Name : Mohammad Ammar

ID:201100998
Second year :Mechanical Engineering
Report: Mechanical Drawing
Number of pages:19
Instructor: Dr. Hassan Shraim
Contents :

Small definition of a Screw or a Bolt

Differentiation between bolt and screw

Drawing nuts and bolts

Approximate construction for nuts and bolts

Socket head screws manufactured to BS EN ISO 4762 and BS 3643-2

ISO metric socket cap screws

ISO metric socket countersunk head screws

ISO metric hexagon socket set screws

Machine screws

Machine screw nuts

Locking and retaining devices

Slotted nuts and castle nuts

Simmond’s locknut

Spring washers

Shake proof washers

Wire locking

Tab washers
Locking plates

Taper pins and parallel pins

Split cotter pins

Locking by adhesives

Peening

Thread-cutting screws
Small definition of a Screw or a Bolt:
A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge,
known as an external thread or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder.
Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread,
known as an internal thread, often in the form of a nut or an object that
has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed
to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The
most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position
objects.

Often screws have a head, which is a specially

formed section on one end of the screw that
allows it to be turned, or driven. Common tools
for driving screws include screwdrivers and
wrenches. The head is usually larger than the
body of the screw, which keeps the screw from
being driven deeper than the length of the screw
and to provide a bearing surface. There are
exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed head that is not
designed to be driven; set screws have a head smaller than the outer
diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not
designed to be driven, but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it
to be used as an anchor bolt. The cylindrical portion of the screw from
the underside of the head to the tip is known as the shank; it may be
fully threaded or partially threaded.[1]

The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is

termed a right-hand thread. Screws with left-hand threads are used in
exceptional cases. For example, when the screw will be subject to
counter clockwise torque (which would work to undo a right-hand
thread), a left-hand-threaded screw would be an appropriate choice. The
left side pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.

Differentiation between bolt and screw:

A carriage bolt with square nut

A structural bolt with a hex nut and washer.

There is no universally accepted distinction between a screw and a bolt.

Machinery's Handbook describes the distinction as follows:
A bolt is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through
holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or
released by torquing a nut. A screw is an externally threaded fastener
capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with
a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being
tightened or released by torquing the head. An externally threaded
fastener which is prevented from being turned during assembly and
which can be tightened or released only by torquing a nut is a bolt.
(Example: round head bolts, track bolts, plow bolts.) An externally
threaded fastener that has thread form which prohibits assembly with a
nut having a straight thread of multiple pitch length is a screw.
(Example: wood screws, tapping screws.)[2]

This distinction is consistent with ASME B18.2.1 and some dictionary

definitions for screw and bolt.

The issue of what is a screw and what is a bolt is not completely

resolved with Machinery's Handbook distinction, however, because of
confounding terms, the ambiguous nature of some parts of the
distinction, and usage variations. Some of these issues are discussed
below.

ISO metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts are covered by BS
3643 and ISO 272. The standard includes washer faced hexagon head
bolts and full bearing head bolts. In both cases there is a small radius
under the bolt head which would not normally be shown on drawings,
due to its size, but is included here for completeness of the text. With an
M36 bolt, the radius is only 1.7 mm. Bolts may be chamfered at 45at
the end of the shank, or radiused. The rounded end has a radius of
approximately one and one quarter times the shank diameter and can
also be used if required to draw the rolled thread end. The washer face
under the head is also very thin and for a M36 bolt is only 0.5 mm.
Standard washers are available in two different thicknesses, in steel or
brass, and are normally plain, but may be chamfered.For some
dimensions maximum and minimum values appear in the standards and
we have taken an average figure rounded up to the nearest 0.5 mm and
this will be found satisfactory for normal drawing purposes. Reference
should be made to the relevant standards quoted for exact dimensions if
required in design and manufacture.

Drawing nuts and bolts:

It is often necessary to draw nuts and bolts and a quick easy method is
required to produce a satisfactory result. Nuts and bolts are not normally
drawn on detail drawings unless they are of a special type. They are
shown on assembly drawings and, provided they are standard stock
sizes, are called up in parts lists and schedules. A description of the
head, the thread and the length being generally sufficient. Templates are
available for drawing nuts and bolts and can be recommended for their
time saving advantages.
It is conventional drawing practice to show, as first choice, nuts and
bolts in the across corners position if a single view only is illustrated
since this is instantly recognizable.

Approximate construction for nuts and bolts:

Stage 1:
1 Draw a circle in the plan position, 2D in diameter, where D is equal to
the thread size. In this example
let us assume that the thread size is M20.
2 Draw a hexagon inside the 40 mm diameter circle and inside the
hexagon draw another circle tangential
to the hexagon on the six sides. This circle is the projection of the
chamfer which can be seen on the
front elevation.
3 the nut thickness is 0.8D. Project the four corners of the hexagon to the
front elevation.
4 Project three corners of the hexagon in the end elevation and note, that
the width of the end elevation
is given by dimension W.
5 Line in the projected diameter of the chamfer circle and the base in the
front elevation.
6 As an approximation, draw a radius to show the chamfer on the front
elevation. The radius should equal the thread size D.
7 Add the female convention to the plan view.
Stage 2:
1 The projection of the curve on the chamfered faces of the hexagon that
lie at an angle would produce ellipses in the front elevation. In their
place we usually show small circular arcs, their radii can be
found by trial, but are approximately 0.25D.
2 The end elevation of the nut has square corners and the projection of
the corner which coincides with
the centre line terminates at the bottom of the chamfer curve.
3 Complete the view by drawing circular arcs on the two chamfered
faces. Find by trial, the radius of an
arc which will touch the top of the nut and the projection lines from the
corner in the front elevation.
Socket head screws manufactured to BS EN ISO 4762 and BS 3643-
2:
It is often required to draw these screws and although the head type and
the length are generally quoted in parts lists it is necessary to know the
proportions of the head. Dimensions follow for each of the most
commonly used screws. Before specifying screws it is advisable to
consult a manufacturers list for availability. In the interest of
standardization and economy, designers are urged to use stock lengths
wherever possible and standard lengths of screws include the following;
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12,16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,
90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 mm. If
lengths over 200 mm are required, then increments of 20 mm are the
preferred ISO lengths. It should be understood that not all diameters of
screw are available in the above lengths. For example, the range of
lengths for an M3 screw lies between 5 and 35 mm, for an M10 screw
between 12 and 100 mm for one particular type of head. The same range
will also not cover different types of head, hence the necessity to check
stock lists.

ISO metric socket cap screws:

These screws are distinguished by square knurling on the heads.
Generally, the lengths of standard screws increase in increments of 5
mm and 10 mm, but the exact range should be checked from the
manufacturers catalogue.

ISO metric socket countersunk head screws:

The basic requirement for countersunk head screws is that the head
should fit into a countersunk hole with as great a degree of flushness as
possible. To achieve this it is necessary for both the head of the screw
and the countersunk hole to be controlled within prescribed limits. The
maximum or design size of the head is controlled by a theoretical
diameter to a sharp corner and the minimum head angle of 90. The
minimum head size is controlled by a minimum head diameter, the
maximum head angle of 92and a flushness tolerance. The edge of the
head may be (a) pan, (b) button, (c) round, (d) truss, (e) flat
(countersunk), (f) oval.

ISO metric hexagon socket set screws:

These screws are available with a variety of pointed ends. In all cases
the overall length includes the chamfer at the socket end and the point.

Machine screws:

Head shapes for machine screws have been rationalized in BS EN ISO

1580 and BS EN ISO 7045. For the purpose of this British Standard, the
generic term screws’ applies to products which are threaded up to
the head or having an unthreaded portion of the
shank. The length of the thread is defined as the
distance from the end of the screw, and this
includes any chamfer, radius or cone point, to the
leading face of the nut which has been screwed as
far as possible onto the screw by hand. Note on
the illustrations which follow that in the case of
the countersunk head types of screw, the length
of the screw includes the countersunk part of the head. For pan and
cheese head screws, the screw length does not include the head. The
Standard should be consulted for manufacturing dimensional tolerances,
also concentricity tolerances for the heads of the screws. The
illustrations which follow show each of the screws and tables are also
given showing the dimensions of regularly used sizes. The sizes quoted
in the tables are for screws manufactured in steel. Standard screws are
also available in brass but generally the range is not quite so extensive.
For all of the machine screws illustrated here, the countersunk head
types have an included angle of 90.

Machine screw nuts:

A range of machine screw nuts is covered by BS EN
ISO 1580 and BS EN ISO 7045 and these nuts are
manufactured in two different patterns, square and
hexagon.

Locking and retaining devices:

The function of a locking device is to prevent loosening or
disengagement of mating components which may be operating under
varying conditions of stress, temperature and vibration. The
effectiveness of the locking device may be vital to
safety. One of the simplest locking devices is a
locknut and these are generally thin plain nuts which
are tightened against ordinary plain nuts or against
components into which male threaded items are
assembled. To ensure efficient locking, the bearing
surfaces of the nut and component must bed together
evenly and the correct degree of tightness obtained by
applying the designed torque loading. The locknut should not be over
tightened as this may result in the stripping of the nut threads or
overstressing of the male component. In cases where rotation can occur,
the plain nut must be held stationary whilst the locknut is tightened.

Slotted nuts and castle nuts:

One method of preventing nuts from coming loose is to
drill the bolt and use a pin through the assembly. Slotted
nuts are available for sizes M4 to M39 and have six slots.
Castle nuts are also available with six slots between sizes
M12 to M39 and eight slots between sizes M42 and
M68. For convenience in drawing both types of nuts, the
total thickness can be approximated to the thread diameter plus 2
millimetres. The dimensions for the hexagons can be taken from Table
16.1. Slotted nuts are reusable but difficult to apply where access is
limited.

Simmond’s locknut:

This type of locknut incorporates a collar manufactured

from nylon or fibre and the collar is slightly smaller in
diameter than the internal thread diameter. On assembly, the
stud or bolt forces its way through the resilient collar which
provides a frictional lock. The locknut is a little thicker than
a conventional nut.

Spring washers:
This type of washer is produced as a single or a double coil spring. The
cross section is rectangular. Generally this type of washer
dispenses with the simple plain washer although a plain washer
can be used at the same time with assemblies where the
component is manufactured from relatively soft light alloys. The
free height of double coil washers before compression is
normally about five times the thickness of the steel section.

Shake proof washers:

This type of washer is generally made from spring steel

and serrations are formed on either the internal or
external diameters. These serrations then bite into the
pressure faces between the nut and the component when
the nut is assembled. Some slight disfiguration of the
component may result on assembly but this is of little
significance except where anti-corrosion treatment of the component
surface has previously been carried out. Some screws are pre-assembled
with conical lock washers which are free to rotate but do not come off.
Toothed lock washers combat vibration and are especially suited to
rough parts or surfaces.
Wire locking:

Non-corrodible steel and brass wire, of the appropriate gauge, are

normally used for wire locking. Generally, a hole is provided for this
purpose in the component to be locked and the wire is passed through
and twisted. The lay of the wire between the anchorage and
the component must always be such as to resist any
tendency of the locked part or parts to become loose. The
operation is performed with a single strand of wire. The
wire is passed in sequence through the holes in the bolts and
the ends are twisted together to tension the wire loop. Note,
that in order to become loose, the bolts must turn in an
anticlockwise direction but this will have the effect of increasing the
tension in the wire loop. The locking wire should only be used once.
Tab washers:
Tab washers are thin metal washers designed with two or more tabs
which project from the external diameter. On assembly, a tab is bent
against the component or sometimes into a hole in the component. Other
tabs are then bent up against the correctly tightened nut. Another pattern
has a tab projecting from the inside diameter and
this is intended to fit into a slot machined in the
bolt, whilst the external tabs are again bent
against the flat sides of the nut. The deformation
of the tab washer is such that it is intended to be
used only once.
Locking plates:

Locking plates are manufactured usually from mild steel and fit over
hexagonal nuts after these have been tightened on assembly. The locking
plate is then secured on the component by a separate screw which may
itself be fitted with a shake proof or spring type of washer. Locking
plates may be used repeatedly, provided they remain a good fit, around
the hexagon of the nut or the bolt head. Locking plates may
be cranked, or flat. There is a selection of locking terminals
where a ‘Shake proof’ washer and a soldering lug are
combined into one unit, thus saving assembly time. The
locking teeth anchor the terminal to the base, to prevent
shifting of the terminal in handling, while the twisted teeth
produce a multiple bite which penetrates an oxidized or
painted surface to ensure good conductivity. All three types of locking
terminal are generally made from phosphor bronze with a hot-tinned
finish.
Taper pins and parallel pins:
Taper pins, with a taper of 1 in 50, and parallel pins are used on both
solid and tubular sections to secure, for example,
levers to torque shafts and control rods to fork ends.
Some taper pins are bifurcated, or split, and the legs
can be opened out for locking. Plain taper pins and
parallel pins may also be locked by peening. To
prevent slackness, these pins are assembled in
accurate reamed holes. Undue force should not be
used during the peening process or the security of
the fittings may be impaired if the pin is bent.
On assembly, a hole is drilled which is slightly smaller than the diameter
at the small end of the taper pin and this is enlarged by a taper pin
reamer so that the small end of the taper pin, when pushed through the
assembly, is flush with the surface. The pin is then driven into position.
If the pin is of the bifurcated type, then the legs are spread to form an
included angle of about 60.

Split cotter pins:

Ferrous and non ferrous split cotter pins are
covered by BS 1574. The designating size
of a split cotter pin is the size of the hole
for which it is intended to fit. When
reference is made to a split cotter pin in a
parts list, this nominal dimension is
followed by the length required. The closed
legs of the shank of the pin form a circular cross section. The legs should
be straight and parallel throughout their nominal length.

Locking by adhesives:
Small components found in, for example, instruments and switches may
be locked by the application of Shellac, Araldite, Loctite, or similar
materials. Shellac and Loctite are usually applied to the threads of nuts,
bolts, screws and studs and the components are assembled while still
wet. The parts should be free from grease to achieve maximum strength.
Araldite is applied to the outside of the nut face and the protruding screw
thread, after tightening. Araldite is an adhesive
which hardens, after mixing, within a specified time period.
Peening:
This operation prevents re-use of the screw or bolt but locking can be
carried out by peening over about 11/2 threads. This practice can be used
in the case of screwed pivots and a simple example is often found in a
pair of scissors. in the case of nuts and bolts, peening is carried down to
the nut to prevent it from slackening. Countersunk screws may be locked
by peening metal from the surroundings into the screw slot. This
practice is sometimes adopted when the thread is inaccessible.

Thread-cutting screws:
Barber and Colman Ltd are the manufacturers of ‘Shake proof’ thread-
cutting screws and washers. ‘Shake proof’ thread-cutting screws
made from carbon steel are subjected to a special heat-treatment
which provides a highly carburized surface with a toughened
resilient core. The additional strength provided enables higher
tightening torques to be used, and will often permit the use of a
smaller-size thread cutting screw than would normally be
specified for a machine screw. Thread-cutting screws actually cut their
own mating thread; in any thickness of material a perfect thread-fit
results in greatly increased holding power, extra vibration-resistance,
and a faster assembly. The hard, keen cutting edge produces a clean-cut
thread, from which the screw can be removed, if
desired, without damage to screw or the cut
thread. The most suitable drill sizes for use with
these screws are generally larger than standard
tapping-drill sizes, but this apparent loss of thread
engagement is more than offset by the perfect
thread-fit obtained. There are several types of
these screws :Type 1 is recommended for use in
steel and non-ferrous sheet and plate, and they are
manufactured with a wide shank slot and are eminently suitable for
paint-clearing applications, as they completely eliminate the need for
expensive pre-production tapping of painted assemblies. Type 23 screws
incorporate a special wide cutting slot with an acute cutting angle for
fast, easy thread-cutting action and ample swarf clearance. These screws
are specially designed for application into soft metals or plastics where a
standard thread form is required. The Type 25 thread-cutting screw has a
specially spaced thread form which is designed for fast efficient
fastening into plastics and sheet-metal applications. A ‘Teks’ self-
drilling screw which, with a true drilling action, embodies three basic
operations in one device. It (1) prepares its own hole, (2) either cuts or
forms a mating thread, and (3) makes a complete fastening in a single
operation. These screws consist of an actual drill point to which a
threaded screw-fastener has been added. Several different head styles are
available. During the drilling stage, Teks must be supported rigidly from
the head. Some bench mounted, automatically fed
screwdrivers provide a holding means which retracts as
the screw is finally driven home. Other drivers connect
with the fastener only through the bit or socket. A good-
fitting Phillips or Pozidriv bit will normally drive several
thousand of these screws, and a hex socket, for hex-head
designs, will drive even more. For long screws or
applications requiring absolutely guaranteed driving
stability, a special chuck is available which holds the screw with three
fingers and retracts upon contacting the work surface. These screws are
suitable for fastening sheet steel of 16 gauge, or thicker, within 5
seconds maximum while using a power tool.

There are literally hundreds of industrial fastening systems available,

associated with automobile, construction, electronics and aerospace
developments.
Manufacturers’ catalogues are freely
available to provide technical
specifications and necessary details for
designers. One further advantage of CAD
systems is that such information can be
used to build a library of useful data and
drawings, which are invaluable, where
contract drawings use a repetition of similar parts.
References:

Book : Manual of Engineering Drawing to British and International

Standards

Internet :

1. ^ Smith 1990, p. 39.

2. ^ Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1492.
3. ^ "Cambridge Dictionary of American English". Cambridge
University Press. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?
key=screw*1+0&dict=A. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
4. ^ "allwords". http://www.allwords.com/query.php?
SearchType=3&Keyword=screw&goquery=Find+it
%21&Language=ENG. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
5. ^ "Merriam Webster Dictionary bolt". http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/bolt. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
6. ^ "Compact Oxford English Dictionary bolt". Oxford.
http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/bolt_1?view=uk.
Retrieved 2008-12-03.
7. ^ "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary bolt".
Cambridge University Press.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?
key=8680&dict=CALD. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
8. ^ "The Fastener Resource Center - Know your Bolts".
http://www.fastenerexperts.com/bolt-guide/. Retrieved 2011-03-
13.
9. ^ Oberg et al. 2000, pp. 1568–1598.
10. ^ Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1496.
11. ^ "Distinguishing Bolts from Screws page 7".
http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/trade/legal/informed_compli
ance_pubs/icp013.ctt/icp013.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
12. ^ Fastener Quality Act (FQA): Text of the Fastener Quality
Act - fqaregs2
13. ^ B18.2.1 - 1996 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch
Series - Print-Book
14. ^ "autorepair.com Glossary - lug bolt".
http://autorepair.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-900.htm.
Retrieved 2009-01-13.