1

1 Water is required for the process of photosynthesis.

Describe one function of water in a plant other than for photosynthesis.

..............transport mineral ions............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Carbon dioxide enters plant cells by diffusion.

The word diffusion on the left can be joined to two boxes on the right to make two correct statements
about diffusion.

Draw two straight lines from diffusion to the boxes to complete the two statements.

[2]

[Total: 2]
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3 More than 40 years ago, botanists studied the leaves of broad bean plants and discovered that
guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. They found that stomata were open when
the guard cells were turgid.

The table shows some of their measurements.

closed open
stomata stomata

ion concentration in guard cells / pmol 0.3 2.5

3
4000.0 6500.0
guard cell volume / µm

turgor pressure in the guard cells / MPa 2.0 4.8

width of stomatal opening / µm 0.0 8.0

Ions move into guard cells by active transport.

Describe how the ions move into the guard cells.

.................via active transport, using energy from respiration, against the concentration
gradient .................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

4 Describe the ways in which diffusion is different to active transport.

.................................Diffusion doesn’t require energy from respiration

Diffusion is particles moving from high concentration to low concentration, active transport is moving against the
concentration gradient.

Active transport occurs only in living organism........................ [3]

[Total: 3]
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5 The diagram shows water and sugar molecules on either side of a partially permeable membrane.

partially permeable membrane

key
sugar molecule
X Y
water molecule

What happens during osmosis?

water molecules pass through the membrane from X to Y than from Y to X.

D More water molecules pass through the membrane from Y to X than from X to Y.

[1]

[Total: 1]
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6 Which diagram shows the changes in appearance of a plant cell when it remains in a concentrated
sugar solution for thirty minutes?

[1]

[Total: 1]
 5

7 The data shows the results of an investigation on osmosis using sticks of potato.

concentration of length of potato

length of potato
sugar solution stick after
3 stick at start / mm
24 hours / mm
/ mol per dm

0.6 60 54

Which statements explain this change in length?

movement of water cause of movement

The sugar solution has a higher water
A into the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a lower water
B into the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a higher water
C out of the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.
The sugar solution has a lower water
D out of the potato cells
potential than the potato cells.

[1]

[Total: 1]

8 (a) Living cells may take in useful substances by diffusion.

(i) Define the term diffusion.

.......diffusion is particles moving from a high concentration to low concentration, down the
concentration gradient .........................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(ii) Complete the Table below by naming the substances that move by diffusion in the
following parts of the body.
name of substance
part of body direction of diffusion
that diffuses
from air in alveolus to red blood
lungs cell

oxygen across villus to blood in capillary glucose

small intestine

from muscle cell to blood in

biceps metabolic carbon dioxide
capillary

[3]

[Total: 5]

9 Explain how water enters the roots of trees from the soil.

...........................water enters the roots of trees via osmosis, the soil has higher concentration of water than the root,
therefore water moves down the water potential gradient to the root hairs and pass a partially permeable membrane

............................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

10 Pea plants grow well in soils that are deficient in nitrogen.

Explain how root hair cells of pea plants absorb nitrate ions from soils with low nitrate concentrations.

.............To absorb nitrate ions from low nitrate concentration, the root hair cells must use active transport using the
energy from respiration. The nitrate ions move against the concentration gradient with the support from carrier
molecules. .....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
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11 A strong solution of salt accidentally flooded a field of young rice plants.

The graph shows the effect on two varieties of rice in the field.

100
variety X

80

60
percentage
plants alive
40

20
variety Y
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time after flooding / days

What causes the effect shown by the graph?

A Water enters the root cells of X.

B Water enters the root cells of Y.

C Water leaves the root cells of X.

D Water leaves the root cells of Y.

[1]

[Total: 1]

12 Some red blood cells were placed in distilled water and others were placed in three salt solutions
of different concentrations.

Which diagram shows the appearance of a cell after being in the distilled water for a short time?

A B C D

[1]

[Total: 1]
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13 More than 40 years ago, botanists studied the leaves of broad bean plants and discovered that
guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. They found that stomata were open when
the guard cells were turgid.

The table shows some of their measurements.

closed stomata open stomata

ion concentration in guard cells / pmol 0.3 2.5

3
4000.0 6500.0
guard cell volume / µm

turgor pressure in the guard cells / MPa 2.0 4.8

width of stomatal opening / µm 0.0 8.0

Describe and explain how the change in ion concentration causes the guard cell volume to change.

Use the information in the table in your answer.

Higher concentration of ions cause volume of guard cell to increase. When stomata is closed the ion concentration is
0.3 and the volume is 4000. But when the stomata are opened, the ion concentration is 2.5 and the volume is 6500

Higher concentration of ions causes the water potential to lower

Higher concentration of ion causes water to move into guard cell pass a partially permeable membrane and increase
volume

Larger cell cause turgor pressure to increase

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]
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14 The functioning of ecosystems relies on the cycling of nutrients.

The diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

Describe how nitrate ions enter the roots of plants shown by arrow C on the diagram.

Active transport, using the energy from respiration, across membranes ................................... [3]

[Total: 3]
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15 The blood flow through the skin of some volunteers was measured with a flow-meter when their
skin was exposed to different temperatures.

Capsaicin is a compound that gives people the sensation of feeling hot when it is put on the skin.
Researchers applied capsaicin to the skin of the volunteers and again measured the blood flow
through their skin at different temperatures.

The graph below shows the results.

The researchers thought that capsaicin stimulated receptors in the skin.

Explain the process by which capsaicin could reach these receptors.

Capsaicin could reach these receptors via diffusion, down the concentration
gradient .................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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16 The diagram below shows an animal cell and a plant cell as seen with a light microscope.

animal cell plant cell

The cells were kept in a dilute salt solution. They were then transferred to distilled water.

Explain what will happen to each of these two cells when they are placed into distilled water.

..............animal cell will burst because the water potential of distilled water is higher than the water potential in the
cell so water will move into the cell and make the cell to burst

..the plant will become turgid because the water potential of distilled water is higher than the water potential in the
cell so water will move into the cell and make the cell to
turgid ........................................................................................ [4]

[Total: 4]

17 (a) Explain the function of the renal capsule in the kidney.

For filtration, high blood pressure helps filtrate to pass through capsule, ..........

[3]
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(b) Glucose is reabsorbed, back into the blood, by active transport.

Define active transport.

Active transport is action of substance move against the concentration gradient from low concentration to high
concentration through a membrane. Active transport requires energy from respiration to
occur. ...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Give one example, other than glucose, of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood from
the renal tubule.

water........................ [1]

[Total: 6]

18 If blood glucose concentration is very high there is a decrease in the water potential of the blood.
This may damage the red blood cells.

Explain how a decrease in water potential of the blood may damage red blood cells.

.............................................because when water potential in the red blood cells are higher than the water potential in
the blood, the water will move out of the red blood cell and cause the cell to
shrink ..................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]