MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DRAWING
WORKBOOK FOR MED161Q/1
DCE131G/1

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

© 2010 University of South Africa

All rights reserved

Printed and published by the

University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria

MED161Q/1DCE131G/2011

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WORKBOOK

1 This is the workbook for Mechanical Engineering Drawing I, as

mentioned in Tutorial letter 101. The workbook consists of a number of
questions, some of which have been selected for you to answer for
Assignment 02, but all of which are important.
2 You will find the answers to the questions in the workbook (and similar
questions) in the study guide or prescribed book.
3 A suggested solution to one of the Assignment 02 questions is given in
figure 9.28 in the study guide. This example and the checklist (the rubric
in annexure A) will give you an idea of the standard of drawing and level
of skill which you must strive to attain in both the assignments and the
examinations.
4 A two-page rubric (summarised checklist) for drawing is included in this
workbook as annexure A. Study the rubric carefully before you prepare to
answer Assignment 02 and before you start to draw. Complete it by
checking your work and ticking the relevant block after you have
completed Assignment 02. If necessary, correct your drawings. Date and
sign the checklist, add your name (printed) and student number with
other details, and make a copy. Submit the original with your assignment,
and keep the other copy for revision and reference purposes.
5 All drawings must be neatly drawn in pencil as engineering drawings at
tertiary level. Drawings must be fully completed with 15 mm wide
borders, balanced layouts and good proportions, and with view
descriptions, sub-titles and general titles below each drawing, together
with the scale and projection symbol/description where applicable.
Drawings must comply with the summary of drawing requirements and
the rubric (checklist) in study unit 14.
• Figure 9.28 in your study guide will give you an idea of the form
(pattern) your drawings should take. If there is a delay in
receiving your marked assignment, figure 9.28 will give you an
idea of what is expected.

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• All other drawings should follow the same pattern, layout and level
of skill displayed in this suggested solution.
6 The two drawings included are examples of title blocks for an A4 size
drawing. Draw the title blocks as shown on pages 7and 8. On an upright
A4 size sheet, the width of the title block will be such that it extends
across the width from borderline to borderline (that is, 2 x 15 mm less
than the overall width of the sheet). On A3 sheets the title block could be
the same width and be drawn at the bottom right-hand corner of the
sheet. A parts list should be added above the basic title block. In
practice, drawings also have a conveniently placed amendment block.
Simplified title blocks are illustrated in chapter 2 (2-28) of the prescribed
book. The drawing number (question number) must always appear in
the bottom right-hand corner.
7 You are required to draw an appropriate, relevant title block on at least
one answer to any question in Assignment 02.
8 All drawings should have title blocks, but as they are time consuming to
draw, only one is required for each assignment. You are welcome to
practise and draw more. In the examination, title blocks must be drawn
only if specifically required. If a title block is not a requirement, include
one on at least one of your drawings to show the examiner that you are
aware that title blocks are necessary. Display your layout and lettering
skills.
9 In the questions which follow, reference is made to the prescribed book
as, for instance, figure 1 (2-12), where 2 refers to chapter 2 and 12 refers
to page 12.
10 Lower-case lettering is often used for drawings in the prescribed book.
You must, however, use only upper-case, vertical lettering. SANS 10111:
Part 1-1990, section 4.2(e) states: “Capital letters should be used in
preference to lower-case letters, since they are less congested and are
less likely to be misread when reduced in size. NOTE: Lower-case
letters should only be used where they form part of a standard symbol,
code or abbreviation,”eg mm (millimetres). In addition, view descriptions
must be placed below the views, and titles placed below the drawing.

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11 The figure numbers in the workbook correspond to the question

numbers; for instance, figure Q13 relates to question 13.
12 Please remember to draw on only one side of each drawing sheet and in
pencil only.
13 Question numbers must be neatly and clearly printed. Arrange and
submit your drawings in the correct sequence, with the lowest question
number on top. Sheets to be folded to A4 size with the drawings on the
outside

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SUMMARY OF DRAWING REQUIREMENTS

• NEATNESS AND LEGIBILITY, CORRECTNESS, COMPLETENESS,

ACCURACY, CLEARLY ILLUSTRATED METHODS, BALANCED
LAYOUT, TIDYNESS, FEINT BUT CLEAR CONSTRUCTION LINES,
NEAT LETTERING WITH GUIDELINES (UPPER-CASE, VERTICAL,
PREFERABLY TOUCHING BOTH TOP AND BOTTOM GUIDELINES),
15 mm WIDE BORDERS, DIMENSIONS, ANNOTATIONS (NOTES),
VIEW DESCRIPTIONS, SUB-TITLES, DESCRIPTIVE MAIN TITLES,
SCALE, PROJECTION SYMBOLS, ETC (BELOW YOUR DRAWING).

• DISPLAY YOUR SKILLS, AND SHOW THE EXAMINER WHAT YOU

KNOW AND THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THE QUESTIONS AND THE
METHODS. SHOW THE METHODS CLEARLY ON THE DRAWINGS
AND BY MEANS OF BRIEF NOTES.

• COMPLETE DRAWINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS NEATLY TO THE

RELEVANT SABS SPECIFICATION, AND DRAW THEM NEATLY AS
FINISHED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AT TERTIARY LEVEL.

• NO MARKS WILL BE AWARDED FOR VIEW DESCRIPTIONS, SUB-

TITLES, MAIN TITLES, SCALES AND PROJECTION SYMBOLS IF THE
DRAWING ITSELF HAS NOT BEEN ATTEMPTED IN ANSWER TO THE
QUESTION.

• ALL ANSWERS TO BE IN PENCIL ON DRAWING SHEETS ONLY.

o PLEASE NOTE THAT MARKS WILL BE DEDUCTED IF YOU DO NOT

COMPLY WITH ANY OF THE ABOVE REQUIREMENTS.

NB
YOUR DRAWING SHEETS ARE TO HAVE 15 mm WIDE BORDERS (SANS
10111: PART 1-1990).

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TITLE BLOCK
THESE ELEMENTS SHOULD ALWAYS BE INCLUDED WHATEVER ITS SHAPE OR
POSITION
NOTE:
1. THIS IS A DRAFT TITLE BLOCK SHOWING ESSENTIAL CONTENTS (GUIDELINES
ONLY )
2. PARTS LIST (ITEM NO ETC); FOR MECHANICAL DRAWINGS ONLY
3. LAYOUTS AND ARRANGMENTS VARY BETWEEN FIRMS
4. ON LARGER SHEETS, CIVIL DRAWING TITLES COULD BE HORIZONTAL AND
NARROW ALONG THE BOTTOM, OR VERTICAL ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE.
5. DRAWING NUMBERS ALWAYS IN BOTTOM R.H. CORNER:
6. TITLE BLOCKS APPEAR ON ALL DRAWINGS; IN ASSINGNMENTS, ONLY DRAW
FULL TITLE BLOCK IF YOUR ARE ASKED TO DO SO, BUT ALWAYS ADD A
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE, SCALE AND PROJECTION SYMBOL BELOW YOUR DRAWING;
AS WELL AS VIEW DESCRIPTIONS, SUB TITLES ETC BELOW VIEWS
7. POSITION THE LIST OF AMENDMENTS AND NOTES IN ANY SUITABLE POSITION.
8. ON A LARGE PROJECT, A KEY DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS ALL THE CONTIGUOUS
DRAWING SHEETS MUST APPEAR ON EACH SHEET OF A DRAWING. HATCH THE
NUMBER OF THE RELEVANT DRAWING SHEET ON EACH KEY DIAGRAM.

NOTES; ALWAYS ADD APPROPRIATE NOTES; NEATLY NUMBERED

ALL DRAWINGS
3
2
1
AMENDMENTS DDATE DESCRIPTION REF SIGNATURE REMARKS

MECHANICAL DRAWINGS
2 1
1 1 BODY CAST IRON
O
ITEM N DESCRIPTION MATERIAL REMARKS

COMPANY/CONSULTING ENGINEER’S/STUDENT’S NAME:

CLIENT:
SIGNATURE
PROJECT TITLE/NO:
DESIGN ENGINEER
DATE: DRAWING TITLE:

REFERENCE DRAWINGS:
SIGNATURE
PROJECT ENGINEER FILE REFERENCE:
DATE: DRAWING
DRAWN BY : DATE: NUMBER
CHECKED BY :
PROJECTION :
DATE:
NO
SIGNATURE
CEO SCALE: SHEET NO ..........................OF............................

DATE: DATE: AMEND. NO

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(De Kok & Melck 1992:10)

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QUESTIONS

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 1 (STUDY UNIT 2)

TYPES OF LINES

The use of the correct line types is extremely important in all drawing work. You
must know the types of lines prescribed in SANS 10111: Part 1-1990 and their
applications. You should be able to produce well-proportioned layouts as well
as neatly lettered tables, aligned horizontally and vertically.

Reproduce figure 1 (2-12) in the prescribed book, or the original table in SANS
10111: Part 1-1990, in pencil and in upper-case, vertical lettering touching thin,
parallel guidelines.

Remember to draw borders to frame your drawing, 15 mm (according to SANS

10111: Part 1-1990) from the edges, all around your drawing sheet; to "line up"
vertically; to add a brief descriptive title below your drawing; and to state the
source (SANS 10111: Part 1-1990).

This question is also an opportunity to practise, test and display your layout and
lettering skills.

QUESTION 2 (STUDY UNIT 3)

CENTRE LINES

(a) Assume that you are a designer. Refer to figure 1(d) (2-14). Choose
suitable dimensions, and using the correct conventions for drawing centre
lines (refer to page 2-14 in the prescribed book) and the correct
dimensioning methods (3-3), make a neat, well-proportioned dimensioned
drawing of figure 1(d) (2-14), with centre lines, to a scale of 1:1. Add a
descriptive title GUIDE below your drawing, the scale 1:1, and the first-
angle projection symbol (figure 1(b) (2-14)). Note that outlines are thick
and all other lines are thin.

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(b) Draw up a neatly aligned table and list seven reasons why the centre lines
in figure 1(d) (2-14) are incorrect.

NOTES AND SKETCHES

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NB: Add title blocks only when explicitly asked to do so, as they are time
consuming to draw. However, always add descriptive titles, scales and
projection symbols neatly centred below each drawing. All professional
drawings have title blocks.

QUESTION 3 (STUDY UNIT 2)

LETTERING

Make your own neatly printed (within horizontal guidelines, touching top and
bottom), correctly formed, well spaced, left- and right-justified (lined up vertically
on the left- and right-hand sides) letters and numbers as shown in figure 1 (2-
17) (upper-case/upright/vertical) in the prescribed book. Upright (vertical) upper-
case (capital) lettering must be used (refer to SANS 10111: Part 1-1990). It is
easier to keep upper-case lettering uniform. Upper-case lettering needs only
two guidelines, while lower-case lettering needs four guidelines. Lower-case
letters should be used only where they form part of a standard symbol, code or
abbreviation.

Choose suitable, clear lettering sizes, similar to the figure, and practise the
correct stroke sequences as shown in figure (2 -18). Leave spaces between
lines.

QUESTION 4 (STUDY UNIT 2)

SKETCHING / NTS DRAWING

Display your skills by producing neat, freehand sketches of the following figures
in the prescribed book. Your drawing should have 15 mm borders, be complete
and include all of the steps and descriptions. Add sub-titles and a descriptive
main title below your drawing, with the scale (NTS):

Figures 1 and 2 (2-22), 1 (2-23), 1 and 2 (2-24), 1(b) (2-30). Also sketch the
ellipse in the study guide.

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You may include more than one sketch (or NTS drawing) on each sheet.
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 5 (STUDY UNIT 3)

DIMENSIONING: BASICS

Illustrate basic dimensioning techniques by neatly redrawing figure 1 (3-3) from

the prescribed book to a scale of 2:1 (twice full size). Note the correct use of
thick and thin lines, the method of dimensioning, and that the dimension figures
are at least 1 mm above dimension lines. Clearly print neat labels
(annotations/descriptive notes), but in vertical upper-case lettering.

Two dimensions have been intentionally omitted – make a logical assumption

and add the missing size dimension as well as an overall length dimension.
Give reasons for your assumption. Complete your drawing with the descriptive
title DIMENSION AND PROJECTION LINES centrally below your drawing
together with the scale (2:1) and the first-angle orthographic projection symbol.

QUESTION 6 (STUDY UNIT 3)

DIMENSIONING: ARCS AND CIRCLES

Illustrate basic drawing techniques for dimensioning arcs and circles by neatly
redrawing figures 3 (3-6) and 1 (3-7) from the prescribed book to a scale of 1:1.
Add neat sub-titles below each figure as well as the main title BASIC
DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUES, the scale 1:1 and the third-angle orthographic
symbol. Use thin guidelines for upper-case (capital) lettering.

QUESTION 7 (STUDY UNIT 3)

DIMENSIONING: TECHNIQUES

Illustrate basic drawing techniques (position, size, circle and arc methods) by
neatly redrawing figure 1 (3-12) from the prescribed book to a scale of 2:1.
Add a neat, upper-case descriptive title DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUES
centrally below your drawing, together with the scale 2:1 and the first-angle
orthographic projection symbol.

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Remember that all lettering (printing) and dimensions must be between (and
touch) thin parallel guidelines. Use upper-case (capital) lettering only.
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 8 (STUDY UNIT 5)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: CIRCUMSCRIBED TRIANGLE

Using your compass, draw an acute triangle ABC to a scale of 1:1, where AB =
100 mm; BC = 80 mm; CA = 65 mm. Follow the method of figure 1 (4-10) in the
prescribed book to draw a circumscribing circle (basic geometry revision).

Reminder: Geometric constructions, like all other drawings, are to be neatly

and fully completed as engineering drawings at tertiary level, as prescribed by
SANS 10111: Part 1-1990. The methods must be clearly illustrated by leaving
in clear, thin construction lines, letters, dimensions outside outlines, equalities
(angles and sides), notes and thick outlines of the main drawing. Always add
borders, dimensions, descriptive titles (below), scales and so on.

QUESTION 9 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: LINE DIVISION

Neatly draw and dimension a line AB of length 175 mm (dark outline) to a scale
of 1:1 and divide it into 13 equal parts, using the method of figure 3 (4-8) in the
prescribed book. Choose any convenient angle for the inclined line and easy-to-
read scale divisions (usually 1:1). Fully complete your drawing with the neat
title LINE DIVISION below, and the scale.

QUESTION 10 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: TANGENTS (REVISION)

Draw a circle of radius 42 mm (dimensioned correctly as ∅ 84 mm or 84 mm

DIA) to a scale of 1:1.

(a) Draw a tangent at any point P1 on the circumference of the circle. Refer
to figure 4.2 in the study guide. The first step is to sketch the given
conditions and to join any given points to the centre of the circle.
Remember that a diameter subtends an angle of 900 at the
circumference, and also that a tangent at a point forms an angle of 900

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with the radius at that point.

NOTES AND SKETCHES

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(b) Refer to figure 4.3 in the study guide and draw two tangents to the given
circle from a point P outside of the circle, and 72 mm from the centre O.

Neatly complete your drawing with the standard 15 mm wide borders,

sub-titles neatly printed below each drawing and a brief, descriptive main
title centred below, with the scale.

QUESTION 11 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: TANGENTS

Two circles are of radius 26 mm and 40 mm respectively, and their centres are
100 mm apart.

Illustrate the methods of constructing common external and internal tangents to

the two given circles on a drawing to a scale of 1:1.

Two separate dimensioned and annotated drawings are required to clearly

illustrate the method. The ratios of radii should also be shown.
Refer to figures 4.4 and 4.5 in the study guide.
Draw only one external and one internal tangent.

Add sub-titles and a main descriptive title (not a title block), scale and so on
below your drawing, and complete the drawing to minimum engineering drawing
standards, as set out in SANS 10111: Part 1-1990.

QUESTION 12 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: HEXAGONS, CIRCUMSCRIBED/INSCRIBED

Construct two regular hexagons to a scale of 1:1, one to be within a

circumscribing circle of diameter 75 mm (length of sides = 75/2 mm), and the
other with flats tangential and outside the same circle. Refer to figure 1(c), (d),
(e) and (f) (4-17) in the prescribed book. Add letters, dimensions and a title, and

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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finish off your drawing accurately, neatly and completely with sub-titles, a main
title and the scale below.

Note that the external hexagon is similar to a bolt head, where the nominal bolt
diameter dn = 50 mm, and the bolt head hexagon is drawn around a circle with
D = 1,5 x 50 = 75 mm.

QUESTION 13 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: ELLIPSE, FOUR-CENTRE METHOD

(a) Using the four-centre method, construct an ellipse with a major axis of
110 mm and a minor axis of 80 mm to a scale of 1:1. Follow the method
illustrated in figure 1 (4-18) in the prescribed book.

Illustrate the method briefly but clearly. The major and minor axes,
centres C1, C2, C3, C4, and radii R1, R2, R3, R4 should be neatly indicated.
Include dimensions, descriptions, show equalities and add a neat and
suitable title, with scale and so on. Add brief explanatory notes, neatly
printed and aligned.

(b) Apply the four-centre method to construct and draw the view of the
elliptical gland as shown in figure 1 (4-20), example 3 in the prescribed
book to a scale of 1:1. Insert dimensions, neatly print the title and scale
and finish off your drawing in the standard, correct manner. The major
and minor axes must be described and dimensioned. The method must
be clearly illustrated.
The major axis is to be 120 mm, the minor axis 85 mm, the centre hole
40 mm DIA and the two bolt holes 15 mm DIA each at 80 mm centres.
The hexagon should be drawn tangential to and touching the centre hole.

QUESTION 14 (STUDY UNIT 4)

GEOMETRIC DRAWING: PARABOLA

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Make a neat drawing, to a suitable scale or NTS, to clearly illustrate the method
to construct a parabola inside a given rectangle as illustrated in figure 4.9 in the
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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study guide. Illustrate the application of the method of dividing a line into equal
parts using the parallel-line method when subdividing the sides of the rectangle.
Complete your drawing in the standard fashion, with 15 mm wide borders, a title
PARABOLA below the drawing, together with the scale (1:1 or NTS). The
method must be clearly illustrated. Remember to draw thick outlines and use
thin guidelines for all numerals and lettering.

QUESTION 15 (STUDY UNIT 5)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION: FIRST-ANGLE

To a scale of 1:1, make your own fully completed drawing of the three views of
a bearing pedestal in figure (5-8) in the prescribed book. Scale (measure) the
missing dimensions and fully dimension your completed drawing. Add a view
description below each view, the title BEARING PEDESTAL (below), scale 1:1
and the first-angle projection symbol.

Study the sections on orthographic projection, arcs and tangents again. Use
only upper-case, vertical lettering.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 16 (STUDY UNITS 5 AND 6)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION: THIRD-ANGLE

An isometric view of a support is given in figure Q16 below. Draw to a scale of

1:1 (full size) in third-angle orthographic projection (top view above), the front
view, right view and top view of the support. Refer to a similar drawing and
layout in figure 1 (5-43) in the prescribed book.

Add 15 mm wide borders, descriptions of the views neatly printed below each
view, dimensions, a descriptive title below, scale (1:1), projection symbol, and
so on, correctly positioned on your drawing. Remember to use thin guidelines
for upper-case, vertical lettering (touch top and bottom). Study arcs, tangents
and orthographic projection again.

Figure Q16:
SUPPORT: ISOMETRIC VIEW
(De Kok & Melck 1992:117)

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 17 (STUDY UNITS 5 AND 6)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION: FIRST-ANGLE

An isometric view of an angle bracket is given in figure Q17 below. Draw to a

scale of 1:1 and in first-angle orthographic projection the front view direction,
top view and left view of the angle bracket. The principal (front) view is
indicated by the arrow F. Neatly complete your drawing with 15 mm wide
borders, view descriptions below each view, a title (below), scale (1:1) and
projection symbol. Refer to figure 1 (5-42) in the prescribed book but note that
the top view should be below the front view and the left view to the right of the
front view

Fully complete your drawing as required and described in question 16 above.

Figure Q17:
ANGLE BRACKET: ISOMETRIC VIEW
(De Kok & Melck 1992:69)

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 18 (STUDY UNITS 5 AND 6)

SECTIONS (FULL)

Refer to the casting in figure 1 (5-10) in the prescribed book. Make a neat, well-
proportioned NTS drawing (larger than the original) of the front view and full-
sectional left view on A-A in first-angle orthographic projection. Complete your
drawing with 15 mm borders, neatly printed view-descriptions below each view,
the title CASTING (below), scale (NTS) and the projection symbol.

Study sectional views in the prescribed book and remember that outlines are to
be thick and that hatching and other lines are to be thin. Don’t forget the thin
centre lines.

QUESTION 19 (STUDY UNIT 5)

SECTIONS (HALF)

Refer to the component in figure Q19 below. Make a neat, well-proportioned

NTS drawing (larger than the figure) of the half-sectional front view and the top
view of the component. Also refer to figure (5 – 15) in the prescribed book

Complete your drawing with 15 mm wide borders, neatly printed view

descriptions below each view, the title COMPONENT (below), scale (NTS) and
projection symbol.

Half sections are frequently used for symmetrical, relatively simple hollow
objects. Remember that outlines are thick and that hatching and all other lines
are thin.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q19:
A HALF-SECTIONAL VIEW
(De Kok & Melck 1992:122)

QUESTION 20 (STUDY UNIT 5)

SECTIONS (FULL)
Study the component in figure 1 (5-20) (a) and (c) in the prescribed book.
Make a neat, well-proportioned NTS drawing of figure 1(b) in first-angle
orthographic projection, showing the three full-sectional views, namely section
B-B (front view), section A-A (top view) and section C-C (top view). The view
descriptions must be neatly printed below the views.
Complete your drawing with 15 mm wide borders, the title SUPPORT
COMPONENT (below), scale (NTS) and projection symbol.

Note the convention that a web or rib, being a thin section, is not hatched when
a cutting plane passes through it longitudinally. It is hatched when it is cut
transversely.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 21 (STUDY UNIT 5)

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS AND HALF SECTION: V-PULLEY

Refer to the V-pulley in figure Q21 below and draw, full size, in first-angle
orthographic projection, the following two views:
(a) a front view in direction F
(b) a right view in direction R in half section
Add dimensions, view descriptions, a title (below), scale and projection
symbol within a correctly completed engineering drawing. Revise figure
(5 – 15) in the prescribed book

Figure Q21:
V-PULLEY: PART-SECTIONAL ISOMETRIC VIEW
(De Kok & Melck 1992:132)

QUESTION 22 (STUDY UNIT 5)

BOLT AND NUT

Study the bolt and nut proportions in figures 1 and 2 (5-23) in the prescribed
book. Refer to figure 1(a) (5-24) in the prescribed book and draw the following:
(a) A front view and a top view of an M30 hexagonal bolt with a length of
100 mm and a threaded length of 40 mm, full size, in first-angle
orthographic projection. Show light construction lines, actual dimensions
and dimensions expressed in terms of the nominal (major) diameter dn =
30mm. Also refer to figure 1(e) (5-28) in the prescribed book.
(b) A front, right and top view of an M30 hexagonal nut in third-angle
orthographic projection.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 23 (STUDY UNIT 5)

FASTENERS: TYPES

Make neat NTS drawings of front and top views of the following types of
fasteners. The drawings must be large enough to show details clearly.

1 bolts (two types) ; figure1 (5-26) in the prescribed book

2 screws (four types) ; figure 3 (5-27) in the prescribed book
3 locking devices (four types) ; figure 1 (5-27) in the prescribed book
4 rivets (three types) ; figure 1 (5 - 30) in the prescribed book

Neatly print a view description below each view, the relevant sub-title and the
general title of each group. Pay attention to having a neat, logical arrangement
and a balanced layout. Add a main title FASTENERS at the bottom of the sheet
and scale (NTS).

QUESTION 24 (STUDY UNIT 6)

OBLIQUE DRAWING

Study oblique drawings in study unit 6 and in chapter 6, (6 – 4 to (6 – 8) of the

prescribed book.

Make an oblique-projection drawing to a scale of 1:1 (full size) of the sliding

support shown in first-angle orthographic projection in figure Q24 below.

Your drawing should be fully completed, illustrating the method and showing
centre lines, dimensions, hidden edges, light construction lines, a descriptive
title (below), scale, projection type, 15 mm wide borders and so on. Please note
that the angle used is 45° in the oblique direction, and that the ratios of scales
are:
Horizontal Vertical Oblique
1 : 1 : ½
That is, lengths are to ½ scale in the oblique direction only, for example, if a
80
length is 80 mm in the oblique direction, then draw the oblique line = 40 mm
2
long, but dimension it as 80 mm!

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q24:
SLIDING SUPPORT: THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
(De Kok & Melck 1992:71)

QUESTION 25 (STUDY UNIT 6)

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Study isometric drawings in study unit 6 and in chapter 6, (6 – 9) to (6 – 19) of

the prescribed book.

Make an isometric drawing (scale 1:1) of the clamping block shown in first-angle
orthographic projection in figure Q25 below.
Your drawing should be fully completed, illustrating the method and showing
centre lines, dimensions, hidden edges, light construction lines, a descriptive
title (below) scale, projection type, 15 mm wide borders, and so on.

Figure Q25:
CLAMPING BLOCK: THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

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(De Kok & Melck 1992:70)

NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 26
ISOMETRIC CIRCLES

Make an isometric drawing to a scale of 1:1 of a cube with side lengths of

70 mm. Refer to figure 1 (6-13) in the prescribed book and figure 6.9 in study
unit 6, and draw three isometric circles, one on each side of the cube (box),
where the length of the sides equals the diameter of the circle. Note that lines
are drawn from the obtuse (large) angle to the centres of the two opposite
sides. The obtuse angles and the intersections are the centres. Complete your
drawing with the title ISOMETRIC CIRCLES (below), scale 1:1, 15 mm wide
borders, and so on.

QUESTION 27 (STUDY UNIT 6)

PERSPECTIVE: TWO-POINT; BASICS

Study the notes on perspective drawings in the study guide and on page 6-27 in
the prescribed book.

Make your own neat NTS drawing of the illustration of two-point perspective on
page 6-27. The object should be drawn as a simple rectangular block.
Add neat descriptive notes in vertical, upper-case lettering, together with the
title TYPES OF TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVES, the scale (NTS) and 15 mm
wide borders.

Note the effect in the appearance of the object by moving the object in relation
to the horizon.

QUESTION 28 (STUDY UNIT 7)

TRUE LENGTH / TRUE INCLINATION

Study the basic concept of the true length and true inclination of a line segment
using the cone generation method as illustrated and described in figures 1(a)
and (b) (7-6).

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Redraw the two figures 1(a) and (b) (7-6) NTS, but much larger than the given
figures so that details can be clearly shown and labelled in vertical upper-case
lettering.

Add view descriptions (1(a) is in isometric view, and 1(b) is in first-angle

orthographic projection), sub-titles and a general title below, with the scale NTS.

QUESTION 29 (STUDY UNIT 9)

DEVELOPMENT: PARALLEL

Study the method of surface development of a cylinder in figure 1 (9-5) in the

prescribed book.

Neatly draw the given first-angle orthographic views of the truncated, right,
hollow, thin-walled cylinder as shown in the prescribed book to a scale of 1:1.
The diameter is to be 60 mm, and the overall vertical height is 75 mm with a 45º
truncation. Draw the development (pattern) as described and add descriptions
of the views, all dimensions, descriptive notes, a title (no title block is required),
scale and projection symbol.

Illustrate the method clearly.

Remember that the circumference of a circle = π x D.

QUESTION 30 (STUDY UNIT 9)

DEVELOPMENT: RADIAL

Carefully study figures 1(a) and (b) (9-7) in the prescribed book and study unit
9. To a scale of 1:1 (full size) draw the given views of the frustum of a thin-
walled, hollow cone as shown in the given figures. The slant (not vertical)
height S = 100 mm and D = 70 mm.

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Construct and neatly finish off a drawing of the development of the inclined
surface, following the more accurate method illustrated in figure 1(b). The
method must be clearly illustrated. Leave in light, neat projection lines and add
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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annotations (notes), essential dimensions, descriptions of views, scales, title

(below), projection symbol, and so on.

Note the proportions 2 π S : 360º :: 2 π R : (central angle)º

therefore (central angle)º = 360º x (R/S)

Check your drawing using the approximate method of figure 1 (9-7).

QUESTION 31 (STUDY UNIT 9)

INTERPENETRATION: TWO CYLINDERS

Draw the two cylinders, each being 40 mm DIA, which intersect at 900 as shown
in figure 9.25 (solution A) in study unit 9, to a scale of 1:1 or larger, in first-angle
orthographic projection (as given; top view below). Complete the curve of
intersection according to the given method, neatly dimension, and add notes,
descriptions of views, a title (below), scale, and so on. The method must be
clearly illustrated.

Also study figure 1 (9-10) in the prescribed book and note that cylinders, not
hexagonal prisms, have been drawn. Example 3 (9-13) in the prescribed book
also illustrates the method.

QUESTION 32 (STUDY UNIT 9)

INTERPENETRATION: PALM-ENDED ROD

Make a neat, NTS, well-proportioned drawing of the palm-ended rod fully

completed as shown in figure 9.27 in study unit 9. Clearly illustrate the method
used to obtain the curve of intersection on the front view; this will be a full line.
Figure 9.28 in study unit 9 shows the curve of intersection as projected from the
rear edge, on the top view. The curve is therefore a dashed (broken) line on the
front view.

The method of projection required here is similar, but the projection is made
from the front edge of the top view.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 33 (STUDY UNIT 2)

TITLE BLOCK
Display your layout and lettering skills by drawing a neat, well-proportioned title
block, similar to the second example of a title block entitled BOLTS AND NUTS
in this workbook.
Note that the given dimensions are only guidelines to proportions, and so you
do not need to include them on your drawing. The length is such that it fits
across the width of an A4 sheet with 15 mm borders.

Lettering heights are also guidelines. Lettering heights must be in proportion to

the drawing and sheet sizes. You may improve on the title block, for example
by using a slightly thicker line around the main title block only, leaving the parts
list (with sub-headings) with a thinner surround. Also, the main title is BOLTS
AND NUTS. Note that firms name UNISA is in smaller lettering than the main
title

QUESTION 34 (STUDY UNIT 10)

LOCI

Study the basics of loci in study unit 10 and in the prescribed book. Refer to
figure 2 (10-3) in the prescribed book. To a scale of 1:100, make a line drawing
of a vertical wall 10 m high and a ground line 10 m long horizontally. Place an
outline of a ladder against the wall, with the foot of the ladder 3 m away from the
wall and the top of the ladder at the top of the wall.

Mark a point P, 3m from the top of the ladder. (Note that the recommended
safe angle of repose for a ladder is 4 up and 1 out (4:1) – no steeper). Using
the method of line division, divide the wall into eight equal parts.

Plot the locus of point P as the ladder slides down the wall. Neatly label the
different positions P1, P2 etc and the other points as in figure 2(c) (10-3).

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Complete your drawing with dimensions, neat descriptions of wall, ground line,
ladder, locus of point P, the title (below) LOCUS: POINT ON LADDER, scale
1:10, 15 mm wide borders and so on. The method must be clearly illustrated.
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 35 (STUDY UNIT 10)

LOCI

Refer to figures 1 and 2 (10-4) in the prescribed book and study the method
carefully. The figure Q39 below is a diagrammatic variation of the classic crank
and cross-head mechanism. The connecting rod extends beyond the crank-pin
S to a connecting point P1.

Construct a diagram of the loci of points P and P1 to a scale of 1:1, using the
method shown in the prescribed book.

Note that the centre lines of the cross-head and crank are offset by 20 mm.
Complete your drawing neatly by adding descriptive labels (cross-head, crank,
locus of P and locus of P1), all dimensions, a title (below) LOCI, CROSS-HEAD
AND CRANK 1, scale 1:1, 15 mm wide borders, and so on.
The method must be clearly illustrated.

Figure Q35: CROSS-HEAD AND CRANK MECHANISM

(De Kok & Melck 1992:43)

QUESTION 36 (STUDY UNIT 5)

PLUMMER BLOCK: THREE VIEWS AND HALF SECTIONS

Refer to figure 1, example 3 (5-42) in the prescribed book. Note that in first-
angle orthographic projection the top view must be below the front view (the
diagram under the question is correctly positioned, but the answer is in third-

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angle orthographic projection identical to page 5-43 in the prescribed book; the
method would, however, be similar).
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q36 below shows the cast-iron base and top of a plain-bearing plummer
block. The thin chain (ghost) line indicates the shaft, which has a diameter of
50 mm.

The space between the ghost line and the plummer block will be taken up by
bronze bearing halves, which are not shown on the drawing. These bronze
bearings (which need not be drawn here) could be of different designs, each of
which provide positive means to prevent relative rotation and axial
displacement.

The two bolts (not shown) which hold the two bearing halves together have
heads 22 mm square and 10 mm thick at the base, with an M14 standard
hexagonal nut at the other end. Neatly draw, to a scale of 1:1, in first-angle
orthographic projection, three views of this complete assembly. The front and
side view must be in half section and the top view as seen from the outside.
Draw the bolt and nut on the sectional views. Complete your drawing fully with
dimensions, view descriptions (below each view), the title PLUMMER BLOCK,
scale 1:1, projection symbol and 15 mm wide borders. Remember to use thick
outlines, thin hatching and other lines and neat, narrow arrowheads.

Figure Q36:
PLUMMER BLOCK

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(De Kok & Melck 1992:158)

NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 37 (STUDY UNIT 5)

MACHINING SYMBOLS

Study this topic on page 5-32 in the prescribed book.

(a) Make a neat, clear, well-proportioned NTS drawing of figure 3(o) (5-32)
which shows the symbol with the positions of the specifications of surface
texture. Draw up a neat table of this key diagram, with descriptions
relating to the symbols on your drawing.

(b) Make neat NTS drawings of the following 14 symbols, each with
descriptive sub-titles: figure 3, (a) to (n) (5-32) in the prescribed book.

QUESTION 38 (STUDY UNIT 5)

TOLERANCES

(a) Size tolerances

Size tolerances usually apply to features of an object which must fit

corresponding features of another object. The fit may be a sliding-fit,
press-fit or another suitable type of fit.
Figure Q38(a) shows alternative methods of specifying the tolerance of an
external surface such as a shaft. Both methods convey the same
information, namely the upper and lower dimensional limits.

Figure Q38(b) illustrates how the same set of tolerances are applied to
internal surfaces, such as a cylindrical hole.

Make two separate, neat, clear NTS drawings of the abovementioned

figures. Note that outlines must be thick, while all other lines (including the
break-lines and hatching) are thin. Neatly dimension the drawings, add
the two respective sub-titles TOLERANCES: EXTERNAL SURFACES
(ALTERNATIVE METHODS) and TOLERANCES: INTERNAL SURFACES
(ALTERNATIVE METHODS) each drawing, the scale (NTS) and 15 mm
wide borders.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q38(a):
TOLERANCES: EXTERNAL SURFACES (ALTERNATIVE METHODS)
(De Kok & Melck 1992:115)

Figure Q38(b):
TOLERANCES: INTERNAL SURFACES (ALTERNATIVE METHODS)
(De Kok & Melck 1992:115)

(c) Positional tolerances

When positional tolerances are applied, care must be taken to avoid

accumulated errors. An accumulation of individual dimensional deviations
will occur if the bad practice of figure Q38(c) is followed.

All positional dimensions and tolerances must relate to a base-line/datum

line as depicted by good practice in the figure. Redraw figure Q38(c) and
complete it fully and neatly as specified in question Q38(a), but with the
title POSITIONAL TOLERANCES: CORRECT AND INCORRECT
METHODS.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q38(c):
TOLERANCES: CORRECT AND INCORRECT METHODS
(De Kok & Melck 1992:115)

QUESTION 39 (STUDY UNIT 5)

PART DRAWING AND SECTIONS

Figure 5.122 in study unit 5 of the study guide is a typical examination question.
Without looking at the (incomplete) model answer, make a neat, correct,
complete drawing to a scale of 1:1 in answer to the question posed in the figure.

Complete your fully dimensioned drawing with neatly printed view descriptions
below each view, the title ARTICULATING LINK (below), scale 1:1, the
projection symbol and 15 mm wide borders. Note that outlines are thick and all
other lines (including hatching) are thin.

Remember that you visualise/imagine that you are cutting down on the cutting
plane and that you are looking at the cut section in the direction of the arrows.
Finally, look at the incomplete model answer and check your work. Did you
remember the convention that the webs (thin sections) are not hatched in
longitudinal sections, but are hatched in transverse sections?

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 40 (STUDY UNIT 5)

ASSEMBLY: COMPONENT DRAWING

Figure Q40 shows a full-sectional view of an assembled friction coupling which

consists of the following parts:
flange (item 1); flange (item 2); sleeve (item 3); shaft (item 4); shaft (item 5); bolt
(item 6); hexagon nut (item 7)

Draw to a scale of 1:1, in first-angle orthographic projection, a detail drawing of

the flange (item 2) showing the following views:

(a) a half-sectional front view with the top half in section

(b) a left view

- Use dashed lines to indicate hidden details on the left view, but not on
the section.
- Show six important dimensions.
- Complete your drawing with neat view descriptions (below), the main title
FRICTION COUPLING, scale (1:1), projection symbol (also below) and
15 mm wide borders.

Remember that outlines are to be dark and all other lines (including hatching)
are thin.

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Figure Q40:
FRICTION COUPLING ASSEMBLY
(Watkins 1992:10.3)

QUESTION 41 (STUDY UNIT 5)

ASSEMBLY DRAWING
Figure Q41 shows the components of a sliding door guide in third-angle
orthographic projection. The complete list of parts is as follows:

Item Quantity Description Material

1 1 body cast steel
2 1 pulley cast steel
3 1 shaft mild steel
4 1 bush brass
5 1 pin mild steel

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NOTES AND SKETCHES

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Make an assembly drawing of the following views of the assembled parts in

third-angle orthographic projection, to a scale of 1:1.

(a) a full-sectional front view

(b) a right view
Refer to the prescribed book, example 1 (5-56), which clearly shows how
the components should be assembled.

Neatly insert item numbers, draw up a parts-list table and place it below
your drawing (or if you have time and need practice, above a standard title
block in the bottom right-hand corner of your drawing sheet).

Complete your drawing with neatly printed view descriptions below each
view, the title SLIDING DOOR GUIDE (below), scale (1:1), projection
symbol and 15 mm wide borders.

Figure Q41:
SLIDING DOOR GUIDE

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(Moolman 1981:104)
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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QUESTION 42 (STUDY UNIT 6)

REVISION: OBLIQUE AND ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

Figure Q42 shows two views of a guide block in first-angle orthographic

projection. Complete the following two separate pictorial drawings of the guide
block in the standard manner with dimensions in mm, sub-titles GUIDE BLOCK:
OBLIQUE VIEW and GUIDE BLOCK: ISOMETRIC VIEW (below) respectively,
scale 1:1 and with 15 mm wide borders Refer to study guide unit 6 and to
chapter 6 in the prescribed book..

(a) an oblique view showing centre lines and hidden edges

(b) an isometric view showing centre lines and hidden edges

Remember to draw outlines thick and other lines thin.

Figure Q42:
GUIDE BLOCK

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(Watkins 1990:15.3)
NOTES AND SKETCHES

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ANNEXURE A
RUBRIC (CHECKLIST) FOR DRAWINGS
Complete this checklist and make a copy. Submit the original with Assignment 02 and
keep the copy for revision.

Check whether your drawings comply with the requirements below. If they do, tick the
corresponding block; if they do not , print “NO” in the corresponding block

1 Pencil only used. No ball-point or other pens. No copies. No CAD. No stencils.

2 Blank (unlined) paper, duplicating (copy) quality at least.
3 Sheet size A3, as in exams. (A4 may be used if necessary.)
4 A3 sheet folded to A4 to fit envelope. Drawings on the outside of the fold and arranged in
the correct sequence (question number order).
5 Borders 15 mm wide around all sheets (SANS 10111: Part 1-1990).
6 Neat printing within thin guidelines, including dimensions, notes and titles. No cursive.
7 Correct use of guidelines: letters touch top and bottom.
8 Upper case (capitals) only: 2 guidelines; lower case (only for standard symbols, codes or
abbreviations eg mm): 4 guidelines. Not a mixture of upper and lower cases .
9 Lettering: spaced out horizontally and vertically, and spaced away from borders and other
lines.
10 Lettering: lined up vertically within horizontal guidelines; spaces between lines.
11 Lettering: height and width in proportion to drawing and sheet sizes.
12 Lettering: vertical preferred, or with uniform slope and with no underlining. No stencils.
13 Drawings to be read from left to right → or bottom to top ↑ of a drawing sheet.
14 Dimensions: all important dimensions included.
15 Dimensions: outside of outline.
16 Dimensions: centred, correctly placed a minimum of 1 mm above dimension line.
17 Dimensions: arrowheads neat and narrow.
18 Dimensions: note added that all dimensions are in mm (not “MM”).
19 Views: descriptions of views below the views.
20 Views: on civil (building) drawings, top view is “plan”, front view is “front elevation” etc.
21 Sub-titles below the relevant drawings.
22 Projection type: if applicable, draw symbol or state type (symbol in proportion to sheet
size).
23 Thick outlines, thin construction lines.
24 All work, including line-work, complies with SANS 10111: Part 1-1990.
25 Scale correctly indicated.
26 Title block added (always required, but here only one per assignment). General
descriptive titles added.
27 Methods clear,---- light, neat construction lines, equal lengths ---- angles indicated, notes

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etc.
28 Drawings checked and rechecked for:
• correctness (correct questions, methods, standards, line types etc)
• completeness (no omissions, all questions attempted etc)
• accuracy
• neatness and legibility
• balanced layout
• good proportions

29 All questions completed as fully finished engineering drawings at tertiary level.

30 In addition: have you carefully studied (pencil in hand) the relevant sections of the
guidelines, prescribed book and tutorial letters?
31 How long have you spent on this assignment? ………hours. Completed?
32 Did you study technical drawing at secondary school? Tick: Gr 10 Gr 11 Gr 12
Alternatively, have you already done an equivalent “N” course? If so, which one?
33 Are you employed full time?
34 Student comments. Please comment. Commented?
……………………………………………………………………………………...........
……………………………………………………………………………………...........
35 I declare that the drawings are my own, unaided work.
• Surname and initials (print): ……………………………………………………
• ID no.: …………………………………………………………………………….
• Student no.: ……………………………………………………………………..
• Residential address: …………………………………………………………..
• Postal address: …………………………………………………………………
• Tel no. home: ……………………………work: ……..………………………
• Fax no.: ………………………………………………………………………….
• Cell no.: …………………………………………………………………………..
• E-mail address: ………………………………………………………………….

Signature: ………………………………………..Date: ……………………….

dd/mm/yyyy

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