuel sand, and San Manuel Silt loam (Figure
8).The Bauang Clay which is found on the higher portion of the watershed covers
the largest area of 10,292.16 has; followed by Mountain soil of 4,941.46 has and
San Manuel Sand 0f 2,239.71 has. The San Manuel Silt Loam occupies the
smallest area of 1,589.74 has and is located in the lowlands.
Bauang Clay. The surface soil ranging in depth from 10-35 cm, light
brown to brown, very friable, loose and coarse granular to slightly cloddy clay. In
badly eroded areas, the surface soil is sandy. The subsoil consists of highly
weathered yellowish brown high-lime shale and sandstones. This usually
crumbles easily to roughly cubical shaped particles ranging in size from 10-50
mm in width. The depth of the subsoil varies from 60-100cm from the surface
soil. The substratum consists of stratified high-lime shale and sandstones. The
stratification varies from horizontal to vertical in position.
Mountain Soil. The Mountain soil is composed of intrusive and volcanic

rocks. It mostly occurs in areas above 30% slope.
San Manuel Sand. The 30-40 cm. surface soil is fine granular, loose,
brownish gray sand. The subsoil and substratum are similar to those of the San
Manuel Silt Loam.
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San Manuel Silt Loam. The Surface soil is light brown to brownish gray,
fine to coarse granular silt loam ranging from 35-40 cm. in depth. The average ph
is 6.43 when dry, it is hard and breaks into clods. Reddish brown streaks in the
upper surface soil are present especially in the rice fields. When wet, it is easy to
cultivate. The subsoil is light brown to brownish gray granular silt loam to loam.
It is less compact than the surface soil. The subsoil grades into light yellowish
brown, loose, very fine to fine sand, which is very fine granular to structure less
condition at 85-100 cm. depth. Surface drainage is fair, internal drainage is good.
16
Figure 8 Soil Map of Baroro River Watershed
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2.1.5 LAND CLASSIFICATION/REAL STATUS OF LAND
Out of the 19,063.07 hectares area of the watershed (Table 5 and Figure 9)
only 28.08% or 5,353.86194 hectares is timberland. Alienable and Disposable
land is 71.91% or equivalent to 13,709.20806 hectares.
Table 5 Land Classification at Baroro River Watershed
Land Classification Area (ha.) %

Alienable and Disposable 13,709.20806 71.92
Timber Land 5,353.86194 28.08
TOTAL 19,603.07 100
18
Figure 9 Land Classification Map of Baroro River Watershed
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In terms of agreements made within the watershed, Table 6 and Figure 10
shows that there are only two (2) types of tenurial instruments issued within the
watershed: the Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC) and the Community
Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA).
CSC’s were issued to the Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP)

participants at the municipality of San Juan, La Union more specifically those at
Brgys. Oaquing, Catdungan and San Felipe while the CBFMA was issued to the
People’ Organization (PO) of same municipality particularly at Brgys.
Nagsabaran, Dasay and Balballosa.
Table 6 Tenurial Instruments Issued at Baroro River Watershed.
Tenurial Instrument Area

No.
Issued Covered
1. CSC 137 121.50
2. CBFMA 1 441.89
TOTAL 138 563.39
20
Figure 10 Land Management Map of Baroro River Watershed
21
2.1.6 LAND CAPABILITY/SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION
Land capability classification is the grouping of land use units based on

inherent land characteristics such as slope, elevation and soil erosion. Meanwhile,
land suitability classification is the fitness of an area to a specified use.
Land use, slope, topographic and soil erosion maps were intersected using
Geo-processing Wizard of GIS Arc View 3.2 to come up with the land capability
classification of the watershed. From this, there are 48 landscape units (Appendix
Table 1) and were clustered into five (5) land capability/suitability classes .The
Baroro River Watershed was classified into the following classes to wit: Class 1 –
suitable for agriculture and built-up area (3,211.18 ha.); Class II – suitable for
Agroforestry (1,557.37 ha.); class III Adopted Cropping System (1,855.69 ha.);
Class IV for production forest (4,594.79 ha.); and Class V–Appropriate for
protection forest (Table 7and Figure 11).
Table 7 Land Capability/Suitability Classification at Baroro River Watershed
Class Suitability/Capability Area (ha.)

I For agriculture and built-up areas 3,040.66
II For agroforestry 1,556.62
III Adopted cropping system 1,855.68
IV For production forest 4,255.26
V For protection forest 8,354.10
TOTAL 19,062.32
The forty eight (48) landscape units which were clustered into five land
suitability/capability classes were based form the descriptions and criteria
presented below, to wit:
Class I – Included in this class are lands with sloped 0-8%, an elevation of
100-300 meters above sea level (masl) and erosion indexes of 0 to 1 or no
apparent to slight erosion. These areas include inland water, built-up area,
22
cultivated and land covered with annual and perennial crops. Landscape limits
falling under this class are 1, 5 and 6 and are suitable for agricultural and built-up
areas.
Class II - Landscape unit Nos. 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15 16, 19, 28 and
31 fall under this class. These are areas with slopes 0-8% , to 8-18 % and 18-
30%, an elevation of < 100 masl and erosion indexes of 1 to 2 or slight to
moderate erosion. These areas are covered with cultivated, annual and perennial
crops, other wooded lands and shrubs these lands are suitable for Agroforestry.
Class III - Areas identified under this class are presently covered with
shrubs, wooded land, wooded grassland, other lands, cultivated and annual crops.
These areas have a slope of 8-18%, 18-30% and 30-50% and as elevation of <100
masl, 100-399 masl and 400-699 masl. Suitability of these areas is for production
forest and other adopted cropping system. Since it is a watershed, good
management practices are required to attain high productivity and minimize land
degradation and water pollution. Included in this class are No. 10, 13, 17, 20, 22,
24, 29, 32, and 34. Erosion index is 2 or is moderate.
Class IV – These are lands with slopes of 0-8%, 18-30% and 30-50%,
elevation of < 100 masl. 100-399 masl, 400-699 masl and 700-999 masl, and
erosion index of 3 or severe erosion. These areas are inapplicable for agricrops,
instead these can be used for production forest wherein fruit trees, timber and
minor forest products ma be planted. LU’s 8, 18, 21, 23, 26, 30, 30, 33, 35, 36
and 37 are included in this class.
Class V – Under this category are LU’s 27, and 38 to 48 with a slope of
18-30%, 30-50% and above 50% , elevation is within 100-1000 and above masl.
Erosion indexes of these areas ranges from 0 to 3 or No Apparent Erosion to
Severe Erosion. These areas are suitable for permanent crops and protection
forest.
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Figure 11 Land Capability/Suitability/Classification Map of Baroro River Watershed
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2.1.7 LAND USE
There are at least three (3) land uses within the watershed (Table 8 and
Figure 12). The production forest has the largest area of 13,487.52 ha. This is
followed by the agricultural areas of 5,181.14 ha. Last is protection forest with
only 117.94 ha.
The production forest includes those cultivated areas mixed with

bushland/grassland , while protection forest on the other hand, includes the closed
canopy, grassland and open canopy and occupies 117.94 ha.
Table 8 Land Uses at Baroro River Watershed
Land Use Area (ha)

Agricultural Areas 5,457.61
Production Forest 13,487.52
Protection Forest 117.94
Total 19,063.07
Source: National Mapping & Resource Information Authority
25
San Juan
Figure 12 Land Use Map of Baroro River Watershed
26
On the vegetative cover and land use cover of the watershed, Table 9 and
Figure 13 shows that the cultivated area mixed bush land/grassland occupies the
largest area of 13,487.52 ha, followed by arable land which crops are mainly
cereals of 5,181.14 ha and cropland mixed with tree plantation, while the
grassland grass covering 70% has the smallest area of 117.94 ha.
Table 9 Vegetation/land cover of Baroro River Watershed
Vegetation/Land Cover Area (ha)

Arable land, crops mainly cereals 5,181.14
Crop land mixed with tree plantation 276.47
Cultivated area mixed with bush land/grassland 13,487.52
Grassland, grass covering > 70% 117.94
Total 19,063.07
27
San Juan
Figure 13 Vegetative/Land Cover Map of Baroro River Watershed
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2.1.8 CLIMATE
Baroro River Watershed falls under Climate Type 1 of the Corona’s

Classification system (Figure 14). There are two (2) distinct seasons: Dry from
November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Annual precipitation from
year 2006-2010 averages to 254.2 mm with the highest occurring mostly in
August (Table 10, Figure 15). August has the highest recorded average rainfall of
706.3mm while February recorded the lowest with only 8.7mm.
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Figure 14 Climatic Classification Map of Baroro River Watershed
30
Table 10 Climatological Data of Baroro River Watershed: 2006-2010
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

No. No.
No. of No. of No. of
Month Rainfall of Rainfall of Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall
Rainy Rainy Rainy
mm Rainy mm Rainy mm mm mm
Days Days Days
Days Days
Jan. 77.2 2 9.3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Feb. 0 0 0 0 9.4 2 8 2 0 0
Mar. 42.4 3 41.4 4 2 1 21 2 14.4 2
Apr. 24.1 2 0 0 7.2 2 227.9 8 15.2 3
May 118.9 7 90 8 349.3 14 315 11 166.4 8
June 296.8 17 356.4 17 157.4 9 680.8 17 172.2 13
July 1432 27 191.2 8 560.5 25 789.3 22 423.4 20
Aug. 746.3 20 932.5 25 953/8 19 277 18 621.9 22
Sept. 341.1 19 214.7 14 492.9 14 299.4 23 115.8 9
Oct. 165.0 8 198.6 9 291.2 6 665.1 11 553.8 16
Nov 38.3 8 436.1 13 60.5 2 1.1 1 - -
Dec 12.4 3 5 1 1.2 1 2.57 3 - -
Ave.
274.54 114 273.77 101 240.45 95 273.93 114 208.31 93
mean
Source: DMMMSU PAGASA- PCARRD AGROMET STATION 2006-2010
Figure 15 Graph of the Climatological data of Baroro River Watershed: 2006-2010
31
2.1.9 HYDROLOGY
Drainage pattern
The Baroro River has a dentritic drainage pattern, which looks like
the root. Tributaries form acute angles (less than 90 degrees) as they drain
to the larger stream.
Surface runoff was estimated using he empirical formula

developed by the US Soil Conservation Service (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2008).
Q = (I- 0.25)2
I + .8 S
Where: Q = runoff in mm
I = rainfall in mm
S = amount of rainfall in mm which can soak into
the soil during the rainy season. S value were based from USDA –
SCS (1964) with the following values: < 2 days = 25mm, 2-5
days = 25mm and >5 days = 50 mm.
The surface run-off within the watershed is highly variable (Table

11). It had an average annual run-off of 2426.63 mm. The highest was
recorded in 2009 with a run-off of 2,890.03mm. This was also the year
when rainfall was its 2nd highest in the area. The highest surface run-off
was recorded in August, while the least value was recorded in February.
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Table 11 Surface run-off volume (mm) at Baroro River Watershed
YEAR
Months Mean
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Jan. 53.63 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85
Feb. 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.32 0.00 0.19
Mar. 22.41 21.57 0.00 6.00 2.47 10.49
Apr. 8.27 0.00 0.17 177.23 2.95 37.72
May 74.63 49.23 295.72 269.63 118.51 161.54
June 244.22 302.70 110.00 624.26 123.98 281.03
July 1,373.69 142.00 504.66 732.31 368.79 624.29
Aug. 689.47 875.00 896.31 244.88 565.67 650.266
Sept. 287.65 164.51 437.59 246.76 71.82 241.66
Oct. 117.19 149.00 238.74 608.64 489.00 322.31
Nov. 10.22 381.35 38.26 0.00 0.00 85.96
Dec. 1.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33
Total 2,883.07 2,086.00 2,522.10 2,890.03 1,752.19 2,426.63
Streamflow (Discharge)
Streamflow is the rate of water flow (volume/unit of time) passing

a given cross section of a stream. This was computed using the
velocity/area method.
Q (m3/sec)=A(m2)xV(m/sec)
The streamflow was determined in four sampling points with a

distance of 20 meters downstream (Figure 16 and 17). Streamflow rate
was 2.85m3/sec. which was quite fast due to the big amount of water
flowing along the river during this period (Table 12). The cross-sectional
of the river was 24.23 m2 (Figure 18)
33
Figure 16 Stream flow determination at the Baroro River Watershed
Figure 17 Stream flow determination at the Baroro River Watershed
34
Figure 18 Cross-section of the sampling area at the Baroro River Watershed
35
Table 12 Stream Flow at Baroro River Watershed
River Cross Velocity Stream Flow

Sampling Sectional (m/sec.) Rate
Area Area (m2) (m3/sec.)
A 2.60 .41 1.0658
B 6.74 .40 2.69
C 7.44 .52 3.88
D 7.45 .50 3.77
Total 24.23 Mean .45 Mean 2.85
 Stream flow quantity/quality

Secondary data on stream flow quality were taken from the
Environment Management Bureau. Parameter includes
Temperature, PH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids
(TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), conductivity and color
(Table 13).
Tale 13 Water Quality data of Baroro River Watershed

PARAMETER VALUE
Temperature 26.8
Ph 7.5
BOD, mg/l. 1.0
DO, mg.l. 6.25
TSS mg/l. 12.0
Conductivity 24 mg/l
Turbidity FTU 37.5
Source Environmental Management Bureau, DENR, Region I
The river had an average temperature of 26.8oC and a PH of

7.5 which is within the value for natural water. Natural water
usually has a PH between 6.5 and 8.5 and the upper limit for good
fishing waters is 8.7.
36
It had a Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 1.0 mg/l.
BOD is a measure of the quantity of oxygen consumed by micro
organisms during the decomposition of organic matter.
Unpolluted, natural water have a BOD of 5 mg/l or less (Missouri
Department of Natural resources, 2008). Dissolved oxygen was
6.25 mg/l. these value are above the minimum requirement of 5
mg/l to sustain aquatic life.
When the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below 5

milligrams per liter (mg/l), species intolerant of low oxygen levels
become stressed, (Department of Environmental Quality 2008). If
dissolved oxygen levels falls below 2 mg/l, for more than a few
hours, fish kills can result. At levels below 1 mg/l, an aerobic
bacteria (which live inhabitants devoid of oxygen) replace the
aerobic bacteria. As the aerobic bacteria break down organic
matter. Foul smelling hydrogen sulfide can be produced.
The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration was 12.0

which is far below the value for dirty water (150 mg/l). A water
body begins to be its ability to support a diversity of aquatic life as
levels of TSS increase (Department of Environmental Quality
2008). TSS can destroy fish habitat because suspended solids
settle to the bottom and can eventually blanket the river bed.
Suspended solids can also smother the eggs of fish and aquatic
insects.
37
The water has a conductivity of 24 ms/cm. conductivity is a
measure of how well can pass an electrical current. The presence
of inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate,
phosphate, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and aluminum
increases the conductivity of a body of water. These substances
regulate the flow of water in and out of organisms cells and are
building blocks of the molecules necessary for life.
Water Analysis
Results show that the quality is within the water quality

criteria for Class A waters. The following system of water
classification was recommended by the DENR through DAO No.
34 Series of 1990.
Class A – Public Water Supply Class II – for sources of water

supply that will require complete treatment in order to meet the
NSDW (National Standards for Drinking Water) of the Philippines.
Class B – Recreational Water Class I – for Primary contact

recreation and as bathing swimming.
Class C – Fishery Water for the propagation of fish and other

aquatic resources. Recreational Water Class II. Industrial Water
Supply Class C. For manufacturing processes after treatment.
Class D-1) for Agriculture, irrigation, etc 2) for Industrial Water

Supply Class II
38
Water Uses
Water coming from the watershed area is used for

agricultural irrigation, domestic consumption and fish production.
Figure 19 Catchment area of the La Union Water District at Lon-oy, San Gabriel, La Union
39
2.1.10 INFRASTRUCTURE
Generally, the watershed has its existing provincial and municipal roads
and bridges including schools and barangay halls for each barangays covered
(Table 14, 15 and Figure 20).
A water intake pipe was also installed by the La Union Water District
(LUWD) at Lon-oy and the reservoir is constructed in Poblacion, San Gabriel.
This provides water supply to the municipalities of San Gabriel, San Juan and San
Fernando City.
Series of sabo dams were also constructed along the river to provide
irrigation system to the covered barangays. Moreover, bridges, culverts, drainage
and river bank erosion control measures were also constructed by the provincial
and municipal government to regulate water flow during typhoons and to
prevent/minimize flooding.
Each barangay has its own barangay hall and a basketball court used for
community gatherings like meetings, sports activities, fiestas and other
celebrations. It is in the barangay halls where the barangay health stations and
day care centers are situated.
Out of the five (6) municipalities covered by the Baroro River Watershed
only Santol has no existing private school in all levels. City of San Fernando on
the other hand posted the highest number of schools in all levels both in public
(32), and private (55) with a total of 87.
Table 14 shows that the watershed has a total of 2,492.23 L.M. existing
bridges by construction type with 142 span.
40
Table 14 Existing Bridges by Construction Type: CY 2008 at Baroro River Watershed
Construction Type Length (L.M.) No. of Span

Steel 120 2
Concrete 1,347.23 108
Timber 6 2
Foot Bridge 1,019 30
Total 2,492.23 142
Source: NSO-Region I
PPDO La Union
Table 15 shows that the watershed has a total length of 74.801 km existing
provincial roads of which 63.473 km has a concrete surface and only 4 km is earth filled.
There are existing cemented provincial roads connecting one municipality to the other
within the watershed. However, in the case of Santol to San Gabriel and San Gabriel to
Bagulin Road, there are still small portions which are earth filled. This is because these
are far plunged mountainous areas. Aside from those provincial roads, there are also
municipal and barangay roads connecting the different barangays covered making them
accessible. Almost all these roads are cemented but there are areas that need to be
repaired each year due to damages caused by landslides during typhoons.
Table 15 Existing Provincial Road by surface Type: 2008

at Baroro River Watershed
Total SURFACE TYPE

Name of Road Length
(km) Concrete Earth Fill
San Juan-San Gabriel Road 8.936 8.936

San Juan to Bacnotan Road 6.000
San Gabriel-Bagulin Road 13.450 10.122 2.00
San Juan-Bagulin Road 4.150 4.150
Bacnotan-San Gabriel Road 8.400 8.4000
Santol to San Gabriel Road 23.500 21.500 2.000
San Fernando to San Juan 9.000 9.000
Nagyubuyuban to San Juan Road 1.365 1.365
Total 74.801 63.473 4
Source: PPDO La Union
41
Figure 20 Infrastructure Map at Baroro River Watershed
2.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

42
2.2.1 VEGETATION
 Brushland Vegetation Analysis
A total of sixteen (16) 20 m x 20 m randomly selected sampling

plots were established for brushland category of which 4 sampling plots
per municipality covering San Juan, San Gabriel, Santol and Bagulin of
the Baroro River Watershed were assessed. All plants species including
saplings for forest trees and above 15 cm diameter at breast height (dbh),
indicating therein its total height and their corresponding volume using the
B.F.D. formula for standing trees and their frequency of occurrences were
recorded.
Figure 21 Brushland at Baroro River Watershed
43
Result of the inventory disclosed that there are thirty five (35)
individual forest tree species assessed having 15 cm dbh and above on the
established 6,400 m2 sampling plots with a corresponding volume of 14.44
cubic meter (m3) or equivalent to 22.56 m3/hectare (Appendix Table 2, 3,
4, and 5).
Moreover, vegetative analysis for forest trees, shrubs,
grasses/sedges, vines, ferns, herbs and palm per species as to the frequency
of occurrences and population density were also recorded (Appendix Table
6) using the formula of Caldas, et.al., 2000 as modified by Pasa 2006, to
wit:
a. Population density = # of individuals per species in sampling area

6400 M2
b. Relative density = # of individual per species

Total # of individuals for all species
c. Index of similarity (IS) % IS = _______4C__________

P1 + P2 + P3 + P4…P16
Where C = Number of species common to the 16 plots

P1, P2, P3, P4..P16 = number of species in plots 1, 2…to P16
d. Shannon-Weiner Index of Diversity (H)

s
H = ∑ Pi (InPi)
i=1
Where: S = Number of species

P = proportion of total sample belonging to ith
species (use relative density)
44
e. Shannon-Weiner Index of Evenness (J)
J= H = H = H
H max LogS InS
f. Simpson Index of Dominance (I)
s
C = ∑ Pi 2
i=1
Figure 22 Forested Area at Baroro River Watershed
45
A total of 5,035 plants belonging to 84 species were accounted
during the assessment on the vegetative cover of the Baroro River
Watershed covering 16 sampling plots having an area of 6,400m2 and/or
equivalent to 7,867 plants per hectare; 1,556 plants belongs to forest trees,
2,128 shrubs, 3,294 grasses/sedges, 186 vines, 655 ferns, herbs 28 and 20
palm. As to plant category, the brushland is dominated by grasses/sedges,
followed by shrubs and forest trees as presented on Table 16 below and
Appendix Table 7.
Figure 23 Brushland at Baroro River Watershed
46
Table 16 Total count of floral species recorded at Baroro River Watershed
PLANT CATEGORY COUNT (NO.)

Trees 1,556
Shrubs 2,128
Vines/lianas 186
Grasses/sedges 3,294
Fern 655
Herbs 28
Palm 20
Total count (within 16 plots) 5,035
Total (per ha) 7,867
The TREES is dominated by Ipil-ipil, shrubs by Hagonoi,

Grasses/sedges by Cogon, Vines/lianas by Nito vine, Ferns by Giant Fern,
Herbs by Birds of paradise and Palm by Anahaw.
The result in Table 17 and Appendix Table 8 shows that the

brushland has a population density of 0.7867 and index of diversity of
3.6529. Its index of evenness 0.8244 indicates that the species are
sporadically distributed over the area.
Table 17 Biodiversity indices of floral species at Baroro River watershed
INDICATORS RESULT
Relative Density 1.0
Population Density 0.7867
Shannon-Weiner index of diversity 3.6529
Shannon-Weiner index of evenness 0.8244
Simpson index of dominance 0.0669208
 Grassland Vegetation Analysis

47
The Line Intercept method was used to determine the vegetation of
every sampling plot classified as grassland. Each sampling plot of 100m x
100m has an area of 1.0 hectare wherein a meter tape was laid-out over the
plot and all the trees, grasses, shrubs and herbs intercepted by the transect
line were identified, counted and recorded (Appendix Table 9). The data
collected were computed using the following formula:
Linear Density of Individual (Ldi) = No. of species (ni)

Total length of transect (L)
Relative Density (Rdi) = No. of Species (ni) x 100

Total No. of all spp. (Eni)
Frequency (Fi) = No. of transect stations where spp. occurred (Ji)

Total No. of transect station (K)
Relative Frequency (Rfi) = Frequency of Species (Fi) x 100

Total Frequency of all species
Linear Coverage of Individual (Lci) = Intercepted length of a spp.(Li)

Total length of transect (L)
Recovery Coverage (Rci) = Linear Coverage of Individual x100

Total linear coverage (Eli)
Importance Value = Rdi + Rfi + Rci

3
The Importance Value indicates the dominance of the different

species in the area and usually has the highest coverage value in terms of
relative frequency, relative density and relative coverage.
The grassland community had a total of 40,367 plants accounted

for the sixteen (16) lines intercept sample consisting of twenty eight (28)
plant species. Its vegetation is dominated by amorseco with relative
density, relative coverage and importance value of 78.1108%, 51.2987%
and 47.6563%, respectively. This followed by cogon species with relative
48
coverage of 7.5365% and importance value of 6.6596%. With the data
presented, it implies that 41.1648% of the area is occupied by other plant
species (Appendix Table 10).
Figure 24 Grassland at Baroro River Watershed
2.2.2 FAUNA
Fauna inventory was done through observation which was supplemented

by interviews with local residents (Appendix Table 11). Although the teams were
not able to see some of the wildlife listed, the residents confirmed the presence of
the species. The few number of wildlife inventoried can be attributed to
indiscriminate hunting and collection by people living within and outside the
watershed, and the destruction of their habitat as a result of forest conversion into
agricultural areas.
The wildlife listed is found both in the terrestrial and wetland habitats.
Species like the eel, shrimps, carp, mudfish and frogs were found living in the
fresh water and swampy areas like rivers, creeks and streams while the others
were found in the terrestrial habitats of the watershed.
2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND DEMOGRAPHY
49
2.3.1 POPULATION AND DENSITY
Based on the 2007 Census, total population of the watershed is 56,631.

Table 17 and Figure 25 shows that among the six (6) municipalities covered, San
Juan has the greatest population with 18,438 or equivalent to 33% of the total
population. Apparently, this is because the Municipality of San Juan has the most
number of barangays covered. San Gabriel ranks No. 2 with a total of 16,011 or
equivalent to 28%. The remaining 39% is being shared by Bacnotan with 11,286
(20%); Bagulin with 5,041 (9%); San Fernando City with 4.315 (8%); and Santol
with 1,540 (2%).
As shown in Table 18 and Appendix Table 12, Bagulin though with only 3
barangays covered has the densest population with an average of 14,010
individuals per square kilometer of land area. Bacnotan follows with 7,040 per
square kilometer, San Juan ranked No. 3 with 463 per square kilometer while
San Fernando and San Gabriel has 240 and 149 per square kilometer respectively.
Santol with only 2 barangays covered has an average of 69 per square kilometer.
In terms of annual population growth, San Fernando City got the highest
rate with 1.63% and this could be attributed to its status being a city while Santol
as an interior municipality got the lowest with only 0.62%.
Table 18 Population Density 2007 at Baroro River Watershed

AVE.
Area in Population Pop'n. ANNUAL
sq. km. Density GROWTH
Municipality Male Female Total RATE (%)
Bacnotan 19.2367 5,577 5,709 11,286 587 1.24
San Juan 39.7668 9301 9137 18,438 464 1.12
San Fernando 18.5789 2,299 2,016 4,315 232 1.63
Bagulin 0.3598 2597 2444 5,041 14011 0.75
Santol 22.13 822 718 1,540 70 0.62
San Gabriel 107.1221 8282 7729 16,011 149 0.81
Total 207.1943 28,878 27,753 56,631 15512 6.17
50
Figure 25 Population Map at Baroro River Watershed
51
2.3.2 AGE GROUP AND SEXES
In all the municipalities (Table 19 and Appendix Table 13) covered by the
watershed, it can be noticed that there are more male than female. However, on
the matter of age groupings there are more female than male in bracket 65 and
above. Ages 15 to 39 for both males and female consist the greatest portion of the
population in all the municipalities/barangays covered. This age bracket is the source
of potential workers and participants in the watershed, hence favorable to project
implementation.
Table 19 Age Group and Sexes at Baroro River Watershed
<15 15-39 40 - 64 65and above Total

Municipality
M F M F M F M F M F
1. Bacnotan 1556 1491 2467 2389 1263 1406 281 432 5577 5709
2. San Juan 2122 1903 3236 3132 3290 3252 700 884 9348 9171
3. San Fernando City 681 580 1003 839 468 441 136 151 2288 2014
4. Bagulin 516 445 872 787 337 334 79 80 1804 1646
5. Santol 266 254 347 293 259 129 60 42 832 718
6. San Gabriel 2547 2317 4444 3945 814 819 42 587 8289 7668
Total 7688 6990 12369 11385 6431 6381 1298 2176 28138 26926
52
2.3.3 HOUSEHOLD NUMBER AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE
There are 11,518 households (Hh) within the watershed area (Table 20),
with the municipality of San Juan having the highest (3,838 Hh), followed by San
Gabriel (3,173Hh), Bacnotan (2,541Hh), San Fernando (902Hh), and Bagulin
(739Hh) respectively. The least is Santol which is only 325Hh. The average
household size in most of the municipalities covered by the watershed is 5, except
for Bacnotan which is four (4) and Bagulin which is seven (7).
In terms of the barangays covered by the watershed (Appendix Table 14),

Poblacion, Bacnotan has the highest (655Hh) and Allangigan, San Juan has the
least (43Hh).
Table 20 Household No. and Household Size at Baroro River Watershed
POPU- TOTAL NO. AVERAGE

MUNICIPALITY LATION OF HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD SIZE
1. BACNOTAN 11,286 2,541 4
2. SAN JUAN 18,438 3,838 5
3. SAN FERNANDO 4,288 902 5
4. BAGULIN 5,041 739 7
5. SANTOL 1,540 325 5
6. SAN GABRIEL 16,011 3,173 5
TOTAL 56,604 11,518 5
2.3.4 LABOR FORCE, LIVELIHOOD AND FAMILY INCOME
53
Household population 15 years old and over comprises the labor force. It
could be noted that there are more males employed than female. This could be
accounted to the fact that there are more male engaged in agriculture and industry
than female
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood within the watershed but in

addition to, there are also small-scale industries like sari-sari store, furniture
shops, livestock and pig raising. There area also some who are employed either
locally or abroad.
Average annual family income ranges from P10,000.00 to P150,000.00.

Generally those with higher income are employed professionals and those with
abroad.
Based on the NSO, 1990 Census of Population and Housing as shown in

Table 21 San Gabriel has the highest Labor Force participation with 70.56%.
Bacnotan on the otherhand got the lowest which is equivalent only to 52.07%.
54
Table 21 Household Population 15 Years old and Over, Labor Force
Participation Rate, Employment and Unemployment Rates, by Sex, By
Municipality at Baroro River Watershed.
2.3.5 AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

55
Among the six (6) municipalities covered, San Juan has the largest rice
production area with a total of 2,559 ha. San Fernando City, though ranked only
No. 2 in terms of production area with only 1,103 hectares produced the greatest
with 12,195 tons of play. San Juan on the otherhand has only a total 11,033 tons
and ranked No. 2 in terms of production. Bagulin being a mountainous
municipality, got the smallest palay production area and at the same time the
lowest production with only 2,564 tons.
In term of consumption, it appears in Table 22, Rice Area Production and

Consumption by Municipality, that San Gabriel, Santol, San Juan and Bacnotan
have greater production than their consumption and therefore have a surplus while
San Fernando City and Bagulin are having deficit which means that their
production is insufficient to supply the needs of their constituents.
Table 22 Palay Area & Production per Cropping by Municipality CY 2009 at Baroro River Watershed
Area (ha) Productions (Tons)

District/
Municipality Irrigated Rainfed GRAND Irrigated Rainfed GRAND
TOTAL TOTAL
Wet Dry Lowland TOTAL Wet Dry Lowland TOTAL
BACNOTAN 863 299 1,162 994 2,156 3,711 1,525 5,236 3,380 8,616
SAN JUAN 853 699 1,552 1,007 2,559 3,506 4,103 7,609 3,424 11,033
SAN FERNANDO 850 253 1,103 1,374 2,477 4,273 1,189 5,462 6,733 12,195
BAGULIN 172 24 196 541 737 654 125 779 1,785 2,564
SANTOL 753 132 885 807 1,692 2,229 652 2,881 2,018 4,899
SAN GABRIEL 511 560 1,071 539 1,610 2,261 2,475 4,736 2,048 6,784
Source of Data: OPAG, La Union
Table 23 shows that in terms of fruit vegetables all the six municipalities
has more than enough for their consumption. However, for Leafy vegetables San
56
Fernando City and san Gabriel are having deficit as shown in Table 24. This
explains that the leafy vegetable sold in San Fernando the Capital City of the
province of La Union, are coming from the nearby municipalities.
Table 23 Fruit Vegetable area, production and Consumption by Municipality

CY 2009 at Baroro River Watershed
Consump Surplus/ Sufficiency

DISTRICT/
2009 Area Prod'n. tion Deficit Level
MUNICIPALITY
Population (ha) (mt) (mt) (mt) (%)
BACNOTAN 39,853 110 1,866 1,196 670 156
SAN JUAN 35,923 110 1,876 1,078 798 174
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 315 5,414 3,652 1,762 148
BAGULIN 15,240 90 1,438 457 981 315
SANTOL 12,543 144 2,306 376 1,930 313
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 99 1,603 501 1,102 320
Assumption Per Capita Consumption = .03 mt
Table 24 Leafy Vegetable area, Production and Consumption by Municipality

CY 2009 at Baroro River Watershed
District/ 2009 Area Prod'n. Consumption Surplus/Deficit Sufficiency Level

Municipality Population (ha) (mt) (mt) (mt) (%)
BACNOTAN 39,853 8 37 159 122 23
SAN JUAN 35,923 27 206 144 62 143
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 64 370 487 -117 76
BAGULIN 15,240 11 74 61 13 121
SANTOL 12,543 19 89 50 39 177
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 13 65 67 -2 97
Assumption Per Capita Consumption = .004 mt
Legume production within the municipalities covered by the watershed

area is sufficient, while green and white corn production is in contrast as
deficiency is common to all the municipalities.
57
Table 25 below shows that except for Bagulin, all the municipalities
covered have sufficient production of carabeef.
Table 25 Carabeef Production & Consumption, by Municipality,

2009 at Baroro River watershed
MUNICIPALITY 2009 Prod'n. Consumption Surplus/Deficit Sufficiency

Pop'n. (mt) (mt) (mt) level
BACNOTAN 39,853 64.01 24.71 39.3 259.06
SAN JUAN 35,923 23.89 22.27 1.62 107.26
SAN
FERNANDO 121,721 125.17 75.47 49.7 165.86
BAGULIN 15,240 6.01 9.45 -3.44 63.61
SANTOL 12,543 16.56 7.78 8.78 212.94
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 28.55 10.35 18.2 275.79
Source of Data: Office of the Provincial Veterinarian
In the outset, Table 26 shows that San Gabriel is the only municipality
having sufficient production of beef among the others. In terms of pork
production, three (3) municipalities are sufficient: Bacnotan, San Fernando, and
Santol, while the other 3: San Juan, Bagulin and San Gabriel are having deficit.
Table 26 Beef Production & Consumption, by Municipality:

2009 at Baroro River watershed
Municipality 2009 Prod'n. Consumption Surplus/Deficit Sufficiency

Pop'n. (mt) (mt) (mt) level
BACNOTAN 39,853 88.3 124.34 -36.04 71.01
SAN JUAN 35,923 56.7 112.08 -55.38 50.59
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 192.36 379.77 -187.41 50.65
BAGULIN 15,240 8.05 47.55 -39.5 16.93
SANTOL 12,543 15.68 39.13 -23.45 40.07
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 57.07 52.09 4.98 109.55
Poultry production is insufficient to all the municipalities covered,

while chicken production is sufficient only in Santol as shown in Table 27
below.
Table 27 Poultry Production & Consumption, by Municipality: 2009

58
at Baroro River watershed

Pop'n. (mt) (mt.) (mt) level
BACNOTAN 39,853 55.26 333.57 -278.31 16.57
SAN JUAN 35,923 45.32 300.68 -255.36 15.07
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 77.37 1018.8 -941.43 7.59
BAGULIN 15,240 24.49 127.56 -103.07 19.20
SANTOL 12,543 98.85 104.98 -6.13 94.16
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 42.72 139.75 -97.03 30.57
As shown in 28 below pork production is sufficient in the

municipalities of Bacnotan, Santol, and city of san Fernando, while
insufficient at San Juan, Bagulin and San Gabriel.
Table 28 Pork Production and Consumption by Municipality : 2009


BACNOTAN 39,853 710.69 443.56 267.13 160.22
SAN JUAN 35,923 96.22 399.82 -303.6 24.07
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 1649.36 1354.75 294.61 121.75
BAGULIN 15,240 37.65 169.62 -131.97 22.20
SANTOL 12,543 189.63 139.6 50.03 135.83
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 107.81 185.84 -78.03 58.01
As shown in Table 29 below, Chevron production is just enough tor Santol and San
Gabriel and the rest of the municipalities are insufficient
59
.
Table 29 Chevon Production and Consumption, by Municipality at Baroro River
watershed

BACNOTAN 39,853 15.75 20.72 -4.97 76.00
SAN JUAN 35,923 14.45 13.88 -4.23 77.36
SAN FERNANDO 121,721 33.47 63.29 -29.82 52.88
BAGULIN 15,240 6.11 7.92 -1.81 77.10
SANTOL 12,543 7.62 6.52 1.1 116.83
SAN GABRIEL 16,697 9.60 8.68 0.92 110.57
2.3.6 EMPLOYMENT PATTERN AND PROJECTION
Aside from farming, employment within the watershed also includes

services, small-scale industry and commerce. Tourism is also expected in the area
in the near future with the development of potential tourist spots identified by the
LGUs concerned.
2.3.7 SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND MEDICAL SERVICES
60
Each barangay has its own barangay hall and a basketball court used for
community gatherings like meetings, sports activities, fiestas and other
celebrations. It is in the barangay halls where the barangay health stations and
day care centers are situated.
Figure 26 Barangay Hall and Basketball Court at Amontoc, San Gabriel, La Union
2.3.7.1 Social and Medical Services
Social services provided to the community include day care

services (Table 30) for child development of pre-schoolers (3-5 years old),
supplemental feeding to underweight children (table 31), distribution of
free medicines and relief goods especially during typhoons. Fogging is
also undertaken to prevent the outbreak of Dengue Fever.
Table 30 Number of Feeding Centers, Beneficiaries, by Sex, by Municipality: 2008

at Baroro River watershed
District/ No. of Day Number of Day Care Number
61
Municipality Care Ctrs. Workers of Day Care
Children
Male Female
Bacnotan 33 24 678
San Juan 30 1 29 560
San Fernando 63 3 74 2,812
Bagulin 18 1 17 233
Santol 18 18 385
San Gabriel 18 1 17 371
Source of Data: Provincial Social Welfare & Devt. Office-La Union
Every barangay have an assigned midwife to man the barangay

health station and is being assisted by Barangay Health Workers and
Nutrition Scholars. Aside from free medicines distribution, vaccination,
teaching hygiene, proper nutrition to the people and population education
are the services rendered by the midwives. Moreover, child delivery is
being performed by the Midwives particularly those in the remote areas.
Services that cannot be addressed by the Barangay Health Stations

are being rendered/undertaken by the Municipal Health Offices/City
Health Office in the care of San Fernando City.
Table 31 Number of Day Care Centers, Workers & Children by Sex

by Municipality/City: 2008 at Baroro River watershed
62
No. of No. of
District/
Feeding Benefi Amount Source
Municipality
Ctrs ciaries
Bacnotan 109 LGU, Brgy. Fund
San Juan 2 60 10,000.00 Nutrition Council
San Fernando 53 723 181,023.00 City Government
Bagulin
Santol 4 170 212,000.00 ECCD Program,
Uniliver Phils.
Sbm Ariel Advento
San Gabriel - - - -
Source of Data: Provincial Social Welfare & Devt. Office-La Union
2.3.7.2 Education
Among the six (6) municipalities covered by the watershed, San

Fernando City has the most number of schools for both public and private
in all levels with a total of 87 followed by Bacnotan with a total of 27
schools.
Table 32 shows that out of the five (5) municipalities covered by

the Baroro River Watershed only Santol has no existing private school in
all levels. City of San Fernando on the other hand posted the highest
number of schools in all levels both in public (32), and private (55) with a
total of 87. This is attributed to its status being the capital city of the
province and the center for education. The presence of both elementary
and secondary schools in all the municipalities covered alleviated the rate
of literacy in the area.
63
Figure 27 Elementary School of Barangay Amontoc, San Gabriel, La Union
Table 32 Number of Schools, by Level, By Public-Private Classification,

By Municipality 2008-2009 within Baroro River Watershed
ALL LEVELS ELEMENTARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
MUNICIPALITY
Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private
Bacnotan 20 7 17 3 2 3 1 1
San Juan 18 1 16 1 2
San Fernando 32 55 26 25 5 18 1 12
Bagulin 19 14 5
Santol 17 14 3
San Gabriel 15 2 13 1 2 1
Source: DepEd., La Union PRDO, La Union
2.3.7.2.1 LITERACY
64
Analyzing Table 33 which is presented below, Santol got the lowest rate
of literacy with only 6.963 literate out of the 8,536 or equivalent to 81.31% of the
total population 10 years old and over. Apparently, this is due to the fact that the
remote barangays of said municipality are far from each other and yet in most
cases there is only one (1) school site being shared by two or more barangays
covered by the Baroro River Watershed. Out of the total population of 23,585 10
years old and over, 23,268 or 98% are literate. Maybe this is because aside from
having considerable number of schools for both elementary and secondary level,
this municipality is in between Bacnotan and the City of San Fernando which both
has offering several schools quality education from elementary to tertiary level.
Table 33 Literacy Rate at Baroro River watershed
TOTAL LITERATE ILLITERATE

MUNICIPALITY Both Both Both
% Male Female Male Female Male Female
Sexes Sexes Sexes
Bacnotan 27,714 96 13,840 13,874 26,714 13,383 13,331 1,000 457 543
San Juan 23,585 97 11,742 11,843 23,268 11,607 11,661 317 135 182
San Fernando 79,667 98 38,999 40,668 77,926 38,178 39,748 1,741 821 920
Bagulin 8,773 88 4,527 4,246 7,717 3,981 3,736 1,056 546 510
Santol 8,536 82 4,373 4,163 6,963 3,597 3,366 1,573 776 797
San Gabriel 11,371 94 5,881 5,490 10,709 5,561 5,148 662 320 342
TOTAL 159,646 79,362 80,284 153,297 76,307 76,990 6,349 3,055 3,294
Source: NSO, 2000 DepEd., La Union
2.3.8 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
65
These are existing cemented provincial roads connecting one municipality
to the other within the watershed. However, in the case of Santol to San Gabriel
and San Gabriel to Bagulin Road, there are still small portions which are earth fill.
This is because these are far plunged mountainous areas.
Aside from those provincial roads, there are also municipal and barangay
roads connecting the different barangays covered making them accessible.
Almost all these roads area cemented but there are areas that need to be repaired
each year due to damages caused by landslides during typhoons.
Areas covered are all accessible for all types of vehicle during summer
however during rainy season some could only be reached through hiking or with
motorcycles as means of transportation. Public Utility vehicles in the area include
jeepney, tricycle, motorcycle.
Landline service like PLDT and Digitel are available in the urban areas
covered and the least are mobile phones as means of communication. There are
also internet services. Local Television stations could also be accessed through
conventional means and cable services for stations abroad are only available in
some of the barangays covered. Money grams couriers are also available in the
urban areas covered.
2.3.9 TOURISM AND RECREATION
66
Though there are no areas yet established for tourism purposes the
watershed, there are potential areas being eyed by the local government
particularly in the municipal level, to be developed into tourism area. Like the
Municipality of Santol, the Anito Waterfalls at Lettac Sur which head waters
come Ramot is identified. For San Gabriel they have the Mini-hydro at the Lon-
oy Spring (Figure 28, 29, and 30) and at Bagulin, the “Tili ti Nuang Falls” (Figure
31).
Figure 28 Tourist Spot at Lon-oy, San Gabriel, La Union
67
Figure 29 Tourist Spot at Lon-oy, San Gabriel, La Union
Figure 30 Picnic area at Lon-oy, San Gabriel, La Union

68
Figure 31 ”Tili ti Nuang Falls” Bagulin, La Union
Moreover, the Bacsil Ridge located 9 kilometers northeast of San

Fernando town proper is also among the potential tourist spot of San Fernando
City. In addition to the Baroro Bridge marker of Bacnotan, the beaches are also
potential tourism area which is among the subject area for development by the
local government.
Presently, these potential tourism areas are being used for recreation,
swimming and picnicking.
69
2.3.10 RELIGIOUS SECTORS, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
2.3.10.1 Cooperative/NGO/Social Organization
There are registered Multi-Purpose Cooperatives within the

watershed. These include the Santol Multi-Purpose Agricultural
Cooperative and the Kabalikat Multi-Purpose Cooperative at San Juan
which were both established by the DENR during the ADB Loan II, to
participate in forestry projects, and the Catdungan Multi-Purpose
Cooperative.
Aside from these, there also other organizations established to

provide services and assist the specific groups like Sangguniang Kabataan,
Senior Citizens groups, Farmers Association, etc.
Main dialect spoken are Ilocano, Tagalog, some also speak and
understand English. Indigenous people in some areas also speak
Kankana-ey.
2.3.10.2 Religion
Most of the residents are Roman Catholic, followed by Born Again

Christians And Iglesia Ni Cristo. There are also other religions but with
lesser membership such as Protestant, Baptist and United Church of Christ
of the Philippines.
2.3.10.3 Political
The Municipal Mayor has a direct supervision over the different

barangays to ensure that the barangay officials perform their
responsibilities and functions efficiently. Members of the Sangguniang
Bayan are also given sectoral assignments to assist the barangays in the
particular needs.
70
Ordinances formulated by the barangays are raised up to the
municipal level for review and approval of the Sangguniang Bayan
Members.
2.3.10.4 Citizen Participation
The residents are active in attending meetings, consultations,

training and workshops. They are also active in the implementation of
various programs and projects.
2.3.10.5 Ancestral Domain Claim
As of date, there are no approved ancestral domain claims in the

area.
2.3.11 BEHAVIORAL AND CULTURAL PATTERNS
Most residents living within the watershed area are Ilocanos. Indigenous
people belonging to the Bago and Kankana-ey tribes are also present. These are
either migrants from the province of Benguet or residents of San Gabriel or
Bagulin living near or within the boundary of La Union and Benguet. Each
cultural grouping follows and observes their own respective district cultural
practices, beliefs and traditions which are being respected by one another.
Observance of fiestas and native rituals are among their culture.
Despite of cultural differences, adoption of modern farming technologies

is not a problem among them.
71
III. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
3.1 Soil Erosion
Areas with moderate susceptibility to erosion occupy more than 50% (9,614.00)
of the watershed . These areas are generally located at the Municipality of San Gabriel,
Bagulin, Santol and some portion of Bacnotan. Areas not susceptible to erosion are
within the low lying areas of the municipalities of Bacnotan and San Juan. Areas with
high susceptibility on the otherhand are scattered in the Municipalities of San Gabriel,
Bagulin, San Fernando and San Juan, Slightly susceptible areas are scattered in all the
Municipalities covered and occupies only 4% (773.61) of the total of the watershed
(Table 34 and Figure 32).
Table 34 Soil Erosion at Baroro River Watershed
Susceptibility Level Area (ha.)

Not susceptible 3,263.89
Slight susceptible 773.61
Moderate susceptible 9,614.09
High susceptible 5,411.48
Total 19,063.07
72
Figure 32 Soil Erosion Map at Baroro River Watershed
73
About 2,660.053 ha (14%) of the total watershed area is prone to biodiversity loss of
which 1,306.797 is highly susceptible, 949.366 is moderately susceptible and 403.89 is
slightly susceptible (Table 35 and Figure 33).
Table 35 Biodiversity Loss at Baroro River Watershed
Susceptibility level Area (ha)

Highly susceptible 1,306.797
Slightly susceptible 403.89
Moderately susceptible 949.366
Total 2,660.053
74
Figure 33 Biodiversity Loss-Prone map at Baroro River Watershed
75
3.2 Landslides
Based from the report of the Mines and Geo-sciences Bureau (MGB) Region I on
Geohazard assessment (Appendix table 15), landslides susceptibility was categorized
into three : low, moderate and high. Parameters for each category are as follows:
High
 Presence of active and/or recent landslides

 Presence of numerous and large tension cracks
 Areas with numerous old landslides/escarpments
 Steep slopes
 Presence of weak/rock slope materials
 Structures (joints, beds) dipping towards the slope face
 Nearness to faults
Moderate
 Areas with indicative and/or old landslides

 Presence of small tension cracks
 Moderate slopes
Low
 Low to gently sloping

 No evidence of mass movement
76
A total of 15,856.83 ha (83%) of the total area of the watershed is susceptible to
landslide of which about 10,501.13 ha is highly susceptibility, 5,015.31ha is moderately
susceptible, 254.79 ha is slightly susceptible and only 85.60 ha is possible to landslide
debris (Table 36 and Figure 34)
Table 36 Landslide Susceptibility at Baroro River Watershed

Possible Land debris 85.60
Slight susceptibility 254.79
Moderate susceptibility 5,015.31
High susceptibility 10,051.13
Total 15,406.83
77
Figure 34 Landslide Susceptibility map of Baroro River Watershed
78
3.3 Flood
Flooding is common in the area during strong typhoons. It is caused by

siltation resulting to the overflowing of the Baroro River and in some cases, it is
caused by embankments being put up by the establishments, and the conversion of
agricultural lands to business/commercial area.
In terms of flood susceptibility, barangays were defined in terms of the

depth and frequency of flooding. The results of the MGB Field Assessment are
presented in Appendix Table 16.
There are eight barangays identified to be flood prone area within the
watershed, six (6) from San Juan (Cabugnayan, Caarosipan, Dangdangla,
Bacsayan, Dasay and Sta. Rosa) and two (2) from Bacnotan (Lisqueb and Baroro).
Areas with low to moderate flood vulnerability includes the Barangays of

Nagsabaran, Calincamasan, Quideem, Oaquing, all of San Juan, La Union and
Saragoza, Agtipal and Bacuit in the Municipality of Bacnotan.
Moreover, Table 37 and Figure 35 shows that 3,219.46 ha (17%) is

susceptible to flood, of which 2,006.14 ha is low to moderately susceptible and
1,213.32 is highly susceptible.
Table 37 Flood Susceptibility at Baroro River Watershed

Low to moderate susceptibility 2,006.14
High susceptibility 1,213.32
Total 3,219.46
79
Figure 35 Flood Susceptibility Map at Baroro River Watershed
80
3.3 Fire Prone
Fire occurrences within the watershed is minimal and insignificant, hence only a
total of 4,341.074 ha (22%) of the total area of the watershed is identified as fire prone
areas of which its largest area of 1,961.043 ha is not susceptible to fire, followed by
1,236.605 which is slightly susceptibility, and 1,143.426 ha as moderately susceptible.
(Table 38 and Figure 36).
Table 38 Fire Prone Susceptibility at Baroro River Watreshed
Susceptibility Level Area (ha)

Slightly susceptible 1,236.605
Moderately susceptible 1,143.426
Not susceptible 1,961.043
Total 4,341.074
81
Figure 36 Fire Prone Map at Baroro River Watershed
82
IV. ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
4.1 PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
4.1.1 Forest Ecosystem
The conversion of forest areas into other land uses such as agricultural crop and
tiger grass production and residential areas had caused forest cover depletion in some
areas of the watershed. The loss of forest cover contributed to environmental degradation
and some hazards like soil erosion and sedimentation, flooding, rain-induced landslide
reduction in water yield, and even loss of biodiversity.
Soil erosion and sedimentation is an effect of soil loosening and loss of topsoil
that goes down to the river channels and to take open sea during rainy season.
Flooding is threatening areas adjacent to the river. This is caused by silted river
beds causing the reduction of its channel and drainage system. Heavy rainfall also
contributes vulnerability to flood. This occurs when stream flow exceeds the capacity of
the normal water course. The above-normal stream flow spills over onto adjacent lands
within the flood plain destroying agricultural crops and some properties.
Rain-induced landslides also occur in some portions of the mountain slopes

especially in open areas.
On the otherhand, water had become a scarce resource for irrigation especially
during summer due to reduced water yield. The drying-up of the river during this period
had greatly affected agricultural production.
4.1.2 Upland Ecosystem
The major issues and concerns confronting the upland ecosystem of the watershed
are: biophysical to include forest degradation, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity infertile
marginal soils in some areas, conversion of forestlands, and uncontrolled use of farm
chemicals.
83
4.1.3 Coastal and Marine Ecosystem
Except flooding within the coastal areas of the watershed, no issue identified. The
main cause of flooding is the wrong structural drainage design put up by the DPQH. The
structure could not carry voluminous water discharge coming from the river and the
cascading water coming from the mountain resulting in the overflowing of the river.
Soil embankment being put up by the establishments and the conversion of

agricultural lands to business establishments which tend to clog the natural flow of water
also cause flooding in the area.
4.2 OPPORTUNITIES:
1. Improvement of the ecosystem as a result of the presence of forest occupants who

can be the governments partner in the management, development and protection
of the area.
2. Development of eco-tourism area within the watershed.
3. Increase in agricultural production with an improved irrigation system and water
yield.
4. Upliftment of the socio-economic of the residents due to increased production and
improved farm to market roads.
5. Access to basic services, education health and food security.
6. Income generation through the promotion of small and medium scale industries
by the local government.
7. Enhancement of environmental awareness.
84
LITERATURE CITED
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY PLANNING AND LAND AUTHORITY.

2003. Land Capability Assessment Guidelines. http://www,actpla.act.gov.au/
plandevplanning. register/register-docs land capability.
BAYOTLANG,E.L. 1986. Evaluation of Erosivity, Erodibility and Crop Management

Factors of the Universal Soil equation. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation.
UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines.
BROOKS, K. N., H. M. GREGERSEN, A.L. LUNDREN and R. M. QUINN, 1990.

Manual on Watershed Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation. ASEAN-US
Watershed Project. College, Laguna, Philippines. 274 pp.
COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANS. 2000. San Gabriel, San Juan, Bacnotan,
San Fernando City, Santol and Bagulin, La Union.
CRUZ, R. V. O. 1990. Land Use Suitability Assessment and Land Capability

Classsification in Ibulao Watershed, Philippines. Ph. D. Dissertation. Unversity
Arizona, USA.
DAVID, W. P. 1987. Soil and Water Conservation Planning, Policies, Issues and
Recommendations. DENR, Diliman, Quezon City.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Soil Survey of Pangasinan.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. 2008. Water Quality Parameters.

http:/www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313-3682-3713-10416--,00,html.
DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY (DMMMSU)-

PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC GEOPHYSICAL and ASTRONOMICAL SERVICE
ADMINISTRATION (PAGASA)-PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE
RESOURCES RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). Climatological Data.
Agromet Station 2006-2010.DMMMSU North La Union Campus, Sapilang, Bacnotan,
La Union.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU. Water Quality Data of Baroro Watershed.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 1997. State of the World’s Forests.
FOOD and AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2008. Field Measurement of Soil

Erosion and Run-off.htt://www.fao.org/docrep/t0848e-12.htm.
85
MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU. Geo Hazard Assessment Report 2010
of Baroro River Watershed.
MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 2008. Water Quality

Parameters. http://www.dnr.mo.gov.env/esp/waterquality-parameters.htm.
NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE. 2007. Population Density. San Fernando ,City,

La Union.
PASA, A. E. 2006. Assessment of Environmental Services Towards rewarding

A Community-Based Forest Management Project in Midwestern Leyte Province,
Philippines. Ph. D. Dissertation. UPLB Graduate School, College, Laqguna.
STONE, R. P. 2000. Universal Soil Loss Equation.

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/00-001.htm).
Tomas, W.G. 2006. Multiple-use Tradeoffs in Kaliwa Watershed, Luzon, Philippines.

2006. Ph. D. Dissertation. UPLB Graduate School, College, Laguna.
Tomas, W. G. 2010. Land Capability/Suitability Classification of Baroro River

Watershed, Baroro River Watershed Characterization Report. DENR 1-CENRO
San Fernando City, La Union.
USDA-SCS. 1964. Hydrology. Section 4, Part I, Watershed planning. In: National

Engineering Handbook.. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service, Washington DC. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0848e/t0848e-13.htm.
86
APPENDIX TABLES
Appendix Table 1 Landscape units of Baroro River Watershed
Slope Elevation Capa-

LU Soil Series Soil Erosion Land Cover Area
(%) (masl) bility
1 0-8 < 100 Bauang clay No Apparent Erosion Inland Water 2,988.64 I
San Manuel sand Slight Erosion Built-up area
San Manuel silt loam Other land, cultivated, annual crop
Other land, cultivated perennial crop
2 0-8 < 100 San Manuel silt loam Slight Erosion Other land, cultivated, perennial crop 32.95 II
3 0-8 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated annual crop 317.77 II
San Manuel sand Other land, cultivated, perennial crop
San Manuel silt loam Other wooded land, shrubs
4 0-8 < 100 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 100.37 I
Other wooded land, shrubs
5 0-8 100-399 Bauang Clay Slight Erosion Other land, cultivated annual crop 42.02 I
Mountain soils Other land, cultivated, perennial crop
6 0-8 100-399 Bauang clay No apparent Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 10.00 I
San Manuel sand
7 0-8 100-399 Mountain soils Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, perennial crop 46.38 II
8 0-8 400-699 Bauang Clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 100.76 IV
San Manuel sand Other wooded land, shrubs
Other wooded land, wooded grassland
9 8-18 < 100 Bauang, clay No Apparent Erosion 26.74

10 8-18 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated annual crop 29.36 III
San Manuel silt loam
11 8-18 < 100 Bauang clay Slight Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 38.2 II
12 8-18 100-399 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 152.30 II
Mountain soils Forest plantation, broadleaved
13 8-18 100-399 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 51.77 III
Mountain soils Other wooded land, shrubs
14 18-30 < 100 Bauang clay No Apparent Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 105.49 II
San Manuel Sand Other wooded land, shrubs
15 18-30 < 100 Bauang clay Slight Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 198.45 II
Mountain soils Other wooded land, wooded grassland
16 18-30 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated annual crop 342.07 II
17 18-30 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 39.57 III
San Manuel sand Other wooded land, wooded grassland
18 18-30 < 100 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 28.27 IV
San Manuel sand Other wooded land, wooded grassland
Mountain soils
19 18-30 100-399 Bauang clay Slight Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 27.43 II
Mountain soil
87
20 18-30 100-399 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other wooded land, wooded grassland 44.47 II
18-30 100-399 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 105.15 IV
21 San Manuel sand Other wooded land, shrubs
22 18-30 400-699 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 1,007.54 III
San Manuel silt loam Other wooded land, wooded grassland
Mountain soils
23 18-30 400-699 Bauang clay Sever e Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 154.32 IV
25 18-30 700-999 San Manuel sand Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 800.89 IV
Forest plantation, broadleaved
26 18-30 700-999 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 1,822.05 IV
27 18-30 1000 and Mountain soils Moderate Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 618.61 IV
Above Forest plantation, broadleaved
Slope Elevation Capa-
LU Soil Series Soil Erosion Land Cover Area
(%) (masl) bility
28 30-50 < 100 Bauang clay No Apparent Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 132.47 II
San Manuel silt loam Other wooded land, wooded grassland
29 30-50 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 36.23 III
San Manuel Silt loam Other wooded land, shrubs
30 30-50 < 100 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 47.93 IV
31 30-50 100-399 Bauang clay Slight Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 36.75 II
33 30-50 100-399 Bauang clay Server Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 109.51 IV
34 30-50 400-699 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 18.33 III
Bauang clay
35 30-50 400-699 Mountain soils Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 352.3 IV
36 30-50 700-999 Mountain soils Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 283.27 IV
37 30-50 700-999 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 477.81 IV
38 30-50 1000 and Mountain soils Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 769.92 V
above Other wooded land, shrubs
39 > 50 < 100 Bauang clay No apparent Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 224.03 V
San Manuel sand Slight Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs
Mountain soils
88
40 > 50 < 100 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 654.05 V
41 > 50 100-399 Bauang clay No Apparent Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 14.63 V
Mountain soils Slight Erosion
42 > 50 100-399 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 1,065.00 V
Mountain soils Other land, cultivated, perennial crop
43 > 50 100-399 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 735.16 V
44 > 50 400-699 Bauang clay Moderate Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 1,378.05 V
45 > 50 400-699 Bauang clay Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 389.85 V
46 > 50 700-999 Mountain soils Moderate Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 833.79 V
Forest plantation, broadleaved
47 > 50 700-999 Mountain soils Severe Erosion Other land, cultivated, annual crop 116.33 V
48 > 50 1000 and Mountain soils Severe Erosion Other wooded land, shrubs 1,545.68 V
above Other wooded land, wooded grassland
TOTAL 19,063.07
0 – No Apparent Erosion
1 – Slight Erosion
2 – Moderate Erosion
3 - Severe Erosion
89
Appendix Table 2 Plot I-Volume Computation of Inventoried Forest Resources having 15 cm
diameter
at breast height (dbh) and above.
Total
D.B.H. M. Ht. height Volume
SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME No.
(CM) (m) (m) (m3)
PLOT I
1. Akleng Parang Albizia procera 2 25 4 8 .25
3 25 4 10 .38
4 30 4 8 .73
2. Antipolo Antocarpus blancoi 1 20 2 7 .04
3. Anubing Artocarpus ovate 2 15 4 7 .09
4. Apitan 3 15 2 4.5 .07
5. Bignai Antidesma bunios 3 15 2 4 .07
6. Bignai-Pugo Antidesma pentadum 1 15 2 4 .02
7. Binunga Macaranga tanarius 1 15 5 10 .01
8. Dita Alstonia scularis 2 30 6 11 .55
9. Duhat Zyzygium lumini 2 20 2 4.5 .08
10. Hawili Ficus septic 6 15 3 6 .20
11. Kalantas Toona kalantas 1 20 4 10 .08
12. Malamanga 1 40 4 8 .32
13. Mango Mangifera indica 1 20 2 7 .04
14. Miscellaneous spp. 1 20 7 12 .14
15. Oak 1 15 3 7 .03
16. Pagsahingin Canarium asperum 2 30 5 12 .46
17. Salinggogon Zyzygium lancilimbum 2 20 4 4 .16
1 20 5 10 .10
18. Tibig Ficus nota 1 15 5 10 .06
19. Tuai Bischofia javanica 1 20 6 12 .12
Sub-total 4.00
90
Appendix Table 3 Plot II-Volume Computation of Inventoried Forest Resources having 15 cm
diameter
at breast height (dbh) and above.
Total
(CM) (m) (m) (m3)
PLOT II
1 20 3 6 .06
4 25 3 6 .38
1 40 2 6 .16
2. Anabiong Trema orientalis 2 30 2 5 .18
3. Antipolo Antocarpus blancoi 1 6 10 .12
4. Apitan 1 15 3 5 .03
5. Banaba Lagerstoemia speciosa 1 15 3 6 .03
1 35 3 7 .18
8. Guava Psidium guajava 3 15 2 4 .06
9. Kalios 1 20 6 8 .12
10. Mango Mangifera indica 1 25 3 7 .09
11. Narra Pterocarpus indicus 2 30 5 7 .45
13. Petroleum Nut Pittosporum 1 15 2 5 .02
resiniferum
16. Yemane Gmelina arborea 2 40 4 8 .65
Sub-total 3.85
91
Appendix Table 4 Plot III-Volume Computation of Inventoried Forest Resources having 15 cm
diameter at breast height (dbh) and above at Baroro River Watershed
Total
SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME No. (m3)
(CM) (m) (m)
PLOT III
1 35 4 10 .12
1 35 5 10 .31
3. Apitan 2 20 3 6 .12
4. Baliweswes (L.N.) 1 30 5 10 .22
5. Banaba Lagerstoemia speciosa 1 20 3 8 .06
6. Danglin Grevia multiflora 1 15 3 6 .03
2 15 2 5 .04
8. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephylla 1 15 4 7 .04
9. Kakawate Glericidia sepium 1 20 3 6 .06
10. Kamiring Semecarpus philippinensis 1 30 3 7 .13
11. Mahogany Sweetinia macrophylla 7 20 5 10 .71
12. Molave Vitex farviflora 1 20 3 7 .06
3 20 4 8 .24
15. Teak Tectona grandis 1 15 3 7 .03
Sub-total 2.77
92
Appendix Table 5 Plot IV-Volume Computation of Inventoried Forest Resources having 15 cm
diameter at breast height (dbh) and above at Baroro River Watershed
Total
(CM) (m) (m) (m3)
PLOT IV
1 20 3 9 .06
2 25 4 8 .25
1 30 5 10 .22
3. Apitan 1 20 3 5 .06
4. Balinghasai Buchannia arborescens 3 15 3 7 .10
1 40 4 5 .32
7. Danglin Grevia multiflora 2 15 3 7 .06
1 15 3 8 .03
8. Guava Psidium guajava 2 15 2 4 .04
10. Kakawate Glericidia sepium 3 15 2 5 .66
7 30 3 7 .13
11. Kamiring Semecarpus 2 15 3 6 .06
philippinensis
12. Kusibeng 1 25 2 6 .12
13. Teak Tectona grandis 1 20 2 6 .04
1 45 4 9 .41
Sub-total 3.82
GRANDTOTAL 14.44
93
Appendix Table 6 Inventory of Forest Resources (including saplings) within Brushland
P L O T
Species Scientific Name TOTAL
I II III IV
TREES
1. Akleng Parang Albizia procera 7 13 5 9 34
2. Alibangbang Piliostigma malabarium 10 4 6 3 23
3. Amamali Leea aculeate 14 4 12 5 35
4. Anabiong Trema orientalis 3 1 2 1 7
5. Anonang Cordia dichotoma 1 3 2 6

6. Antipolo Antocarpus blancoi 3 1 4
7. Anubing Artocarpus ovate 2 2
8. Apitan 4 6 8 11 29
9. Avocado Perseana Americana 3 3
10. Balinghasai Buchannia arborescens 10 3 4 12 29
11. Banaba Lagerstoemia speciosa 4 1 5
12. Banato Mallotus philippensis 11 14 5 3 33
13. Bayok Pterospermum 2 2
diversifolium
14. Bignai Antidesma bunios 5 4 9
15. Bignai-Pugo Antidesma pentadum 23 16 4 3 46
16. Binunga Macaranga tanarius 2 4 16 3 25
17. Bitanghol Calophyllum blancoi 2 2
18. Buduan 2 8 3 13
19. Danglin Grevia multiflora 15 4 19
20. Dita Alstonia scularis 7 5 2 4 18
21. Duhat Zyzygium lumini 13 4 10 24 51
22. Hagimit Ficus minahasae 6 6
23. Hawili Ficus septic 22 1 32 11 66
24. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephylla 5 4 9
25. Kakawate Glericidia sepium 13 4 9 26
26. Kalantas Toona kalantas 1 1
27. Kamiring Semecarpus philippinensis 6 7 13
28. Lanete Wrightia laniti 5 5
29. Ligas 10 10
30. Mahogany Sweetinia macrophylla 39 4 25 68
31. Malaikmo 10 10
32. Malapapaya Polyscian nodosa 5 6 14 25
33. Malasangki Eunomus javanicus 2 4 6
34. Mango Mangifera indica 2 2
94
Continuation of Appendix Table 6 Inventory of Forest Resources (including saplings) within
Brushland at Baroro River Watershed
P L O T
I II III IV
35. Matanghipon 5 7 2 17 31
36. Molave Vitex farviflora 5 4 9 6 24
37. Narra Pterocarpus indicus 1 5 6
38. Niogniogan Ficus pseudo palma 1 3 4
39. Oak 11 12 23
40. Pagsahingin Canarium asperum 9 30 16 2 57
41. Pugahan 4 1 5
42. Sablot Litsea glutinosa 2 1 3
43. Salinggogon Zyzygium lancilimbum 9 1 4 5 19
44. Santol Sandoricum koetjape 3 3
45. Suha 2 2
46. Takip-asin Macaranga grandiflora 2 10 2 14
47. Teak Tectona grandis 16 16
48. Tibig Ficus nota 30 9 44 24 107
49. Tuai Bischofia javanica 5 1 2 8
50. Yemane Gmelina arborea 21 2 6 3 32
sub-total 312 166 312 206 996
SHRUBS
1. Bellas 66 35 59 11 171
2. Hagonoi Chromalaena odorata 350 101 291 91 833
3. Is-is 31 31
4. Kupkupiyes 10 5 15
5. Lagundi Vitex negundo 20 12 4 36
6. Lantana Lantana camara 68 52 50 18 188
7. Lovonitas 13 2 5 5 25
8. Malatabako Elephantopus tomentosus 19 8 3 4 34
9. Pedped Engeldardia spicata 8 16 24
10. Sambong Crassocepahalum spp. 2 3 5
sub-total 567 230 417 148 1362
95
Continuation of Appendix Table 6 Inventory of Forest Resources (including saplings) within
Brushland at Baroro River Watershed
P L O T
I II III IV
GRASSES/SEDGES
1. Amorseco Chrysopogon aciculatrus 203 34 214 81 532
2. Bikal Schizostachyum dissusum 3 3
3. Boho/bolo Schizostacyum lumampao 26 2 28
4. Carabao grass Onnupus compressus 45 22 66 46 179
5. Cogon Imperata cylindrical 259 272 36 11 578

6. Makahiya Mimosa pudica 80 71 66 217
7. Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum 20 100 66 16 202
8. Rono Miscanthus sinensis 38 101 14 102 255
9. Talahib Saccharum sponyaneum 46 4 2 56 108
10. Tiger grass Thysanolaena equisitifolia 6 6
Sub-total 723 606 464 315 2108
VINES
1. Alagat Rollinida deliciosa 2 1 3 6
2. Albutra vine 4 4
3. Banag vine 7 7
4. Boga Dioscore escubuta 3 3
5. Cadena de amor 1 1
6. Karot 2 2
7. Malapaminta 7 7
8. Nito vine 80 80
9. Pamintang aso 9 9
Sub-total 11 81 15 12 119
FERNS
5 Pako Athyrium esculentum 100 48 18 166
6 Giant fern Aquilinum pteridium 79 96 23 198
7 Pakpak lawin 5 50 55
Sub-total 184 194 41 0 419
HERBS
1. Birds of Paradise 18 18
Sub-total 18 18
PALM
1. Anahaw 11 2 13
Sub-total 11 2 13
GRANDTOTAL 1826 1277 1251 681 5035
96
Appendix Table 7 Brushland vegetation analysis at Baroro River Watershed
Shannon Shannon
Simpson
Population Relative Weiner Weiner
Species Index of
Density Density (%) Index of Index of
Dominance
Diversity Evenness
TREES
1. Tibig 0.0167 0.0213 0.0873 0.0197 0.0004516
2. Mahogany 0.0106 0.0135 0.0613 0.0138 0.0001824
3. Hawili 0.0103 0.0131 0.0598 0.0135 0.0001718
4. Pagsahingin 0.0089 0.0113 0.0533 0.0120 0.0001282
5. Duhat 0.0080 0.0101 0.0487 0.0110 0.0001026
6. Bignai-Pugo 0.0072 0.0091 0.0449 0.0101 0.0000835
7. Amamali 0.0055 0.0070 0.0359 0.0081 0.0000483
8. Akleng Parang 0.0053 0.0068 0.0351 0.0079 0.0000456
9. Banato 0.0052 0.0066 0.0342 0.0077 0.0000430
10. Yemane 0.0050 0.0064 0.0334 0.0075 0.0000404
11. Matanghipon 0.0048 0.0062 0.0325 0.0073 0.0000379
12. Apitan 0.0045 0.0058 0.0308 0.0069 0.0000332
13. Balinghasai 0.0045 0.0058 0.0308 0.0069 0.0000332
14. Kakawate 0.0041 0.0052 0.0281 0.0064 0.0000267
15. Binunga 0.0039 0.0050 0.0272 0.0061 0.0000247
16. Malapapaya 0.0039 0.0050 0.0272 0.0061 0.0000247
17. Molave 0.0038 0.0048 0.0263 0.0059 0.0000227
18. Alibangbang 0.0036 0.0046 0.0254 0.0057 0.0000209
19. Oak 0.0036 0.0046 0.0254 0.0057 0.0000209
20. Danglin 0.0030 0.0038 0.0217 0.0049 0.0000142
21. Salinggogon 0.0030 0.0038 0.0217 0.0049 0.0000142
22. Dita 0.0028 0.0036 0.0208 0.0047 0.0000128
23. Teak 0.0025 0.0032 0.0188 0.0042 0.0000101
24. Takip-asin 0.0022 0.0028 0.0168 0.0038 0.0000077
25. Buduan 0.0020 0.0026 0.0158 0.0036 0.0000067
26. Kamiring 0.0020 0.0026 0.0158 0.0036 0.0000067
27. Ligas 0.0016 0.0020 0.0127 0.0029 0.0000039
28. Malaikmo 0.0016 0.0020 0.0127 0.0029 0.0000039
29. Bignai 0.0014 0.0018 0.0116 0.0026 0.0000032
30. Ipil-ipil 0.0014 0.0018 0.0116 0.0026 0.0000032
31. Tuai 0.0013 0.0016 0.0105 0.0024 0.0000025
32. Anabiong 0.0011 0.0014 0.0093 0.0021 0.0000019
33. Anonang 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
34. Hagimit 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
97
continuation of Appendix Table 7 Brushland vegetation analysis at Baroro River Watershed
Shannon Shannon
Simpson
Species Index of
Dominance
Diversity Evenness
35. Malasangki 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
36. Narra 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
37. Banaba 0.0009 0.0010 0.0070 0.0016 0.0000010
38. Lanete 0.0008 0.0010 0.0070 0.0016 0.0000010
39. Pugahan 0.0008 0.0010 0.0070 0.0016 0.0000010
40. Antipolo 0.0008 0.0008 0.0058 0.0013 0.0000006
41. Niogniogan 0.0006 0.0008 0.0058 0.0013 0.0000006
42. Avocado 0.0006 0.0006 0.0045 0.0010 0.0000004
43. Sablot 0.0005 0.0006 0.0045 0.0010 0.0000004
44. Santol 0.0005 0.0006 0.0045 0.0010 0.0000004
45. Anubing 0.0005 0.0004 0.0032 0.0007 0.0000002
46. Bayok 0.0003 0.0004 0.0032 0.0007 0.0000002
47. Bitanghol 0.0003 0.0004 0.0032 0.0007 0.0000002
48. Mango 0.0003 0.0004 0.0032 0.0007 0.0000002
49. Suha 0.0003 0.0004 0.0032 0.0007 0.0000002
50. Kalantas 0.0002 0.0002 0.0017 0.0004 0.0000000
SHRUBS
1. Hagonoi 0.1302 0.1654 0.3896 0.0879 0.0273710
2. Lantana 0.0294 0.0373 0.1342 0.0303 0.0013942
3. Bellas (L.N.) 0.0267 0.0340 0.1249 0.0282 0.0011534
4. Lagundi 0.0056 0.0071 0.0368 0.0083 0.0000511
5. Malatabako 0.0053 0.0068 0.0351 0.0079 0.0000456
6. Is-is 0.0048 0.0062 0.0325 0.0073 0.0000379
7. Lovonitas 0.0039 0.0050 0.0272 0.0061 0.0000247
8. Pedped 0.0038 0.0048 0.0263 0.0059 0.0000227
9. Kupkupiyes 0.0023 0.0030 0.0178 0.0040 0.0000089
10. Sambong 0.0008 0.0010 0.0070 0.0016 0.0000010
98
continuation of Appendix Table 7 Brushland vegetation analysis of the Baroro River Watershed
Shannon Shannon
Simpson
Species Index of
Dominance
Diversity Evenness
GRASSES/SEDGES
1. Cogon 0.0903 0.1148 0.3015 0.0681 0.0121782
2. Amorseco 0.0831 0.1057 0.2845 0.0642 0.0111641
3. Rono 0.0398 0.0506 0.1681 0.0379 0.0025650
4. Makahiya 0.0339 0.0431 0.1492 0.0337 0.0018575
5.Napier Grass 0.0316 0.0401 0.1415 0.0319 0.0016095
6.Carabao Grass 0.280 0.0356 0.1292 0.0292 0.0012639
7.Talahib 0.0169 0.0214 0.0880 0.0199 0.0004601
8.Boho/bolo 0.0044 0.0056 0.0299 0.0067 0.0000309
9.Tiger Grass 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
10.Bikal 0.0005 0.0006 0.0045 0.0010 0.0000004
VINES
1. Nito vine 0.0125 0.0159 0.0696 0.0157 0.0002525
2. Pamintang Aso 0.0014 0.0018 0.0116 0.0026 0.0000032
3. Banag vine 0.0011 0.0014 0.0093 0.0021 0.0000019
4. Malapaminta 0.0011 0.0014 0.0093 0.0021 0.0000019
5. Alagat 0.0009 0.0012 0.0082 0.0018 0.0000014
6. Albutra vine 0.0006 0.0008 0.0058 0.0013 0.0000006
7. Boga 0.0005 0.0006 0.0045 0.0010 0.0000004
8. Karot 0.0003 0.0004 0.0030 0.0007 0.0000002
9. Cadena de amor 0.0002 0.0002 0.0017 0.0004 0.0000000
FERNS
1 Giant Fern 0.0309 0.0393 0.1394 0.0315 0.0015464
2 Pako 0.0259 0.0330 0.1221 0.0276 0.0010870
3 Pakpak Lawin 0.0086 0.0109 0.0518 0.0117 0.0001193
HERBS
1. Birds of Paradise .0028 .0036 0.208 0.0047 0.0000128
PALM
1. Anahaw .0020 .0026 0.0158 0.0036 0.0000067
GRANDTOTAL 0.7867 1.0000 3.6529 0.8244 0.0669208
99
Appendix Table 8 Line Intercept Samplings of Forest Resources within Grassland
at the Baroro River Watershed
TOTAL
SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME L I N E (number)
I II III IV
1. Akleng Parang Albizia procera 3 4 1 3 11
2. Alibangbang Piliostigma malabarium 2 2
3. Amorseco Chrysopogon aciculatrus 7,819 10,671 6,748 6,293 31,531
4. Apitan 2 2
5. Bignai Pugo Antidesma pentadum 4 5 1 10
6. Carabao grass Onnupus compressus 540 28 976 278 1,822
7. Cogon Imperata cylindrical 320 1,086 1,106 458 2,970
8. Dita Alstonia scularis 1 1
9. Duhat Zyzygium lumini 2 2 3 1 8
10. Giant fern 2 2
11. Ground orchids 6 6
12. Guava Psidium guajava 22 13 1 2 38
13. Hagonoi Chromalaena odorata 36 68 49 86 239
14. Kamiring Semecarpus 1 1
philippinensis
15. Kollokollot 779 121 900
16. Kupkupiyes 16 29 13 17 75
17. Makahiya Mimosa pudica 48 8 4 60
18. Malasaluyot 10 10
19. Malasambong 2 2
20. Malatabako Elephantopus tomentosus 4 4
21. Malmalokong 30 30
22. Pedped Engeldardia spicata 1 21 2 24
23. Rono Miscanthus sinensis 20 15 64
24. Salinggogon Zyzygium lancilimbum 2 2 2 6
25. Sambong Crassocepahalum spp. 16 5 21
26. Lantana Lantana camara 21 15 29 36
27. Talahib Saccharum sponyaneum 1,322 1,169 2,491
28. Tuai Bischofia javanica 1 1
Total 11,004 11,966 9,056 8,339 40,367
100
Appendix Table 9 Line Intercept Samplings of Forest Resources with corresponding
length occupied per Species within Grassland at Baroro River Watershed
Total No. of Total

SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME
Species Distance (m)
1. Akleng Parang Albizia procera 11 60.95
2. Alibangbang Piliostigma malabarium 2 4.50
3. Amorseco Chrysopogon aciculatrus 31,531 807.96
4. Apitan 2 .90
5. Bignai Pugo Antidesma pentadum 10 23.20
6. Carabao grass Onnupus compressus 1,822 105.90
7. Cogon Imperata cylindrica 2,970 118.70
8. Dita Alstonia scularis 1 11.20
9. Duhat Zyzygium lumini 8 48.00
10. Giant fern 2 1.00
11. Ground orchids 6 1.00
12. Guava Psidium guajava 38 39.35
13. Hagonoi Chromalaena odorata 239 130.82
14. Kamiring Semecarpus philippinensis 1 1.35
15. Kollokollot 900 28.50
16. Kupkupiyes 75 15.40
17. Makahiya Mimosa pudica 60 5.00
18. Malasaluyot 10 .50
19. Malasambong 2 1.00
20. Malatabako Elephantopus tomentosus 4 5.00
21. Malmalokong 30 1.04
22. Pedped Engeldardia spicata 24 4.30
23. Rono Miscanthus sinensis 64 8.40
24. Salinggogon Zyzygium lancilimbum 6 20.30
25. Sambong Crassocepahalum spp. 21 12.50
26. Lantana Lantana camara 36 26.94
27. Talahib Saccharum sponyaneum 2,491 86.10
28. Tuai Bischofia javanica 1 5.20
Total 40,367 1,575.01
101
Appendix Table 10 Grassland Vegetation Analysis at Baroro River Watershed
Relative Relative Relative

Importance
SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME Number Frequency Density Coverage
Value (%)
(%) (%) (%)
1. Akleng Albizia procera 11 7.6271 0.0272 3.8698 3.8414
Parang
2. Alibangbang Piliostigma malabarium 2 0.8475 0.0050 0.2857 0.3794
3. Amorseco Chrysopogon aciculatrus 31,531 13.5593 78.1108 51.2987 47.6563
4. Apitan 2 0.8475 0.0050 0.0571 0.3032
5. Bignai Pugo Antidesma pentadum 10 4.2373 0.0248 1.4730 1.9117
6. Carabao grass Onnupus compressus 1,822 5.0847 4.5136 6.7238 5.4407
7. Cogon Imperata cylindrical 2,970 5.0847 7.3575 7.5365 6.6596
8. Dita Alstonia scularis 1 0.8475 0.0025 0.7111 0.5204
9. Duhat Zyzygium lumini 8 5.08475 0.0198 3.0476 2.7174
10. Giant fern 2 0.8475 0.0050 0.0635 0.3053
11. Ground 6 0.8475 0.0149 0.0635 0.3086
orchids
12. Guava Psidium guajava 38 5.9322 0.0941 2.4984 2.8416
13. Hagonoi Chromalaena odorata 239 11.8644 0.5921 8.3060 6.9208
14. Kamiring Semecarpus 1 0.8475 0.0025 0.0857 0.3119
philippinensis
15. Kollokollot 900 2.5424 2.2295 1.8095 2.1938
16. Kupkupiyes 75 5.0847 0.1858 0.9778 2.0828
17. Makahiya Mimosa pudica 60 4.2373 0.1486 0.3175 1.5678
18. Malasaluyot 10 0.8475 0.0248 0.0317 0.3013
19. Malasambong 2 0.8475 0.0050 0.0635 0.3053
20. Malatabako Elephantopus tomentosus 4 0.08475 0.0099 0.3175 0.3916
21. Malmalokong 30 0.08475 0.0743 0.0660 0.3293
22. Pedped Engeldardia spicata 24 3.3898 0.0595 0.2730 1.2408
23. Rono Miscanthus sinensis 64 4.2373 0.1585 0.5333 1.6430
24. Salinggogon Zyzygium lancilimbum 6 5.0847 0.0149 1.2889 2.1295
25. Sambong Crassocepahalum spp. 21 2.5424 0.0520 0.7936 1.1293
26. Lantana Lantana camara 36 3.3898 0.0892 1.7105 1.7298
27. Talahib Saccharum sponyaneum 2,491 1.6949 6.1709 5.4666 4.4441
28. Tuai Bischofia javanica 1 0.8475 0.0025 0.3302 0.3934
Total 40,367 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000
102
Appendix Table 11 List of Fauna found at Baroro River Watershed
Local Name Common Name Scientific Name Remarks
Panal Brown Shrike Lanius cristolus Common

Kiao Oriole Oriolus isabellae Common
Trepadores Tree Creeper Rhabdonis mysticales Rare
Uwak Crow Cevis enca Rare
Shakok Black-faced coucal Centrpus melanops Rare
Salaksak Phil. Forest Kingfisher Ceyx melanuruz Rare
Banias Monitor Lizard Veranus Salvator Rare
Bakes Monkey Macca fascicularis Rare
Uleg, Karasaen Phil. Common Cobra Naja naja Rare
Beklat Phyton Phyton reticulatos Rare
Abuyo Wild Fowl Gallus gallus Common
Alingo Wild Pig Sus species Rare
Igat Fresh Water eel Anguilla species Common
Kulibangbang Merry Widow Atrophaneura semperi Common
Tilapia Tilapia Tilapia species Rare
Carpa Carp Cyprinus carpio Common
Dalag Mudfish Opiocephalus striata Common
Udang Shrimps Panaeus species Common
Paniki Fruit Bat Pteropus speciosus Common
Pagong Turtle Heosmys leytensis Rare
Kulaaw Grass Owl Tyto longimembris Rare
Tukak Giant Phil. Frog Rana magna Common
Kali Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus Rare
Bao Luzon Forest Rat Batomys grantii Common
Matines Crested Myna Acridotheres cristalellus Rare
Saksakulap Phil. Nightjar Caprimulgus Rare
Pugo Spotted Button Quail manillensis Rare
Peroka Phil. Bulbul Turnix ocellata Rare
Sawsaw-it Lovely sunbird Hypsipetes philippinus Common
Arthopyga shelleyi
Source of Data: DENR-I, PAWD, Sn. Fdo. City 2007
103
Appendix Table 12 Population and Density 2007 at Baroro River watershed
LOCATION BY AREA POPU- AVE.

MUN. (sq.m.) POPULATION LATION ANNUAL
BY BARANGAY DENSITY GROWTH
MALE FEMALE TOTAL RATE (%)
BACNOTAN 1.6030 5,577 5,709 11,286 362.12 1.2
1. Agtipal 1.5487 264 256 520 336
2. Bacsil 1.7347 300 289 589 340
3. Baroro 1.7154 1,321 1,489 2,810 1,638
4. Burayoc 1.6077 131 185 316 197
5. Bussaoit 2.1857 301 300 601 275
6. Legleg 1.5662 270 264 534 341
7. Lisqueb 1.5582 113 108 221 142
8. Nagsaraboan 1.4502 409 351 760 524
9. Nagsimbaanan 1.3377 304 322 626 468
10. Poblacion 1.7002 1,424 1,430 2,854 1,678
11. Raois 1.4163 463 427 890 628
12. Zaragoza 1.4157 277 288 565 399
SAN JUAN 39.7668 9,301 9,137 18,438 463.65 1.1

1. Allangigan 1.3392 96 90 186 139
2. Aludaid 1.2528 353 250 603 481
3. Bacsayan 1.3392 356 383 739 473
4. Balballosa 1.5408 254 218 472 306
5. Bambanay 0.6912 226 201 427 618
6.Bugbugcao 2.2608 308 316 624 275
7. Caarusipan 1.4400 105 125 230 160
8.Cabaroan 1.2240 676 666 1,342 109
9.Cabugnayan 1.0020 461 437 898 896
10. Caculanagn 0.7200 245 211 456 633
11. Calingcamasan 1.5408 449 498 947 615
12. Catdungan 1.1808 223 218 441 373
13. Dangdangla 1.1088 461 458 919 828
14. Dasay 2.5344 275 291 566 223
15. Duplas 1.1376 331 306 637 560
16. Guinguinabang 1.2240 278 260 538 440
17. Legleg 1.1808 289 279 568 481
18. Nadsaag 0.9648 433 397 830 860
19. Nagsabaran 3.1536 304 312 616 195
20. Naguirangan 0.9360 331 311 642 686
21. Nagyubuyuban 0.8784 255 260 515 586
22. Oaquing 0.6192 259 246 505 816
104
23. Pacpacac 1.2384 214 239 453 336
24. Pagdildilan 1.5408 231 246 477 310
25.Quidem 0.1296 94 78 172 1,327
26. San Felipe 3.2544 693 679 1,372 422
27. Sta. Rosa 0.7632 254 254 508 666
28. Sto. Rosario 0.8064 337 387 724 894
29. Saracat 2.1168 275 262 537 799
30. Sinapangan 0.648 235 259 494 762
SAN FERNANDO 16.0574 2075 1785 3860 240.387 1.63

1. Bacsil 1.4930 388 321 709 435
2. Bang-Bangulan 2.0380 281 269 550 269
3. Baraoas 4.0800 481 409 890 218
4. Nagyubuyuban 6.5800 677 569 1,246 189
6. Puspus 1.8664 248 217 465 249
BAGULIN .3598 2597 2444 5041 14010.00 0.75
1. Cardis 0.1198 805 806 1611 990
2. Dagup 0.1278 1159 1063 2222 1600
3. Alibangsay 0.1122 633 575 1208 860
SANTOL 0.62
1. Ramot 9.7500 349 286 635 65
2. Sasaba 12.3800 473 432 905 73
SAN GABRIEL 107.1221 8282 7729 16011 149.4650 0.81
1. Amontoc 16.0327 873 859 1732 106
2. Apayao 8.1803 560 461 1021 11
3. Balbalayang 6.8349 310 296 606 83
4. Bayabas 10.9003 297 236 533 39
5. Bucao 3.7481 871 782 1653 403
6. Bumbuneg 5.1244 1171 1152 2323 426
7. Daking 7.7741 446 377 823 119
8. Lacong 15.4749 766 685 1451 92
9. Lipay Este 4.5872 237 233 470 104
10. Lipay Proper 3.7445 191 175 366 82
11. Lipay Sur 4.1162 451 377 828 828
12. Lon-oy 10.9115 393 372 765 59
13. Poblacion 3.5744 1356 1394 2750 782
14. Polipol 6.1186 360 330 690 115
Data Source: Barangay Profile (2007 Pop'n.)
105
Appendix Table 13 Age Group and Sexes at Baroro River Watershed
65 -
MUNICIPALITY/ < 15 15 - 39 40 - 64 ABOVE TOTAL
BARANGAY M F M F M F M F M F
BACNOTAN 1556 1491 2467 2389 1263 1406 281 432 5577 5709
1. Agtipal 63 67 124 104 59 64 18 21 264 256
2. Bacsil 80 70 139 114 62 76 19 29 300 289
3. Baroro 434 451 594 664 247 306 46 68 1321 1489
4. Burayoc 37 69 57 69 28 33 9 14 131 185
5. Bussaoit 88 77 122 106 69 88 22 29 301 300
6. Legleg 72 61 124 120 62 66 12 17 270 264
7. Lisqueb 40 30 38 38 14 10 21 30 113 108
8. Nagsaraboan 89 81 197 122 105 112 18 36 409 351
9. Nagsimbaanan 95 90 132 129 63 69 14 34 304 322
10. Poblacion 398 337 609 623 352 372 65 98 1424 1430
11. Raois 107 93 236 210 99 96 21 28 463 427
12. Zaragosa 63 65 95 90 103 114 16 19 277 288
SAN JUAN 2122 1903 3236 3132 3290 3252 700 884 9348 9171
1. Allangigan 16 11 33 26 41 40 6 13 96 90
2. Aludaid 56 54 100 90 122 106 75 0 353 250
3. Bacsayan 132 179 176 181 20 32 19 25 347 417
4. Balballosa 59 42 65 52 108 91 22 33 254 218
5. Bambanay 48 27 97 80 66 63 15 31 226 201
6. Bugbugcao 78 64 84 100 127 118 19 34 308 316
7. Caarusipan 35 34 46 59 26 23 4 9 111 125
8. Cabaroan 195 159 295 289 158 187 28 31 676 666
9. Cabugnayan 66 68 148 119 210 205 37 45 461 437
10. Caculangan 61 44 93 86 72 69 19 12 245 211
11. Calingcamasan 85 87 140 157 176 183 48 71 449 498
12. Catdungan 54 40 79 80 77 73 13 25 223 218
13. Dangdangla 81 75 136 145 200 181 44 57 461 458
14. Dasay 65 63 106 130 90 78 14 20 275 291
15. Duplas 71 49 90 92 137 128 33 37 331 306
16.Guinguinabang 80 68 69 78 93 84 36 30 278 260
106
MUNICIPALITY < 15 15 - 39 40 - 64 65 - TOTAL
ABOVE
17. Legleg 68 44 118 124 87 89 16 22 289 279
18. Nadsaag 91 68 121 110 189 169 32 50 433 397
19 Nagsabaran 83 85 89 94 114 104 18 29 304 312
20. Naguirangan 75 52 118 89 115 132 23 38 331 311
21. Nagyubuyaban 44 42 72 61 120 128 19 29 255 260
22. Oaquing 37 35 73 69 130 122 19 20 259 246
23. Pacpacac 35 39 73 71 84 94 22 35 214 239
24. Pagdildilan 66 61 108 114 41 51 16 20 231 246
25. Quidem 18 18 21 12 50 40 5 8 94 78
26. San Felipe 197 187 280 261 185 185 31 46 693 679
27. Sta. Rosa 64 33 55 78 115 106 20 37 254 254
28. Sto. Rosario 83 81 184 123 104 158 16 25 387 387
29. Saracat 45 51 74 73 137 108 19 30 275 262
30. Sinapangan 34 43 93 89 96 105 12 22 235 259
SAN FERNANDO 681 580 1003 839 468 441 136 154 2288 2014
1. Bacsil 94 86 143 133 74 77 17 25 328 321
2. Bang-bangolan 81 81 169 104 63 58 22 25 335 268
3. Baraoas 152 112 207 186 99 87 18 24 476 409
4. Nagyubuyuban 225 182 288 235 114 108 50 43 677 568
5. Calabugao 61 64 92 84 57 61 14 22 224 231
6. Puspus 68 55 104 97 61 50 15 15 248 217
BAGULIN 516 445 872 787 337 334 79 80 1804 1646
1. Cardis 144 109 240 230 119 119 12 17 515 475
2. Dagup 235 220 395 360 162 170 24 34 816 784
3. Alibangsay 137 116 237 197 56 45 43 29 473 387
SANTOL 266 254 347 293 259 129 60 42 832 718
1. Ramot 103 95 160 115 62 60 34 16 359 286
2. Sasaba 163 159 187 178 97 69 26 26 473 432
107
MUNICIPALITY/ < 15 15 - 39 40 - 64 65 - TOTAL
ABOVE
SAN GABRIEL 2547 2317 4444 3945 814 819 484 587 8289 7668
1. Amontoc 313 253 431 429 85 82 44 45 873 809
2. Apayao 161 136 314 247 53 49 32 29 560 461
3. Balbalayang 82 85 164 147 31 29 33 35 310 296
4. Bayabas 110 69 147 122 22 27 18 18 297 236
5. Bucao 268 232 470 411 82 85 51 54 871 782
6. Bumbuneg 349 350 646 596 120 130 56 76 1171 1152
7. Lacong 232 253 417 330 73 53 44 49 766 685
8. Lipay Este 89 68 115 122 19 16 14 16 237 222
9. Lipay Proper 67 59 98 87 14 13 10 16 189 175
10. Lipay Sur 136 113 241 193 52 38 22 33 451 377
11. Lon-oy 112 110 220 199 42 36 19 27 393 372
12. Poblacion 385 374 729 698 155 178 96 144 1365 1394
13. Polipol 117 107 195 170 26 34 22 19 360 330
14. Daking 126 108 257 194 40 49 23 26 446 377
Data Source: Barangay Profile (2007 Pop'n.)
108
Appendix Table 14 Household Number and Household Size
POPU- AVERAGE
MUNICIPALITY/ TOTAL NO.
LATION HOUSEHOLD
BARANGAY OF HOUSEHOLD
SIZE
BACNOTAN 11,286 2,541 4
1. Agtipal 520 107 5
2. Bacsil 589 123 5
3. Baroro 2,810 496 6
4. Burayoc 316 68 5
5. Bussaoit 601 150 4
6. Legleg 534 105 5
7. Lisqueb 221 181 1
8. Nagsaraboan 760 225 3
9. Nagsimbaanan 626 130 5
10. Poblacion 2,854 655 4
11. Raois 890 188 5
12. Zaragoza 565 113 5
SAN JUAN 18438 3838 5
1. Allangigan 186 43 4
2. Aludaid 603 140 4
3. Bacsayan 739 176 4
4. Balballosa 472 103 5
5. Bambanay 427 133 3
6.Bugbugcao 624 126 5
7. Caarusipan 230 56 4
8.Cabaroan 1342 262 5
9.Cabugnayan 898 164 5
10. Caculanagn 456 100 5
11. Calingcamasan 947 184 5
12. Catdungan 441 116 4
13. Dangdangla 919 184 5
14. Dasay 566 126 4
15. Duplas 637 136 5
16. Guinguinabang 538 125 4
17. Legleg 568 113 5
18. Nadsaag 830 159 5
19. Nagsabaran 616 99 6
20. Naguirangan 642 134 5
21. Nagyubuyuban 515 105 5
109
22. Oaquing 505 60 8
23. Pacpacac 453 93 5
24. Pagdildilan 477 120 4
25.Quidem 172 41 4
26. San Felipe 1372 215 6
27. Sta. Rosa 508 106 5
28. Sto. Rosario 724 190 4
29. Saracat 537 115 5
30. Sinapangan 494 114 4
POPU- AVERAGE
MUNICIPALITY/ TOTAL NO.
LATION HOUSEHOLD
BARANGAY OF HOUSEHOLD
SIZE
SAN FERNANDO 4288 902 5
1. Bacsil 709 133 5
2. Bang-Bangulan 550 120 5
3. Baraoas 890 197 5
4. Nagyubuyuban 1246 241 5
5. Calabugao 428 107 4
6. Puspus 465 104 4
BAGULIN 5041 739 7
1. Cardiz 1611 211 8
2. Dagup 2222 351 6
3. Alibangsay 1208 177 7
SANTOL 1540 325 5
1. Ramot 635 131 5
2. Sasaba 905 194 5
SAN GABRIEL 16011 3173 5
1. Amontoc 1732 336 5
2. Apayao 1021 204 5
3. Balbalayang 606 121 5
4. Bayabas 533 107 5
5. Bucao 1653 331 5
6. Bumbuneg 2323 465 5
7. Daking 823 290 5
8. Lacong 1451 92 5
9. Lipay Este 470 53 5
10. Lipay Proper 366 166 5
11. Lipay Sur 828 153 5
12. Lon-oy 765 552 5
13. Poblacion 2750 138 5
14. Polipol 690 165 5
110
Appendix Table 15 Landslide Assessment at Baroro River Watershed
Municipality/ Landslide
Remarks
Barangay Susceptibility Rating
1. Santol Tension cracks are observed in the barangay.
Puguil High Only low-lying farmlands at Sitio Liguay are
affected by landslides
Ramot Moderate to High Old/inactive landslides and roadside erosion are
observed.
2. San Juan
Bugbugcao Moderate Tension cracks are observed at the foot of the
slopes.
Pagdildilan Moderate Soil Erosion is active
Legleg Low to Moderate Presence of mass movement
Oaquing Low Presence of mass movement
Bacsayan None to Low Presence of mass movement
Caarusipan None to Low Presence of mass movement
Calincamasan None for Brgy. Widespread soil creep is observed at So. Marso
Proper and Alfonso
Moderate for So.
Marso and Alfonso
Dangdangla None to Low Soil creep is widespread in the Barangay.
San Felipe None to Low Observed for the presence of mass movement
3. San Gabriel High The Barangay is situated within very steep slopes
Amontoc and is highly susceptible to landslides. Terracets,
old/inactive landslides, and widespread soil creep
evidence mass movements.
Apayao High Single tension cracks, recent/active landslides, and
recent escarpments are present in the barangay.
Balbalayang High Single tension cracks, recent/active landslides,
recent escarpments, and patchy soil creep are
present in the barangay.
Bayabas High Creep are present in the barangay.
Recent landslides and escarpments are observed in
the barangay.
Daking High Evidences of mass movement are tension cracks,
recent/active landslides, recent escarpments and
patchy soil creep
Lon-oy High Manifestations of landslides include single tension
cracks, old and recent landslides, recent
escarpments and widespread soil creep.
Bucao Moderate Evident in the barangay are tension cracks,
recent/active landslides, and widespread sort
creep.
111
Lacong Moderate -do-
Lipay Proper Moderate Recent/active landslides are present in the
barangay.
Lipay Sur Moderate Single tension cracks, recent active landslides and
old/inactive landslides are evidence of mass
movement in the barangay.
Bumbuneg Low Evidences of mass movement are single tension
cracks, recent/active landslides, recent
escarpments and widespread soil creep
Lipay Este Low to Moderate Single tension cracks, recent/active landslides, and
movement in the barangay.
Poblacion Low Tension cracks recent/active landslides, and
patchy soil creep are observed.
Polipol Low to Moderate Single tension cracks, recent/active landslides, and
4. Bagulin movement in the barangay.
Alibangsay High Terracets, old and recent landslides, and patchy
soil creep are evident in the barangay.
Caridz High Terracets and recent landslides are observed in the
barangay.
Dagup Low to moderate for Evidencees of mass movements include terracets,

Brgy. Proper; high old and recent landslides, recent escarpments, and
for mountainous patchy soil creep. Recent landslides are noted at
portions bounding the western portion of the Brgy. Proper.
the Barangay
Source: Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau 2010 Report on Geo-hazard Assessment
112
Appendix Table 16 Flood Assessment at Baroro River Watershed
Municipality/
Remarks
Barangay
1. San Juan
Allangigan Ricefields are rarely affected by low depth of <0.5m
Bacsayan Sheet flooding with high depth of >1m
Balbalosa Flash flood with low turbidity is rarely experienced
sheet flooding does not occur in the barangay
Bambanay Moderate sheet flood depth of not more than 1m is rarely
Occurring
Caarusipan Flash flood with high to very high turbidity is very common
along Baroro River. Ricefields are seasonally affected by
high flood depth of >1m lasting for a day.
Cabugnayan The Brgy. Suffereed from high flood depth of >1m only
during typhoon.
Cacapain The Brgy. Suffereed from moderate flood depth
of 0.50m only.
Caculangan Sheet flooding with high depth of >1m occurs rarely.
Calincamasan Very highly turbid flash flood is very common along
Baroro River Sheet flooding with high depth of >1m occurrs
seasonally.
Dangdangla Very high turbid flash flood is very common along
Baroro River. Sheet flooding with high depth of >1m
occurs seasonally and lasts for 2 days
Dasay Flash flood with low turbidity is rare.
Sheet flooding does not occure in the barangay.
Dinanum Highly tubid flash flood is very common
Agricultural lands are seaonally affected by moderate
flood depth of not more than 1m. Flood receds after 3 days.
Duplas Flash flood with low turbidity is rare. Sheet flooding
does not occure in the barangay.
Nadsaag Flash flood with low turbidity occurs rarely
Sheet flooding does not occure in the barangay.
Nagsabaran Flash flood with low turbidity occurs rarely
Moderate sheet flood depth of not more than 1m is seasonal
Naguirangan Moderately turbid flash flood occurs rarely.
Moderate sheet flooding depth of not more than 1m is seasonal
113
Municipality/ Remarks
Barangay
Nagyubuyuban Soil and Riverbank erosions are active.

Flash flood with low turbidity is rare. Sheet flooding
does not occure in the barangay.
Oaquing Flash flood with low turbidity rarely occurs in areas
adjacent to river.
Pacpacac Flash flood with low turbidity rarely occurs.
Quidem Agricultural lands are seaonally affected for 5 days by
sheet flooding with high depth of >1m.
Santa Rosa Highly turbid flash flood is very common along Broro River
Sheet flood with high depth of >1m occurs seasonally.
Santo Rosario Sheet flooding with moderte depth of not more than
1m occurs rarely.
Saracat Flash Flood is rare. Sheet flooding does not occure in
the barangay
2. San Gabriel
Amontoc Flash flood with low turbidity and sheet flood with low flood
depth of <0.5m are not common in the barangay.
Apayao Rarely occurring in the area are flash flood with depth
of 0.50m only.
Balbalayang Highly turbid flash flood occurs rarely.
Bayabas Moderaely turbide flash flood occurs rarely
Sheet flooding with low depth of <0.5m is likewise rare
Bucao Highly turbid flash flood is common. Sheet flood with
moderate depth of <1m occurs rarely.
Bumbuneg Moderately turbid flash flood commonly happens
low flood depth occurs at the Brgy. Proper while areas
along the riverbanks flood depth reaches >1m.
Daking Turbidity and sheet flood with low depth of <0.5m.
Farmlands at Sitos Kabugao, Ansakkuit, Liskeb and Sisi are
affected by floods
Lacong Rarely occuring in the barangay are flalsh flood with low
tyrbidity and sheet flood with low depth of <0.5m.
Lipay Este Rarely occurring in the barangay are flash flood with low
turbidity and sheet flood with low depth of <0.5m.
Lipay Proper Rarely occurring in the barangay are flash flood with low
turbidity and sheet flood with low depth of <0.5m.
Lipay Sur Flash flood with low turbidity and sheet flood with low flood
depth of <0.5m rarely affect the barangay.
114
Municipality/ Remarks
Barangay
Lon-oy Rarely occurring in the barangay are flash flood with low
with low turbidity and sheet flood with low depth of
<0.5m.
Poblacion Highly turbid flash flood is common during extreme weather
conditions. Sheet flood with moderate depth of <1m occurs
seasonally.
3. Bagulin
Dagup Moderately turbid flash flood commonly occurs.
Source: Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau 2010 Report on Geo-hazard Assessment
115

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BARORO RIVER WATERSHED

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

II. PRESENT STATE OF THE WATERSHED

2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The bifurcation ratio of Baroro River Watershed was determined

Gravelius Form Factor

Gf = Average Width = 10,677.00 = 0.50

Elongation Ratio = Diameter of Circle = 10,919 = 0.51

Circulatory Ratio = 34,054 = 0.45

The gravelius form factor of the watershed is 0.50. Rain water

Table 1 Bifurcation Ratio of Baroro River Watershed

Stream Order No. of Streams Bifurcation Ratio

Rain water emanates from both sides of the river. It has a

The watershed is composed of flat to rolling hills and steep

The lowest elevation is located at Brangay Baroro, Bacnotan,

Low-lying areas in Barangays Baroro, Poblacion, Bacsil, Agtipal

Table 2 Slope Categories at Baroro River Watershed

Baroro River Watershed is rectangular shaped. The extreme head

It has a drainage density of .01 km/km2 which means that there is a

Run-off takes a longer period to flow before concentrating in the

Table 3 Drainage System of Baroro River Watershed

River Stream Order No. of Streams Length (km)

The area was previously studied by several geologists. As extracted from

Table 4 Geology of Baroro River Watershed

Geological Formation Area (ha)

The Amlang formations occupied the largest area of 9,296.35 ha and is

The Cataguintingan formations has the smallest area of 3,847.18 ha and

(east) traversing the Municipality of San Gabriel (Figure 7).

Mountain Soil. The Mountain soil is composed of intrusive and volcanic

Table 5 Land Classification at Baroro River Watershed

Land Classification Area (ha.) %

CSC’s were issued to the Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP)

Table 6 Tenurial Instruments Issued at Baroro River Watershed.

Tenurial Instrument Area

Land capability classification is the grouping of land use units based on

Table 7 Land Capability/Suitability Classification at Baroro River Watershed

Class Suitability/Capability Area (ha.)

The production forest includes those cultivated areas mixed with

Table 8 Land Uses at Baroro River Watershed

Land Use Area (ha)

Figure 12 Land Use Map of Baroro River Watershed

Table 9 Vegetation/land cover of Baroro River Watershed

Vegetation/Land Cover Area (ha)

Figure 13 Vegetative/Land Cover Map of Baroro River Watershed

Baroro River Watershed falls under Climate Type 1 of the Corona’s

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 15 Graph of the Climatological data of Baroro River Watershed: 2006-2010

Surface runoff was estimated using he empirical formula

The surface run-off within the watershed is highly variable (Table

Streamflow is the rate of water flow (volume/unit of time) passing

The streamflow was determined in four sampling points with a

Figure 17 Stream flow determination at the Baroro River Watershed

River Cross Velocity Stream Flow

 Stream flow quantity/quality

Tale 13 Water Quality data of Baroro River Watershed

The river had an average temperature of 26.8oC and a PH of

When the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below 5

The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration was 12.0

Results show that the quality is within the water quality

Class A – Public Water Supply Class II – for sources of water

c. Index of similarity (IS) % IS = _4C____