Chapter 14 - Inventories

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

CHAPTER 14

INVENTORIES

STANDARD

IAS 2 – Inventories

DEFINITION

Inventories are assets:

(a) held for sale in the ordinary course of business;


(b) in the process of production for such sale; or
(c) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the
rendering of services.

MEASUREMENT

Initial Measurement: Cost

Subsequent Measurement: Lower of cost and net realizable value (LCNRV)

Cost of Inventories

The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs
incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Cost of Purchase

The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes
(other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport,
handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and
services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs
of purchase.

Cost of Conversion

The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production, such
as direct labor. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production
overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. Fixed production overheads
are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of
production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and equipment, and
the cost of factory management and administration. Variable production overheads are those
indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such
as indirect materials and indirect labor.

Other Costs

Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in
bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. For example, it may be
appropriate to include non-production overheads or the costs of designing products for specific
customers in the cost of inventories.
Non-inventoriable costs

Examples of costs excluded from the cost of inventories and recognized as expenses in the period in
which they are incurred are:

(a) abnormal amounts of wasted materials, labor or other production costs;


(b) storage costs, unless those costs are necessary in the production process before a further
production stage;
(c) administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing inventories to their present
location and condition; and
(d) selling costs.

Cost of inventories of a service provider

To the extent that service providers have inventories, they measure them at the costs of their
production. These costs consist primarily of the labor and other costs of personnel directly
engaged in providing the service, including supervisory personnel, and attributable
overheads. Labor and other costs relating to sales and general administrative personnel are not
included but are recognized as expenses in the period in which they are incurred.

COST FORMULAS

1. Specific Identification - the cost of inventories of items that are not ordinarily
interchangeable and goods or services produced and segregated for specific projects shall be
assigned by using specific identification of their individual costs. Specific identification of cost
means that specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory. This is the
appropriate treatment for items that are segregated for a specific project, regardless of
whether they have been bought or produced.

2. First-In First-Out (FIFO) - The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory that were
purchased or produced first are sold first, and consequently the items remaining in
inventory at the end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced.

Example:

The following data pertain to an inventory item:

Units Unit Cost Total Cost Sales (in units)


Jan. 1 Beginning Balance 800 200 160,000
Jan. 8 Sale 500
Jan. 18 Purchase 700 210 147,000
Jan. 22 Sale 800
Jan. 31 Purchase 500 220 110,000

The ending inventory is 700 units.

Cost of ending inventory under FIFO:

Units Unit Cost Total Cost


From Jan. 18 Purchase 200 210 42,000
From Jan. 31 Purchase 500 220 110,000
Ending Balance 700 152,000
Cost of Goods Sold under FIFO:

Inventory – January 1 160,000


Purchases 257,000
Goods Available for Sale 417,000
Ending Inventory (152,000)
Cost of Goods Sold 265,000

Or

Units Unit Cost Total Cost


Jan. 8 Sale (from Jan. 1 Balance) 500 200 100,000
Jan. 22 Sale (from Jan. 1 Balance) 300 200 60,000
Jan. 22 Sale (from Jan. 18 Purchase) 500 210 105,000
Cost of Goods Sold 1,300 265,000

Cost of ending inventory under LIFO:

Units Unit Cost Total Cost


From Jan. 18 Purchase 700 200 140,000
Ending Balance 700 140,000

Cost of Goods Sold under LIFO:

Inventory – January 1 160,000


Purchases 257,000
Goods Available for Sale 417,000
Ending Inventory (140,000)
Cost of Goods Sold 277,000

3. Weighted Average - Under the weighted average cost formula, the cost of each item is
determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period
and the cost of similar items purchased or produced during the period. The average may be
calculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is received, depending upon the
circumstances of the entity.

Example:

The following data pertain to an inventory item:

Units Unit Cost Total Cost Sales (in units)


Jan. 1 Beginning Balance 800 200 160,000
Jan. 8 Sale 500
Jan. 18 Purchase 700 210 147,000
Jan. 22 Sale 800
Jan. 31 Purchase 500 220 110,000

The ending inventory is 700 units.

Computation of weighted average unit cost and ending inventory:

Units Unit Cost Total Cost


Jan. 1 Balance 800 200 160,000
Jan. 18 Purchase 700 210 147,000
Jan. 31 Purchase 500 220 110,000
Total Goods Available for Sale 2,000 417,000
Weighted Average Unit Cost (417,000 / 2,000) 208.50
Ending Inventory (700 x 208.50) 145,950

Cost of Goods Sold

Inventory – January 1 160,000


Purchases 257,000
Goods Available for Sale 417,000
Ending Inventory (145,950)
Cost of Goods Sold 271,050

Or

Total Units Sold 1,300


Weighted average unit cost 208.50
Cost of Goods Sold 271,050

Accounting for Inventory Write-down

Inventories are written-down if the net realizable value is lower than cost. Net realizable value is
the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of
completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Inventories are usually written
down to net realizable value item by item.

Methods for Accounting for Inventory Write-down

1. Allowance Method or Loss Method – the inventory is recorded at cost and any loss on
inventory write-down is accounted for separately. In subsequent years, this allowance account
is adjusted upward or downward depending on the difference between the cost and net
realizable value of the inventory at year-end. The loss on inventory write-down shall be
included in the cost of goods sold. Any gain on reversal of inventory write-down is limited only
to the extent of allowance balance.

2. Direct Write-off Method or Cost of Goods Sold Method – the inventories are directly
recorded at lower of cost and net realizable value. Any loss or gain or reversal is not
accounted for separately, as the amount is already buried in the cost of goods sold since the
inventories are already recorded at LCNRV.

Regardless of the method used, the amount of cost of goods sold remains to be the same.

Example

Inventory Item Total Cost NRV LCNRV


A 2,000,000 1,900,000 1,900,000
B 1,500,000 1,550,000 1,500,000
C 2,500,000 2,100,000 2,100,000
D 3,000,000 3,200,000 3,000,000
Total 9,000,000 8,750,000 8,500,000

Total Cost 9,000,000


LCNRV 8,500,000
Inventory write-down 500,000
Journal Entries:

1. Allowance Method

Inventory, December 31, 2020 9,000,000


Income Summary 9,000,000

Loss on inventory write-down 500,000


Allowance for inventory write-down 500,000

2. Direct Method

Inventory, December 31, 2020 8,500,000


Income Summary 8,500,000

Balance Sheet

1. Allowance Method

Inventory, December 31, 2020 9,000,000


Allowance for inventory write-down (500,000)
Inventories – net 8,500,000

2. Direct Method

Inventories – net 8,500,000

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