Computational Thermal Sciences, 6 (2): 155–169 (2014)

FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT HEAT

AND MASS TRANSFER IN MICROSTRUCTURAL
BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW FROM A POROUS
STRETCHING SHEET

Diksha Gupta,1 Lokendra Kumar,1,∗ O. Anwar Bég,2 & Bani Singh1

1
Department of Mathematics, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-
201307, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Gort Engovation (Biomechanics and Aerospace), 15 Southmere Avenue, Bradford, BD73NU,
England, United Kingdom

∗
Address all correspondence to Lokendra Kumar E-mail: [email protected]

In the present study, the unsteady laminar heat and mass transfer in incompressible micropolar boundary layer flow
from a porous stretching sheet with variable suction has been examined. The unsteadiness in the flow, temperature, and
concentration fields is caused by the time dependence of the stretching velocity, surface temperature, and surface concen-
tration. By using a similarity transformation the governing time-dependent boundary layer equations with appropriate
boundary conditions are rendered into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The dimensionless governing
equations are then solved numerically by using the finite-element method. The effect of the suction parameter, unsteadi-
ness parameter, coupling constant parameter, and Schmidt number on the distributions of the velocity, microrotation,
temperature, and concentration functions are examined at length. The skin friction, wall heat transfer rate, and wall
mass transfer are also computed. Under special cases, comparison of the flow velocity and rate of heat transfer is made
with the exact solution and also with numerical results available from the literature. An excellent agreement between the
results is obtained. Furthermore, validation of the present finite-element solutions is also achieved with a second-order-
accurate finite-difference method outlined in the literature. In addition, the convergence of the finite-element numerical
solutions is discussed explicitly. The study is relevant to materials-processing technology.

KEY WORDS: unsteady flow, stretching permeable sheet, micropolar fluid, heat and mass transfer, finite-
element method (FEM), Nakamura tridiagonal scheme (NTS), Nusselt number, Sherwood number

1. INTRODUCTION of a linearly stretching surface with variable temperature.

Various aspects of Newtonian fluid flows from a stretch-
The fluid dynamics due to a stretching surface has vari- ing surface have been reported by Magyari and Keller
ous applications in manufacturing processes, such as ex- (2000), Andersson (2002), and Elbashbeshy and Bazid
trusion of a polymer sheet from a dye, paper produc- (2004).
tion, metal spinning, glass blowing, and drawing of plas- In the recent years, non-Newtonian fluids have re-
tic films. The quality of the final products in all these ceived considerable interest, stimulated by applications
cases depends on the rate of heat transfer at the stretching in industrial systems, polymer processing, chemical coat-
surface. Boundary layer flow due to a linearly stretching ing, etc. Numerous categories of such fluids exist includ-
sheet in a Newtonian fluid was first presented by Crane ing biopolymers, paints and lubricants, polymeric suspen-
(1970), who obtained closed-form solutions. Grubka and sions, biological liquids, colloidal suspensions, nemato-
Bobba (1985) investigated the heat transfer characteristics gens, etc. The flow and heat transfer behavior of these

1940–2503/14/$35.00 ⃝
c 2014 by Begell House, Inc. 155
156 Gupta et al.

NOMENCLATURE

C dimensionless concentration Vw velocity at the wall

Cf skin friction coefficient v velocity in the y-direction
cp specific heat at constant pressure x distance along the surface
D diffusion coefficient y distance normal to the surface
f dimensionless velocity
g dimensionless microrotation Greek Symbols
H concentration of the fluid γ spin gradient viscosity
j microinertia density η similarity variables
K coupling constant parameter θ dimensionless temperature
N microrotation component κ thermal conductivity
Nux local Nusselt number λ suction parameter
Pr Prandtl number µ dynamic viscosity
q heat flux ν kinematic viscosity
Rex local Reynolds number ρ density of the fluid
S constant characteristic of fluid τ unsteadiness parameter
Sc Schmidt number τw wall shear stress
Shx local Sherwood number φ stream function
T temperature of the fluid
t time Subscripts
Uw velocity of the sheet w surface condition
u velocity in the x-direction ∞ conditions far away from the surface

fluids cannot be described satisfactorily by the classical in Eringen (2001), Lukaszewicz (1999), and more re-
theory of Newtonian fluid flows, even for simple shear- cently Anwar Bég et al. (2011); the first two treatises
ing flows. Eringen (1966) proposed the theory of microp- address continuum thermodynamics foundations and the
olar fluids (a simplification of his more complex micro- latter focuses on computational simulations of nonlin-
morphic fluid model) by developing constitutive equa- ear boundary value problems in engineering. Many re-
tions that take into account the effects arising from the searchers have investigated the flow of micropolar flu-
local structure and micromotions of the fluid elements ids from a diverse range of external geometries includ-
(microelements). Micropolar fluids can support the cou- ing the stretching surface. These investigations have ad-
ple stresses, shear stresses, and body couples, and also dressed numerous multi-physical phenomena including
exhibit microrotational effects and inertia. The theory of wall transpiration, turbulence, thermal dispersion, elec-
thermo-micropolar fluids was subsequently also devel- trophoresis, thermal radiation, wavy surfaces, oscillatory
oped by Eringen (1972) via a generalization of microp- flow, peristaltic waves, body rotation, magnetohydrody-
olar fluids to heat conduction and other thermal effects. namics, supersonic flow, and Marangoni effects (Anwar
The elegance of these theories is that Navier–Stokes vis- Bég et al., 2011). Therefore, micropolar transport phe-
cous flow equations may be retrieved as a special case. nomena continue to provide many stimulating and tech-
Therefore, these theories present an excellent framework nologically important problems for mathematical and en-
for exploring new non-Newtonian characteristics and si- gineering researchers well into the 21st century. Numer-
multaneously validating solutions to mathematical mod- ical computations for the flow of micropolar fluid over
els via comparisons with Newtonian models when mi- a non-isothermal stretching sheet with suction and blow-
cropolar terms are neglected. Interesting aspects of the- ing were presented by Hassanien and Gorla (1990). Mo-
ory and applications of micropolar fluids can be found hammadein and Gorla (2001) examined the effects of vis-

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Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 157

cous dissipation and internal heat generation on the flow cesses occurring in environmental systems and process
of micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet that consid- engineering involve fluid flow combined with heat and
ered prescribed surface temperature and heat flux. Nazar mass transfer. Diffusion of chemically reactive species
et al. (2004) employed the implicit Keller box method to in stretching sheet flow was studied by Andersson et al.
study the stagnation point flow of micropolar fluid over (1994). Eldabe et al. (2004) addressed double-diffusive
a stretching sheet, although they considered very limited (cross-diffusion) effects on mixed convection and mass
Prandtl numbers. transfer flow of non-Newtonian fluids with temperature-
In the aforementioned studies, the flows were assumed dependent viscosity. Anwar Bég et al. (2007) compu-
to be steady. However, in polymeric extrusion processes, tationally analyzed the double-diffusive heat and mass
as elaborated by Middleman (1977), the boundary layer transfer in chemically reacting micropolar transport in
flow in stretching sheets may become time dependent porous materials, showing that with increasing order of
and it is necessary to consider unsteady flow models. chemical reaction both flow and microrotation are decel-
This is particularly important for impulsive stretching and erated. Rawat et al. (2012) analyzed the Forchheimer non-
where a narrow slit is involved (Densen, 1973). Many in- linear drag force effect on coupled heat and mass transfer
teresting studies have been reported for transient multi- in reactive micropolar flow from a linear stretching sheet
physical flows from stretching surfaces. Rajeswari and in porous media.
Nath (1992) investigated the unsteady flow over a stretch- Many researchers have also investigated the unsteady
ing surface in a rotating fluid. Rashidi et al. (2013) inves- heat and mass transfer from a stretching surface. This
tigated entropy generation effects (via the Bejan number) problem is also of great importance in polymeric pro-
in unsteady magneto-convection from a stretching, rotat- cessing because the presence of a diffusing species can
ing disk system with a modification to Zhou’s differen- be used to manipulate the microstructural characteristics
tial transform technique. Anwar Bég et al. (2013b) used of fabricated materials and assist in eliminating inhomo-
Liao’s homotopy analysis method to simulate smart fabric geneties and inconsistencies (Middleman, 1977). Shateyi
stretching flows with a magnetized Walters-B viscoelastic and Mosta (2009) described in detail the effect of thermal
model. These studies have highlighted the strong contri- radiation on heat and mass transfer of a viscous Newto-
bution of transient nonlinear stretching rates to the ensu- nian fluid over an unsteady stretching sheet. Using the
ing unsteadiness in momentum and thermal fields. element-free Galerkin method with a penalty function,
Several studies of micropolar transport from stretching Sharma et al. (2010) computed solutions for transient heat
surfaces have also been communicated, which mainly fo- and mass transfer in magnetized boundary layer flow. Au-
cused on chemical engineering scenarios, both for steady- rangzaib and Shafie (2012) examined non-uniform heat
state and time-dependent situations. Kelson and Dessaux absorption/generation and thermophoretic effects on heat
(2001) studied mass flux and microrotation boundary con- and mass transfer in hydromagnetic micropolar flow from
dition effects on transient stretching sheet flows of mi- an unsteady stretching sheet in non-Darcian permeable
cropolar fluids. Gupta et al. (2014) employed a finite- media.
element (FE) algorithm to analyze the radiative flux ef- The purpose of the present study is to analyze the tran-
fects on shrinking sheet micropolar flows. Bachok et al. sient coupled heat and mass transfer in micropolar bound-
(2011) theoretically studied the unsteady boundary layer ary layer flow driven by a porous stretching sheet with
flow and heat transfer due to a stretching sheet, showing time-dependent suction at the sheet surface (wall). The
that the surface shear stress and heat transfer rate are in- thermal and physical characteristics of the unsteady flow
creasing functions of the unsteadiness parameter. By tak- are investigated in the regime by assuming variation of the
ing into account strong and weak concentrations of mi- temperature and concentration with the horizontal coordi-
croelements, Hayat et al. (2011) examined the effect of nate (x) (parallel to the sheet plane) and time (t). Appro-
magnetic field on the time-dependent flow of micropo- priate similarity transformations have been implemented
lar fluid between stretching sheets. Bachok et al. (2010) to convert the dimensional partial differential equations
computationally simulated the unsteady flow of an incom- with three independent variables into dimensionless ordi-
pressible micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet, elabo- nary differential equations that have been solved numeri-
rating in detail on the case of prescribed surface heat flux. cally by using the variational FE method (FEM) (Reddy,
The aforementioned studies have dwelled solely on 2005). Validation has also been achieved with an implicit
convection heat transfer problems and have neglected finite-difference method, known as the Nakamura tridi-
species diffusion, i.e., mass transfer. Many transport pro- agonal scheme (NTS) (Nakamura, 1994). The influence

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158 Gupta et al.

of the suction, unsteadiness, and coupling constant pa-

rameters, and the influence of the Schmidt number on ve-
locity, microrotation (angular velocity of microelements),
temperature, and concentration functions have been de-
picted graphically. The numerical results for the skin fric-
tion and rates of heat and mass transfer have also been
computed and tabulated for these parameters. To further
support the validity of the present numerical results, a
comparison of the flow velocity and rate of heat transfer
obtained by FEM and NTS is made with the exact solu-
tion given by Crane (1970) and the numerical results of
Bachok et al. (2011). Furthermore, the convergence char-
acteristics of the FEM employed are also discussed with
reference to the mesh independency of the computations.
FIG. 1: Physical model and coordinate system
The present study is of relevance to thermal polymer pro-
cessing systems and, to the authors’ knowledge, has not
been reported thus far in the technical literature. • Angular momentum (microrotation) equation
( )
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL ∂N ∂N ∂N γ ∂2N S
+u +v = −
∂t ∂x ∂y ρj ∂y 2 ρj
Consider the unsteady laminar boundary layer flow and ( )
∂u
heat and mass transfer of an incompressible micropolar × 2N + (3)
fluid over a permeable stretching sheet. At time t = 0, the ∂y
sheet is stretched impulsively with velocity Uw (x, t) in its
own plane, keeping the origin fixed in the ambient fluid. • Energy (heat) equation
The origin of the stationary coordinate system is located
at the leading edge of the sheet with the positive x-axis ∂T ∂T ∂T κ ∂2T
+u +v = (4)
oriented along the sheet and the y-axis directed transverse ∂t ∂x ∂y ρcp ∂y 2
to the sheet. Time-dependent suction is present normal to
the stretching sheet. We further assume that the temper- • Concentration (species diffusion) equation
ature in the free stream is T∞ and the concentration of
microconstituents (microelements) in the free stream is ∂H ∂H ∂H ∂2H
+u +v =D 2 (5)
H∞ . The flow configuration and the coordinate system ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y
are shown in the Fig. 1. For micropolar fluid the stress ten-
sor is not symmetric and the law of conservation of angu- The appropriate physical boundary conditions are pre-
lar momentum is independent of the laws of conservation scribed as follows:
of mass and linear momentum. As a result, an additional 1 ∂u
equation for the field of angular velocity of rotation of y = 0 : u = Uw , v = Vw , N = − ,
2 ∂y
particles is introduced in the model of micropolar fluids.
Under the previous assumptions, the governing boundary T = Tw , H = Hw (6)
layer equations for the problem under consideration may
be presented as follows: y → ∞ : u → 0, N → 0, T → T∞ , H → H∞ (7)

• Continuity equation It is assumed that the stretching velocity Uw (x, t),

surface temperature Tw (x, t), and surface concentration
∂u ∂v
+ =0 (1) Hw (x, t) are of the following form:
∂x ∂y
ax bx
• Translational momentum equation Uw (x, t) = , Tw (x, t) = T∞ + ,
1 − et 1 − et
2
∂u ∂u ∂u (µ + S) ∂ u S ∂N dx
+u +v = + (2) Hw (x, t) = H∞ + (8)
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2 ρ ∂y 1 − et

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Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 159

( )
where a, b, d, and e are constants with a > 0, b ≥ 0, d ≥ ′′ ′ ′ 1 ′
C + Sc (f C − f C) − Scτ C + ηC = 0 (14)
0, and e ≥ 0 (with et < 1), and both a and e have dimen- 2
sions (time)−1 . Here, Vw is a variable distribution of suc- The corresponding dimensionless boundary conditions
tion (or(injection)
√ through
) the porous sheet and is given by (6)–(7) reduce to
Vw = 1/ 1 − et v0 (Bhattacharyya et al., 2013). At t
1
= 0, Eqs. (1)–(5) describe the steady micropolar transport f (0) = −λ, f ′ (0) = 1, g (0) = − f ′′ (0) ,
phenomena over a stretching sheet. The particular forms 2
of Uw (x, t), Tw (x, t), Hw (x, t), and Vw have been cho- θ (0) = 1, C (0) = 1 (15)
sen in order to obtain new similarity transformations that
convert the governing partial differential equations into f ′ (∞) = 0, g (∞) = 0, θ (∞) = 0, C (∞) = 0 (16)
a set of ordinary differential equations and also achieve where the prime denotes the differentiation with respect
normalization (non-dimensionalization) of the boundary to η only; K = S/µ (coupling constant parameter); τ
value problem. = e/a (unsteadiness parameter); Pr = µcp /κ (Prandtl √
Governing equations are nonlinear partial differential number); Sc = µ/ρD (Schmidt number); λ = v0 / aν
equations and are usually difficult to solve. Therefore, (suction parameter); and λ > 0 corresponds to suction
sophisticated transformation methods, called similarity (mass removal via the sheet), λ < 0 corresponds to injec-
transformations (well known in fluid dynamics) are in- tion (blowing), and λ = 0 corresponds to an impermeable
troduced to convert the original nonlinear partial differen- sheet.
tial equations to simplified nonlinear ordinary differential The quantities of physical interest in this problem are
equations, which constitute the considerable mathemati- the local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt and
cal simplification of the problem. local Sherwood numbers, which are defined, respectively,
The continuity equation [Eq. (1)] is satisfied by intro- as
ducing a stream function φ such that 2τw qx
Cf = , Nux = ,
∂φ ∂φ ρUw2 κ (Tw − T∞ )
u= , v=− (9) jw x
∂y ∂x Shx = (17)
D (Hw − H∞ )
The momentum, angular momentum, energy, and con-
centration equations can be transformed into the corre- where the local wall shear stress (τw ), heat transfer from
sponding ordinary differential equations by introducing the plate (q), and local mass flux (jw ) are given by the
the following transformations: following expressions:
√ √ [ ] ( )
√ ∂u ∂T
Uw Uw τw = − (µ+S) +SN , q = −κ ,
η= y, φ = νxUw f, N = Uw g ∂y y=0 ∂y y=0
νx νx ( )
T − T∞ H − H∞ ∂H
θ= , C= (10) jw = −D (18)
Tw − T∞ Hw − H∞ ∂y y=0

The transformed nonlinear ordinary differential equations Using the similarity transformations given in Eq. (10), we
are obtain
( ) Nux
1 1/2 ′′
= −θ′ (0) ,
(1+K)f ′′′+f f ′′−(f ′ ) +Kg ′− τ f ′ + ηf ′′ = 0 (11) Cf (Rex ) = − (2+K)f (0) ,
2
1/2
2 (Rex )
Shx
( ) 1/2
= −C ′ (0) (19)
K (Re x )
1+ g ′′ + f g ′ − f ′ g − K (2g + f ′′ ) − τ
2 where Rex = Uw x/ν is the local Reynolds number.
( )
3 1 ′
× g + ηg = 0 (12)
2 2 3. FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD SOLUTIONS
( )
1 The set of differential equations [Eqs. (11)–(14)] is non-
θ′′ + Pr (f θ′ − f ′ θ) − Prτ θ + ηθ′ = 0 (13) linear, and therefore invariably a numerical technique is
2

Volume 6, Number 2, 2014

160 Gupta et al.

necessary for achieving solutions. Here, we utilize a vari-

η∫e+1 {( )
K
ational (weak) form of the FEM. We use the weak form w3 g ′′ + f g ′ − hg − K (2g + h′ )
1+
2
formulation, the details of which are well known and are ηe
available in Reddy (2005), Gupta et al. (2014), Anwar ( )}
3 1 ′
Bég et al. (2007), and Rawat et al. (2012). To solve the −τ g + ηg dη = 0 (29)
2 2
system of simultaneous nonlinear differential equations
[Eqs. (11)–(14)], with boundary conditions (15)–(16) we
assume η∫e+1 { ( )}
1 ′
f′ = h (20) ′′ ′
w4 θ +Pr (f θ −hθ)−Pr τ θ+ ηθ dη = 0 (30)
2
Using Eq. (20), Eqs. (11)–(14) become ηe
( )
1 η∫e+1{ ( )}
(1 + K) h′′ +f h′ −h2 +Kg ′ −τ h + ηh′ = 0 (21) 1 ′
2 ′′ ′
w5 C +Sc (f C −hC)−Scτ C+ ηC dη = 0 (31)
2
( ) ηe
K
1+ g ′′ + f g ′ − hg − K (2g + h′ ) − τ where w1 , w2 , w3 , w4 , and w5 are weight functions,
2
( ) which may be viewed as variations in f , h, g, θ, and C,
3 1
× g + ηg ′ = 0 (22) respectively.
2 2
( )
1
θ′′ + Pr (f θ′ − hθ) − Pr τ θ + ηθ′ = 0 (23) 3.2 Finite-Element Formulation
2
( ) The FE model can be obtained from Eqs. (27)–(31) by
1
C ′′ + Sc (f C ′ − hC) − Scτ C + ηC ′ = 0 (24) substituting FE approximations of the following form:
2
The corresponding boundary conditions reduce to ∑2 ∑ 2 ∑2
f= fj ψj , h = hj ψj , g = gj ψj ,
1
f (0) = −λ, h (0) = 1, g (0) = − h′ (0) , j=1 j=1 j=1
2
∑2 ∑ 2
θ (0) = 1, C(0) = 1 (25) θ= θ j ψj , C = Cj ψj (32)
h (∞) = 0, g (∞) = 0, θ (∞) = 0, C (∞) = 0 (26) j=1 j=1

It has been observed that for large values of η (>30), with w1 = w2 = w3 = w4 = w5 = ψi (i = 1,2), where the ψi
there is no appreciable effect on the results. Therefore, are the shape functions for a typical element (ηe , ηe+1 )
for computational purposes infinity has been fixed as 30. and are taken as
The whole domain is divided into a set of n line elements
ηe+1 −η η−ηe
of width he = 30/n. ψ1 = , ψ2 = , ηe ≤ η ≤ ηe+1 (33)
ηe+1 −ηe ηe+1 −ηe
3.1 Variational Formulation The FE model of the equations thus formed is given in
The variational form associated with Eqs. (20)–(24) over matrix-vector form by
a typical two-noded linear element (ηe , ηe+1 ) is given by  [ 11 ] [ 12 ]  
[K 21 ] [K 22 ] [ 023 ] 0 0 {f }
η∫e+1
 K 0   
 [K 32 ] [K 33 ] 0   {h} 
w1 {f ′ − h} dη = 0 (27)  0 K K 0 0   {g} 
 [ 44 ]  
ηe  0 0 0 K 0   {θ} 
[ 55 ]
0 0 0 0 K {C}
η∫e+1 {  
w2 (1 + K) h′′ + f h′ − h2 + Kg ′ {0}
 b2 
 { 3} 
ηe
( )} = {b4 } 
 (34)
1 ′  b 
− τ h + ηh dη = 0 (28) { 5}
2 b

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Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 161

( )η
where [K mn ] and [bm ] (m, n = 1,2,3,4,5) are the matrices dh e+1
b2i = − (1 + K) ψi ,
of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 1, respectively, and are defined as dη ηe
( )( )η
η∫e+1 η∫e+1 K dg e+1
dψj b3i = − 1 + ψi (41)
11
Kij = ψi dη, 12
Kij =− ψi ψj dη (35) 2 dη ηe
dη
ηe ηe ( )η ( )η
dθ e+1 dC e+1
b4i = − ψi , bi = − ψi
5
(42)
dη ηe dη ηe
η∫e+1 η∫e+1 ∑2 ∑2
dψi dψj dψj where f¯ = i=1 f¯i ψi and h̄ = i=1 h̄i ψi are assumed
Kij = − (1 + K)
22
dη + f¯ψi dη
dη dη dη to be known. The system of equations obtained after the
ηe ηe assembly of the element equations is nonlinear; therefore,
η∫e+1 η∫e+1 η∫e+1
an iterative scheme is used to solve it. The system is lin-
τ dψj
− h̄ψi ψj dη−τ ψi ψj dη− ηψi dη (36) earize by incorporating functions f¯ and h̄, which are as-
2 dη sumed to be known at a lower iteration level. Computa-
ηe ηe ηe
tions for functions f , h, g, θ, and C are then executed
∫ ηe+1 for a higher level. This process is repeated until the de-
23 dψj sired accuracy of 0.00005 is obtained. Table 1 gives the
Kij = K ψi dη,
ηe dη convergence of results with the increasing number of ele-
∫ ηe+1 ments. From Table 1 it is clear that the results do not show
dψj
32
Kij = −K ψi dη (37) any appreciable change as we go from n = 270 to n = 300,
ηe dη
and therefore the final results are reported for n = 300.
To ensure the accuracy of the present numerical so-
( ) ∫ ηe+1 lution, a comparison of the flow velocity is made with
K dψi dψj
Kij 33
=− 1+ dη the exact solution given by Crane (1970) as f (η) =
2 dη dη
∫ ηe+1
ηe
∫ ηe+1 1 − exp (−η) in the special case (τ = 0, K = 0, λ = 0, Sc
dψ j = 0), which is given in Table 2. The rate of heat transfer
+ f¯ψi dη − h̄ψi ψj dη
ηe dη ηe obtained by the FEM is also compared with the numer-
∫ ηe+1 ∫ ηe+1 ical results of Bachok et al. (2011) for viscous fluid (K
3
− 2K ψi ψj dη − τ ψi ψj dη = 0) in the absence of the suction parameter (λ = 0) and
ηe 2 ηe
∫ ηe+1 mass transfer (Sc = 0), which is presented in Table 3. It
τ dψj
− ηψi dη (38) is demonstrated from Tables 2 and 3 that the numerical
2 ηe dη results so obtained are in full agreement and thus confirm
the validity of the present FEM results.
∫ ηe+1 ∫ ηe+1
dψi dψj dψj
44
Kij =− dη + Pr f¯ψi dη
ηe dη dη ηe dη TABLE 1: Convergence of results with the variation of
∫ ηe+1 ∫ ηe+1 number of elements n (λ = −1, τ = 2, K = 2, Pr = 0.733,
− Pr h̄ψi ψj dη − Pr τ ψi ψj dη Sc = 0.25)
ηe ηe
∫ n f (3) h(3) g(3) θ(3) C(3)
τ ηe+1 dψj
− Pr ηψi dη (39) 30 0.1576 0.1271 0.0306 0.0926 0.1994
2 ηe dη
60 0.1526 0.1276 0.0315 0.0949 0.2018
90 0.1515 0.1274 0.0317 0.0953 0.2022
∫ ηe+1 ∫ ηe+1 120 0.1505 0.1272 0.0318 0.0954 0.2024
dψi dψj dψj
55
Kij =− dη + Sc f¯ψi dη 150 0.1501 0.1271 0.0318 0.0955 0.2025
ηe dη dη ηe dη
∫ ηe+1 ∫ ηe+1 180 0.1497 0.1270 0.0319 0.0955 0.2026
− Sc h̄ψi ψj dη − Scτ ψi ψj dη 210 0.1496 0.1270 0.0319 0.0955 0.2026
ηe
∫
ηe 240 0.1494 0.1270 0.0319 0.0956 0.2026
τ ηe+1 dψj 270 0.1494 0.1270 0.0319 0.0956 0.2026
− Sc ηψi dη (40)
2 ηe dη 300 0.1493 0.1269 0.0319 0.0956 0.2026

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162 Gupta et al.

TABLE 2: Comparison of the flow velocity, f ′ (η), ob- this method. It is also particularly effective at simulat-
tained by the exact solution of Crane [1], FEM, and NTS ing highly nonlinear flows as characterized by coupled
for the Newtonian case neglecting mass transfer (λ = 0, heat transfer problems. Interesting applications utilizing
τ = 0, K = 0, Pr = 0.733, Sc = 0) the Nakamura scheme include fire dynamics (Anwar Bég,
2005), micropolar fluid dynamics (Gorla et al., 1998), and
f ′ (η)
η nanofluid bioconvection microorganism flows in micro-
Crane (1970) FEM NTS
bial fuel cells (Anwar Bég et al., 2013a). The NTS works
0 1 1 1 well for both one-dimensional (ordinary differential) and
1 0.3679 0.3678 0.3679 two-dimensional (partial differential) non-similar flows.
2 0.1353 0.1353 0.1354 The NTS entails a combination of the following aspects:
3 0.0498 0.0498 0.0498
4 0.0183 0.0183 0.0183 • The flow domain is discretized using an equi-spaced
5 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 finite-difference mesh in the η direction.
6 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025
7 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 • The derivatives for f , g, θ, and C with respect to η
8 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 are evaluated by central difference approximations.
9 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 • A single iteration loop based on the method of suc-
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 cessive substitution is utilized due to the high non-
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 linearity of the momentum, angular momentum, en-
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 ergy, and species conservation equations.
13, 14, 15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
• The finite-difference discretized equations are
solved as a linear second-order boundary value prob-
TABLE 3: Comparison of −θ′ (0) for different values of lem of the ordinary differential equation type on the
τ and Pr (λ = K = Sc = 0) (Newtonian case neglecting η domain.
mass transfer)
τ Pr Bachok et al. (2011) FEM NTS For angular momentum, energy, and concentration
conservation Eqs. (12)–(14), which are each second-order
0.72 0.8086 0.8086 0.8084
equations, only a direct substitution is needed. How-
1 1.0000 0.9999 1.0021
0 ever, a reduction is required for translational momentum
3 1.9237 1.9235 1.9236
Eq. (11), which is third order. By setting
10 3.7207 3.7202 3.7200
0.72 1.1005 1.1003 1.1049 P = f ′, Q = g, R = θ, W =C (43)
1 1.3205 1.3202 1.3211
1 3 2.4024 2.4011 2.4028 Equations (11)–(14) then assume the following form:
7 3.7682 3.7643 3.7679
10 4.5428 4.5363 4.5425 • Nakamura linear momentum equation

A1 P ′′ + B1 P ′ + C1 P = S1 (44)
4. VALIDATION WITH THE NAKAMURA
TRIDIAGONAL SCHEME (NTS) • Nakamura angular momentum equation

The system of Eqs. (11)–(14) subject to boundary con- A2 Q′′ + B2 Q′ + C2 Q = S2 (45)

ditions (15) and (16) is a well-posed nonlinear two-point
boundary value problem, which has also been solved with • Nakamura energy equation
the efficient implicit finite-difference NTS introduced
in a seminal paper by Nakamura (1994). The MICRO- A3 R′′ + B3 R′ + C3 R = S3 (46)
NAK code has been developed to implement the Naka-
mura method for micropolar fluid dynamics problems. • Nakamura energy equation
As with other difference schemes, a reduction in the
higher-order differential equations is also fundamental to A4 W ′′ + B4 W ′ + C4 W = S4 (47)

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Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 163

where Ai=1,...,4 , Bi=1,...,4 , and Ci=1,...,4 are the

Nakamura matrix coefficients; and Si=1,...,4 are the
Nakamura source terms containing a mixture of vari-
ables and derivatives associated with the lead vari-
able. Nakamura Eqs. (44)–(47) are transformed to
finite-difference equations and these are formulated
as a tridiagonal system, which is solved iteratively.
Tables 2 and 3 also compare the Nakamura solu-
tion with the FEM solutions and those reported in
Crane (1970) and Bachok et al. (2011). In all cases,
excellent agreement is observed. Confidence in the
present FEM computations, which are used for all
graphical depictions, is therefore very high.

FIG. 3: Microrotation distribution for different λ (τ = 2,

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION K = 2, Sc = 0.25)
To provide physical insight into the flow problem, rig-
orous numerical computations were conducted for the
velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration
functions for various values of the suction parameter λ
(Figs. 2–5), unsteadiness parameter τ (Figs. 6–9), cou-
pling constant parameter K (Figs. 10–13), and Schmidt
number Sc (Fig. 14). The Prandtl number Pr was kept
fixed at 0.733. The skin friction and Nusselt and Sher-
wood numbers were also computed for these parameters
and are tabulated in Tables 4–6.
Figure 2 indicates that the velocity decreases with an
increase in suction, whereas the velocity increases with
increasing injection. Clearly, suction stabilizes the bound-
ary layer growth due to which the velocity of the fluid
decreases, i.e., the flow is decelerated. However, the op- FIG. 4: Temperature distribution for different λ (τ = 2,
posite behavior is produced by the imposition of injec- K = 2, Sc = 0.25)

FIG. 2: Velocity distribution for different λ (τ = 2 , K = FIG. 5: Concentration distribution for different λ (τ = 2,
2, Sc = 0.25) K = 2, Sc = 0.25)

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164 Gupta et al.

FIG. 6: Velocity distribution for different τ (λ = −1, FIG. 9: Concentration distribution for different τ
K = 2, Sc = 0.25) (λ = −1, K = 2, Sc = 0.25)

FIG. 7: Microrotation distribution for different τ (λ = −1, FIG. 10: Velocity distribution for different K (λ = −1,
K = 2 , Sc = 0.25) τ = 2, Sc = 0.25)

FIG. 8: Temperature distribution for different τ (λ = −1, FIG. 11: Microrotation distribution for different K
K = 2, Sc = 0.25) (λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25)

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Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 165

tion. Therefore, flow acceleration is evidently achieved

with blowing and retardation is caused with suction. It
is interesting to observe from Fig. 3 that in the vicinity of
the sheet the microrotation increases with an increase in
suction, whereas it is depressed with an increase in injec-
tion. At some distance transverse to the surface, there is
a smooth convergence of angular velocity and the reverse
effect of suction and injection is observed on the micro-
rotation, with an eventual vanishing in microrotation in
the free stream. From Fig. 4 it is evident that the tem-
perature of the fluid decreases as the suction increases,
while it increases with an increase in injection. The sup-
plementary mass of fluid blown into the boundary layer
stimulates thermal convection currents and also aids in
FIG. 12: Temperature distribution for different K thermal diffusion, manifested by heating of the bound-
(λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25) ary layer. When suction is applied, the thermal boundary
layer thickness decreases due to which the temperature of
the fluid in the boundary layer decreases. The opposite ef-
fect is produced with injection. These trends for micropo-
lar fluids are the same as for the classical Newtonian ther-
mal boundary layer flows, as elaborated by Schlichting
and Gersten (2001). Figure 5 depicts that as the suction
increases the concentration decreases. Opposite behavior
of concentration profiles is observed in the presence of in-
jection. As suction is applied the particles of the diffusing
species are drawn closer to the sheet, resulting in the de-
crease of the concentration boundary layer thickness, as
noted by Bhattacharyya et al. (2013). The converse effect
is induced with injection. Both injection and suction exert
a significant influence on the boundary layer characteris-
tics, and therefore may be exploited to some advantage
FIG. 13: Concentration distribution for different K
in materials processing operations (e.g., polymer stretch-
(λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25)
ing).
It is observed from Fig. 6 that a rise in the value of un-
steadiness parameter τ tends to decrease the momentum
boundary layer thickness. This trend has also been iden-
tified by El-Aziz (2009). Figure 7 demonstrates that the
microrotation increases initially as unsteadiness parame-
ter τ increases near the surface. At η ≈ 1, all profiles con-
verge, with microrotation magnitudes decreasing there-
after with subsequent increases in τ and finally vanishing
altogether. Inspection of Fig. 8 shows that the micropo-
lar fluid temperature decreases as the magnitude of un-
steadiness parameter τ increases. Heat transfer from the
boundary layer to the wall will be exacerbated with un-
steadiness and this will reduce temperatures, manifesting
as a decrease also in the thermal boundary layer thick-
ness as τ increases. These patterns are consistent with
FIG. 14: Concentration distribution for different Sc the findings of Ziabakhsh et al. (2010). Figure 9 indicates
(λ = −1, τ = 2, K = 2) that concentration is affected by increasing τ. A rise in

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166 Gupta et al.

TABLE 4: Skin friction coefficient, f ′′ (0), for different values of λ, τ, K, and Sc with Pr = 0.733 (general micropolar
case with heat and mass transfer)
τ = 2, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, K = 2
f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0) f ′′ (0)
λ τ K Sc
FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS
−2 −0.7645 −0.7644 1 −0.7318 − 0.7316 0 −1.1985 −1.1983 0.15 −0.9182 −0.9181
−1 −0.9182 −0.9183 2 −0.9182 − 0.9183 2 −0.9182 −0.9180 0.25 −0.9182 −0.9181
0 −1.1151 −1.1150 3 −1.0769 −1.0770 4 −0.7774 − 0.7776 0.5 − 0.9182 −0.9181
1 −1.3622 −1.3624 4 −1.2172 −1.2174 6 − 0.6881 −0.6883 1.0 −0.9182 −0.9181
2 −1.6614 −1.6615 5 −1.3440 −1.3442 8 −0.6247 −0.6245 1.5 −0.9182 −0.9181

TABLE 5: Local Nusselt number, −θ′ (0), for different values of λ, τ, K, and Sc with Pr = 0.733 (general micropolar
case with heat and mass transfer)
τ = 2, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, K = 2
−θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0) −θ′ (0)
λ τ K Sc
FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS
−2 0.8649 0.8649 1 0.8552 0.8553 0 1.0596 1.0596 0.15 1.0771 1.0771
−1 1.0771 1.0771 2 1.0771 1.0771 2 1.0771 1.0771 0.25 1.0771 1.0771
0 1.3651 1.3651 3 1.2667 1.2667 4 1.0869 1.0869 0.5 1.0771 1.0771
1 1.7431 1.7431 4 1.4343 1.4344 6 1.0935 1.0936 1.0 1.0771 1.0771
2 2.2106 2.2106 5 1.5860 1.5860 8 1.0984 1.0984 1.5 1.0771 1.0771

TABLE 6: Local Sherwood number, −C ′ (0), for different values of λ, τ, K, and Sc with Pr = 0.733 (general
micropolar case with heat and mass transfer)
τ = 2, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, K = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, Sc = 0.25 λ = −1, τ = 2, K = 2
−C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0) −C ′ (0)
λ τ K Sc
FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS FEM NTS
−2 0.5933 0.5933 1 0.5385 0.5385 0 0.6621 0.6621 0.15 0.5312 0.5312
−1 0.6754 0.6754 2 0.6754 0.6754 2 0.6754 0.6754 0.25 0.6754 0.6754
0 0.7727 0.7727 3 0.7911 0.7911 4 0.6833 0.6833 0.5 0.9189 0.9189
1 0.8874 0.8874 4 0.8931 0.8931 6 0.6887 0.6887 1.0 1.2169 1.2169
2 1.0215 1.0215 5 0.9852 0.9852 8 0.6928 0.6929 1.5 1.4120 1.4120

the value of τ induces a significant decay in concentra- responds to Newtonian fluid and K ̸= 0 represents mi-
tion magnitudes. Therefore, increasing unsteadiness ef- cropolar fluids. Increasing K corresponds to an increase
fectively serves to decrease the concentration boundary in the concentration of microelements; this greater den-
layer thickness. Thus, unsteadiness in the stretching sheet sity of microelements affects the flow field characteristics.
system (τ) can be used successfully to regulate the ve- It can also be inferred that the velocity of Newtonian fluid
locity, temperature, and concentration characteristics in is less than the velocity of micropolar fluid, confirming
micropolar fluids, a feature of great utility in materials the drag-reducing properties of micropolar fluids, as first
processing operations. identified by Eringen (1966). It is evident from Fig. 11
Figure 10 illustrates that the velocity increases with a that on the surface microrotation decreases with an in-
rise in coupling constant parameter K, where K = 0 cor- crease in K. At a certain distance from the sheet a reversal

Computational Thermal Sciences

Finite-Element Analysis of Transient Heat 167

in microrotation is observed, i.e., microrotation increases 6. CONCLUSIONS

with an increase in K. Figure 12 reveals that the tem-
perature of the fluid decreases with increasing values of The objective of this investigation has been to analyze nu-
K due to which the thermal boundary layer thickness de- merically the unsteady heat and mass transfer of an in-
creases. It has been observed that the temperature of New- compressible micropolar fluid over a permeable stretch-
tonian fluid is higher than the temperature of micropolar ing sheet with variable suction, as a simulation of poly-
fluid. This shows that micropolar fluid helps in reducing meric materials processing. Using a similarity transfor-
the temperature compared to Newtonian fluid, i.e., mi- mation, the time-dependent governing boundary layer
croelements cause a cooling effect. The trends of the tem- equations have been transformed into a set of nonlinear
perature profile match the trends in Alomari et al. (2011) ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically
for the flow of micropolar fluid over a moving surface. using the FEM. Excellent correlation is also achieved
Some interesting observations can be made from Fig. 13. with the published results in the literature for Newtonian
An increase in coupling constant parameter K generates flows without species diffusion and for the full micropo-
a decrease in the thickness of the concentration boundary lar case with the finite-difference NTS. From the present
layer. Thus, the coupling constant parameter is a deceler- study it can be concluded that suction and the unsteadi-
ating agent and acts to inhibit species diffusion, which in ness and coupling constant (micropolar vortex viscosity)
turn will alter the constitution of manufactured products parameters significantly affect the velocity, microrotation,
in polymeric processing. temperature, and concentration distributions, whereas the
Figure 14 illustrates the effect of Schmidt number Sc Schmidt number only affects the concentration distribu-
on the concentration function. The Schmidt number de- tion. The numerical results have also shown that drag can
notes the relative rate of momentum diffusion to that of be reduced effectively with micropolar fluids (as studied
species diffusion in the boundary layer. Increasing val- via an increase in the micropolar vortex viscosity cou-
ues of Sc cause a significant decrease in the concentration pling parameter) and injection. Furthermore, it has been
profiles as a result the concentration boundary layer thick- observed that heat transfer rate (Nusselt number function)
ness decreases. is enhanced with an increase in suction and the unsteadi-
It is clear from Table 4 that the skin friction decreases ness and coupling constant parameters. Additionally, the
numerically with an increase in both injection and the heat transfer rate at the sheet surface has been found to
coupling constant parameter, whereas it increases with an be higher for micropolar fluids compared with Newtonian
elevation in suction and the unsteadiness parameter. It is fluid. Thus, with intelligent selection of these parameters,
also evident that the skin friction is lower for micropo- heating effects can be reduced.
lar (K ̸= 0) fluid in comparison with Newtonian fluid
(K = 0). Thus, skin friction can be reduced effectively
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