AM - TV Broadcasting Design

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AM-TV Broadcasting Design

( Province of PALAWAN)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
Presented by:
Melo, Raquel T.
Mendiola, John Kenneth M.
Morales, Jan Erich Gerhard I.
Salcedo, Neilsen Brendan T.
Victorio, Sean Albert T.
Presented To:
Engr. Rufino O. Ochoco Jr.
February 24, 2017

APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

in Electronics Engineering. This design entitled ―AM-TV BROADCASTING DESIGN
(Province of Palawan)a‖ has been prepared and submitted by the following students:
MELO, RAQUEL T.
MENDIOLA, JOHN KENNETH M.
MORALES, JAN ERICH GERHARD I.
SALCEDO, NEILSEN BRENDAN T.
VICTORIO, SEAN ALBERT T.
Engr. Jessie R. Mendoza Engr. Alfhie C. Enriquez Engr. Mark Jommel S. Nasol
Panelist Panelist Panelist
Engr. Rufino O. Ochoco, Jr. Dr. Wilfredo L. Timajo

Instructor, Broadcast Comms Department Head, ECE
Approved as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering with a grade of .
Engr. Armando P. Matias

Dean, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
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DEDICATION
This design study is dedicated to the following:
To our God, Our Almighty Father, who’s all, praises and glory
rightfully belongs.
To our beloved Parents, for their undying love and support that
never ceases to wither.
To our Mentors, who were always ready to answer our queries

during times of uncertainty.
To all our Friends and Classmates who were always ready to help
in times of difficulties.
To the future students, may this be a good reference to the study

you will make.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We, the AMO Broadcasting would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the people
who had helped and supported us throughout the preparation process of this AM-
TV Broadcast Design.
First of all, to our creator, almighty God who gave us strength, courage and wisdom
and solve all the problems encountered on the design. To our professor, Engr.
Rufino O. Ochoco Jr. who had been there to answer all the queries in our mind and
equip us with the basic knowledge about the AM-TV Broadcast.
To Salcedo family, for their continuous support to each member and allowing us to
use their home as our meeting place, giving us delicious food and also the use of
their internet network that helped us research the needed information in doing the
design.
To our classmates and friends who willingly shared their knowledge and opinions on
the design proper. Their endless support motivated us so we can have the best
output of the design.
To our panelists Engr. Mendoza, Engr. Enriquez and Engr. Nasol, for their
willingness to share their time and expertise. Their comments gave us in depth
information about Broadcast Communications Design.
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THE COMPANY
COMPANY PROFILE
AMO Broadcasting, the leading broadcasting company in the whole province
of Palawan which produces high quality, most innovative, and most reliable service
for the people of Palawan.
MISSION
Giving Palaweños the quality of service they truly deserve.
VISION
Rise above towards change.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Sheet i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
The Company iv
Table of Contents v
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1
Introduction 2
Technical Requirements for AM Broadcasting 3
Statement of the Problem 6
Objective of the Design 6
Scopes 7
Delimitations 8
Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE SITE 18
Overview of Palawan 19
Topography 21
Climate 22
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONN 25
SITE CONSIDERATIONS 26
FREQUENCY CONSIDERATION 26
TOWER CONSIDERATIONS 26
PERSONNEL PROTECTION CONSIDERATION 27
LIGHTING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION 27
STUDIO CONSIDERATION 27
LIGHTNING PROTECTION CONSIDERATION 28
GROUNDING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION 28
STATION PROGRAMS 29
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 30
AM Procedures 31
AM Design Procedure and Computations 33
Distance vs. Conductivity for each Radial 46
CHAPTER 5: REVERBRATION, GROUND WAVE FILED
72
INTENSITY & STL
Reverberation Time Calculations 73
Reverberation at 125Hz 76
GROUND WAVE FILED INTENSITY GRAPHS 85
STUDIO-to-TRANSMITTER LINK 104
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APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENTS 116
APPENDIX B: BILL OF MATERIALS 155
APPENDIX C: LAYOUTS 157
APPENDIX D: RESEARCH AND REFERENCE 164
APPENDIX E: ACTUAL DEFENSE PICTURES 167
APPENDIX F: PROPONENTS PROFILE 170
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Cities/ Municipalities in Palawan 23
Table 4.1 Inverse Field Strength for every Radial Angle 42
Table 4.2 Typical Soil Conductivity Values 46
Table 4.3 Typical Soil Conductivity Values 46
Table 4.4 Path Profile for Radial 0 and 360 47
Table 4.5 Path Profile for Radial 20 47
Table 5.1 Absorption Coefficient 74
Table 5.4 Reverberation at 125Hz 76
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Palawan Map 20

Figure 4.1 KBP Table of Channels for AM Broadcasting 33
Figure 4.2 Frequency VS. Antenna Height Graph 34
Figure 4.3 Effective Field Strength Graph 36
Figure 4.4 Radiation Pattern 37
Figure 4.5 Mutual Impedance Graph 38
Figure 4.6 Inverse Field Strength at 1km 39
Figure 4.7 Radial Angles from the Transmitter 43
Figure 4.8 Radiation Pattern for Palawan 44
Figure 4.9 Coverage Area for Palawan 45
Figure 5.1 Acceptable Room Reverberation Times 84
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN
1
INTRODUCTION
Broadcasting in general has been operating for such a long time now, and
the development of the technology seems to keep moving forward. Keeping up
close with the idea of a futuristic world. Broadcasting really has change the way of
living of people. It is considered to be the cheapest, fastest, and the most popular
means of communication. It is also used for educational purposes and
disseminating public information. The kind of source which most people rely.
In the current broadcasting field here in the Philippines, there are three
types of broadcasting that is presently and widely used in the country. One of
which employs amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method
developed for making audio radio transmissions, and is still used worldwide,
primarily for medium wave transmissions, but also on the longwave and shortwave
radio bands. The second is FM broadcasting; it is a method of radio broadcasting
using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by American
engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over
broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM
broadcasting. Lastly, the broadcast television systems are encoding or formatting
standards for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals. There
were three main analog television systems in use around the world until late
2010s: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. Now in digital television (DTV), there are four
main systems in use around the world: ATSC, DVB, ISDB and DTMB.
As of today, there several ways in order to disseminate information to the
public, but AM radio is considered to be one of the most reliable means to disperse
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public information as it used mostly in news related purposes especially during
calamities.
Television broadcasting is the most popular of the three, it is mostly used for
entertainment but using it alongside with AM broadcasting will result to larger
range of audience.
This study aims to develop an AM-TV broadcasting system covering the
whole province of Palawan which will provide high quality and accurate broadcast
in the said area.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AM BROADCASTING
Some of the technical standards and operating requirements for medium
frequency broadcasting stations in the Philippines as mandated by the Technical
Standards Committee of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) are
as follows.
GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Equipment shall be constructed according to good engineering practice. Such
as mechanical soundness, neatness of wirings and accessibility for maintenance.
Adequate testing and monitoring points shall be provided to permit the isolation and
testing of individual items of the equipment.
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ADEQUACY OF COMPONENTS
The quality of all component parts shall be in accordance with good
engineering practice. Where appropriate, the specifications of these components
shall comply with standards set by the Authority, or, in the absence of such
standards, the components shall comply with CCIR standards.
COMPLIANCE WITH ELECTRICAL WIRING RULES
All equipment using electrical power shall comply with the rules of the
Philippines Electronics Code and the Philippine Electrical Code.
REGULATION POWER SUPPLY
Adequate voltage regulation shall be provided, where necessary, to ensure
that equipment performance is not affected by variations in supply voltage.
BROADCAST AUXILLIARY SERVICES
Broadcast transmission auxiliary services fall under these three categories:
1. Studio-to-transmitter-link (STL)
2. Remote Pick-Up Broadcast Station
3. Communications, Coordination and Control Link
The frequency band allocation for STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER
LINK/REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM shall be:
 Band A 300-315 MHz
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 Band B 734-752 MHz
 Band C 942-952 MHz
The maximum power allowable for STL’s shall be 15 watts.
The frequency band allocation for REMOTE PICK-UP STATION shall be:
The maximum power allowable for Remote pick-up stations shall b 35 watts.
The frequency band allocation for COMMUNICATIONS, COORDINATION AND
CONTROL LINK shall be:
 Band A 4-12 MHz (non-exclusive)
 Band B 25.67-26.1 MHz
 Band C 162.235-162.615 MHz and 170.150 MHz
 Band D 432.5 MHz 433 MHz 437.5-438 MHz
The maximum power allowable for Communications, Coordination and Control Link
shall be:
 Band A – 100 watts (SBS)
 Band B – 160 watts (ERP)
 Band C – 160 watts (ERP)
 Band D – 200 watts (for repeater)
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The design is set forth for the purpose of contributing to sound development of
democracy, by ensuring opportunities for people of Palawan to conduct AM and TV
broadcasting services.
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the suitable radiation pattern for the area of Palawan?
2. What are the things to be considered for selection of frequency allocation,
operating frequencies and specifications that will be used for the design?
3. What equipment suited for the design that would make a distortion-free
broadcasting system?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objective
To design a reliable and efficient AM and TV Broadcasting station that will
allow the proponents to apply the knowledge and learning gained from theoretical
studies of the subject to the technical and actual aspect of the design.
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Specific Objectives
In pursuing the design, the proponents have the following objectives:
 To provide the province of Palawan and nearby provinces an efficient and
reliable AM-TV Broadcasting station design.
 To select the corresponding operating frequency for AM provided that it is
available and will not interfere with the existing radio stations.
 To compute for the transmitted power necessary to support the operation of
the station and comply with the accepted standard.
 To choose the equipment that best suits the design requirements.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
a. SCOPE
 The technical standards and operating requirements for FM Broadcasting
used in the design were based on the KBP (Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster
sa Pilipinas) Manual.
 The data of the province such as its overview, brief history, geophysical,
population and its economy are provided.
 The AM and TV design computations are included, as well as the design
considerations including the existing operating frequencies in the province.
 Specifications of the equipment used are also included.
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b. DELIMITATION
 No actual site visit has done during the design proper.
 Derivations of formula are constants used in the design.
 The tower, grounding and electrical layouts were not fully detailed.
 The equipment costs, peripherals and the actual licensing procedures were
not included in the design. The computation on Return of Investment was
not included.
 The proponents assumed that the company was the first to provide a
broadcasting service in the said province.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Antenna - is a device that transmits and/or receives electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are often referred to as radio waves. Most antennas
are resonant devices, which operate efficiently over a relatively narrow
frequency band. An antenna must be tuned to the same frequency band that
the radio system to which it is connected operates in, otherwise reception
and/or transmission will be impaired.
Antenna Current – is the radio frequency current in the antenna with no
modulation.
Antenna Factor - The Antenna Factor (AF) is defined as the ratio of the incident
Electromagnetic Field to the output voltage from the antenna.
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Antenna Field Gain – the ratio of the effective free space field intensity produced
at 1.6 kilometers in the horizontal plane expressed in millivolts per meter for
one kilowatt antenna power to 137.6 millivolts per meter.
Antenna Height above Average Terrain – the height of the radiation center of the
antenna above the terrain is 3 to 16 kilometers from the antenna. (Generally, a
different antenna height will be determined for each radial direction from the
antenna. The average of these various heights is considered as the antenna
height above average terrain.)
Antenna Power Gain – the square of the ratio of the root-mean-square free space
field strength produced at 1.6 kilometers in the horizontal plane, in millivolts
per meter for one kilowatt antenna power, to 137.6 millivolts. This ratio is
expressed in decibels
Antenna Resistance – means the total resistance of the transmitting antenna
system at the operating frequency and at the point at which the antenna
current is measured.
Authorized Frequency - the carrier frequency authorized by the Authority.
Beamwidth - Depending on the radio system in which an antenna is being
employed there can be many definitions of beamwidth. A common definition is
the half power beamwidth. The peak radiation intensity is found and then the
points on either side of the peak represent half the power of the peak intensity
are located. The angular distance between the half power points traveling
through the peak is the beamwidth. Half the power is -3dB, so the half power
beamwidth is sometimes referred to as the 3dB beamwidth.
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Broadband antenna - An antenna capable of operation over a wide band of
frequencies
Carrier Frequency – it’s a frequency of the carrier wave.
Carrier Wave - a sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a transmitter and
subsequently modulated by a modulating wave.
Center Frequency - the carrier frequency allocated by the authority.
Channel – a transmission path. The distinction between the concept of a ―channel‖
and a ―signal‖ are not always clear. The usage herein distinguishes between
transmission channels; main channels, stereophonic sub channel, etc., and left
and right audio signals.
Class A Station – a Class A station shall have an authorized transmitter power not
exceeding 25 kilowatts and an Effective Radiated Power (ERP) not exceeding
125 kilowatts and limited in antenna height of 2,000 feet above average
terrain. The minimum transmitter power shall be 10kW. Class A station shall
only be allowed in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu.
Class B Station – a Class B station shall have an authorized transmitter power not
exceeding 10 kilowatts and an ERP not exceeding 30 kilowatts, and limited in
antenna height of 500 feet above average terrain. The minimum transmitter
power shall be 1kW.
Class C Station - a Class C station is a non-commercial, community station having
an authorized radiated power not exceeding 1,000 watts (ERP).
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Class D Station – a Class D station shall have an authorized transmitter power not
exceeding 10 watts. Educational stations shall be allowed to operate with
Class D transmitter power.
Composite Baseband Signal – a signal which is the sum of all signals, which
frequency modulates the main carrier. The signal can be represented by a
formula, which includes all signal components, the main channel signal, the
stereophonic sub carrier, the pilot sub carrier and the SCA sub carrier(s).
Continuity book - A daily file of all commercials, in chronological order, to be
broadcast on a radio or TV station.
Crosstalk – an undesired signal occurring in one channel by an electrical signal in
another channel.
Daytime – refers to that period of time between 2100 GMT – 1000 GMT (5:00AM –
6:00PM local standard time).
Decibel (dB) – it’s a ratio of the power input in a circuit to the power output. Used to
defined loss or gain of a device or circuit.
Directivity - It is a measure of how focused an antenna coverage pattern is in a
given direction. A theoretical loss-less antenna element, referred to as a
isotropic element, has 0 dBi directive gain equally distributed in all 3
dimensions. In order to achieve higher directive gain, antennas are normally
designed to focus or concentrate the antenna pattern only in the direction of
the radio link, thereby maximizing energy usage.
Dead Air – it’s a broadcasting term for silence, perhaps resulting from a dead
microphone.
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Dead Spot – it’s an area where broadcast reception is weak; also called dead
space. A dead spot is also a broadcast commercial or program not aired,
sometimes called black space.
Effective Radiated Power - the product of the transmitter power multiplied by (a)
the antenna power gain or (b) the antenna field gain squared. Where circular
or elliptical polarization is employed, the term effective radiated power is
applied separately to the horizontal and vertical components of radiation.
Experimental Period – it’s the period between 12 midnight to 5:00 A.M local
standard time (1600-2100 GMT). This period may be used for experimental
purposes in testing and maintaining apparatus by the licensee of any
broadcast station on its assigned frequency and not in excess of its authorized
power, provided no interference is caused to other stations maintaining a
regular operating schedule within such period.
Electric Field (E-Field) - An electric field or E-field is an effect produced by an
electric charge that exerts a force on charged objects in its vicinity.
Earphones - A device, akin to a miniature loudspeaker, that reproduces sound and
is worn over the ears; more commonly called headphones or a headset.
Equalizer - A process that attempts to enhance the quality of a recording by
filtering out distortions and other undesirable elements.
Far-Field - The far field corresponds to an RF source-to-measurement antenna
distance great enough that energy radiates from the source only in a radial
direction. The E and H fields are mutually perpendicular to that direction and
each other, and their ratio is 377 W, the impedance of free space.
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Front-to-Back Ratio - This ratio is the main lobe gain divided by the rear lobe gain.
Since antenna gains and Front-to-Back ratios are usually given in dB, you
normally get the Front-to-Back figure by subtracting the rearward gain from the
forward gain (both in dB).
Field Intensity – as used in this standard shall mean the electric field intensity in
the horizontal direction.
Field Strength – the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the voltage stress produced
in space by the electric field or a radio wave, and is ex pressed in volts per
meter or in decibels (dB) relative to it.
Frequency Deviation – the peak differences between the instantaneous frequency
of the modulated wave and the carrier frequency.
Frequency Swing – it’s the instantaneous departure of the frequency of the
emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from modulation.
Feedback - A loud noise, squeal, or howl from a microphone or speaker, caused by
improper placement, circuit noise, accidental closing of the circuit, or another
error or problem.
Frequency modulation (FM) – it’s the encoding of a carrier wave, such as the
sound waves or audio signals of a radio or TV station, by the variation--
modulating--of its frequency, resulting in little or no static and high fidelity in
reception. FM radio stations, from 88 to 108 megahertz produce reception
superior to that of AM or amplitude modulation stations, particularly of music in
the high-frequency range.
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Gain -The ratio of the signal, usually expressed in dB, received or transmitted by a
given antenna as compared to an isotropic or dipole antenna. Antenna gain
can only be achieved by making an antenna directional, that is, with better
performance in one direction than in others.
Hertz – unit of frequency, supplanting the term ―cycle per second‖ (cps).
High-definition television (HDTV) – it’s a system with higher resolution, or pictorial
clarity, and other qualities that are superior to techniques currently used by
U.S. television stations. In HDTV, more lines per picture frame are transmitted
than is standard (525 lines per frame in the United States), resulting in
sharper, more vivid images.
Input Power – the product of the voltage and current at the output of the last radio
stage, measured without modulation.
Intermittent service area – the area receiving service from the ground wave but
beyond the primary service area and subject to some interference and fading.
Interruptible feedback line (IFB) - A telephone line for a producer or a director to
talk to a newscaster or an interviewer during a broadcast.
Interstitial programming - The placement of short programs between full-length
programs. For example, Home Box Office (HBO) and other movie channels
schedule programs of about 2 to 25 minutes between the full-length movies.
ISDN - digital, high bandwidth telephone lines that can deliver data over the
Internet. Data, including encoded audio and video, travels at 128K bits per
second over an ISDN line.
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Magnetic Field (H-Field) - The measured intensity of a magnetic field at a specific
point. Usually expressed in amperes/meter.
Maximum percentage of modulation – the greatest percentage of modulation that
may be obtained by a transmitter without producing in its output harmonics of
the modulating frequency in excess of those permitted by these regulations.
Maximum Rated Carrier Power – the maximum power at which the transmitter can
be operated satisfactorily and is determined by the design of the transmitter.
Medium Frequency Broadcast Band – the band of frequencies from 526.5 to
1705 kilohertz.
Medium Frequency Broadcast Channel – the band of frequencies occupied by
the carrier and two (2) sidebands of an AM broadcast signal with the carrier
frequency at the center. Channels shall be designated by the assigned carrier
frequencies starting from 531 kHz in increments of 9 kHz.
Multiplexing – in its simplest sense, multiplexing implies that two or independent
sources of information are combined for carriage over a single medium,
namely, the radio frequency carrier, and then separated at the receiving end.
Near-Field - The close-in region of an antenna where the angular field distribution
is dependent upon the distance from the antenna.
Night-time - refers to that period of time between 1000-2100 GMT (6:00PM –
5:00AM local standard time).
Operating Frequency – the carrier frequency at any particular time
Operating Power – operating power is the transmitter output power
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Polarization - Polarization is defined as the orientation of the electric field of an
electromagnetic wave. Polarization is in general described by an ellipse. Two
often used special cases of elliptical polarization are linear polarization and
circular polarization. The initial polarization of a radio wave is determined by
the antenna that launches the waves into space. The environment through
which the radio wave passes on its way from the transmit antenna to the
receive antenna may cause a change in polarization.
Percentage modulation (PM) – it’s the ratio of half the difference between the
maximum and minimum amplitudes of the amplitude wave to the average
amplitude expressed in percentage.
Primary service area – it’s the area in which the ground wave field of 3.16mV/m
(70dBu) is not subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.
Secondary service area – the area served by the sky wave and not subject to
objectionable interference. The signal is subject to intermittent variations in
intensity.
Secondary station – a station operating on any one channel and is designed to
render service over a primary service area which is limited by the subject to
such interference as may be received from a clear-channel station.
Spurious emission – it’s the emission of any frequency outside of the assigned
channel or authorized band of frequency and tolerances allowed by these
regulations.
Total harmonic distortion (THD) – it’s the effective value of the harmonic voltages
present in the audio frequency output of the equipment under test.
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Radiation Pattern –it’s a chart of relative radiation intensity (or power) versus
direction. A plot of the radiated energy from an antenna. The variation of the
field intensity of an antenna as an angular function with respect to the axis.
VSWR -As the electric wave travels through the different parts of the antenna
system (radio, feed line, antenna, free space) it may encounter differences in
impedance. At each interface, some fraction of the wave's energy will reflect
back to the source, forming a standing wave in the feed line. The ratio of
maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is
called the standing wave ratio (SWR). A SWR of 1:1 is ideal. A SWR of 1.5:1
is considered to be marginally acceptable in low power applications where
power loss is more critical, although an SWR as high as 6:1 may still be usable
with the right equipment.
X-Band - A range of frequencies between 8GHz and 12GHz.
Wavelength -The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave
pattern. It is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF THE SITE
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OVERVIEW OF THE PROVINCE OF PALAWAN
a. Brief Description
Palawan is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in
the region of MIMAROPA. It is the largest province in the country in terms of
total area of jurisdiction. Its capital is the city of Puerto Princesa, but the city is
governed independently from the province as a highly urbanized city.
The islands of Palawan stretch between Mindoro in the northeast
and Borneo in the southwest. It lies between the West Philippine Sea (South
China Sea) and the Sulu Sea. The province is named after its largest
island, Palawan Island (09°30′N 118°30′E), measuring 450 kilometers (280 mi)
long, and 50 kilometers (31 mi) wide.
The province is composed of the long and narrow Palawan Island, plus a
number of other smaller islands surrounding it, totalling roughly 1,780 islands
and islets.
The population of Palawan in the 2015 census was 849,469 people, with a
density of 58 inhabitants per square kilometer or 150 inhabitants per square
mile. When Puerto Princesa City is included for geographical purposes, the
population is 1,104,585 people, with a density of 65/km2 (168/sq mi).
Palawan's economy is basically agricultural. The three major crops are
palay, corn and coconut. Mineral resources include nickel, copper,
manganese, and chromite. Logging is also a major industry. Palawan has one
of the richest fishing grounds in the country. About 45% of Manila's supply of
19
fish comes from here. Having natural gas reserves of approximately 30,000
trillion cubic feet, the province is the only oil-producing province in the country.
b. The Province of Palawan
Figure 2.1 PALAWAN MAP
Location : MIMAROPA (Region IV-B)

Capital : Puerto Princesa
Country : Philippines
Coordinates : 10°00′N 118°50′E
Archipelago : Luzon
Area : 14,649.73 km2 (5,656.29 sq mi)
No. of Brgy. : 367, including independent cities: 433
Largest City : Puerto Princesa
Population : 849,469
Density : 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
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Topography
Palawan is approximately located at the southwestern edge of the
Philippine archipelago. The whole archipelagic province is composed on 1,769
islands and islets with a total coastline of 1,959 kilometers. The province is
approximately 672 km southwest of Manila. Tts boundaries include Mindoro on
the northeast, West Philippine Sea on the west, Sulu Sea on the east and
Borneo island on the south. Palawan’s topography consists of rolling
mountainous terrain with highly irregular and indented coastline resulting in
coves and bays. It has a rugged terrain, particularly on the western portion
where mountain ranges are up to 2,086 meters. Moreover, tall mountain
ranges run through the entire central length which bisect the province into east
and west coast.
The province generally is typhoon-free—except for the northernmost
municipalities which are occasionally visited by typhoons. Consequently,
Palawan has two pronounced climates: dry season and wet season but the
occurrence of the seasons varies between the northern and southern
extremities of the province.
Palawan is the largest province in the country, even with the exclusion of
the independent city of Puerto Princesa, with a total land area of 1,489,655
hectares. Its total land area is approximately 5% of the whole country’s area
while it comprises 54% of land area of the MIMAROPA region. Out of its total
land area, 79% is part of mainland Palawan while the remaining is the overall
land area of the island municipalities.
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Climate
The province has two types of climate. The first, which occurs in the
northern and southern extremities and the entire western coast, has two
distinct seasons – six months dry and six months wet. The other, which
prevails in the eastern coast, has a short dry season of one to three months
and no pronounced rainy period during the rest of the year. The southern part
of the province is virtually free from tropical depressions but northern Palawan
experiences torrential rains during the months of July and August. Summer
months serve as peak season for Palawan. Sea voyages are most favorable
from March to early June when the seas are calm. The average maximum
temperature is 31 °C (88 °F) with little variation all year.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS: Legend
Provincial Capital and Highly Urbanized City
Municipality
City or Municipality Location District Population ±% p.a. Area Density Brgy. Coordinates
/sq
(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2
mi
9°26′14″N
Aborlan Mainland 3rd 4.1% 35,091 32,209 1.65% 807.33 311.71 43 110 19
118°32′54″E
11°09′04″N
Agutaya Island 1st 1.5% 12,545 11,906 1.00% 37.31 14.41 340 880 10
120°56′22″E
10°33′13″N
Araceli Island 1st 1.8% 14,909 14,113 1.05% 204.30 78.88 73 190 13
119°59′21″E
7°59′12″N
Balabac Island 2nd 4.7% 40,142 35,758 2.23% 581.60 224.56 69 180 20
117°03′49″E
8°40′20″N
Bataraza Mainland 2nd 8.9% 75,468 63,644 3.30% 726.20 280.39 100 260 22
117°37′41″E
8°46′25″N
Brooke's Point Mainland 2nd 7.8% 66,374 61,301 1.53% 1,303.40 503.25 51 130 18
117°50′10″E
12°08′00″N
Busuanga Island 1st 2.6% 22,046 21,358 0.61% 392.90 151.70 56 150 14
119°56′10″E
9°34′37″N
Cagayancillo Island 1st 0.7% 6,285 7,116 −2.34% 26.39 10.19 240 620 12
121°11′50″E
11°59′56″N
Coron Island 1st 6.1% 51,803 42,941 3.64% 689.10 266.06 75 190 23
120°12′22″E
11°53′26″N
Culion Island 1st 2.4% 20,139 19,543 0.57% 499.59 192.89 40 100 14
120°01′19″E
10°50′55″N
Cuyo Island 1st 2.6% 22,360 21,847 0.44% 84.95 32.80 260 670 17
121°00′49″E
23
10°31′35″N
Dumaran Mainland 1st 2.8% 23,734 21,397 1.99% 435.00 167.95 55 140 16
119°46′13″E
11°10′46″N
El Nido Mainland 1st 4.9% 41,606 36,191 2.69% 923.26 356.47 45 120 18
119°23′29″E
11°03′12″N
Kalayaan Island 1st 0.0% 184 222 −3.51% 290.00 111.97 0.63 1.6 1
114°17′09″E
11°29′28″N
Linapacan Island 1st 1.8% 15,668 14,180 1.92% 195.44 75.46 80 210 10
119°52′06″E
10°51′52″N
Magsaysay Island 1st 1.4% 12,196 11,965 0.36% 49.48 19.10 250 650 11
121°03′01″E
9°16′10″N
Narra Mainland 2nd 8.6% 73,212 65,264 2.21% 831.73 321.13 88 230 23
118°24′14″E
9°44′24″N
Puerto Princesa Mainland 3rd — 255,116 222,673 2.62% 2,381.02 919.32 110 280 66
118°44′24″E
9°14′12″N
Quezon Mainland 2nd 7.2% 60,980 55,142 1.93% 943.19 364.17 65 170 14
117°59′29″E
9°01′49″N
Rizal Mainland 2nd 5.9% 50,096 42,759 3.06% 1,256.47 485.13 40 100 11
117°38′29″E
10°19′11″N
Roxas Mainland 1st 7.7% 65,358 61,058 1.30% 1,177.56 454.66 56 150 31
119°20′35″E
10°31′44″N
San Vicente Mainland 1st 3.7% 31,232 30,919 0.19% 1,462.94 564.84 21 54 10
119°15′17″E
8°58′01″N
Sofronio Española Mainland 2nd 3.9% 32,876 29,997 1.76% 473.91 182.98 69 180 9
117°59′41″E
10°49′32″N
Taytay Mainland 1st 8.8% 75,165 70,837 1.14% 1,257.68 485.59 60 160 31
119°31′00″E
Total 849,469 771,667 1.85% 14,649.73 5,656.29 58 150 433
Table 2.1
24
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
25
I. SITE CONSIDERATIONS
 Enough source of power and water.
 Terrain inspection and geographical analysis for possible obstruction.
 Total land area.
 Security of the area.
 Path conductivity between the site and the service area.
 Location in relation to the Service Area.
 Future growth of obstruction.
 Good conductivity and good grounding system.
 Population of the subscriber in the vicinity.
 Avoidance of industrial noise in the area.
 Capability of the place from floods.
 Conductivity of the soil.
II. FREQUENCY CONSIDERATION
 The chosen frequency is from those unoccupied frequencies from
KBP AM Table of Standards and municipalities covered by our
transmission power.
 The frequency to be used for AM is 945 kHz
III. TOWER CONSIDERATIONS
 The stability of the required antenna beam.
26
 The amount of land and type for the construction of the tower to avoid
swaying.
 The tuning room and other equipment room are highly secured from
unauthorized persons.
 The expected wind loading under strong of the wind and the additional
loading.
IV. PERSONNEL PROTECTION CONSIDERATION
 Warning signs and protection and safety rules in accordance of
engineering practices for all the personnel in the site are well
implemented.
 Personnel shall have safety practices in the site and shall be well
secured when conducting a construction in the equipment regarding
to the high voltages of the equipment to ensure that all personnel are
secured and appropriate safety rules are observed and it is the
responsibility of the management of the broadcasting station.
V. LIGHTING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION
 The tower height of 21 to 150 feet towers needs 2 obstruction lights.
VI. STUDIO CONSIDERATION
 The studio must be provided with control room and other equipment
room to ensure the provision of a satisfactory service by the station
27
 Studios and control rooms shall be constructed that they are
adequately insulated from sources of extraneous noise and vibration
 It must be located in metropolitan areas for the safety of the
broadcaster and the people under its premise for monitoring of
possible threat
VII. LIGHTNING PROTECTION CONSIDERATION
 The lightning protection that will be used must contain appropriate
conductive path for lightning currents
 Able to disperse atmospheric discharge in order to prevent surge
current to enter the equipment and ensure safety in the facility
 Economical and easy to install
VIII. GROUNDING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION
 Availability of area for installation of grounding system. This leads to
the requirement and utilization of chemical rods or wells
 Soil condition and resistivity
 Must be coordinated with lightning protection in order to prevent
abrupt surge entering to the equipment thus making the equipment
safe
 Must be installed at every equipment inside the facility
28
IX. STATION PROGRAMS
WEEKDAYS
TIME PROGRAM
3:50 AM Sign on
4:00 AM Unang Hirit ng Umagang Kay Ganda
7:00 AM Anong Balita? Alas Syete
8:00 AM Mams
9:30 AM Lutong Pinoy
11:00 AM Anong Balita? Alas Onse
12:00 NN O Shoppie
1:00 PM Bayanihan
2:30 PM Tips ni Doc
4:00 PM Sumbong Sumbong
5:00 PM Anong Balita? Alas Singko
7:00 PM Libot Pinas
8:30 PM Fast Talk
9:00 PM Balitaan
10:30 PM Usapang Bibliya
12:00 AM Sign Off
WEEKENDS
TIME PROGRAM
3:50 AM Sign on
4:00 AM Kalusugan mo, Sagot Ko!
5:00 AM Unang Hirit ng Umagang Kay Ganda
8:00 AM O Shoppie
11:00 AM Anong Balita? Alas Onse
12:00 NN Kumikitang Kabuhayan
2:00 PM Pinoy: 101
2:30 PM Ang Drama
4:00 PM Sumbong Sumbong
5:00 PM Anong Balita? Alas Singko
7:00 PM Tapatan
8:30 PM Balitaan
9:00 PM O Shoppie
10:00 PM Sign Off
29
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
30
AM PROCEDURES
1. Assign an operating frequency, fc (based on the remaining vacant AM
Channels in the province of Palawan, the operating frequency of the design
will be 945 KHz, Channel 47).
2. Know the Antenna Height in meters by plotting the operating frequency, fc, in
the Antenna Height vs. Frequency Graph. This will be used in computing the
Antenna Height (in wavelength).
3. Compute for the Operating wavelength by using the formula Lambda (λ) =
c/fc. Also, this will be used in computing the Antenna Height (in wavelength).
4. Compute for the Antenna Height (in wavelength) which has a formula of AH λ
= AH/λ in order to compute for the Antenna Height (in degrees).
5. Compute for the Antenna Height in degrees by multiplying the Antenna
Height (in wavelength) to 360 degrees and 2.
6. Select an appropriate Radiation Pattern in the Radiation Pattern Graph Take
note of the Phasing and Spacing which will be used in the succeeding
computation.
7. Know the mutual Impedance in ohm and Phase Angle of Impedance (in
degrees) by plotting the Antenna Height (in degrees) in the Loop Mutual
Impedance and Phase Angle graph. This will be used in the succeeding
computations.
8. Know the loop Radiation resistance (R11 and R22) and Inverse Field
Strength at 1km (Eis) by plotting the Antenna Height in degrees in the Field
31
Strength and Loop Radiation Graph. This will be used for the succeeding
computation.
9. Compute for the coupling resistance at loop antenna 1 and antenna 2 (RC1
and RC2 in ohm), R1, R2 (both in ohm), and the inverse Field Strength at 1
mile from antenna 1 (Ei) in mV/m.
10. . Compute for the Field Strength in each of the radial angle (ER and Er).
11. Make 36 radials from the positioned transmitter in the Topographical map.
12. Measure the distances of every terrain in a given radial from the transmitter
and know the conductivities of each terrain.
13. Plot the measured distances and conductivities in the Ground Wave Field
Strength Vs. Distance graph. Also, determine the distances of every Field
Strength (Er) in this graph.
14. Plot the distances measured in every Field Strength (Er) on a given Field
Strength (Fn). By this, you will know the Radiation Pattern in every Field
Strength (Fn).
32
AM DESIGN COMPUTATION
OPERATING FREQUENY
Based on the remaining vacant AM Channels in the province of Palawan, the

operating frequency of the design will be 945 kHz, Channel 47.
Figure 4.1
KBP Table of
Channels for AM
Broadcasting
33
OPERATING WAVELENGTH (Lambda, λ)
The operating wavelength is obtained by dividing the speed of light to the
operating frequency.
= 317.4603 m
ANTENNA HEIGHT
The height was obtain by plotting the frequency
73
945
Figure 4.2 Frequency VS. Antenna Height Graph
34
ANTENNA HEIGHT IN WAVELENGTH AND DEGREES
The antenna height in wavelength is obtained by dividing the antenna height in

meters by the operating wavelength.
ANTENNA HEIGHT IN DEGREES
Antenna Height in degrees is obtained by multiplying the antenna height in

wavelength by 360 degrees.
EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH (FS)
Effective Field Strength is the root mean square value of the voltage stress
produced in the space by the electric field or radio wave, and is expressed in
volts/meter or in decibels relative to it. The effective field strength is obtained
by projecting the intersection of the antenna height in wavelength and its
corresponding curve to the right. The theoretical curve should be used for its
theoretical value and curve A value.
Theoretical = 311 mV/m

Curve A = 301 mV/m
35
Figure 4.3 Effective Field Strength Graph
36
RADIATION PATTERN
Radiation pattern refers to the boundary or limit which defines the strength of the
signal in a given location. This is dependent on the spacing of the antenna
and the conductivity of soil of the adjacent site and obtained by choice in the
graph of Standard Broadcast Antenna System in the NAB.
Figure 4.4 Radiation Pattern
37
Phasing (Ψ) = 150°
Spacing (S) = 180°
MUTUAL IMPEDANCE (Z)

This is obtained by projecting the intersection between antenna height in
degrees and the spacing to the left. While projecting the intersection point
between the antenna height in degrees and the phase of impedance to the
right, the phase angle is obtained.
Figure 4.5 Mutual Impedance Graph
38
Mutual Impedance (Z) = 47 Ω
Phase Angle (Ȣ) = 235°
LOOP RADIATION RESISTANCE AND FIELD STRENGTH
From graph A-5 loop radiation resistance is obtained by projecting the

intersection between the antenna heights in degrees to the right. Projecting
the point to the left will determine Inverse Field Strength E 1s
Figure 4.6
Inverse Field Strength at 1km for 1-kW loop and base radiation resistance
as a function of tower height over a perfectly conducting earth
39
R11 = R22 = 105 Ω
Eis = 361 mV/m
FIELD STRENGTH OF EACH RADIAL
GENERAL FORMULA:
√ √
( )
Where:
S = spacing of antenna no. 2
F = the ratio of E/E = m = 0.995
ɸ = radial angle (0 – 360)
Ψ = Phasing of antenna no. 2
Eis = inverse field strength
Ei = inverse field strength at one mile from antenna no. 1
R11 = load radiation resistance of antenna no. 1
R22 = load radiation resistance of antenna no. 2
RL1 = loss resistance at loop of antenna no. 1
RL2 = loss resistance at loop of antenna no. 2
(RL1 and RL2 = 2 ohms; international standards)
RC1 = coupling resistance at loop of antenna no. 1
RC2 = coupling resistance at loop of antenna no. 2
40
Computation for COUPLING RESISTANCE OF ANTENNA #1 & #2
( )
( )
Computation for INVERSE FIELD STRENGTH
41
Computation for Each Radial:
√ √
Phasing (Ψ) = 150° Spacing (S) = 180°

Radial Angle
ER Er
( )
0°
442.6 4.43
360°
20°
429.39 4.29
340°
40°
370.44 3.7
320°
60°
229.11 2.29
300°
80°
5.02 0.05
280°
100°
233.44 2.33
260°
120°
396.82 3.97
240°
140°
455.65 4.56
220°
160°
451.83 4.52
200°
180° 442.6 4.43
Table 4.1 Inverse Field Strength for

every Radial Angle
42
Figure 4.7 Radial Angles from the Transmitter
43
Figure 4.8 Radiation Pattern for Palawan
44
LEGEND:
Primary Service Area
Secondary Service Area
Intermittent Service Area
Figure 4.9 Coverage Area for Palawan
45
DISTANCE VS. CONDUCTIVITY TABLE
This table shows the topography with its corresponding conductivity on a
certain distance from the antenna. The horizontal or ground plane has azimuth
measured by 20° increment with a total of 18 radials. These radials help in
concentrating the AM signals to a specific service area.
Typical Soil Conductivity Values in Milli-Siemens/Meter

Terrain or Soil Type mS/m Rating
Salt sea water 5000 Excellent
Fresh water 7-30 Varies greatly
Lake Erie 28 Very good
Lake Ontario 26.5 Very good
Lake Huron 18.9 Very good
Lake Superior 7 Average
Lake Michigan … Not available
Pastoral land, rich soil 10-30 Good-very good
Marshy soil 7.5 Average
Desert soil, mineral or salt rich 5-30 Varies greatly
Pastoral land, densely
2-8 Poor-average
wooded
Pastoral land, clay soil 1-6 Poor-average
Rocky or sandy soil, steep hills 0.1-2 Very poor-poor
City, industrial areas 0.1-1 Very poor
Table 4.2 Typical Soil Conductivity Values
TERRAIN CONDUCTIVITY (mS/m)

Fresh water 30
Distorted surface, Mountain 2
Rice Paddy, Tropical Grass, Scrub, 30
Cropland, Brushwood
Orchard, Woodland, Trees, Coconut 8
Road, Built-up Area 1
Swamp, Mangrove 7.5
Mud 6
Table 4.3 Typical Soil Conductivity Values
46
RADIAL PATH PROFILING
Table 4.4 Radial 0 and 360

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter Terrain Conductivity
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.03 0.01864113 Road 1
0.36 0.22369356 Build-Up Area 1
0.7 0.4349597 Woodlands 8
0.737 0.457950427 Road 1
1 0.621371 Cropland 30
3.115 1.935570665 Cropland 30
4.035 2.507231985 Trees 8
4.435 2.755780385 Residential 1
4.767 2.962075557 Residential 1
5.506 3.421268726 Cropland 30
6.01 3.73443971 Trees 8
6.127 3.807140117 scrub 30
6.903 4.289324013 Mountain 2
7.743 4.811275653 Mountain 2
8.615 5.353111165 Tropical Grass 30
8.65 5.37485915 Road 1
8.835 5.489812785 brushwood 30
10.373 6.445481383 Mountain 2
13.518 8.399693178 Cropland 30
13.578 8.436975438 Fresh Water 30
15.692 9.750553732 Rice Paddy 30
20.716 12.87232164 Woodlands 8
26.506 16.47005973 Mountain 2
27.513 17.09578032 Woodlands 8
28.05 17.42945655 Sea Salt Water 5000
29.72 18.46714612 Cropland 30
Table 4.5 Radial 20

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.369 0.229285899 Fresh Water 30
0.81 0.50331051 Build-Up Area 1
1.037 0.644361727 Cropland 30
1.341 0.833258511 Build-Up Area 1
5.113 3.177069923 Cropland 30
17.615 10.94545017 Sea Salt Water 5000
47
25.815 16.04069237 Cropland 30
26.294 16.33832907 Residential 1
29.112 18.08935255 Cropland 30
31.353 19.48184496 Mountains 2
33.723 20.95449423 Cropland 30
Distorted
36.61 22.74839231 2
Surface
36.988 22.98327055 Fresh Water 30
39.36 24.45716256 Cropland 30
43.745 27.1818744 Cropland 30
48.976 30.4322661 Mountains 2
167.293 103.9510187 Sea Salt Water 5000
169.113 105.0819139 Cropland 2
Table 4.6 Radial 40

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.141 0.087613311 Fresh Water 30
0.19 0.11806049 Mangrove 7.5
0.248 0.154100008 Fresh Water 30
0.272 0.169012912 Cropland 30
0.337 0.209402027 Fresh Water 30
0.857 0.532514947 Residential 1
1.111 0.690343181 Trees 8
1.478 0.918386338 Residential 1
2.07 1.28623797 Cropland 30
2.424 1.506203304 Residential 1
4.383 2.723469093 Cropland 30
5.072 3.151593712 Residential 1
12.034 7.477578614 Sea Salt Water 5000
12.52 7.77956492 Sandy Soil 2
27.438 17.0491775 Sea Salt Water 5000
29.021 18.03280779 Scrub 30
29.146 18.11047917 Fresh Water 30
30.102 18.70450984 Cropland 30
33.771 20.98432004 Woodlands 8
56.989 35.41131192 Mountains 2
68.682 42.67700302 Woodlands 8
69.986 43.48727081 Cropland 30
73.418 45.61981608 Scrub 30
74.215 46.11504877 Rice Paddy 30
75.259 46.76376009 Woodlands 8
78.293 48.6489997 Mountains 2
48
78.65 48.87082915 Rice Paddy 30
82.223 51.09098773 Woodlands 8
82.684 51.37743976 Rice Paddy 30
87.617 54.44266291 Woodlands 8
87.795 54.55326695 Rice Paddy 30
89.196 55.42380772 Woodlands 8
90.089 55.97869202 Cropland 30
91.006 56.54848923 Trees 8
92.311 57.35937838 Cropland 30
105.449 65.52295058 Mountains 2
106.344 66.07907762 Woodlands 8
106.834 66.38354941 Rice Paddy 30
124.75 77.51603225 Woodlands 8
132.046 82.04955507 Rice Paddy 30
134.638 83.6601487 Scrub 30
135.862 84.4207068 Rice Paddy 30
137.805 85.62803066 Mountains 2
137.773 85.60814678 Fresh Water 30
143.432 89.12448527 Woodlands 8
150.064 93.24541774 Sea Salt Water 5000
150.331 93.4113238 Scrub 30
150.936 93.78725326 Sea Salt Water 5000
151.588 94.19238715 Woodlands 8
229.902 142.8544356 Sea Salt Water 5000
Distorted
231.931 144.1151974 2
Surface
240.339 149.3396848 Sea Salt Water 5000
244.204 151.7412837 Mountains 2
Table 4.7 Radial 60

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.089 0.055302019 Fresh Water 30
0.122 0.075807262 Mangrove 7.5
0.177 0.109982667 Fresh Water 30
0.426 0.264704046 Cropland 30
0.839 0.521330269 Residential 1
0.976 0.606458096 Scrub 30
1.552 0.964367792 Woodlands 8
2.201 1.367637571 Residential 1
2.61 1.62177831 Scrub 30
3.153 1.959182763 Woodlands 8
3.726 2.315228346 Cropland 30
49
4.942 3.070815482 Woodlands 8
52.392 32.55486943 Sea Salt Water 5000
59.462 36.9479624 Mountains 2
60.237 37.42952493 Woodlands 8
62.526 38.85184315 Fresh Water 30
63.961 39.74351053 Trees 8
191.455 118.9645848 Sea Salt Water 5000
192.301 119.4902647 Mountains 2
Table 4.8 Radial 80

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.146 0.090720166 Fresh water 30
0.646 0.401405666 Residential 1
1.146 0.712091166 Residential 1
1.646 1.022776666 Residential 1
2.146 1.333462166 Residential 1
2.646 1.644147666 Residential 1
3.146 1.954833166 Residential 1
3.646 2.265518666 Woodland 8
4.146 2.576204166 Residential 1
4.646 2.886889666 woodland 8
5.146 3.197575166 woodland 8
5.646 3.508260666 Sea Salt Water 5000
Table 4.9 Radial 100

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.13293 0.082598847 Fresh Water 30
0.63293 0.393284347 Residential 1
1.13293 0.703969847 Residential 1
1.63293 1.014655347 Residential 1
2.13293 1.325340847 Residential 1
2.63293 1.636026347 Residential 1
3.13293 1.946711847 Trees 8
3.63293 2.257397347 Residential 1
4.13293 2.568082847 Residential 1
4.63293 2.878768347 Trees 8
5.13293 3.189453847 Trees 8
5.53293 3.438002247 Sea Salt 5000
50
Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.13 0.08077823 Fresh Water 30
0.63 0.39146373 Residential 1
1.13 0.70214923 Residential 1
1.63 1.01283473 Residential 1
2.13 1.32352023 Residential 1
2.63 1.63420573 trees 8
3.13 1.94489123 trees 8
3.63 2.25557673 Residential 1
4.13 2.56626223 Residential 1
4.63 2.87694773 Residential 1
5.13 3.18763323 Residential 1
5.63 3.49831873 trees 8
6.13 3.80900423 Sea Salt 5000

Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.156 0.096933876 Fresh Water 30
0.656 0.407619376 Residential 1
1.156 0.718304876 Residential 1
1.656 1.028990376 trees 8
2.156 1.339675876 Residential 1
2.656 1.650361376 trees 8
3.156 1.961046876 trees 8
3.656 2.271732376 Residential 1
4.156 2.582417876 Residential 1
4.656 2.893103376 Residential 1
5.156 3.203788876 Residential 1
5.656 3.514474376 Residential 1
6.156 3.825159876 Residential 1
6.656 4.135845376 trees 8
7.156 4.446530876 Residential 1
7.656 4.757216376 Residential 1
8.156 5.067901876 Sea Salt 5000
51
Distance from
Distance from
Transmitter (mi)
(km)
0.288 0.178954848 Fresh water 30
0.788 0.489640348 Residential 1
1.288 0.800325848 Cropland 30
1.788 1.111011348 Residential 1
2.288 1.421696848 Sea Salt 5000
2.788 1.732382348 Sea Salt 5000
3.288 2.043067848 Cropland 30
3.788 2.353753348 trees 8
4.288 2.664438848 trees 8
4.788 2.975124348 Cropland 30
5.288 3.285809848 Residential 1
5.788 3.596495348 Residential 1
6.288 3.907180848 Residential 1
6.788 4.217866348 Residential 1
7.288 4.528551848 trees 8
7.788 4.839237348 Sea Salt 5000
Table 4.13 180 Degree

Distance (km) Distance (mi) Terrain Conductivity
0.5 0.3106855 Built-up Area 1
1 0.621371 Built-up Area 1
1.5 0.9320565 Built-up Area 1
Distorted
2 1.242742 1
Surface
2.5 1.5534275 Road 1
3 1.864113 Mangrove 7.5
3 2.1747985 Fresh water 30
4 2.485484 Fresh water 30
4.5 2.7961695 Fresh water 30
5.5 3.106855 Fresh water 30
6.5 3.728226 Fresh water 30
7 4.0389115 Fresh water 30
7.5 4.349597 Fresh water 30
8 4.6602825 Fresh water 30
8.5 4.970968 Fresh water 30
9 5.2816535 Fresh water 30
9.5 5.592339 Fresh water 30
10 5.9030245 Fresh water 30
10.5 6.21371 Fresh water 30
52
11 6.5243955 Fresh water 30
11.5 6.835081 Fresh water 30
12 7.1457665 Fresh water 30
12.5 7.456452 Fresh water 30
13 7.7671375 Fresh water 30
13.5 8.077823 Mountain 2
14 8.3885085 Built-up Area 1
14.5 8.699194 Fresh water 30
15 9.0098795 Fresh water 30
15.5 9.320565 Fresh water 30
16 9.6312505 Fresh water 30
16.5 9.941936 Rice paddy 30
17 10.2526215 Rice paddy 30
17.5 10.563307 Rice paddy 30
18 10.8739925 Rice paddy 30
18.5 11.184678 Rice paddy 30
19 11.4953635 Rice paddy 30
20 11.806049 Rice paddy 30
20.5 12.1167345 Rice paddy 30
21 12.42742 Rice paddy 30
21.5 12.7381055 Rice paddy 30
22 13.048791 Rice paddy 30
22.5 13.3594765 Rice paddy 30
23 13.670162 Rice paddy 30
23.5 13.9808475 Rice paddy 30
24 14.291533 Rice paddy 30
24.5 14.6022185 Rice paddy 30
25 14.912904 Rice paddy 30
25.5 15.8449605 Fresh water 30
26 16.155646 Fresh water 30
26.5 16.4663315 Fresh water 30
27 16.777017 Fresh water 30
27.5 17.0877025 Woodland 8
28 17.398388 Woodland 8
28.5 17.7090735 Woodland 8
29 18.019759 Woodland 8
29.5 18.3304445 Woodland 8
30 18.64113 Woodland 8
30.5 18.9518155 Woodland 8
31 19.262501 Fresh water 30
31.5 19.5731865 Fresh water 30
32 19.883872 Fresh water 30
32.5 20.1945575 Fresh water 30
53
33 20.505243 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.3106855 Built-up area 1
1 0.621371 Built-up area 1
1.5 0.9320565 Built-up area 1
2.5 1.5534275 Fresh water 30
4.5 2.7961695 Fresh water 30
5.5 3.106855 Fresh water 30
6 3.4175405 Fresh water 30
6.5 3.728226 Fresh water 30
7 4.0389115 Fresh water 30
7.5 4.349597 Fresh water 30
8 4.6602825 Fresh water 30
8.5 4.970968 Fresh water 30
9 5.2816535 Fresh water 30
9.5 5.592339 Woodland 8
10 5.9030245 Woodland 8
10.5 6.21371 Woodland 8
11 6.5243955 Woodland 8
11.5 6.835081 Woodland 8
12 7.1457665 Woodland 8
12.5 7.456452 Woodland 8
13 7.7671375 Woodland 8
13.5 8.077823 Woodland 8
14 8.3885085 Woodland 8
14.5 8.699194 Woodland 8
15 9.0098795 Woodland 8
15.5 9.320565 Woodland 8
16 9.6312505 Woodland 8
16.5 9.941936 Mountain 2
17 10.2526215 Mountain 2
17.5 10.563307 Mountain 2
18 10.8739925 Mountain 2
18.5 11.184678 Mountain 2
19 11.4953635 Mountain 2
19.5 11.806049 Mountain 2
20 12.1167345 Mountain 2
20.5 12.42742 Mountain 2
21 12.7381055 Mountain 2
54
21.5 13.048791 Mountain 2
22 13.3594765 Mountain 2
22.5 13.670162 Mountain 2
23 13.9808475 Mountain 2
23.5 14.291533 Mountain 2
24 14.6022185 Mountain 2
24.5 14.912904 Mountain 2
25 15.2235895 Mountain 2
25.5 15.534275 Mountain 2
26 15.8449605 Mountain 2
26.5 16.155646 Mountain 2
27 16.4663315 Mountain 2
27.5 16.777017 Built-up area 1
28 17.0877025 Built-up area 1
28.5 17.398388 Built-up area 1
29 17.7090735 Built-up area 1
29.5 18.019759 Built-up area 1
30 18.3304445 Built-up area 1
30.5 18.64113 Built-up area 1
31 18.9518155 Built-up area 1
31.5 19.262501 Built-up area 1
32 19.5731865 Woodland 8
32.5 19.883872 Woodland 8
33 20.1945575 Woodland 8
33.5 20.81593 Woodland 8
34 21.12661 Woodland 8
34.5 21.4373 Woodland 8
35 21.74799 Woodland 8
35.5 22.05867 Woodland 8
36 22.36936 Woodland 8
36.5 22.68004 Fresh water 30
37 22.99073 Fresh water 30
37.5 23.30141 Fresh water 30
38.5 23.92278 Fresh water 30
39 24.23347 Fresh water 30
39.5 24.54415 Fresh water 30
40 24.85484 Fresh water 30
40.5 25.16553 Fresh water 30
41 25.47621 Fresh water 30
41.5 25.7869 Fresh water 30
42 26.09758 Fresh water 30
42.5 26.40827 Fresh water 30
43 26.71895 Fresh water 30
55
43.5 27.02964 Fresh water 30
44 27.34032 Fresh water 30
44.5 27.65101 Fresh water 30
45.5 28.2723805 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.310686 Built-up area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up area 1
2.5 1.553428 Built-up area 1
3.5 1.864113 Fresh water 30
4.5 2.79617 Fresh water 30
5.5 3.417541 Fresh water 30
6.5 4.038912 Built-up area 1
7.5 4.660283 Built-up area 1
8.5 5.281654 Brushwood 30
9 5.592339 Brushwood 30
9.5 5.903025 Brushwood 30
10 6.21371 Brushwood 30
10.5 6.524396 Brushwood 30
11 6.835081 Brushwood 30
11.5 7.145767 Brushwood 30
12 7.456452 Brushwood 30
12.5 7.767138 Brushwood 30
13 8.077823 Brushwood 30
13.5 8.388509 Brushwood 30
14 8.699194 Brushwood 30
14.5 9.00988 Brushwood 30
15 9.320565 Woodland 8
15.5 9.631251 Woodland 8
16 9.941936 Woodland 8
16.5 10.25262 Woodland 8
17 10.56331 Woodland 8
17.5 10.87399 Woodland 8
18 11.18468 Woodland 8
18.5 11.49536 Woodland 8
56
19 11.80605 Woodland 8
20 12.42742 Woodland 8
20.5 12.73811 Woodland 8
21 13.04879 Woodland 8
21.5 13.35948 Woodland 8
22 13.67016 Woodland 8
22.5 13.98085 Woodland 8
23 14.29153 Mountain 2
23.5 14.60222 Mountain 2
24 14.9129 Mountain 2
24.5 15.22359 Mountain 2
25 15.53428 Mountain 2
25.5 15.84496 Mountain 2
26 16.15565 Mountain 2
26.5 16.46633 Mountain 2
27 16.77702 Mountain 2
27.5 17.0877 Mountain 2
28 17.39839 Mountain 2
28.5 17.70907 Mountain 2
29 18.01976 Mountain 2
29.5 18.33044 Mountain 2
30 18.64113 Mountain 2
30.5 18.95182 Mountain 2
31 19.2625 Mountain 2
31.5 19.57319 Mountain 2
32 19.88387 Mountain 2
32.5 20.19456 Mountain 2
33 20.50524 Mountain 2
33.5 20.81593 Mountain 2
34 21.12661 Mountain 2
34.5 21.4373 Mountain 2
35 21.74799 Mountain 2
35.5 22.05867 Mountain 2
36 22.36936 Mountain 2
36.5 22.68004 Mountain 2
37 22.99073 Mountain 2
37.5 23.30141 Mountain 2
38 23.6121 Mountain 2
38.5 23.92278 Mountain 2
39 24.23347 Mountain 2
39.5 24.54415 Mountain 2
40 24.85484 Mountain 2
40.5 25.16553 Mountain 2
41 25.47621 Mountain 2
57
41.5 25.7869 Mountain 2
42 26.09758 Mountain 2
42.5 26.40827 Mountain 2
43 26.71895 Mountain 2
43.5 27.02964 Mountain 2
44 27.34032 Mountain 2
44.5 27.65101 Mountain 2
45 27.9617 Mountain 2
45.5 28.27238 Mountain 2
46 28.58307 Mountain 2
46.5 28.89375 Mountain 2
47 29.20444 Mountain 2
47.5 29.51512 Mountain 2
48 29.82581 Mountain 2
48.5 30.13649 Mountain 2
49 30.44718 Mountain 2
49.5 30.75786 Mountain 2
50 31.06855 Mountain 2
50.5 31.37924 Mountain 2
51 31.68992 Mountain 2
51.5 32.00061 Mountain 2
52 32.31129 Mountain 2
52.5 32.62198 Mountain 2
53 32.93266 Mountain 2
53.5 33.24335 Mountain 2
54 33.55403 Mountain 2
54.5 33.86472 Mountain 2
55 34.17541 Mountain 2
55.5 34.48609 Mountain 2
56 34.79678 Mountain 2
56.5 35.10746 Mountain 2
57 35.41815 Mountain 2
57.5 35.72883 Mountain 2
58 36.03952 Mountain 2
58.5 36.3502 Mountain 2
59 36.66089 Mountain 2
59.5 36.97157 Mountain 2
60 37.28226 Mountain 2
60.5 37.59295 Mountain 2
61 37.90363 Mountain 2
61.5 38.21432 Mountain 2
62 38.525 Mountain 2
62.5 38.83569 Mountain 2
63 39.14637 Mountain 2
58
63.5 39.45706 Mountain 2
64 39.76774 Mountain 2
64.5 40.07843 Mountain 2
65 40.38912 Mountain 2
65.5 40.6998 Mountain 2
66 41.01049 Mountain 2
66.5 41.32117 Mountain 2
67 41.63186 Mountain 2
67.5 41.94254 Mountain 2
68 42.25323 Mountain 2
68.5 42.56391 Mountain 2
69 42.8746 Mountain 2
69.5 43.18528 Mountain 2
70 43.49597 Mountain 2
70.5 43.80666 Mountain 2
71 44.11734 Mountain 2
71.5 44.42803 Mountain 2
72 44.73871 Mountain 2
72.5 45.0494 Mountain 2
73 45.36008 Mountain 2
73.5 45.67077 Mountain 2
74 45.98145 Mountain 2
74.5 46.29214 Mountain 2
75 46.60283 Mountain 2
75.5 46.91351 Mountain 2
76 47.2242 Mountain 2
76.5 47.53488 Mountain 2
77 47.84557 Mountain 2
77.5 48.15625 Mountain 2
78 48.46694 Mountain 2
78.5 48.77762 Mountain 2
79 49.08831 Mountain 2
79.5 49.39899 Mountain 2
80 49.70968 Mountain 2
80.5 50.02037 Mountain 2
81 50.33105 Mountain 2
81.5 50.64174 Mountain 2
82 50.95242 Mountain 2
82.5 51.26311 Built-up area 1
83.5 51.88448 Built-up area 1
84.5 52.50585 Built-up area 1
59
85.5 53.12722 Built-up area 1
86.5 53.74859 Built-up area 1
87.5 54.36996 Built-up area 1
88.5 54.99133 Built-up area 1
89.5 55.6127 Brushwood 30
90 55.92339 Brushwood 30
90.5 56.23408 Brushwood 30
91 56.54476 Brushwood 30
91.5 56.85545 Brushwood 30
92 57.16613 Fresh water 30
92.5 57.47682 Built-in area 1
93 57.7875 Woodland 8
93.5 58.09819 Fresh water 30
94 58.40887 Fresh water 30
94.5 58.71956 Fresh water 30
95 59.03025 Fresh water 30
95.5 59.34093 Fresh water 30
96 59.65162 Fresh water 30
96.5 59.9623 Fresh water 30
97 60.27299 Fresh water 30
97.5 60.58367 Fresh water 30
98 60.89436 Fresh water 30
98.5 61.20504 Fresh water 30
99 61.51573 Fresh water 30
99.5 61.82641 Fresh water 30
100 62.1371 Fresh water 30
100.5 62.44779 Fresh water 30
101 62.75847 Fresh water 30
101.5 63.06916 Fresh water 30
102 63.37984 Fresh water 30
102.5 63.69053 Fresh water 30
103 64.00121 Fresh water 30
103.5 64.3119 Fresh water 30
104 64.62258 Fresh water 30
104.5 64.93327 Fresh water 30
105 65.24396 Fresh water 30
105.5 65.55464 Fresh water 30
106 65.86533 Fresh water 30
106.5 66.17601 Fresh water 30
107 66.4867 Brushwood 30
60
107.5 66.79738 Brushwood 30
108 67.10807 Brushwood 30
108.5 67.41875 Fresh water 30
109 67.72944 Fresh water 30
109.5 68.04012 Fresh water 30
110 68.35081 Rice paddy 30
110.5 68.6615 Rice paddy 30
111 68.97218 Rice paddy 30
111.5 69.28287 Rice paddy 30
112 69.59355 Rice paddy 30
112.5 69.90424 Rice paddy 30
113 70.21492 Rice paddy 30
113.5 70.52561 Fresh water 30
114 70.83629 Fresh water 30
114.5 71.14698 Tropical Grass 30
115 71.45767 Tropical Grass 30
125.5 77.98206 Built-up Area 1
126.5 78.60343 Built-up Area 1
127 78.91412 Built-up Area 1
127.5 79.2248 Built-up Area 1
128 79.53549 Built-up Area 1
128.5 79.84617 Built-up Area 1
129 80.15686 Built-up Area 1
129.5 80.46754 Built-up Area 1
61
130 80.77823 Built-up Area 1
130.5 81.08892 Built-up Area 1
131.5 81.71029 Built-up Area 1
132 82.02097 Built-up Area 1
132.5 82.33166 Built-up Area 1
133 82.64234 Built-up Area 1
133.5 82.95303 Built-up Area 1
134 83.26371 Built-up Area 1
134.5 83.5744 Built-up Area 1
135 83.88509 Built-up Area 1
135.5 84.19577 Built-up Area 1
136 84.50646 Built-up Area 1
136.5 84.81714 Built-up Area 1
137 85.12783 Built-up Area 1
137.5 85.43851 Fresh water 30
138 85.7492 Fresh water 30
138.5 86.05988 Fresh water 30
139 86.37057 Fresh water 30
139.5 86.68125 Fresh water 30
140 86.99194 Fresh water 30
140.5 87.30263 Fresh water 30
141 87.61331 Fresh water 30
141.5 87.924 Fresh water 30
142 88.23468 Fresh water 30
142.5 88.54537 Fresh water 30
143 88.85605 Fresh water 30
143.5 89.16674 Fresh water 30
144 89.47742 Fresh water 30
144.5 89.78811 Fresh water 30
145 90.0988 Fresh water 30
145.5 90.40948 Fresh water 30
146 90.72017 Fresh water 30
146.5 91.03085 Fresh water 30
147 91.34154 Fresh water 30
147.5 91.65222 Fresh water 30
148 91.96291 Fresh water 30
148.5 92.27359 Fresh water 30
149 92.58428 Fresh water 30
149.5 92.89496 Fresh water 30
150 93.20565 Fresh water 30
62
Table 4.16 240 DEGREE
0.5 0.310686 Built-up Area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up Area 1
2.5 1.553428 Woodland 8
3 1.864113 Woodland 8
3.5 2.174799 Woodland 8
4 2.485484 Woodland 8
4.5 2.79617 Woodland 8
5.5 3.417541 Built-up Area 1
6.5 4.038912 Built-up Area 1
7 4.349597 Woodland 8
7.5 4.660283 Woodland 8
8 4.970968 Woodland 8
8.5 5.281654 Woodland 8
9 5.592339 Woodland 8
9.5 5.903025 Woodland 8
10 6.21371 Woodland 8
10.5 6.524396 Woodland 8
11 6.835081 Woodland 8
11.5 7.145767 Woodland 8
12 7.456452 Mountain 2
12.5 7.767138 Mountain 2
13 8.077823 Mountain 2
13.5 8.388509 Mountain 2
14 8.699194 Mountain 2
14.5 9.00988 Mountain 2
15 9.320565 Mountain 2
15.5 9.631251 Mountain 2
16 9.941936 Mountain 2
16.5 10.25262 Mountain 2
17 10.56331 Mountain 2
17.5 10.87399 Mountain 2
18 11.18468 Mountain 2
18.5 11.49536 Mountain 2
19 11.80605 Mountain 2
20 12.42742 Mountain 2
20.5 12.73811 Mountain 2
21 13.04879 Mountain 2
21.5 13.35948 Mountain 2
63
22 13.67016 Mountain 2
22.5 13.98085 Mountain 2
23 14.29153 Mountain 2
23.5 14.60222 Mountain 2
24 14.9129 Mountain 2
24.5 15.22359 Mountain 2
25 15.53428 Mountain 2
25.5 15.84496 Mountain 2
26 16.15565 Mountain 2
26.5 16.46633 Mountain 2
27 16.77702 Mountain 2
27.5 17.0877 Mountain 2
28 17.39839 Mountain 2
28.5 17.70907 Mountain 2
29 18.01976 Mountain 2
29.5 18.33044 Mountain 2
30 18.64113 Mountain 2
30.5 18.95182 Mountain 2
31 19.2625 Mountain 2
31.5 19.57319 Mountain 2
32 19.88387 Mountain 2
32.5 20.19456 Mountain 2
33 20.50524 Mountain 2
33.5 20.81593 Mountain 2
34 21.12661 Mountain 2
34.5 21.4373 Mountain 2
35 21.74799 Mountain 2
35.5 22.05867 Mountain 2
36 22.36936 Mountain 2
36.5 22.68004 Mountain 2
37 22.99073 Mountain 2
37.5 23.30141 Mountain 2
38 23.6121 Mountain 2
38.5 23.92278 Mountain 2
39 24.23347 Mountain 2
39.5 24.54415 Mountain 2
40 24.85484 Mountain 2
40.5 25.16553 Mountain 2
41 25.47621 Mountain 2
41.5 25.7869 Mountain 2
42 26.09758 Mountain 2
42.5 26.40827 Mountain 2
43 26.71895 Mountain 2
43.5 27.02964 Mountain 2
64
44 27.34032 Mountain 2
44.5 27.65101 Mountain 2
45 27.9617 Mountain 2
45.5 28.27238 Mountain 2
46 28.58307 Mountain 2
46.5 28.89375 Mountain 2
47 29.20444 Mountain 2
47.5 29.51512 Built-up area 1
48.5 30.13649 Built-up area 1
49.5 30.75786 Brushwood 30
50 31.06855 Brushwood 30
50.5 31.37924 Brushwood 30
51 31.68992 Brushwood 30
51.5 32.00061 Brushwood 30
52 32.31129 Brushwood 30
52.5 32.62198 Brushwood 30
53 32.93266 Brushwood 30
53.5 33.24335 Built-up area 1
54.5 33.86472 Built-up area 1
55.5 34.48609 Fresh water 30
56 34.79678 Fresh water 30
56.5 35.10746 Fresh water 30
57 35.41815 Fresh water 30
57.5 35.72883 Fresh water 30
58 36.03952 Fresh water 30
58.5 36.3502 Fresh water 30
59 36.66089 Fresh water 30
59.5 36.97157 Fresh water 30
60 37.28226 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.310686 Built-up Area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up Area 1
2.5 1.553428 Woodland 8
3 1.864113 Woodland 8
3.5 2.174799 Woodland 8
4 2.485484 Woodland 8
65
4.5 2.79617 Built-up Area 1
5.5 3.417541 Built-up Area 1
6.5 4.038912 Mountain 2
7 4.349597 Mountain 2
7.5 4.660283 Mountain 2
8 4.970968 Mountain 2
8.5 5.281654 Mountain 2
9 5.592339 Mountain 2
9.5 5.903025 Mountain 2
10 6.21371 Mountain 2
10.5 6.524396 Mountain 2
11 6.835081 Mountain 2
11.5 7.145767 Mountain 2
12 7.456452 Mountain 2
12.5 7.767138 Mountain 2
13 8.077823 Mountain 2
13.5 8.388509 Mountain 2
14 8.699194 Mountain 2
14.5 9.00988 Mountain 2
15 9.320565 Mountain 2
15.5 9.631251 Mountain 2
16 9.941936 Mountain 2
16.5 10.25262 Mountain 2
17 10.56331 Mountain 2
17.5 10.87399 Mountain 2
18 11.18468 Mountain 2
18.5 11.49536 Mountain 2
19 11.80605 Mountain 2
20 12.42742 Mountain 2
20.5 12.73811 Mountain 2
21 13.04879 Mountain 2
21.5 13.35948 Mountain 2
22 13.67016 Mountain 2
22.5 13.98085 Mountain 2
23 14.29153 Mountain 2
23.5 14.60222 Mountain 2
24 14.9129 Rice Paddy 30
24.5 15.22359 Rice Paddy 30
25 15.53428 Rice Paddy 30
25.5 15.84496 Rice Paddy 30
26 16.15565 Rice Paddy 30
26.5 16.46633 Rice Paddy 30
66
27 16.77702 Fresh water 30
27.5 17.0877 Fresh water 30
28 17.39839 Fresh water 30
28.5 17.70907 Fresh water 30
29 18.01976 Fresh water 30
29.5 18.33044 Fresh water 30
30 18.64113 Fresh water 30
30.5 18.95182 Fresh water 30
31.5 19.57319 Fresh water 30
32 19.88387 Fresh water 30
32.5 20.19456 Fresh water 30
33 20.50524 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.310686 Built-up area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up area 1
2.5 1.553428 Built-up area 1
3.5 2.174799 Built-up area 1
4.5 2.79617 Built-up area 1
5.5 3.417541 Mountain 2
6 3.728226 Mountain 2
6.5 4.038912 Mountain 2
7 4.349597 Mountain 2
7.5 4.660283 Mountain 2
8 4.970968 Mountain 2
8.5 5.281654 Mountain 2
9 5.592339 Mountain 2
9.5 5.903025 Mountain 2
10 6.21371 Mountain 2
10.5 6.524396 Mountain 2
11 6.835081 Mountain 2
11.5 7.145767 Mountain 2
12 7.456452 Mountain 2
12.5 7.767138 Mountain 2
13 8.077823 Mountain 2
13.5 8.388509 Mountain 2
14 8.699194 Mountain 2
67
14.5 9.00988 Mountain 2
15 9.320565 Mountain 2
15.5 9.631251 Mountain 2
16 9.941936 Mountain 2
16.5 10.25262 Mountain 2
17 10.56331 Mountain 2
17.5 10.87399 Mountain 2
18 11.18468 Mountain 2
18.5 11.49536 Rice Paddy 2
19 11.80605 Rice Paddy 2
20 12.42742 Fresh water 30
20.5 12.73811 Fresh water 30
21 13.04879 Fresh water 30
21.5 13.35948 Fresh water 30
22 13.67016 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.310686 Built-up area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up area 1
2.5 1.553428 Built-up area 1
3.5 2.174799 Built-up area 1
4.5 2.79617 Mountain 2
5 3.106855 Mountain 2
5.5 3.417541 Mountain 2
6 3.728226 Mountain 2
6.5 4.038912 Mountain 2
7 4.349597 Mountain 2
7.5 4.660283 Mountain 2
8 4.970968 Mountain 2
8.5 5.281654 Mountain 2
9 5.592339 Mountain 2
9.5 5.903025 Mountain 2
10 6.21371 Mountain 2
10.5 6.524396 Mountain 2
11 6.835081 Mountain 2
11.5 7.145767 Mountain 2
12 7.456452 Mountain 2
12.5 7.767138 Mountain 2
13 8.077823 Mountain 2
68
13.5 8.388509 Mountain 2
14 8.699194 Mountain 2
14.5 9.00988 Mountain 2
15 9.320565 Mountain 2
15.5 9.631251 Mountain 2
16 9.941936 Mountain 2
16.5 10.25262 Mountain 2
17 10.56331 Fresh water 30
17.5 10.87399 Fresh water 30
18 11.18468 Fresh water 30
18.5 11.49536 Fresh water 30
19 11.80605 Fresh water 30
20 12.42742 Fresh water 30
20.5 12.73811 Fresh water 30
21 13.04879 Fresh water 30
21.5 13.35948 Fresh water 30
22 13.67016 Fresh water 30

0.5 0.310686 Built-up area 1
1.5 0.932057 Built-up area 1
2.5 1.553428 Built-up area 1
3.5 2.174799 Built-up area 1
4.5 2.79617 Mountain 2
5 3.106855 Mountain 2
5.5 3.417541 Mountain 2
6 3.728226 Mountain 2
6.5 4.038912 Mountain 2
7 4.349597 Mountain 2
7.5 4.660283 Mountain 2
8 4.970968 Mountain 2
8.5 5.281654 Mountain 2
9 5.592339 Mountain 2
9.5 5.903025 Mountain 2
10 6.21371 Mountain 2
10.5 6.524396 Mountain 2
11 6.835081 Mountain 2
11.5 7.145767 Mountain 2
12 7.456452 Mountain 2
69
12.5 7.767138 Mountain 2
13 8.077823 Mountain 2
13.5 8.388509 Built-up Area 1
14 8.699194 Mountain 2
14.5 9.00988 Mountain 2
15 9.320565 Mountain 2
15.5 9.631251 Mountain 2
16 9.941936 Mountain 2
16.5 10.25262 Mountain 2
17 10.56331 Mountain 2
17.5 10.87399 Mountain 2
18 11.18468 Mountain 2
18.5 11.49536 Fresh Water 30
19 11.80605 Fresh Water 30
20 12.42742 Fresh Water 30
20.5 12.73811 Fresh Water 30
21 13.04879 Fresh Water 30
21.5 13.35948 Fresh Water 30
22 13.67016 Fresh Water 30

0.5 0.3106855 Residential 1
1 0.621371 trees 8
1.5 0.9320565 trees 8
2 1.242742 trees 8
2.5 1.5534275 Cropland 30
3 1.864113 Cropland 30
3.5 2.1747985 Cropland 30
4 2.485484 Cropland 30
4.5 2.7961695 Cropland 30
5 3.106855 trees 8
5.5 3.4175405 trees 8
6 3.728226 Mountain 2
6.5 4.0389115 Mountain 2
7 4.349597 Mountain 2
7.5 4.6602825 Mountain 2
8 4.970968 Mountain 2
8.5 5.2816535 Mountain 2
9 5.592339 Mountain 2
9.5 5.9030245 Mountain 2
10 6.21371 Mountain 2
10.5 6.5243955 Mountain 2
11 6.835081 Mountain 2
70
11.5 7.1457665 woodland 8
12 7.456452 woodland 8
12.5 7.7671375 woodland 8
13 8.077823 woodland 8
13.5 8.3885085 woodland 8
14 8.699194 woodland 8
14.5 9.0098795 woodland 8
15 9.320565 Residential 1
15.5 9.6312505 Residential 1
16 9.941936 woodland 8
16.5 10.2526215 woodland 8
17 10.563307 Mountain 2
17.5 10.8739925 Mountain 2
18 11.184678 Mountain 2
18.5 11.4953635 Mountain 2
19 11.806049 Mountain 2
19.5 12.1167345 Mountain 2
20 12.42742 Mountain 2
20.5 12.7381055 Mountain 2
21 13.048791 Mountain 2
21.5 13.3594765 Sea Salt 5000
22 13.670162 Sea Salt 5000
22.5 13.9808475 woodland 8
23 14.291533 woodland 8
23.5 14.6022185 woodland 8
24 14.912904 woodland 8
24.5 15.2235895 Sea Salt 5000
25 15.534275 Sea Salt 5000
71
CHAPTER 5
REVERBERATION, GROUNDWAVE FIELD INTENSITY,
STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER LINK
72
REVERBERATION TIME COMPUTATION
Reverberation is the persistence of sound in a particular space after the
original sound is produce.
A reverberation or reverb is created when a sound in produced in an enclosed

space causing a large number of echoes to build up and then slowly decay
as the sound is absorbed by the walls and air.
The interval between the initial direct arrival of sound wave and the last
audible reflected wave is called reverberation time.
AM Reverberation Time
 Volume of the AM Studio

o Studio Volume
 Surface Area of the Studio
o Studio Surface Area
 Surface Area of the door

o Door Area
 Surface Area of the Windows
o Window 1 Area
o Window 2 Area
 Surface Area per Wall
o Wall 1 Area
o Wall 2 Area
o Wall 3 Area minus Window1
o Wall 4 Area minus Door & Window2
 Surface Area of the Ceiling & Floor

o Floor = Ceiling
73
Table 5.1 Absorption Coefficient
74
REVERBERATION FORMULA
SABINE’S FORMULA
WHERE:
V = Volume of the Studio in cubic meter
A=
NORRIS ERRYING’S FORMULA
V = Volume of the Studio in cubic meter

S=
75
REVERBERATION AT 125 Hz
Area Absorption Reverb-

Area
Surface Material (sq. Coefficient eration
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 125 Hz)
Floor Carpet on concrete 24 258.3336 0.02 5.166672
Ceiling Acoustic Tiles 24 258.3336 0.05 12.91668
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.01 1.291668
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.01 1.937502
painted
Wall 3
(minus Smooth Concrete,
8.36 89.986204 0.01 0.89986204
the painted
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.01 1.31750136
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.18 7.05250728
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.18 8.718759
Door Solid Timber Door 1.26 13.562514 0.15 2.0343771
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.15 15.3385575
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.02 0.753473
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.33 83.4740445
each)
Total 140.9016038
Table 5.4 Reverberation at 125 Hz
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3

Surface Area = 1162.502399 ft2
Total Absorption = Summation of Product

Total Absorption = 190.9860305
Average Absorption Coefficient
76
Using Sabine’s Equation:
0.884235937

Area
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 250 Hz)
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.01 1.291668
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.01 1.937502
painted
Wall 3
8.36 89.986204 0.01 0.89986204
the painted
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.01 1.31750136
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.25 9.795149
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.25 12.1093875
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.19 19.4288395
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.35 13.1857775
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.4 101.18066
each)
Total 234.8360063
77
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3


Area
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 500 Hz)
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.01 1.291668
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.01 1.937502
painted
Wall 3
8.36 89.986204 0.01 0.89986204
the painted
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.01 1.31750136
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.18 7.05250728
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.18 8.718759
78
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.22 22.496551
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.55 20.7205075
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.44 111.298726
each)
Total 347.047511
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3


0.359000591

Area
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 1 kHz)
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.02 2.583336
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.02 3.875004
painted
Wall 3 Smooth Concrete,
8.36 89.986204 0.02 1.79972408
(minus painted
79
the
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.02 2.63500272
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.12 4.70167152
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.12 5.812506
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.39 39.8802495
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.3 11.302095
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.45 113.8282425
each)
Total 427.7530804
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3


0.491266778
80

Area
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 125 Hz)
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.02 2.583336
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.02 3.875004
painted
Wall 3
8.36 89.986204 0.02 1.79972408
the painted
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.02 2.63500272
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.07 2.74264172
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.07 3.3906285
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.38 38.857679
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.25 9.4184125
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.45 113.8282425
each)
Total 451.7372024
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3


81
0.425802526

Area
(sq. ft)
m) (@ 125 Hz)
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 1 12 129.1668 0.02 2.583336
painted
Smooth Concrete,
Wall 2 18 193.7502 0.02 3.875004
painted
Wall 3
8.36 89.986204 0.02 1.79972408
the painted
window1)
Wall 4
(minus
Smooth Concrete,
the 12.24 131.750136 0.02 2.63500272
painted
window 2
and Door)
Window 1 Glass 3.64 39.180596 0.04 1.56722384
Window 2 Glass 4.5 48.43755 0.04 1.937502
Chair Metal (5pcs., 1.9 m2 ) 9.5 102.25705 0.3 38.857679
Table Plywood 3.5 37.67365 0.3 9.4184125
Adult (5 max. 4.7m2
Human 23.5 252.95165 0.45 113.8282425
each)
Total 428.44197
Volume = 72m3 *35.3147 = 2542.6584 ft3

82

0.390798452
83
Figure 5.1
84
GROUND WAVE FIELD STRENGTH
VERSUS
DISTANCE
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER LINK
I. Coordinates of Sites
a. Studio (Puerto Princesa)
Researched Coordinates: 9°44'21.8" N
118°44'24.3" E
Latitude:
Longitude:
( )
104
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR:
Latitude: Longitude:
| | | |
0.07415% 0.0011%
b. Transmitter (Puerto Princesa)

Researched Coordinates: 9°47'33.8"N
118°43'34.4"E
Latitude:
105
Longitude:
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR:’
Latitude: Longitude:
| |
| |
0.0019% 0.01106%
II. Great Circle Distance
Using the computed coordinates:

Latitude A: Longitude A:
Latitude B: Longitude B:
Cos (d)
cos d
d
d
d = 6.00699 km
III. Frequency Allocation
f = low band frequency

f’ = high band frequency
fc = center frequency
106
fc= √
fc= √
fc = 946.9868 MHz
The frequency band allocation for STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER
LINK/REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM shall be:
Therefore, the design will use the Band C for the Studio-to-Transmitter
Link.
IV. Antenna Height
Assumption: F=1; a1=25m

Given:
fc = 946.9868 MHz
d1 =1.6 km
e1 = 25 m
D = 6 km
d2 = 4.4 km
e2 = 5m
TG = 15m
K = 4/3
eo = 5
Solution:
eb=
eb=
107
eb= 0.414 m
ho= eb + eo + TG
ho= 0.414 + 5 + 15
ho= 20.414
F1 √
√
F1= 19.25683214
H= 0.6 x F1
H= 0.6 x 19.25683214
H= 11.55409929
Assume antenna height: a1= 25 m, h1= e1 + a1; h1= 25 + 25= 50 m
H
11.55409929
h2= 86.13037232 m
Since h2=a2+e2
86.13037232= a2 +5
a2=81.13037232 m
V. Antenna Gain
Given Parameters:
Dimensions: 23.6 x 39.1 in. (600 x 992 mm)

fc (center frequency) = 946.9868 MHz
From the Specification Sheet of the Antenna:
a. Diameter : 23.6 x 39.1 in. (600 x 992 mm)

b. Frequency Band : 824 – 960 MHz
c. Antenna Gain : 15 dBi
108
VI. Losses
a. Transmission Line Loss (TLL)
Note: Multiplier attenuation for the attenuation factor was

obtained from the antenna height with an allowance of 2m for both
sites. For site A (20m+2m), for site B (82m+2m)
Coaxial attenuation = 21.9405 dB

TLLTX
Coaxial attenuation = 21.9405 dB

TLLRX
b. Free Space Loss (FSL)
Fc = 946.9868 MHz
Distance = 6 km
FSL
FSL
c. Miscellaneous Loss
i. Water Vapor Absorption Loss
AH2O * +
dB/km
* +
dB/km
AH2O 0.000079207 dB/km
AH2O for 6 km ( )
109
AH2O for 6 km
ii. Oxygen Absorption Loss
AO * + dB/km
* +
dB/km
AO
AO for 25.5 km
AO for 25.5 km = 0.02920980298 dB
iii. Rain Attenuation
Ar
ψ
Rr = 2593 mm/year = 0.2960045662 mm/hr
M
M= -2.101470273
k = log-1[log 0.0335 – M(log 0.0335-log 0.0168)]

= log-1[log 0.0335 – (-2.101470273)
(log 0.0335-log
0.0168)]
k = 0.1428664006
α = 1.154 – (M)(1.154 – 1.217)

= 1.154 – (-2.101470273)(1.154 – 1.217)
= 1.021607373
110
Ar
TOTAL MISCELLANOUS LOSS:

AT = AH2O + AO + Ar
=
AT = 0.6362030767
VII. Reliability
Given Parameters:
Fc =946.9868 MHz
D = 6 km
AG
Antenna Misalignment Loss (AML) by Manny Rule =0.25 dB
Transmitted Power Output (Po) see specification= 24 dBm
Improvement Threshold (see specification) = -78.8 dBm
a. Interpolation
TOTAL FIXED LOSS (TFL)

TFL = 2(RL) + 2 (AML) + TLLTX + TLLRX
= 2 (0 dB) + 2 (0.25 dB) + +18.43002
= 23.75693 dB
FREE SPACE LOSS (FSL)

FSL
FSL
ATMOSPHERIC LOSS (AL)

AT = AH2O + AO + Ar
=
AT = 0.6362030767
TOTAL LOSSES (TL)

TL = TFL + FSL + AL
= 23.75693 dB + + 0.6362030767
= 131.9230366 dB
111
NET PATH LOSSES (NPL)
NPL = │Total Gain – Total Loss│
=│2 (30 dB) – 131.9230366 dB │
= 71.9230366 dB
RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL (RSL)

RSL = Po – NPL
= 24 dB – 71.9230366 dB
= -47.9230366 dB
FADE MARGIN (FM)

FM = RSL – Improvement Threshold (IT)
= -47.9230366 dB – (-78.8 dB)
= 30.87696341 dB
By interpolation:
X=99.92589267%
Reliability = 99.92589267%
Outage/Downtime:
= (1- 99.92589267) x 24ℎ 𝑠 1 𝑦 x 365 𝑦𝑠 1 𝑦
= 6. 491802108 hr/year
VIII. Point of Reflection

@ Site A
h1 = e1 +a1
h1 = 25+25
h1 = 50m
@ Site B
h2 = e2 +a2
h2 = 5+81.13037232 m
h2 = 86.13037232 m
112
D = 6 km
h1 ( )
h2 ( )
D ( )
x
y
η
√ √
d1 = ηD = (
d1 = 2.116003795 mi or 3.40537801146048 km (from site A)
d2 = D – d1 =
d2= 1.612216205 mi or 2.59461047621952km (from site B)
IX. Panning
Given Parameters:
Latitude A: Longitude A:
Latitude B: Longitude B:
Site A – Puerto Princesa

Latitude:
Longitude:
Site B – Hagonoy, Taguig

Latitude:
Longitude:
h1: 50 m
h2: 86.13037232 m
a. Horizontal Panning
Formulas:
C = longitude A – longitude B
113
( )
t ( ) |* +* +|
( )
( )
t ( ) |* +* +|
( )
Solutions:
C = longitude A – longitude B
C=| |
C=
( )
t ( ) |* +* +|
( )
( )
t ( ) |* +[ ]|
( )
( )
t ( ) | [ ]|
( )
t ( )
( )
( )
( )
t ( ) |* +* +|
( )
( )
t ( ) |* +[ ]|
( )
( )
t ( ) | [ ]|
( )
114
t ( )
( )
( )
Solving for X:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
For Site A
N W
N W
For Site B
N )W
N W
b. Vertical Panning
Vertical Panning Angle = θ1 = θ2

( )
( )
115
APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENTS
116
Procaster AM Transmitter
Weatherproof outdoor transmitter module can be flat or pole mounted. The

aluminum 3-section antenna side-mounts to transmitter casing. Connects to Studio
Interface with 4- conductor shielded
cable.
Electrical Specifications
 Channel Frequencies 1290 -
1700kHz
 PLL Channels 42 with 10kHz spacing
 Fine Frequency Adjust +/-10Hz
 Auto Power Setting 100mW
 Tuning Meter Built in
 Audio input 600 ohm balanced
Mechanical Specifications
 Welded aluminum casing and cover

 Weatherproof seal between cover and
case
 Stainless steel hardware
 Antenna Side mount 3-section
 Size 8.2in L x 4in W x 3.2in H
 Weight 1.9 lb (excluding antenna)
 Mounting 4 slots on 7.2in x 2in centre
 Antenna mounting 4in centre
 Finish UV-resistant outdoor polyester
117
Telescopic antenna and mounting hardware
It mounts to side of transmitter using dual mounts. It includes 2 x #10 stainless

locknuts and 2 stainless hose clamps. Mounting: 4in centre on 5/8in section.
Mechanical Specifications
 Construction: 0.058in wall T6 aluminum

 Sizes: 3/8in 1/2in 5/8in diameter
 Length: 3ft each section
 Assembled length: 104in
 Connection method: compression using hose
clamps over slots
 Weight: 1.5lb
Studio Interface
It connects to outdoor transmitter via 4-conductor cable. It accepts line level audio
input and power for entire system. It includes adjustable compressor/limiter and
modulation depth.
118
Electrical Specifications:
 Audio level input: 200mV - 3V adjustable

 Audio processor may be turned off when using external audio processor
 Compressor settings: 1:1 2:1 5:1 10:1
 Audio limiter: automatic
 Modulation depth: adjustable
 Audio output: 600 ohm balanced
 Audio drive: up to 250ft
 Power input (system): 12VDC @ 80mA
 Solar panel compatible: yes
Studio MP3 Interface
Specifications
 Connects to outdoor transmitter via 4-conductor cable

 Includes line level audio input
 Plays MP3 files from standard USB Flash drives
 MP3 files play sequentially or shuffled
 Includes adjustable compressor/limiter and modulation depth
 Provides power for Procaster transmitter
 USB Flash drive included
119
Audio Processor
Applications
Broadcast - Channel is a tube microphone preamp and signal processor that is an

indispensable broadcast station tool. You'll find them in the production room and
installed as permanent on-air processing for pumping up voices.
Recording Studios - Channel is a powerful and easy-to-use channel strip for

commercial and project studios, featuring our reflected-plate amplifier tube
microphone preamp design plus compression, gating, de-esser, parametric EQ,
Aural Exciter and Big Bottom bass enhancement.
Live Sound - When space is at a premium in a touring rig, and night after night
reliability is essential, the rugged Channel provides all the top quality processing
needed for any instrument without taking up precious rack space.
Features
 Patented Reflected Plate Amplifier (RPA) Tube Preamp

 EasyRider Class A Compressor
 Logic Assisted Gate
 De-Esser
 Aural Exciter
 Big Bottom
 Parametric EQ
120
Specifications:
121
122
AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH
40A-5000A Electrical Equipment
123
BACK UP DESKTOP PC
Technical Specifications:
Processor : Intel Core i5-6400 Processor 2.7GHz (6M Cache, up to

3.30GHz)
Memory : 4GB DDR3L 1600 MHz UDIMM ; Dual-channel
Hard Drive : 1TB 3.5-inch 7200 RPM
Graphics : NVIDIA® GeForce® GT 720 with 2 GB of DDR3
(supporting: DVI, HDMI®)
Optical Drive : 8X Super-Multi drive, 12.7 mm, tray-load
Display : 21.5-inch S220HQL Bbd Monitor
Webcam : N/A
Card Reader : Yes
Audio : Integrated high-definition, 5.1-channel surround sound
Networking : WLAN
802.11b/g/n wireless LAN and Bluetooth 4.0 LE
LAN
Gigabit Ethernet
I/O Ports : Front/Side I/O connectors
• Card reader: Yes
• Audio jack(s): 2
• USB 3.0 port(s): 2
Rear I/O connectors
• HDMI-out port(s): 2
• LAN port(s): 1
• Audio jack(s): 3
***On board display output ports are disabled when a discrete video card is installed
Expansion Slot : Number of PCIe x1 slot(s): 1
Power Supply : 300 W PFC (EuP), auto-sensing, 80PLUS Bronze, ATX
Keyboard & Mouse : USB Keyboard and mouse
Speakers : USB Speakers
Accessory : DVI to VGA Converter
Operating System : Windows 10 SL 64 Bit
Warranty : 1 year warranty on parts and labor
124
Great Planes RealFlight 7.5 with Wired Transmitter Interface
Features
 Over 140 aircraft—airplanes, helis, sailplanes and multi-rotors

 Over 40 PhotoField™ and 3D sites plus FlexiField™ site editor
 Game-like Challenges including multi-rotor challenges
 RealPhysics™ 3D and TruFlo™ Wind Dynamics
 TrueView™ realistic lighting and Real Rendering™
 Reset/Rewind on the InterLink Elite controller
 Multiplayer and MultiMode Unlimited combat
 Onscreen camera controls and Heads-Up Display
 Water takeoffs and landings plus night flying
 AccuModel aircraft editor with tabbed dialogues
125
Generator
126
Grid Reflector Antenna
127
128
Sennheiser Headphones
HMD 27
The new HMD 27-series invites the Broadcast Commentators and Audio
Engineers to experience the highest level of wearing comfort. HMD 27 are a closed
and circumaural earcup design to provide a high passive attenuation but
nevertheless unusually lightweight and comfortable over long working hours. Soft
circumaural earpads endure a comfortable fit. The headset is similar to the HMS
26series equipped with the automatically opening two-piece headband, hence no
pressure on the sensitive fontanelle. For those users who still prefer a conventional
headband, a wide headband padding is included that converts the two-piece
headband into a compact single piece.
Features
 Highest wearing comfort due to the lightweight circumaural design and the
splitted headband (no pressure on the sensitive fontanelle)
 Accurate and linear sound reproduction for very demanding monitoring
 Dynamic Microphone, which stands out due to a strong and powerful sound
pattern for an audio transmission in highest broadcast quality even in noisy
environments
129
 ActiveGard© (on/off switch) for protected hearing against noise peaks >
110dB
 Modular concept of different cables and boom arms to offer highest flexibility
 Cables of the cable 26-II series are compatible
 Swiveling ear cap for single sided listening
 Microphone can be worn either on right or left hand side
 Wide headband padding is included that converts the two-piece headband
into a compact single piece
130
Heliax Foam Dielectric LDF4-50A
131
Broadcasting Studio Microphone Scissor Arm
132
Microphone
MXL 990 Condenser Microphone
The MXL 990 remains one of the industry's most ground-breaking microphones. The
first high quality condenser microphone to come into reach of working musicians, the
MXL 990 has a FET preamp and a large diaphragm for truly professional sound
quality in both digital and analog recordings. This revolutionary condenser
microphone continues to astound artists with its silky, high end and tight, solid low
and midrange reproduction.
FEATURES
 FET preamp with beautifully balanced sound
 Provides silky sweet high end and retains tight, solid low and midrange
reproduction
 Vintage body style with champagne finish
 Includes custom shockmount, mic stand adapter & carrying case
SPECIFICATIONS
Audio
 Analog or digital: Analog
 Frequency response: 30Hz – 20kHz
 Max SPL: 130 dB
 Connectivity: XLR
Pattern and type

 Capsule: Condenser  Type: Mounted
 Polar pattern: Cardioid
133
Speaker
KEVLER Professional 450W
Specifications
 10" Karaoke Speaker

 Power Handling 450W
 Impedance 8 Ohms
 Freq. Resp. 50Hz-20kHz
 Sensitivity: 90 dB
134
LED OBSTRUCTION LIGHT
General Information
GEMTA Aircraft Warning Light System is designed and manufactured to warn

aircraft against the high points above the ground which can be hazardous for flight
safety. GEMTA Aircraft Warning Light System operates under the control
of photocell relay which automatically turns the system on when outside gets dark
and turns the system off when outside begins to lighten. By the manual option of
photecell relay situated in the control box, system continuously operates day and
night. Before the first installation of the system to the tower, functional test has to be
performed in the above way. Depending on the light intensity Standart, ICAO Type A
and ICAO Type B systems are available.
Technical Features
Lamp Type LED
24V DC / 48V DC & 220V

Input Voltage
AC / 230V AC
Operating Back-up,Non Back-

Mode up,Blink,Continuous
→Protection
IP-55 / IP-65
Class
135
Digital Studio Transmitter Link
Overview
The FMUSER 5.8GHz link series is a complete digital STL system (Studio to
Transmitter Link) for those who need to transmit video and audio from studio to the
remotely located transmitter (usually mountain top). The link guarantees an
incredible audio and video quality - punch and clarity. The system can be connected
to 110/220V AC line. Encoder is equipped with up to 4 stereo audio inputs or 4 AV /
CVBS video input. STL offers up to 10km depending on location (e.g.altitude) and
optical visibility.
Specifications
136
TELEPHONE HYBRID
Sonifex DHY-03
Features
 Fully automatic - adapts to varying line conditions and has automatic signal
limiting.
 Fully adaptive echo cancellation to 127msec - default is 24msec.
 76dB typical line balance rejection offering superb performance and crystal clear
audio.
 Front panel input and output gain controls.
 Front panel LED metering of receive and send signals.
Specification
137
138
Surge Arrestor
0.25-765kV Polymer Silicon Rubber Lightning Arrester
The Core column applied winding structure, Polymer Housed core pillar molded on
the core column, with almost no internal air gap, and outstanding sealing
performance Simple in structure, small in size and light in weight.
139
Radio and TV software suite
Specifications
Hardware Specs for On-Air and Servers
Operating System
Windows 2016 Server and SQL SERVER Database 2016 (64 bits Only)
(For more than 10 workstations, we stronly recommend to use SQL SERVER 2016
Standard licence)
Processor
Intel Xeon Multicore
RAM
32 GB for servers
Available disk space
2 systems with RAID (0+1) mirror disks of 500 Go or more
n disk To in RAID 5 or 6 for Data
Video Card
All dual output Video Cards (no Onboard) of more than 1 Gb
Sound Card
An internal Direct sound WDM compatible sound card
Hardware Specs for Workspace
Operating System
Windows 10 Business (64 bits Only)
Processor
Intel Multicore
RAM
8 GB or more
Available disk space
500 GB or more
Video Card
All dual output Video Cards of more than 512 Mo
Sound Card
An internal Direct sound WDM compatible sound card
140
PLAYBOX
Channel in a Box by PlayBox Technology, is a capture video Hardware and a

turnkey playout server solution for broadcasting a single TV channel and available in
SD or HD. It integrates all the elements needed to keep a channel on-air by
combining scheduling, ingest, playout, CG and interactive graphics within one box.
Channel in a Box is available in two formats, HD and SD. You can select between
the two products using the drop down list.
The output can be SDI or IP streaming and suitable for applications including
broadcast TV, internet TV, cable TV. The capture video hardware Channel-In-a-Box
solution consists of four modules:
 ListBox, an offline programme schedule creation and play list editor
 AirBox, automated mixed playout of all supported compressions and
containers in a single playlist
 CaptureBox, media ingest with optional Router Control.
 TitleBox, an interactive graphics manager
 Live Viewer
 ListBox
 Shot Box
 TitleBox NetControl (Commanding TB)
 "SD/HD-SDI/Streaming output plugin‖
 Live input (SDI/ IP stream)
 Graphic Rules
 Logo
 Multiaudio
 Backup Option
 Picture in Picture (PiP)
 External events (incl GPI/DTMF, Router/Matrix, LTC, NetSender)
 External control (GPI/DTMF/LTC)
 QualityControl /loudness Normalization / MTD
141
 Dolby Ac3
 Playlist Import ( CSV)
TV+ / Radio Diplexer
TV + return path (5-65 MHz) radio diplexer
Specifications
TV + return path (5-65 MHz) radio diplexer

Frequency Range: 88 - 108 MHz / 5 -68, 112 -865 MHz.
Number of inputs: 2.
Insertion Loss up to 1.5 dB.
In the Plastic Box for Outdoor Mounting.
DC Pass according to your order.
Connectors type "F".
142
Video Switcher Software
ROLAND-V1600HD
143
Distribution Amplifier
Rane DA216S
Overview
The Rane DA216S Distribution Amplifier is a two-input, sixteen-output
splitter/distribution amplifier. The DA216S is capable of providing sixteen discrete
balanced outputs from one or two balanced mic-level or line-level inputs. The level of
each output is individually adjusted via one of the sixteen screwdriver Output Level
controls on the front panel. Each output may be assigned to either or both inputs via
front panel accessible slide switches.
Features
Inputs
 Two low-noise balanced Inputs with overload indicators

 Mic/Line Input and Gain switches: 40/60 dB Mic, 0/20 dB Line
 Mic Phantom Power switch
 Master Input Level controls
Outputs
 A, B, A&B Output Assign switches
 Sixteen balanced (terminal) Outputs, individually assignable
 Individual Output Level controls
 Stable high-current line drivers capable of driving 600Ω loads
Applications
Fully balanced low-noise mic preamplifiers receive the signal to be split or

distributed. The Input Pad pushbuttons change the input gain range. Additional Gain
pushbuttons increase either Mic or Line level inputs another +20 dB.
144
UPS
APC Power Saving Back UPS 750G
Overview
 Guaranteed protection and battery backup power for your valuable

electronics, ensuring they remain safe from dangerous power disturbances
 Stay available and connected by powering critical devices (computers,

wireless networking devices, gaming consoles, security systems and other
electronics) during a blackout
 10 total outlets – 5 battery backup, 5 surge only outlets, 4 transformer block

spaced
 Includes 3 energy saving outlets that automatically turn of peripheral devices
 PowerChute software provides safe system shutdown, preventing potential

data corruption
 Guaranteed protection from surges and spikes caused by storms, lightning,

circuit overloads, power cycling, etc.
145
Specification
146
CAMERA
SONY PXW-Z450
Overview
Sony’s ground-breaking PXW-Z450 combines 4K resolution (3840 x 2160) with

superbly balanced shoulder-mount ergonomics and a versatile 2/3-inch B4 lens
mount. It’s a robust, high performance acquisition tool for 4K and HD news,
documentaries, live events and general field production.
Specifications
147
148
149
Character Generator
Specifications
150
151
Antenna Tuning Unit
RFID Reader Cheap 13.56mhz HF Antenna Auto Tuning Unit RRATU
Features
 Fully proprietary intellectual property

 Fast and accurate antenna tuning
 No power needed after tuning
 Tuning controllable by reader
 Tuning manual triggered
 Information exchange through RF cable
 Support reader command control tuning operation
 No power is required after tuning procedure
Specification
ITEM SYMBOL VALUE UNIT

Power Supply VCC 16 V
Work Temp TOPR 0~+70 °C
Storage Temp TSTR -25~+80 °C
152
Multiviewer
Apantac Tahoma LE-16HD 16 Input HD-SDI
Overview
The Apantac LE-16 is a 16-channel multiviewer supporting 3G-HD inputs and

embedded audio for use in video walls applications. Utilizing Apantac's Skin
Technology, on-screen graphical elements can be designed with just about any
graphic tool. The LE-16 has built in video and audio alarm detectors and each output
includes a built in CAT5 extender. The unit is fully upgradeable to 4K UHD.
Specifications
 Video Inputs: 16 auto-detect HD/SD-SDI/composite
 Outputs: 1-4 DVI, HDMI, VGA (option), 1 SDI (option)
 Connectors: BNC IEC 61169-8 Annex A
 Output Resolution: 800 x 480 - 2048 x 1080 (1080p)
 Total Windows: 16
 Built-in CATx Extender: Up to 35 feet, Extend up to 115 feet (with optional
active receiver)
 Serial Digital: SMPTE 424M, SMPTE 292M, SMPTE 259M
 On Screen Display: Skin Technology for customizing borders, labels (4 /
window), fonts, tally LEDS, clock faces, logos, UMD, OMD, IMD, dynamic
UMD
 Equalization: 120m at 2.97 Gpbs, 140m at 1.485 Gbps, 400m at 270 Mbps
with Belden 1694A
 Return Loss: >15db up to 1.5Gbps; >10db up to 3G
153
ISP
 Unlimited Use of Internet

 With speed up to 20 Mbps
 Unli Fam Calls to 5 Smart/TnT/Sun numbers
154
APPENDIX B: BILL OF MATERIALS
155
Product Price (Php)
Procaster AM Antenna P 34,750.00
Audio Proccesor P 10, 750.00
automatic transfer switch P 7,800.00
Back-up desktop pc P 38,990.00
Microphone P 5,605.00
Microphone Scissor Arm P 1,956.00
Speaker P 5,400.00
Telephone Hybrid P 70,000.00
Studio Camera P 1,250,000.00
Wired Transmitter Interface P 4,250.00
Generator P 14,850.00
Grid Reflector Antenna P 3,150.00
Headphones P 7,500.00
Feeder Cable P 138.50
Speaker P 5,400.00
Obstruction Light P 14,750.00
Digital Studio Transmitter Link P 140,000.00
Multiviewer P 461,967.50.00
Lightning Arrester P 1,380.00
Play Box P 9,200.00
Radio Duplexer P 946.00
Video Switcher P 539,662.50
Distribution Amplifier P 8,385.00
UPS P 44,670.00
TOTAL P2,681,500.50.00
156
APPENDIX C: LAYOUTS
157
RADIO TV STUDIO
BLOCK DIAGRAM
158
159
160
161
162
163
APPENDIX D: RESEARCH AND REFERENCE
164
EXISTING AM RADIO STATIONS IN PALAWAN
165
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf
[2] https://www.scribd.com/doc/233156786/KBP-Technical-Standards-
Operating-Requirements-for-Broadcast-Stations-in-the-Philippines
[3] http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-
Engineering/NAB-6th-Edition/AM-Antennas-NAB-engineering-Handbook-
6th-Edition.pdf
[4] http://www.namria.gov.ph/
[5] http://ncjweb.com/bonus-content/k3lcmaxgainradials.pdf
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Southern_Tag
alog#Palawan
166
APPENDIX E: ACTUAL DEFENSE PICTURES
167
168
169
APPENDIX F: PROPONENTS PROFILE
170
Raquel T. Melo
Address: 2318-B Aurora Blvd. Pasay City
Contact no.: +639275707476
e-mail: [email protected]
John Kenneth M. Mendiola

Address: Mandaluyong City
Contact no.: +639059264961
Jan Erich Gerhard I. Morales

Address: 1801 Int. 18A Pedro Gil Street, Paco, Manila
Contact no.: +63917 624 534
Neilsen Brendan T. Salcedo

Address: #236 Aguho St., Comembo, Makati City
Contact no.: 0923182478
Sean Albert T. Victorio

Address: 734 J.P Rizal st. Brgy. Valenzuela, Makati City,
Philippines
Contact no.: +639 561 26542
171
RECOMMENDATION
 Existing AM Radio Stations in Palawan with their frequency

 Wireless Calculation
 Adjust the font size of the dimensions in the layouts
 Change Generator Set
 Telephone hybrid
 Table Number and Figure Number
 ISP
172

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

AM-TV Broadcasting Design

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of

Engr. Rufino O. Ochoco Jr.

February 24, 2017

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

MENDIOLA, JOHN KENNETH M.

MORALES, JAN ERICH GERHARD I.

SALCEDO, NEILSEN BRENDAN T.

VICTORIO, SEAN ALBERT T.

Engr. Rufino O. Ochoco, Jr. Dr. Wilfredo L. Timajo

Approved as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Engr. Armando P. Matias

This design study is dedicated to the following:

To our Mentors, who were always ready to answer our queries

To the future students, may this be a good reference to the study

AMO Broadcasting, the leading broadcasting company in the whole province

for the people of Palawan.

Giving Palaweños the quality of service they truly deserve.

Rise above towards change.

Figure 2.1 Palawan Map 20

the development of the technology seems to keep moving forward. Keeping up

means of communication. It is also used for educational purposes and

radio bands. The second is FM broadcasting; it is a method of radio broadcasting

using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by American

engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over

broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM

broadcasting. Lastly, the broadcast television systems are encoding or formatting

As of today, there several ways in order to disseminate information to the

entertainment but using it alongside with AM broadcasting will result to larger

This study aims to develop an AM-TV broadcasting system covering the

in the said area.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AM BROADCASTING

Some of the technical standards and operating requirements for medium

frequency broadcasting stations in the Philippines as mandated by the Technical

Standards Committee of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) are

GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

Equipment shall be constructed according to good engineering practice. Such

as mechanical soundness, neatness of wirings and accessibility for maintenance.

testing of individual items of the equipment.

The quality of all component parts shall be in accordance with good

engineering practice. Where appropriate, the specifications of these components

standards, the components shall comply with CCIR standards.

COMPLIANCE WITH ELECTRICAL WIRING RULES

Philippines Electronics Code and the Philippine Electrical Code.

REGULATION POWER SUPPLY

Adequate voltage regulation shall be provided, where necessary, to ensure

that equipment performance is not affected by variations in supply voltage.

BROADCAST AUXILLIARY SERVICES

Broadcast transmission auxiliary services fall under these three categories:

2. Remote Pick-Up Broadcast Station

3. Communications, Coordination and Control Link

The frequency band allocation for STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER

LINK/REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM shall be:

 Band A 300-315 MHz

 Band C 942-952 MHz

The maximum power allowable for STL’s shall be 15 watts.

 Band A 315-325 MHz