Assignment No: 01

Name: Maham Shehzadi

Roll no: CB435288

English Literature

Question No: 01

Unit 1 states that “literature is the reflection of society”. Do you agree?

Discuss with the help of examples from a literary text.

Literature is a mirror of reflection of a society that literature is a reflection of the

society is a fact that has been widely acknowledged. Literature indeed reflects the

society its good values and its ills. In its corrective function literature mirrors the

ills of the society with a view to making the society realize its mistakes and make

amends. It also projects the virtues or good values in the society for people to

emulate. Literature as an imitation of human action often presents a picture of what

people think say and do in the society. In literature we find stories designed to

portray human life and action through some characters who by their words action

and reaction convey certain messages for the purpose of education information and

entertainment. It is impossible to find a work of literature that excludes the

attitudes morale and values of the society since no writer has been brought up
completely unexposed to the world around him. What writers of literature do is to

transport the real-life events in their society into fiction and present it to the society

as a mirror with which people can look at themselves and make amends where

necessary. Thus literature is not only a reflection of the society but also but also

serves as mirror in when members of the look at themselves and find the need for

positive change. Each literary work reflects the social political economic or

religious situation of the society in which it is set. Literature is an imitation of

human life and action it is a reflection to the human society. Literature not only

reflects the society but serves as a mirror in which members of the society can look

at themselves and see the need for positive change. Poetry is out and out a product

of imagination, while prose is the fruit of intellect. The earlier from of poetry is the

epic. In Italian Greek German English or Indian epic we can find a clear reflection

of the ancient social history of the countries.

Next to poetry the drama is another mirror of society. The drama is partly a

creation of imagination and partly of real life .The plays of Marlowe Ben Jonson

Shakespeare Goethe Aeschylus Plautus Seneca and others are more or less

reflections of their own times and peoples although there is quite a good element of

the works. IT must contain some elements of real life leaving aside the historical

dramas most of the other dramas in every country throw considerable light upon

the social political moral and even economic life of the time and the people. The
play of Shakuntala or the plays of Shaw are to a great extent a mirror of the society

of the ancient and modern times of the Sub-continent and F.ngleand.A few of the

stories and novels deal exclusively with historical themes and such works are

essentially realistic and serve as the correct picture of society. The novels of Scott.

Galsworthy Perm Chant Maupassant are of this type. Most of the modern stories

and novels of Russia and France are realistic and they do reflect the society of the

times of their countries the stories and novels of America or France or even of

England have still in them a great element of imagination and therefore they are

the best mirror of society.

It is imagination that makes thing colorful while it is reality that makes thing rather

charmless and even unpleasant so it is the works of the imaginative writers that

provide food for recreation to the readers because they allow the readers to have a

temporary escape from the realities of life while the works to realistic writers serve

as the mirror of society and contemporary life and times.

Question No: 02

What is plot in a story? Explain by giving example of the different stages of

the plot of the story ‘Pride and Prejudice’ by Jane Austen.

plots follow a chronological order. In other words they proceed in the order in

which the events happen. There are different stages in a plot and these are

Exposition

This is the where the story begins. At this stage the characters and the setting are

introduced. Most importantly we are introduced to the main conflict main problem.

Rising Action

At this stage the story begins to develop basically the conflict become prominent.

The expectations of the readers build and they take interest in the story. 

Climax

This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face

with a conflict and most probably will change in some way.

Falling Action

All loose ends of the plot are tied up. At this stage the conflict and climax are taken

care of.

Resolution

The story comes to a reasonable ending. Putting It All Together

Question No: 03

What are the literary devices? Define and explain with the help of examples

from any literary text that you have read.

Literary devices figures of speech figurative language poetic devices are one of the

same. Literary devices or figures of speech refer to specific aspects of literature

which expresses ideas through language and which we readers can recognize

identify interpret or analyses. Literary devices or figures of speech are the means

by which authors who can be novelist poet dramatists or prose writers create

meaning through language and by which readers can understand and that the

person is very or extremely hungry. If someone says he is starving. It’s not mean

that he is dying by hunger. This is a simple example of a Figure of speech where

the word starving is used to heighten or exaggerate the state that the person is

describing.

A greedy money lender is described as a "vulture". It does not mean that the person

is actually the animal vulture but since the connotation of this word is very

negative calling a greedy person vulture exaggerates the image and this is what we

call a figure of speech.

Language that you will mostly find in poetry: 

 Alternative:

When two or more words in a poem begin with the same letter or sound. Read a

short poem to understand alliteration.

Hyperbole:

Hyperbole is exaggeration in literature especially in prose and poetry which is used

to express humor and emphasize interesting and vibrant images. Read examples of

hyperbole or exaggeration used for effect.

He weighs a ton.

That building can touch the clouds.

I could eat a horse!

My school bag weighs a ton.

The mountain of paperwork weighed heavily on the teacher's desk.

Their house was so big that it t took a week to walk from one end to the other.

The leaves danced in the summer breeze.

The use of descriptive details that helps create images in the minds of readers.

Imagery helps us se hear fee smell or taste. So we can say that imagery is the use

of vivid description usually rich in sensory words to create pictures or images in

the reader's mind. Creating poetry requires the use of imagery. Go back and read

the poem "Daffodils" by Wordsworth. Here are a few lines from the poem to

illustrate imagery in that poem:

A host of golden daffodils beside the lake beneath the trees Fluttering and dancing

in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way

they stretched in never-ending line along the margin of a bay.

Irony:

It is a figure of speech which depicts contradiction that is the opposite of what is

meant. It is a contradictory statement. We often use irony in our day-to-day lives

especially when it comes to passing a sarcastic remark to someone we don't like.

There is a difference between what the statement means and what the speaker

wants to convey. In other words the statement has a double meaning. Read a few
examples of ironic statements:

 The water is as pure and transparent as the mud.

What is conveyed in this statement is the degree of impurity in the water.

I couldn't win the match thanks to the correct decisions of the Umpire.

The statement clearly indicates that the player was not at all satisfied with the

decisions made by the Umpire. The boy is so intelligent that he failed in all the

subjects.

Metaphor

A metaphor is a comparison between two unrelated objects showing how they can

be similar yet very different. A metaphor is a literary term that is used to relate two

objects to one another by comparison.

 Read some interesting examples of metaphors:

Behram ran like the wind. The sentence has a simile because it compares Behram

to the wind using the word like.

Behram is the racehorse. 

The sentence has metaphor because there is a comparison between two unrelated
things or ideas a person Behram and an animal racehorse

Life is a journey. 

This too is a metaphor.

The room was a refrigerator. A refrigerator is very cold. 

In this example refrigerator is a metaphor because it is being applied to the room

to imply that the room was very cold.

The teenage boy's stomach was a bottomless pit. A bottomless pit can never be

filled.

 In this example bottomless pit is a metaphor because it is being applied to the

teenage boy's stomach to imply that his appetite could never be satisfied (that is his

stomach could never be filled).

Simile:

A simile is a comparison using like or as.It usually compares two dissimilar

objects. For example:

His feet were as big boats.

A metaphor states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison but it does
not use like or as to make the comparison. Metaphors are comparisons that show

how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in one important way.

Metaphors are a way to describe something. Authors use them to make their

writing more interesting or entertaining. For example:

if Her hair is silk. The sentence is comparing that hair is silk.

 Her hair is silk.

The sentence is comparing (or stating) that hair is silk.

 The water is like the sun.

 Metaphor and simile are quite different but are commonly confused simply

because they are so very similar in nature.

 A good book is like a good meal. 

This is a simile suggesting that a book may be as mentally nourishing and

satisfying as a meal. Metaphor suggesting that veins in our body are like a

road network transporting blood to different parts of the body.

Read a few more examples of simile:

He's as hairy as a gorilla.

The test was as easy as ABC.

I was embarrassed and my face was as red as a ripe tomato.

My love is like a red, red rose.

The world is like a stage.

Onomatopoeia:

Onomatopoeia is a word which imitates a nice or action. Words such as buzz or

murmur imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.  

The fly buzzed past:

 The word buzzed is a word which sounds like a fly flying.

Here are other onomatopoeia words

Boom bane lash and woof.

Read poem that has

The fly buzzed past. The word buzzed is a word which sounds like a fly flying.

Read a short interesting and unusual poem that has onomatopoeia:

                                                                Cafeteria
                                                                 Boom!

                                                         Went the food trays.

                                                              Clap! Clap!

                                                        Goes the teacher. Rip!

                                                          Went the plastic bag.

                                                          Munch! Munch!

                                                    Go the students.

                                                           Slurp!!!

                                                   Went the straws.

                                                         Whisper

Is une half the kids

In the room

are doing
crunch

crunch

go

the candy bars

personification:

Sometimes a writer gives human characteristics to a non-human things. They may

perform human actions. 1 his type of figurative language is called personification.

It helps the writer create an exciting picture in the reader's mind. It is literary

device or figure of speech literary artists especially poets use to attribute human

characteristics to non-living objects animals or abstract ideas.

 Read the following examples that illustrate personification:

The sailboat danced gracefully past us.

The flames ate hungrily at the burning house.

The once-proud frees bent meekly before the storm. The broad flat rock lay

sunning itself by the stream.

Poetry is the form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic

and emotional qualities”. Elaborate.

Poetry

In the words of William Wordsworth, "poetry is the  spontaneous overflow of

powerful feelings recollected in tranquility". Poetry is a creative literary piece

made up of specially arranged words in meter or free verse. Poetry is written to be

heard its meanings are conveyed through sound. 

Devices of poetry

The theme is the idea point of view or perception presented in the poem. It

expresses the poet's vision. The moral are lessons that the readers can leam from

the poem. The setting is the place where the poem takes place and the time when it

is written. Setting also represents the social environment to the time. Style refers to

the way a poet uses language to express his/her ideas. The following are the

literary devices commonly used by poets:

Imagery

Imagery may be defined as the poet's words through which we perceive an idea or

image that can appeal to all five smell and taste. Essentially unlike in similes the
comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase such as like as than

similar to resembles or seems in metaphors the comparison is implied.

Personification

Personification is a technique of giving human qualities portraits to an animal

object or a concept. When analyzing poetry we need to keep in mind the following

things:

 The poet's background the time period the work was written.

 The title of the poem.

 Different poetic devices or figures of speech employed by the poet.

 The tone mood theme message and subject etc.

Question NO: 05

Q.5 Describe how romantic novel differs from other types of novels? Also give

Example of a romantic novel that you have read.

Romantic Novel is a kind of novel that developed in the western cult mainly in

English-speaking countries. Novels in this genre place their primary focus on

the relationship and romantic love between two people and have an
 emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending. In Pakistan the following

English most acclaimed novels. It is a story of a young orphan Jane tyre who

suffers various hardships but ultimately falls love with the hero Mr.

Rochester. It is considered as a perfect romantic classic. "Pride and Prejudice"

is a romantic novel written in 1813, by Jane Austen and is the most read novel

worldwide. The novel tells the story about the initial misunderstanding

between

" Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronte published in 1847 has long been one

of the most popular and highly regarded romantic novels in English literature.

"Gone with the Wind" is a world famous American romantic novel which is

still widely read. It was written by Margaret Mitchell in 1936.

In Pakistan there are hundreds of famous writers who have written timeless

classics. Here we would like to mention Razia Butt who is definitely

considered one of Pakistan's top most Urdu novelists. Her romantic novels not

only entertain us but also carry lessons and hidden messages for us to refine

our character and broaden our thinking. The list of her romantic novels is

endless, yet her novels "Naila", "Saiqa", "Najia" and many more are still

extensively read all over the country. Similarly A. R. Khatoon is one such

novelist whose romantic novels are also considered enduring classics.

Question No: 06
Who is the protagonist of Jane Eyre? Discuss how the protagonist is different

from other characters.

Jane Eyre is the protagonist and the main narrator of the novel. She grows into a

highly sensitive independent woman. Her journey is filled with hardships as she

face stiff resistance from everyone she meets. When the novel begins she is an

isolated powerless ten-year-old living with an aunt and cousins who dislike her. As

the novel progresses she grows in strength. She distinguishes herself at Lowood

School because of her hard work and strong intellectual abilities. As a governess at

Thom field she leams of the pleasures and pains of love through her relationship

with Edward Rochester. After being deceived by him she goes to Marsh End,

where she regains her spiritual focus and discovers her own strength when she

rejects St. John River's marriage proposal. By novel's end she has become a

powerful independent woman blissfully married to the man she loves Rochester.

The development of Jane Eyre's character is central to the novel. From the

beginning Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth arid dignity a commitment to

justice and principle a trust in God and a passionate disposition. Interestingly the

most significant decision she makes - to leave Mr. Rochester when he asks her to.

Become his mistress - goes directly against her romantic wishes. She wants to stay

with Mr. Rochester and freely admits that she still loves him but She doesn't let her
romantic feelings overwhelm all her other beliefs so she passes this round. Jane

drives the plot forward at every lum. While a substantial amount of the romantic

elements to the story arc arranged by Mr. Rochester Jane's decisions form the focal

points of the novel. She is the one who decides where she goes and what she docs

and while other characters do influence her decisions she still has an impact

ontheplot. Jane has a number with a wide range of female characters. She's terrified

of the first Mrs. Rochester, even though she rarely sees her. She gets on well with

the servants at Thomficld Hall has a sisterly relationship with her long-lost cousins

and has a mother-daughter relationship with her pupil Adele. At the beginning of

the novel she hates her guardian Mrs. Reedmand her two daughters but as the

novel goes on she forgives them and secs their flaws in a more dispassionate light.

She rejects the extremist models of Brocklehurst, Helen Bums, and St. John, and

eventually settles on a spirituality of love and connection. The novel ends happily

for Jane not only docs she maintain her independence and live with the man she

loves she is able to overcome the social constraints of her position as governess

and become a heroine with which every reader can relate. When the novel begins

she is an isolated powerless tcn-ycar-old living with an aunt and cousins who

dislike her. As the novel progresses she grows in strength. She distinguishes

herself at Lowood School because of her hard work and strong intellectual

abilities. As a governess at thorn field she learns of the pleasures and pains of love
through her relationship with Edward Rochester. After being deceived by him she

goes to Marsh End where she regains her spiritual focus and discovers her own

strength when she rejects St. John River's marriage proposal. By novel's end she

has become a powerful independent woman blissfully married to the man she loves

Rochester. The development of Jane Eyre's character is central to the novel from

the beginning Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth and dignity a commitment

to justice and principle a trust in God and a passionate disposition. Interestingly the

most significant decision she makes - to leave Mr. Rochester when he asks her to

become his mistress - goes directly against her romantic wishes She wants to stay

with Mr. Rochester and freely admits that she still loves him but She doesn't let her

romantic feelings overwhelm all her other wishes She wants to stall cluster and

freely admits that she still

loves him but She doesn't let her romantic feelings overwhelm all her other

beliefs so she passes this round. Jane is a constantly progressing character. In the

first pan of the novel we see ' her as a child unloved by the aunt who took her in.

She lashes out at her aunt and cousins and is prone to frequent rages, but

eventually learns to control her temper and forgive her adopted family. Over the

course of the novel we see her become a more confident character secure in her

own beliefs. Jane drives the plot forward at every turn. While a substantial amount

of the romantic elements to the story are arranged by Mr. Rochester Jane's
decisions form the focal points of the novel. She is the one who decides where she

goes and what she does and while other characters do influence her decisions, she

still has an impact on the plot. Jane has a number of relationships with a wide

range of female characters. She's terrified of the first Mrs. Rochester, even though

she rarely sees her. She’s terrified of the first Mrs. Rochester, even though she

rarely sees her. She gets on well with the servants at Thom field Hall, has a sisterly

relationship with her long-lost cousins and has a mother-daughter relationship with

her pupil Adele. At the beginning of the novel she hates her guardian. Mrs. Reed,

and her two daughter but as the novel goes on she forgives them arid sees their

flaws in a more dispassionate light. She rejects the extremist models of

Brocklehurst, Helen Bums, and St John, and eventually settles on a spirituality of

love and connection. The novel ends happily for Jane: not only does she maintain

her independence and live with the man she loves, she is able to overcome the

social constraints of her position as governess and become a heroine with which

every leader can relate

Question No: 07

Read the excerpt of ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte given in your textbook

and write the summary of the story in your own words.

Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed her cruel wealthy aunt.

A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she

telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day as punishment for

fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed Jane's aunt imprisons Jane in the

red-room the room in which Jane's Uncle Reed died. Once at the Lowood

School Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic.  The school's headmaster is

Mr. Brocklehurst a cruel hypocritical and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches

a doctrine of poverty to his students while using the school's funds to provide

a wealthy and opulent lifestyle tor his own family. At Lowood Jane befriends

a young girl named Helen Bums whose strong martyr like attitude toward the

school's miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus

epidemic sweeps Lowood and Helen dies of tuberculosis. The epidemic also

results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the

miserable conditions at Brocklehurst's place. Jane's life improves dramatically

She spends eight more years at Lowood six as a student and two as a teacher.

After teaching for two years Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a

governess position at a manor called "Thom field" where she teaches a lively

French girl named Adele. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax

housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane's employer at Thom

field is a dark emotional man named Rochester with whom Jane finds herself

falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night which he

claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. Jane sinks into

sadness when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named

Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester

instead proposes to Jane who accepts almost disbelievingly. The wedding day

arrives and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows the

voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife. Mason

introduces himself as the brother of that wife- a woman named Bertha. Mr.

Faison testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young

man in Jamaica is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason's claims but he

explains that Bertha Thorn field. Where they witness the insane Bertha Mason

scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps

Bertha hidden on the third story of thorn field and pays Grace Poole to keep

his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier

in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester Jane

flees thorn field. Penniless and hungry Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and

beg for food. At last three siblings who live in a manor called "Marsh End" or
"Moor House". Their names are Mary. Diana and St. John Rivers and Jane

quickly becomes friends with them. St, John is a clergyman and he finds Jane

a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by

declaring that her uncle John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune:

20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news he shocks her

further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle and they are cousins.

Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three

newfound relatives. St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary and lie

urges Jane to accompany him-as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but

refuses to marry her cousin because she pressures her

However she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves

and then one night she hears Rochester's voice calling her name. Jane

immediately hurries back to Thomfteld and finds that it has been burned to the

ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the

servants but lost it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost

her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one

of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester's new residence Femdean where he

lives with two servants named John and Mary. At Fern dean, Rochester and

Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story Jane

writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and
Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two

years of blindness Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold

their f first son at his birth.