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    Piper Betle Linn Ikmo

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    Handris Supriadi
    1) Ikmo or buyo is a climbing vine native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia whose leaves are commonly used as an ingredient in betel quids. 2) The leaves contain essential oils and phenolic compounds that give it stimulant, antiseptic, and sialogogue properties. 3) In the Philippines and other Asian countries, betel leaf is used both medicinally as a poultice or carminative and as an ingredient in betel quids chewed for its stimulant effects.

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    Piper Betle Linn Ikmo

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    Handris Supriadi
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    1) Ikmo or buyo is a climbing vine native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia whose leaves are commonly used as an ingredient in betel quids. 2) The leaves contain essential oils and phenolic compounds that give it stimulant, antiseptic, and sialogogue properties. 3) In the Philippines and other Asian countries, betel leaf is used both medicinally as a poultice or carminative and as an ingredient in betel quids chewed for its stimulant effects.

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    1) Ikmo or buyo is a climbing vine native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia whose leaves are commonly used as an ingredient in betel quids. 2) The leaves contain essential oils and phenolic compounds that give it stimulant, antiseptic, and sialogogue properties. 3) In the Philippines and other Asian countries, betel leaf is used both medicinally as a poultice or carminative and as an ingredient in betel quids chewed for its stimulant effects.

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    15 views3 pages

    Piper Betle Linn Ikmo

    Uploaded by

    Handris Supriadi
    1) Ikmo or buyo is a climbing vine native to the Philippines and Southeast Asia whose leaves are commonly used as an ingredient in betel quids. 2) The leaves contain essential oils and phenolic compounds that give it stimulant, antiseptic, and sialogogue properties. 3) In the Philippines and other Asian countries, betel leaf is used both medicinally as a poultice or carminative and as an ingredient in betel quids chewed for its stimulant effects.

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    PIPER BETLE Linn IKMO

    Piper siriboa Linn.


    Chavica siriboa Miq.
    Piper anisumolens Blanco
    Piper anisodorum Blanco
    Chavica betle Miq.
    Piper philippinense C. DC.
    Piper bathycarpum C. DC.
    Piper blancoi Merr.
    Piper puberulinodum C. DC.
    Piper carnistylum C. DC.

    Local names: Buyo (Bik.); buyo-anis (Tag.); buyo-buyo (Bik.); buyog


    (Mbo.); buyok (C. Bis.); buyu (Sul.); gaoed (Pang.); gaued (Ilk.); gauod (It.); gok
    (Ibn.); ikmo (Tag.); ikmong-iloko (Tag.); itmo (Tag.); kanisi (Bis.); mamin (Bis.,
    Tag.); mamon (Bis.); samat (Pamp.); betel, betel leaf pepper (Engl.).

    Ikmo is cultivated throughout the Philippines and also occurs wild in most
    provinces of Luzon. It is also found in India to Malaya.

    This plant is a dioecious, smooth, climbing vine reaching a height of 2 to 4


    meters. The upper leaves are usually oblong-elliptic, oblong-ovate or ovate, 6 to
    17.5 centimeters long, 3.5 to 10 centimeters wide, 7-plinerved, and smooth on
    both surfaces. The male spikes are subpendulous, slender, 7 to 13.5 centimeters
    long, and 2 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter. The rachis is hairy. The two stamens
    are stalked, 0.75 to 1 millimeter long; and the anthers reniform. The female
    spikes, when mature, are red, fleshy, oblong to elongated oblong, 3 to 8
    centimeters long, and 0.5 to 1 centimeter thick. The rachis is hairy and the bracts
    stalkless, peltate, with a smooth disk, transversely oblong to suborbicular, and
    about 1 centimeter wide. The fruit is coalescing , fully embedded in the pulp and
    concrescent with the rachis. The seeds are smooth, oblong to globose-obovoid,
    2.25 to 2.6 millimeters long, and about 2 millimeters in diameter. The stigmas
    number 4 to 6, and rarely, 3.

    The Filipinos, Hindus, Malays, Siamese, Cambodians, Annamites and


    Chinese (southern) use the leaves as a masticatory scraped areca nut and lime.
    It is known locally as buyo, or hitsu.

    According to Grieve the chief constituent of the leaves is a volative oil


    varying in the leaves from different countries and known as betel oil. It contains
    two phenols, betelphenol (chavibetol) and chavicol. Cadinene has also been
    found. Nadkarni considers the chavicol as a powerful antiseptic, twice as strong
    and isometric with eugenol. The characteristic odor of the leaves and oil is due to
    the chavicol. He says that the leaves also contain an alkaloid, arakene, with
    properties allied to cocaine. The betel oil contains also terpene and
    sesquiterpene. Kirtikar and Basu quote Mann, Sahasrabuddhe, and Patwardhan
    of Poona in their interesting studies of the chemistry and physiology of the leaves
    of betel. According to them, the younger leaves contain much more essential oil,
    much more diastase, and much more sugar than those which are older. The
    tannin content in both is the same. Gildemeister writes of the properties of the oil
    as follows: Betel oil is a light-yellow to dark-brown liquid, often aromatic,
    somewhat creosotelike in odor, and having a sharp burning taste. The specific
    gravity varies between 0.958 and 1.057. he adds that in addition to other
    constituents mentioned by Nadkarni, the Java betel contains betelphenol,
    allylpyrocathecol, cineol, eugenol, methyl ether, and caryphyllene. Wehmer
    mentions menthone as being present also. Read states that the leaves contain
    vitamin C.

    According to Bruntz and Jaloux the leaves are official in the British (4, 5);
    and French (1) Pharmacopoeias. They are also reported in the Indian
    Pharmacopoeia.

    Grieve and Christy consider the leaves stimulant, antiseptic and


    sialogogue. Sanyal and Ghose and Nadkarni add that they are carminative,
    astringent (juice of the leaves with oil), and aphrodisiac. The juice of the leaves is
    a valuable stomachic and febrifuge. Kirtikar and Basu consider them as a useful
    expectorant.

    As an external medicine, the Filipinos use the fresh, crushed leaves as an


    antiseptic for cuts and wounds, and as a poultice for boils. Sanyal and Ghose,
    Waring and Drury report that a warm poultice of the leaves and oil (coconut) is
    applied on the chest of children in catarrhal and pulmonary affections, and is
    administered for congestion and other affections of the liver. The leaves are
    similarly employed as a resolvent for glandular swellings. Sanyal and Ghose,
    Daruty, Grieve, Waring and Drury say that in India the leaves, warmed and
    applied in layers, are used effectually for arresting the secretion of milk. Sanyal
    and Ghose state that the leaves are applied to the temples in headache for
    relieving pain. Kirtikar and Basu report that chewing betel leaves early in the
    morning sweetens the breath, improves the voice and removes all foulness of the
    mouth. Stuart records that the oil is highly recommended in China as a
    counterirritant in swellings, bruises, painful sores and enlarged glands.

    Concerning the medicinal use of the leaves in the Philippines, Tavera and
    Guerrero say that the leaves, together with lime and betel nut, constitute a
    masticatory in general use among the Filipinos, who consider it a preservative of
    the teeth and a prophylactic against certain complaints of the stomach. The
    leaves, when greased with lard or sesame oil, are much used by Filipinos, as a
    carminative medicine applied to the abdomens of children suffering from gastric
    disorders. The juice leaves is regarded as a valuable stomachic. Stuart says that
    in China, the roots, leaves and fruits are considered to have carminative,
    stimulant, corrective and prophylactic properties, and are used for the prevention
    and treatment of malaria.

    Drury quotes Dr. Elliot of Colombo, who warns against the danger of
    chewing buyo, this warning being based on his observation of several cases of a
    certain type of cancer, which, from its peculiar characteristics, he has designated
    the “betel chewer’s cancer”. Nadkarni records that the leaves increase salivary
    secretion. A liquid extract is prescribed in catarrhal inflammations of the throat,
    larynx and bronchi, and also in coughs, dyspnoea and indigestion. The roots with
    black pepper are used to produce sterility in women. Kleinstück who studied the
    therapeutic use of the leaves extensively confirms previous experiences of other
    physicians who found that the oil is effective in inflammation of the throat, larynx
    and bronchi, and as gargle and inhalation of diphtheria.

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