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    Back Pressure Turbines

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    Sharath Kota
    A back pressure turbine is a type of steam turbine used in industrial processes that require low or medium pressure steam. High pressure steam enters the turbine and expands, converting some of its thermal energy into mechanical energy. This energy runs an electric generator or industrial equipment. The steam exits the turbine at a higher "overpressure" and returns to the plant for heating or drying applications. Back pressure turbines have advantages for industrial applications that require large amounts of steam, as they have higher thermal efficiency and lower costs than alternatives.

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    Back Pressure Turbines

    Uploaded by

    Sharath Kota
    1K views4 pages
    A back pressure turbine is a type of steam turbine used in industrial processes that require low or medium pressure steam. High pressure steam enters the turbine and expands, converting some of its thermal energy into mechanical energy. This energy runs an electric generator or industrial equipment. The steam exits the turbine at a higher "overpressure" and returns to the plant for heating or drying applications. Back pressure turbines have advantages for industrial applications that require large amounts of steam, as they have higher thermal efficiency and lower costs than alternatives.

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    A back pressure turbine is a type of steam turbine used in industrial processes that require low or medium pressure steam. High pressure steam enters the turbine and expands, converting some of its thermal energy into mechanical energy. This energy runs an electric generator or industrial equipment. The steam exits the turbine at a higher "overpressure" and returns to the plant for heating or drying applications. Back pressure turbines have advantages for industrial applications that require large amounts of steam, as they have higher thermal efficiency and lower costs than alternatives.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views4 pages

    Back Pressure Turbines

    Uploaded by

    Sharath Kota
    A back pressure turbine is a type of steam turbine used in industrial processes that require low or medium pressure steam. High pressure steam enters the turbine and expands, converting some of its thermal energy into mechanical energy. This energy runs an electric generator or industrial equipment. The steam exits the turbine at a higher "overpressure" and returns to the plant for heating or drying applications. Back pressure turbines have advantages for industrial applications that require large amounts of steam, as they have higher thermal efficiency and lower costs than alternatives.

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    Back Pressure Turbines (or the extraction 

    back pressure turbine): A type of steam turbine that is used


    in connection with industrial processes where there is a need for low or medium pressure steam. The
    high pressure steam enters the back pressure steam turbine and while the steam expands – part of its
    thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is used to run an electric
    generator or mechanical equipment, such as pumps, fans, compressors etc.

    The simple back-pressure turbine provides maximum economy with the simplest installation. An ideal
    backpressure turbo generator set relies on the process steam requirements to match the power
    demand. However, this ideal is seldom realised in practice. In most installations the power and heat
    demands will fluctuate widely, with a fall in electrical demand when steam flow, for instance, rises.

    These operating problems must be overcome by selecting the correct system. Figure 1.1 shows an
    arrangement which balances the process steam and electrical demands by running the turbo-alternator
    in parallel with the electrical supply utility. The turbine inlet control valve maintains a constant steam
    pressure on the turbine exhaust, irrespective of the fluctuation in process steam demand.

    Figure 1.1. A back-pressure turbo-alternator operating in parallel with the grid supply
    This process steam flow will dictate output generated by the turbo-alternator and excess or deficiency is
    made up by export or import to the supply utility, as appropriate. The alternative to the system in Figure
    1.1 is to use a back-pressure turbine with bypass reducing valve and dump condenser, as shown
    in Figure 1.2.
    Figure 1.2. A back-pressure turbine with PRDs valve and dump condenser
    On this system the turbine is speed controlled and passes steam, depending on the electrical demand.
    The bypass reducing valve with integral de-super heater makes up any deficiency in the steam
    requirements and creates an exhaust steam pressure control. Alternatively, any surplus steam can be
    bypassed to a dump condenser, either water or air cooled, and returned to the boiler as clear
    condensate.

    The outlet steam leaves the back pressure steam turbine at “overpressure” and then the steam returns
    to the plant for process steam application such as heating or drying purposes.In the back pressure
    turbine, an effective heat drop will be small as shown in Fig. 2.13, therefore, the turbine output will be
    also small.
    In the case where large amounts of steam are required by facilities for process steam, high thermal
    efficiency will be expected, which means the back pressure turbine will give advantage to private power
    utilities. And as the back pressure turbine consists of fewer turbine stages with simple structure and
    small exhaust parts, this results in lower equipment costs.
    The back pressure turbine (or the extraction back pressure turbine) is adopted in many facilities such as
    oil refineries, petrochemical, paper-pulp, fiber, and food industries, where large amounts of steam are
    required.
    Process steam demand and electricity demand change independently according to season. When there
    is an imbalance between process steam demand and electricity demand, the back pressure turbine
    cannot respond to this imbalance by itself, and this imbalance is adjusted by power supply increase or
    decrease from the network or by reduced pressure and temperature steam from the HP steam source.
    Saved heat (E) by the back pressure turbine is shown in the following formula if the total heat of the
    steam is used effectively.

    E=Ht ηiG(H′t ηit)hc


    where
    G: steam flow (kg/h),
    ηi : internal efficiency of back pressure turbine,
    ηit: internal efficiency of condensing turbine,
    Ht: adiabatic heat drop of back pressure turbine (kJ/kg),
    Ht′: adiabatic heat drop of condensing turbine (kJ/kg),
    hc: potential heat of steam in condenser (kJ/kg),

    Saved heat E is relating to turbine inlet pressure, temperature, and turbine outlet pressure. This figure
    indicates that saved heat will be raised by larger Ht with higher inlet temperature and pressure and/or
    lower back pressure. The same logic can be applied to an extraction back pressure turbine.
    Exhaust pressure: In any turbine, the intent is to extract maximum energy from the working fluid. This
    implies that you would want to expand to as low a pressure as possible. ... Steam turbines, in particular
    would exit into condensors where the steam would be converted back to water.

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