Application Summary

Cover sheet to application
1 Personal data application
Name, first name mgr Gabriela Camacho
subject area Political Science
personal ID 91605790
University
offer country Peru
Scholarship Research Grants - Doctoral Programmes in Germany, 2016/17

programme
Scholarship period Aug 1, 2016 to Jun 1, 2019
Resp. DAAD Unit
2 Documents for application

which you upload your application documents are listed below.
Type of document Name of the document
CV CV
Proposal description/motivation letter Research Proposal Description
Proposal description/motivation letter Motivation Letter
schedule Thesis schedule
Proof of contact/Letter confirming supervision HERTIE Eligibility Letter
Proof of contact/Letter confirming supervision Humboldt Support Letter
Proof of contact/Letter confirming supervision Contact with Hertie 1
Proof of contact/Letter confirming supervision Contact with Hertie 2
Certificate Master Degree and Grades
Certificate University Bachelor Degree and Grades
Language Certificate Master done in English Certificate
VD 4 07/2012
page 1from 1
Application
1 General information
Scholarship Research Grants - Doctoral Programmes in Germany, 2016/17

programme
Status Graduates
2 Details for application
Note on completing the application form:
* Compulsory field (must be completed).
(*)Dependant compulsory field (must be completed if at least one other field in this section is completed).
1
Family name * Camacho
if applicable, name at
birth
Academic title mgr
First name(s) * Gabriela
Date of birth * 17.03.1984 Place of La Paz Country of Bolivia

birth * birth*
Nationality * Peruvian 2. Nationality Bolivian
Form of address * Mrs Marital status * single
Number of children 0
2
Country of permanent residence from where you are applying for a scholarship/funding *
Peru
Is your country of origin different from the country in which you live yes no
permanently? *
If yes, which? * Select country
Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 1 of 13

3
Correspondence address
(Address at which you can be contacted at all times)
Additional address
information 1
Additional address
information 2
Additional address
information 3
Additional address
information 4
c/o
Street/PO box * Piura 389, dept. 202 Miraflores
Postcode
Town * Lima
Country * Peru
Telephone
Mobile number 994536457
Fax
E-mail * [email protected]

4
Name and address of next of kin who should be contacted in an emergency.
yes no
Name Garland
First name Clara
Additional address
information 1
Additional address
information 2
c/o
Street/PO box Las Dalias 136, dept. 701 Miraflores
Postcode
Town Lima
Country Peru
Telephone
Mobile phone 990370341
Fax
E-mail [email protected]

Please enter your destination institution / university
Planned destination institution 1 *
Destination country * Germany Town * Berlin
Institution * Hertie School of Governance GmbH Berlin
Other institution
Subject group * Law, Economics and Social Sciences
Subject * Political Science
Planned destination institution 2 alternatively additionally None
Destination country * Germany Town * Berlin
Institution * Humboldt-Universität Berlin
Other institution
Planned destination institution 3 alternatively additionally None
6
Subject area / discipline / research field the application refers to
Explanation * The specific research scope is the making of public policies, an ever more important area of study
in Political Science.

7
What made you choose your I went to a German school and have always found that Germany has an excellent
host institution/host university?education system. I looked into many different programs and found that both Hertie and
* Humboldt have professors I would like to work with and plenty of research in the field of
Political Science applied to public policies. Also, both institutions are in Berlin, where
government operates providing first-hand knowledge.
Is your stay part of a cooperation agreement? *
yes none
8
Do you already have contacts there? * yes none
With Whom? Hertie: Inna Maliucova [email protected]

Humboldt: Maria Martynova [email protected], Jana Rieckmann [email protected]
9
Planned duration of stay: from to
10
Duration of requested funding: from * 01.08.2016 to * 01.06.2019
11
Short description of Peru is a democracy without political parties, the organizations usually in charge of outlining
research/study/work public policies. Technocrats, experts in the public sectors, have in many cases taken over this
project *(An extensive responsibility and both decide and implement public policies. This project seeks to understand
description should be how certain public policies are decided and implemented instead of others and what impact does
added on a separate this partyless process have on them. It will address both successful and failed public policies to
sheet) asses this process.
12
Secondary school *
Type of qualification * Bachelor
Date * 15.12.2002 City / Province * La Paz
Result * Graduated
Length of school attendance
from * 30.01.1991 to * 15.12.2002

13
Completed examinations (if applicable) (*)
Entry 1
Institution * Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru
Period: from 10.08.2004 to 10.07.2009
Subject group Law, Economics and Social Sciences
Subject Political Science
Type of exam Bachelor's degree (or equivalent)
Result Licentiate in Political Science
new entry Delete this entry
Entry 2
Institution * IE School of Arts and Humanities
Period: from 05.10.2011 to 20.07.2012
Subject group Law, Economics and Social Sciences
Subject Political Science
Type of exam Master's degree (or equivalent)
Result Master in International Relations

14
Current/last home Institution
Institution * IE School of Arts and Humanities
Type study programme Master in International Relations

*
Major * Subject group * Law, Economics and Social Sciences
2nd subject Subject group Select group...
Subject (Please select first group of subjects.)
3rd subject Subject group Select group...
Subject (Please select first group of subjects.)
15 What will be your highest academic qualification at the time your scholarship begins?
Will you have a degree when your funding begins? yes no
Qualification * Master's degree (or equivalent)
(Planned) date of completion * 20.07.2012
Name * Master in International Relations
16
Previous study/research/working stays or other activities abroad

Entry 1
Country Spain
Institution, City/Province IE School of Arts and Humanities, Madrid
Period: from 01.09.2011 to 01.10.2012
Purpose Study the Master in International Relati
Entry 2
Country USA/United States of America
Institution, City/Province Four Seasons Hotel, Jackson Hole, Wyomin
Period: from 10.12.2004 to 01.04.2005
Purpose Work
17
Previous and current professional / teaching or artistic activities.
Entry 1
Institution, City /
Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, IEP Lima
Province
Period: from 01.06.2015 to 31.01.2016
Activity Coordinator of Municipio al Dia
Entry 2
Institution, City /
Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru
Province
Period: from 16.03.2015 to 17.12.2015
Activity Teacher

Entry 3
Institution, City /
Lima's Metropolitan Municipality
Province
Period: from 26.12.2012 to 31.12.2014
Activity Supervision and follow up.
18
Previous and current scholarships from the DAAD or other organisations *
yes none
Funding organisation / programme * from * to *
19
Do you aim to obtain a degree? * yes no
What kind of degree do you aim to obtain? * Doctorate/Ph.D (or equivalent)
Double degree * yes no
Where do you intend to obtain your degree? * Home university
Destination university
Other university/institution
Do you intend gaining the degree during the scholarship period? * yes None

20
Will you receive a salary, annuity, grant or similar from an employer or public institution during the funding period for which
you are applying?*
yes no planned
(If yes, please state the type of payment: )
If yes, please state the type of payment
Total monthly payment
Payment * Choose currency .
21 Will you be funded by another organisation during the planned funding period or have you applied for other funding for this
period? *
yes no
From which?
Organisation * Status from * to *
Select status...
Select status...
Select status...
22
Documented language skills
Language English
Certificate Master degree done in English
Grade/points
2. Add language 2. remove language

Language 2 German
Certificate Sprachdiplom II
Grade/points
3. Add language 3. remove language
Description of other
language(s)
23
Language skills (not documented)
Language very good good average poor
Spanish
French
Choose a language
Description of other
language(s)
24
What other extracurricular activities/interests would you like to mention?
I like to read, watch movies and travel. I also like to jog and do yoga.
25
Professional goal I would like to obtain a doctoral degree to advance my academic career but at the

26
Other comments/information you think might be of relevance to your application or which should be included in the
assessment of your achievements and personal suitability
(e.g. details about special extracurricular activities, but also impediments such as illness or disability, if this had a negative
impact on your academic progress/achievements and should be considered in a comparison of applicants).
I have already finished two theses (one for my undergraduate degree and one for my master) so I understand the hard
work that a thesis of this scope requires. I believe the findings of my research can be of great importance for the public
sector and will help understand how public policies in this country are made. I would like to come back and be able to
work in the public sector having already understood this and the impacts it can have on democracy, and work to
strengthen our democratic institutions.
27
Declaration of consent *
I hereby confirm that the above information is correct and complete. I agree to notify the German Academic Exchange
Service immediately of any changes or amendments, particularly if I am offered another grant/scholarship. I have read and
taken note of the information on applying for grants/ funding and the comments on data collection. I am aware that I am
responsible for ensuring the completeness of my application.
I agree to my application documents being passed on to any bodies and organisations that are concerned with my
application in the selection process. I agree to my application documents being kept by the DAAD.
yes
I hereby consent to the DAAD passing on personal data (e-mail address, date of birth, family name, first name, sex) to
an evaluation institution which it has appointed for the purpose of carrying out scientific evaluations and assuring the
quality of its funding programmes, insofar as this is necessary.
(E-mail, date of birth, name, first name, gender) can be transmitted to a person appointed by him evaluator.
yes no

28
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being passed on to the German university / institution.
yes no
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GABRIELA CAMACHO GARLAND
Las Dalias 136, dpto. 701, Miraflores Lima 18, Peru – (+51) 994536457
[email protected]
Professional in Political Science with a Masters in International Relations, multilingual, with experience in the
Public Sector, Academia, Research, Teaching and Project Coordination.
EDUCATION
IE BUSINESS SCHOOL Madrid, Spain

Master in International Relations July 2012
Achievements: Ranked second among graduating class
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DEL PERU Lima, Peru
Bachelor in political Sciences July 2009
Achievements: Ranked second among graduating class
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS PERUANOS – IEP Lima, Peru

Think Tank and Research Center
Coordinator of Municipio al Día June 2015 - Present
 Managing the program Municipio al Dia, which gives information and advisory services to local public
officers for free in order to strengthen their capabilities and improve the public services delivered at the
local level.
Policy Briefs Team August 2015 - Present
 Part of the team in charge of developing a number of policy briefs on different subjects. These briefs
seek to find the different bottlenecks in the public sector that need to be addressed by public officers in
order to advance thee reforms.
IDEA International Lima, Peru

Consultant March 2015 - Present
 Implementing a Center for Democracy Studies, between the Foreign Affairs Ministry and the Catholic
University (Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru). The center seeks to become an academic think
tank on democracy related subjects in Latin America.
 Organizing an international seminar on the Quality of Democracy in Latin America.
METROPOLITAN LIMA MUNICIPALITY Lima, Peru

The City of Lima’s Government (the 5 largest city in Latin America)
th
Specialist (General Management Office) July 2014 – December 2014

 In charge of doing the follow up of political subjects and public and private investment projects.
 Part of the Crisis Group that monitored the news and media and was in charge of the Municipality’s
official responses.
 In charge of the follow up of several municipal programs and works under construction.
Specialist (Chief of Staff Office and International Cooperation Office) September 2013 – July 2014
 One of two people in charge of the International Relations of the city of Lima. Coordinated and did the
follow up of the different international networks Lima is a part of, for example C40, the Cities Climate
Leadership Group. Supervised the bilateral relations of Lima with other cities and coordinated much of
the Municipality’s interaction with International Organizations and International Cooperation Agencies.
 In charge of monitoring the political situation of other cities in our networks, especially those
conforming REDCISUR (Buenos Aires, Santiago, Montevideo, Bogota, Quito, La Paz, Sucre, Asuncion) and
evaluating Lima’s position in their regard.
 Evaluated the Mayor’s presence in international events overseas and prepared the ones she took part in.
 Coordinating from the City Hall the preparation of COP20 and different events leading to the
Conference, including the organization of a Sustainable Cities International Seminar.
 Coordinating and participating in meetings between the advisers and the corporation’s different
managers and the Mayor. Preparing the topics to be treated at each meeting and working on
presentations for these. Writing documents on delicate issues to be treated at Cabinet meetings between
the advisors and the Mayor of Lima.
 Being part of the crisis group for the referendum period. The group’s responsibilities included the
constant monitoring of the news and working on swift responses to different issues. Establishing a
timeline with priority public activities for the Mayor. Monitoring the Municipality’s main programs and
projects which includes following their approval process throughout the different offices of the
corporation as well as the legislative branch of the local government. Working closely with the press
office and preparing drafts for them on different subjects.
COMISIÓN ANDINA DE JURISTAS Lima, Peru

NGO working in Human Rights and Democratic Governability
Project Coordinator August 2010– September 2011
 Coordinated a project for the Peruvian Congress on representation ties with the citizenship and how to
improve them. The project involved, among other things, a national survey of 10400 people, 27 Focus
Groups, a user satisfaction methodology for Congress services, organizing an international seminar for
the Congress and the conclusions at regional level for the whole investigation. The role included, among
other things, the supervision of the team put together to work on the project and helping with its
implementation (revising the different products and documents as well as the project’s conclusions,
summarizing the interviews, organizing the seminar, preparing the working paper for the Seminar’s
international speakers, etc.) as well as acting as a Project Assistant to the General Directors of the
institutions involved.
Consultant April 2010– March 2011
 Built a network of public officers working with conflict resolution. Coordinated reunions for them
regarding the subject, helped with the topics to be treated and discussed. Assisted with the edition and
posterior publication of a book on Good Experiences in Conflict Resolution. In charge of revising the text.
 Organized a Seminar on Youth Rights and collaborated with the Youth Rights Program. Gave a lecture on
the topic in a seminar given in La Paz, Bolivia.
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Lima, Peru

Consultant October 2009– February 2010
 Developed a Devinfo application with the Objectives of the Millenium for Unicef. The application
facilitates the monitoring of Objectives through relevant indicators.
UNICEF Lima, Peru

Internship May 2009– September 2009
 Developed a Devinfo application with indicators on Peru’s development and helped with the
organization of an international Devinfo workshop in Lima.
IE BUSINESS SCHOOL Madrid, Spain

Internship January 2007– February 2007
 Helped to coordinate the organization of a Sumaq Event on logistics
DEMUS Lima, Peru

NGO working for Gender Equality
Volunteer September 2006– December 2006
 Helped with the revision of the Shadow Report (report developed by the Gender NGOs on the state of
gender equality in Peru) to be provided for Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against
Women (CEDAW)
CORAZON de JESUS La Paz, Bolivia

Film production
Internship September 2002– October 2002
 Helped the production during the shooting of the Bolivian film Corazon de Jesus by Marcos Loayza
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DEL PERU Lima, Peru
Teacher
 Peruvian Social Reality August 2015 - Present
 Introduction to Political Science March 2015 – July 2015
Teacher Assistant
 International Relations Subjects March 2014 – July 2014
 International Development TA March 2013– July 2013
 Thesis Seminar TA August 2012– April 2013
 Comparative Politics TA March 2011– July 2011
 Global Conflicts TA March 2011– July 2011
 International Political Economy TA August 2010– December 2010
 Elements of Political Science TA August 2009– December 2009
 Introduction to Political Science TA (Online Diploma) June 2008– August 2008
Undergraduate
Merit order in the Social Sciences Faculty (Historic): 112 out of 6178(1.81 %)
Merit order in the Political Science Graduating Class 2009-2: 2 out of 29(6.89 %)
Thesis: The Intervention of NATO in Kosovo
Masters Program
Graduated Second of the Class (out of 33 students)
Final GPA: 3.62 A-
Thesis: The derailment of the peace process by radical factions during the Oslo Accords
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 Languages: Spanish (Native). English (Fluent writing, reading and speaking: 4 months living in Canada,
4 months living in USA working in a hotel, Master done in English, Toefl 115). German (Advanced
reading, writing and speaking: 9 years in a German School and 4 months in Germany, passed the
Sprachdiplom II, highest German sufficiency exam), French (Intermediate writing and speaking,
advanced reading level, B1).
 IT Skills: Devinfo, statistics program of the United Nations. Prezi, Microsoft Office, Excel and Power
Point. Familiar with MAC.
 Other courses: Professionals Seminar “Economic Transformation and Political Re-Balancing on a Global
Scale: The Cases of India and China” organized by the Fletcher School (Tufts University) (Talloires,
France; September 2012). Students Seminar “Leadership in Humanitarian Crisis” organized by the
Fletcher School (Tufts University) (Talloires, France; September 2012). Social Responsibility Forum, IE
Business School (Madrid, Spain November 2011). Devinfo Workshop (Lima, Peru; 2009).
 Other: Experience in academic presentations and academic writing. Presented academic papers on 4
occasions in students’ symposiums. One published article in the Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Peru
Journal on Social Sciences. Volunteered for Transparencia in the 2011 Peruvian Elections. Contributed
with fellow College students to a Project that aimed to teach democratic values at local high schools.
 Hobbies: Jogging, literature, photography.
REFERENCES
Percy Medina (IDEA International): [email protected]

Daniel Kselman, master thesis adviser: [email protected]
Eduardo Dargent, worked with him as a Teacher Assistant: [email protected]
Fernando Romero, worked with him in Lima’s City Hall: [email protected]
SHORT RESEARCH PROPOSAL: HOW DO PUBLIC POLICIES GET
MADE IN A DEMOCRACY WITHOUT PARTIES
GABRIELA CAMACHO
1. Justification, research questions and objectives
Usually, in democracies with strong political parties, public policies are designed and
implemented in accord with the plans of the political parties and the support they are able to
rally both from the population and the congress to do so. Experts are consulted in every area,
and some areas, like central banks do enjoy more autonomy in their decision making, but in
general, partisan lines outline public policies strategies in key areas. To an extent political
parties campaign on this ability, proposing certain public policies and strategies and not
others. What happens when there are no strong political parties? How do public policies get
made? Who is able to decide, and implement, a particular policy?
Most countries in Latin America have experienced different degrees of political crisis ever
since the return to democracy in the region. The persistent inequalities and the lack of public
services of quality, have led to a growing dissatisfaction with “politics” in many countries. This
situation has led to the emergence of candidates that position themselves as “apolitical” and
try to distance themselves from what is regarded as traditional politics. Steve Levitsky and
Maxwell Cameron developed the idea of these “partyless” leaders (2003). The main argument
is that amidst a party system collapse, outsiders tend to capitalize the opportunity and run
with electoral vehicles that cost less to gather and are easier to dismiss. They also found that a
successful outsider inadvertently creates incentives for other politicians to dismiss parties and
engage directly in politics. As this situation perpetrates itself over time, political parties
weaken and tend to either disappear or become only the electoral vehicles of their leaders.
After the fall of Fujimori, there was a brief period of optimism in Peru regarding the
comeback of political parties. However, fourteen years after the election that put Alejandro
Toledo in power, it is evident, that there are no strong, institutionalized political parties with
clear programs and objectives. This has happened during a period of unequal economic
growth, during which poverty dropped by half but very few substantial reforms were
undertaken (GHEZZI and GALLARDO, 2013). The deep economic and political crisis of the 80s
brought about a sort of consensus regarding key aspects of the economy and how only experts
(independent and “apolitical”) should manage policies in this area. This has left very little
space for change in an area as fundamental as the economy.
In 2011, Humala was elected president thanks to large sectors of the population that
demanded significant change. However, very little has changed in the areas these sectors
demanded. Economy was largely left untouched and continues to be run by the very same
technocrats of previous governments with the very same policies. Although maybe Humala
lacked the support necessary to implement big reforms, milder ones could have been
implemented if he had managed to have some leverage over the Economy and Finances
Ministry. It has become clear over the years that politicians can sometimes lose the battle to
technocrats and have little maneuver power in certain areas, especially if politics is underrated
and politicians lack credibility in the face of the media and the citizens.
Some authors (see DARGENT 2011) have already begun addressing the fact that many
Latin American democracies have appointed nonpolitical economic experts (technocrats) to
key positions in the state. Some authors even discuss the idea of “technocratic democracies”
where the design and decision of public policies largely lie in the hands of experts (CENTENO
and SILVA cited in DARGENT 2001). Dargent (2001) has also discussed the level of autonomy
with which economic technocrats operate in their fields, and finds that their use of expertise
and the balance between important stakeholders in the subject has allowed them to maintain
this autonomy in the decision making process.
But this autonomy has not always translated itself into successful policies nor largely
supported ones. Last year, a package of measures to relaunch the economy was designed by
these technocrats and passed without much discussion through Congress. When the specific
measures finally reached public opinion they were received with mix reactions, some sectors
and some measures were deemed appropriate but others, especially regarding environment
and labor, were highly criticized. Particularly, what became known as “Ley Pulpin”, a legislation
that would make labor regulations for young people more flexible, was not welcomed by the
young population that would have been affected by it. After numerous and large
manifestations congress had to back down and derogate that part of the legislation.
“Ley Pulpin” showed how this “technocratic autonomy” that allows the experts to design
and implement economic legislation, has poor links with the political reality misreading the
context in which they operate. This lack of political links, that helps their autonomy, also
isolates experts from politics in general and thus makes it almost impossible for them to rally
large public support (they do not have roots in the political system nor social bases).
Furthermore, this autonomy in economy also means that most politicians do not question nor
oppose anything that comes from this group of experts, even if it goes against their political
position on the subject. The package that contained “Ley Pulpin” was passed by Congress
without much criticism nor debate and many of the politicians that later voted for the
derogation of “Ley Pulpin” voted for the package without hesitation.
The Peruvian case shows considerable technocratic power living together with political
weakness. This allows to explore interesting dynamics where experts are able to forward their
own agendas even in the face of public dissatisfaction. Technocrats are not publicly elected
officers and thus rely less on public support, which only gives them more autonomy to act and
implement the policies they deem best. Peru is also interesting to study because legislation
proposals advanced by many of these technocrats is easily approved in Congress and
technocrats themselves sometimes have more veto power than publicly elected officials. But
this type of dynamic also carries its own problems, as what happened with “Ley Pulpin” shows.
Technocrats have little links with political powers, making it sometimes difficult to read the
public opinion in certain areas and in consequence to implement certain policies. So what cans
the Peruvian case teach us about how public policies are approved and implemented in a
partyless context?
How are public policies designed and implemented in a country that lacks political parties
with clear programs and objectives? In sectors less sensitive to the interest of the elites, how
do public policies come about? Do politicians and their decisions take precedence over
technocrats? Or do technocrats take advantage of the lack of leadership and implement the
policies they deem best? How are these public policies approved? How are they implemented?
What role does the political class play in this? What effect do all of these have on public
policies? Are the public policies decided on better or worse for citizens? How do citizens and
their needs fit into this? What is the effect of technocrats taking precedence over politicians in
certain areas (such as key economic policies)? Does it have a positive or negative impact in the
citizens’ opinion of democracy? Could it have negative consequences on the legitimacy of the
political system? To what incentives do politicians and technocrats respond when they decide
on a particular public policy? What power relationship allows for some public policies to be
implemented and for some others not?
The doctoral thesis will try to assess how the relationship between politicians and
technocrats impacts policy making and how certain public policies come to be (are both
approved and implemented) and others do not. It will explore the vast autonomy technocrats
have in some sectors, like economy, and the restrictions they face in others. It will also try to
assess if other contexts or areas (health versus education) have an effect on whether
politicians or technocrats prevail in the decision making process and when their interests align.
It will also try to explain what incentives do each of these actors have and whether these
incentives change the public policies they decide to implement as some authors suggest
(ALESINA and TABELLINI: 2008).
The results of the research should also help with a greater reflection on democracy in the
region and whether its legitimacy is affected when decision makers are not held accountable
by voters and when elected officials have no space left to implement the reforms the citizens
deem more important. This is of particular importance since technocrats, like bureaucrats,
have no constitutional authority since they have not been elected by popular vote. Their
power comes from their ability to control the agenda and design and implement certain public
policies by handling expert information (BENDOR, TAYLOR y VAN GAALEN, 1987).
2. Framework and Methodology
The idea that politicians decided which public policies should be implemented and that
bureaucrats dutifully followed their lead has become outdated in a complex world that
requires specific skills and knowledge to even understand what policies are feasible in a
particular area. For example, as in Peru, most countries have nonelected central banks
presidents that end up conducting the country’s monetary policy with independence (ALESINA
and TABELLINI, 2008). In the end, the public officers of certain status have gained a
considerable amount of autonomy to decide what public policies should or should not be
implemented. This has been studied in the economy sector, where the so called technocrats
operate with what Eduardo Dargent calls “technocratic autonomy” (2011) but it should be
analyzed in other sectors as well.
Moreover, neither politicians nor technocrats choose public policies in a vacuum in which
the only elements to consider are the citizens demands and needs. Much to the contrary,
public policies are the result of complex negotiation processes between actors with different
interests under the constraints of politics, institutions and budgets, not to mention the
constant strain of a media and a population that want to see results. In order to explain how a
particular public policy came about (and why it has specific characteristics) it is essential to
know the actors, the incentives under which they operate and the rules that guide their
interactions. (BONVECCHI, JOHANNSEN and SCARTASCINI: 2015).
Bonvecchi, Johannsen and Scartascini (2015) also propose to use a political economy
perspective to study this. They believe such a perspective will help understand the design and
implementation of public policies in their context and what particular conditions determine
certain policies and not others. In addition to this, they recommend a construction of the social
network surrounding each relevant actor. This will allow to identify the function each actor
fulfills in this process. This thesis will use this approach in order to understand the incentives
the actors face, since it helps shape their ambitions. “The career concern differs for politicians
and bureaucrats. The former wants to win elections, by pleasing the voters. Top bureaucrats
want to fulfill the goals of their organization, so as to appear competent in the eyes of their
professional peers.” (ALESINA y TABELLINI: 2008 p. 427). Furthermore, a social network
analysis can help elucidate why some technocrats benefit from a particular public policy but
not from other. It is through the analysis of these networks that we can map the specific actors
that need to be taken into account and how they relate to the other key players. (BONVECCHI,
JOHANNSEN and SCARTASCINI: 2015)
The thesis will seek to understand how politics interacts with the implementation of public
policies. The idea is to analyze how the different actors engaged in the decision making
process (politicians, technocrats and the alleged beneficiaries of said policies) and thus how
they arrive at a particular public policy instead of other. The analysis will also take into account
the particular social, political and economic context of the government and the public
administration to further understand the incentives (both negative and positive) they faced
during their decision making process.
The first stage of the research will consist of a thorough bibliographic revision on the
subject that should help delimit the scope of the thesis. After this, with help from the
supervisor, two or three cases will be selected for in depth analysis. The next stage consists of
doing field work of the selected cases to recollect all the pertinent data and conducting a
series of interviews with all the relevant actors. As part of the field work, a media analysis of
the public policies selected and how they were portrayed and handle by the media will be
conducted. This will help asses who took a more prominent role advertising the policy, the
politicians or the technocrats, and how the citizens responded to this. A political economy
perspective will be used to best describe the public policies of the study, thoroughly describing
the most important characteristics of the sector and analyzing if previous public policies were
similar, stayed in time or changed frequently, benefit large sectors of the population or
particular elites, etc. (BONVECCHI, JOHANNSEN and SCARTASCINI: 2015)
Finally, the social networks surrounding the actors engaged in this process, particularly the
technocrats, will be constructed in order to analyze the decision making process of the
resulting public policies. The analysis of the social networks should help determine the
participants of the decision making process, the nature of the relations of everyone involved,
the function and importance of each actor, and the general structure of the network. The
analysis will take into account how the actors coordinate, if they are stable in their positions or
change frequently, who they represent, among others. (BONVECCHI, JOHANNSEN and
SCARTASCINI: 2015)
3. Bibliography
Alesina, Alberto, and Guido Tabellini. "Bureaucrats Or Politicians? Part I: A Single Policy Task."
American Economic Review 97.1 (2007): 169-179. EconLit with Full Text.
Alesina, Alberto, and Guido Tabellini. "Bureaucrats Or Politicians? Part II: Multiple Policy
Tasks." Journal Of Public Economics 92.(2008): 426-447.
Bendor, Jonathan, Serge Taylor, and Roland Van Gaalen. "Politicians, Bureaucrats, And
Asymmetric Information." American Journal Of Political Science 31.4 (1987): 796. Business
Source Complete.
Bonvecchi, Alejandro, Julia Johannsen y Carlos Scartascini Eds. ¿Quiénes deciden la política
social? Economía política de programas sociales en América Latina. Banco Interamericano de
Desarrollo. 2015
Camerlo, Marcelo, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. "The Politics Of Minister Retention In Presidential
Systems: Technocrats, Partisans, And Government Approval." Comparative Politics 47.3 (2015):
315-333. Academic Search Complete.
Carranza l., J. Chávez y L. Valderrama. “¿Éxito en la sostenibilidad fiscal? El caso de Perú.” En

M. Hallerberg, C. Scartascini y E. H. Stein, editores. ¿Quiénes deciden el presupuesto? La
economía política del proceso presupuestario en América Latina. Bogotá, Colombia: Mayol
Ediciones y Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. 2013
Centeno, Miguel Angel. "The New Leviathan: The Dynamics and Limits of Technocracy," Theory
and Society, 22 (Summer 1993)
Dargent, Eduardo. Islas De Eficiencia Y Reforma Del Estado: El Caso De Los Ministerios De
Economía Y Salud. n.p.: 2009.
Dargent, Eduardo. "Agents or Actors? Assessing the Autonomy of Economic Technocrats in

Colombia and Peru." Comparative Politics 2011: 313. JSTOR Journals.
Dargent, Eduardo. Technocracy And Democracy In Latin America: The Experts Running
Government: New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2015., 2015.
Fox, Justin, and Stuart V. Jordan. "Delegation And Accountability." Journal Of Politics 73.3
(2011): 831-844. Academic Search Complete. Web. 31 July 2015.
Ghezzi, Piero and José Gallardo. Qué se puede hacer con el Perú. Ideas para sostener el
crecimiento en el largo plazo. Lima. Universidad del Pacífico: Pontificia Universidad Católica del
Perú. 2013
Hampton, Greg. "Narrative Policy Analysis And The Integration Of Public Involvement In
Decision Making." Policy Sciences 42.3 (2009): 227-242. EconLit with Full Text. Web. 31 July
2015.
Iaryczower, Matias, Garrett Lewis, and Matthew Shum. "To Elect Or To Appoint? Bias,
Information, And Responsiveness Of Bureaucrats And Politicians." Journal Of Public Economics
97.(2013): 230-244. ScienceDirect. Web. 31 July 2015.
Khemani, Stuti. "Does Delegation Of Fiscal Policy To An Independent Agency Make A

Difference? Evidence From Intergovernmental Transfers In India." Journal Of Development
Economics 82.(2007): 464-484. ScienceDirect.
Khoo Boo, Teik, Teresa S. Encarnación Tadem, and Takashi Shiraishi. "Technocracy And
Economic Decision-Making In Southeast Asia: An Overview." Southeast Asian Studies 3.2
(2014): 241. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File. Web. 31 July 2015.
Kuruvilla, Shyama, and Philipp Dorstewitz. "There Is No 'Point' In Decision-Making: A Model Of

Transactive Rationality For Public Policy And Administration." Policy Sciences 43.3 (2010): 263-
287. EconLit with Full Text. Web. 31 July 2015.
Levitsky, Steven and Maxwell Cameron, 2003 “Democracy without Parties? Political Parties and
Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru” Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Autumn,
2003), 1-33
Lindau, Juan D. "Technocrats and Mexico's Political Elite." Political Science Quarterly 1996: 295.
JSTOR Journals. Web. 31 July 2015.
Lundin, Martin, and PerOla Oberg. "Expert Knowledge Use And Deliberation In Local Policy
Making." Policy Sciences 47.1 (2014): 25-49. EconLit with Full Text. Web. 31 July 2015.
Yahong, Zhang, Lee Robert, and Yang Kaifeng. "Knowledge And Skills For Policy Making: Stories
From Local Public Managers In Florida." Journal Of Public Affairs Education 18.1 (2012): 183-
208. Education Research Complete. Web. 31 July 2015
It was while doing a master in International Relations at the Instituto de Empresa School of Arts
and Humanities, a prominent Business school in Madrid that I realized that I wanted to pursue
a doctoral degree. I enjoyed the hard academic work under pressure and strict deadlines, and
came to understand that studying, teaching, and conducting research in Political Science are
things I enjoy and would like to do for years to come.
Growing up between Bolivia and Peru allowed me to see first-hand the importance of
democracy, rule of law and strong institutions; and it has also shown me that none of these
come easily, and that today’s world problems transgress national borders. Watching the many
challenges Latin-America had to face during the 80s and the 90s led me to pursue studies in
Political Science, a field I felt would help me understand what I had witnessed growing up and
would one day allow me to contribute to a solution. During my college years, I had
concentrations in both IR and Comparative Politics and wrote my undergraduate thesis on
NATO’s intervention in Kosovo. After finishing my undergraduate studies I served as a Teaching
Assistant for numerous classes, not only assisting with the grading but also helping with lecturing
and course preparation, an experience that led to become a teacher myself. I now teach in the
Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru to undergraduate students fresh out of High School.
Parallel to this, my job as a project coordinator for a Congressional Project in Comision Andina
de Juristas (CAJ), a regional NGO focused on democratic quality in the Andean countries,
required much research, allowing me to not only utilize my pre-existing skills, but to develop
them in a way conducive to a political setting.
Both my work and undergrad experiences helped me develop a skill set that proved very
valuable during my time as Master’s student. IE’s Masters in International Relations is an intense
program, composed of more than 20 courses in only 10 months, and including an extensive
research thesis. Although many other students chose subjects in economic development and
international institutions, my thesis was both a theoretical and empirical analysis of how two-
sided radicalism has the potential to derail peace processes.
I returned to Peru and decided I needed to work for the public sector in order to gain a fuller
understanding of politics, institutions, democracy and public policies. I had come to realize that
without first-hand knowledge of these things any academic endeavor would be lacking. I started
working for Lima’s Metropolitan Municipality (the government for Latin America’s 5th biggest
city) right in the middle of an adverse political context, the “Revocatoria” (a public referendum
that sought to get then Mayor Susana Villaran out of office). This experience was quite enriching
as I got to witness personally both politics and public policies being made. And although I would
like to eventually return to the public sector and continue to work for the improvement of the
quality of lives or Peruvian citizens, I also understood that I need to gain a fuller understanding
of these dynamics if I really want to change Peruvian institutions for the better. Particularly, I
want to gain a comprehensive insight on how public policies are decided upon and implemented.
If public policies do not truly reflect the needs of the majority and continue to be decided upon
by small groups of experts with little links with the population, they can end up damaging
democracy instead of strengthening.
By pursuing a PhD, I am not only trying to develop a fuller understanding of these and many
other questions, I am also making a commitment to my future, a future in Academia that will
allow me to blend my teaching dreams with a more applied research that hopefully not only
helps enlarge the work done by others, but also has an impact on the public sector and the
decisions of policy-makers (whether technocrats or politicians) there.
I believe my experience shows that I will be capable of pursuing a doctoral degree with success.
I have not only written two theses, but I have teaching experience and research experience in
different projects. Furthermore, I have seen first-hand how politics and public policies are made,
which gives me a particular privileged starting point to pursue this specific line of research.
Finally, I am currently working in one of the most important research centers and thinks tanks
in Peru, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP), an experience I am confident will help me further
develop my research skills before leaving for my doctorate program next year.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Ago-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-May Jun-Ago Sep-Dec Jan-Apr May
Research design courses
Methods courses
Doctoral research planning
Literature revision
Scope delimitation
Research
Interviews and field work
Colloquium
Processing data
Writing thesis
Dissertation
Hertie School of Governance · Friedrichstr. 180 · 10117 Berlin Dr. Barbara Finke
Head of Graduate Programmes
Hertie School of Governance
Quartier 110 · Friedrichstr. 180
10117 Berlin · Germany
Tel. +49 (0)30 / 259 219 107
Fax +49 (0)30 / 259 219 111
[email protected]
19 August 2015
Certificate of Intent to Apply for Doctoral Programme in Governance (DAAD)
This is to certify that Gabriela Camacho Garland has declared her intention to apply for the Doctoral
Programme in Governance at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, Germany. We are in touch
with her regarding a potential application. A first preliminary assessment has shown that she fulfils
the formal application requirements (Master degree, English language skills).
The Hertie School of Governance has been accredited by the Senate of the State of Berlin on 28 Feb-
ruary 2005 as institution of higher education according to § 123 of the ‘Berliner Hochschulgesetz’ in
accordance to § 70 of the ‘Hochschulrahmengesetz’ of the Federal Republic of Germany. The School
received the right to award doctorates by the Senate of the State of Berlin according to § 123 (7) of
the ‘Berliner Hochschulgesetz’ effective on 1 September 2012.
The Doctoral Programme in Governance is a three-year full-time structured PhD programme,
entirely conducted in English. German language skills are not mandatory. The doctoral degree
shall be completed by the end of the fourth year. The academic year begins on 1 September and
ends on 31 August.
We invite the interested candidate to participate in the official admission procedure. If she sub-
mits a full application, she is generally eligible for admission. Decisions regarding admission to
the Doctoral Progamme in Governance rest with the PhD Board of the Hertie School of Govern-
ance. If the candidate applies by January 1, 2016 a decision will presumably be communicated in
late March 2016. If admitted, the PhD candidate will be assigned a (preliminary) supervisor.
We are looking forward to her application and to cooperation with the DAAD.
Best regards
Dr. Barbara Finke

Head of Graduate Programmes
Hertie School of Governance GmbH Geschäftsführung: Bankverbindung:

Prof. Dr. Helmut K. Anheier Deutsche Bank Berlin
www.hertie-school.org Anna Sophie Herken BLZ 100 700 00, Konto Nr. 71922900
BIC DEUTDEBB
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Berlin Vorsitzender des Kuratoriums: IBAN DE23 1007 0000 00719229 00
Amtsgericht Charlottenburg HRB 97018 B Frank Mattern
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats:

Dr. h.c. Frank-J. Weise
Hertie School of Governance – gegründet und gefördert von der Gemeinnützigen Hertie-Stiftung
Gmail - application and daad https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=5d6117ad13&view=pt&q=he...
Gabriela Camacho <[email protected]>
application and daad

2 messages
Gabriela Camacho <[email protected]> Wed, Aug 12, 2015 at 5:48 PM

To: [email protected]
Good afternoon,
I am very interested in applying to your structured doctoral program in Governance and I am currently seeking
scholarships to do so. I know I need a letter of eligibility from your University for my DAAD application, but I am not
sure exactly what I need to put in the short version of my research proposal. Do I need to decide on a superviser just
yet? Do I need a detailed time table? Etc.
Thank you for your time.
Best regards,
Gabriela Camacho
[email protected] <[email protected]> Thu, Aug 13, 2015 at 2:39 AM

To: Gabriela Camacho <[email protected]>
Dear Gabriela,
Basically, we need to know the topic and research ques on, some literature and your methods. It doesn’t have to
contain a detailed me table. But be aware that the your applica on’s success depends on the quality of your
proposal and the availability of a suitable supervisor at the School.
Best regards,
Inna
Inna Maliucova · Support · Graduate Programmes

Her e School of Governance GmbH
Friedrichstraße 180 · 10117 Berlin · Germany

[email protected] · www.hertie-school.org
Hertie School of Governance GmbH
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. h.c. Frank-J. Weise
Vorsitzender des Kuratoriums: Frank Mattern
Geschäftsführer: Prof. Dr. Helmut K. Anheier, Anna Sophie Herken
1 of 2 8/30/2015 11:00 PM
Gmail - application and daad https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=5d6117ad13&view=pt&q=he...
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Berlin
Registergericht: Amtsgericht Charlottenburg HRB 97018 B
Von: Gabriela Camacho [mailto:[email protected]]

Gesendet: Donnerstag, 13. August 2015 00:48
An: [email protected]
Betreff: application and daad
[Quoted text hidden]
2 of 2 8/30/2015 11:00 PM
Gmail - short application for DAAD scholarship https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=5d6117ad13&view=pt&q=he...
Gabriela Camacho <[email protected]>
short application for DAAD scholarship

6 messages
Gabriela Camacho <[email protected]> Wed, Aug 19, 2015 at 2:37 AM

To whom it may concern,
Please find attached:
Transcripts and certificates of all acquired university degrees (undergrad in PUCP and master in IE)
Curriculum vita
A short research proposal
I am currently applying for the DAAD scholarship in Peru (the deadline is August 31st) and I would like to obtain a
letter of eligibility from your program. My research proposal is in a very early stage, since I only recently learned about
the DAAD scholarship and was preparing to apply in mid October. However, I hope it is sufficient for the eligibility letter
(I am aware that I will need to prepare a much more elaborated proposal to gain full acceptance into your program).
My Toefl scores expired a while ago, but I did my master degree in English and wrote my master's thesis in that
language.
Please let me know if you received the documents and whether you require any additional information.
Best regards,
Gabriela Camacho
Lima-Peru
4 attachments
CV_GCamachoAug2015English.pdf
150K
IE Transcripts.pdf
177K
PUCP Transcripts.pdf
815K
Short Research Proposal.pdf
142K
[email protected] <[email protected]> Wed, Aug 19, 2015 at 3:12 AM

Dear Gabriela,
regarding the English proficiency proof: for the le er of eligibility it would be enough, however not for the
applica on for the PhD programme. According to the current language requirements: applicants who received a
university degree in a full- me study programme (of at least 4 semesters) which was exclusively taught in English
do not need to submit an English proficiency proof. Since your cer ficate doesn’t indicate the language of
1 of 5 8/30/2015 11:02 PM
instruc on we would need a le er from your Master university confirming that you studied at least 4 terms in a
full- me study programme which was exclusively taught in English. Besides, a decision of the PhD Board regarding
the revised language requirements is pending. We will update the informa on at our website immediately a er
the decision has been taken (September). Please consult the website for any updates before applying in October.
In your applica on you haven’t indicated the poten al supervisor for your research project. We need this
informa on to decide on the suitability of your research project for the research interests and exper se of our
core faculty members. We have a downloadable document on our website that helps in finding a suitable
supervisor for a research project.
We will issue you with a le er a er evalua ng your eligibility.
Best regards
Inna
Inna Maliucova · Support · Graduate Programmes

Her e School of Governance GmbH
Friedrichstraße 180 · 10117 Berlin · Germany

[email protected] · www.hertie-school.org
Hertie School of Governance GmbH
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. h.c. Frank-J. Weise
Vorsitzender des Kuratoriums: Frank Mattern
Geschäftsführer: Prof. Dr. Helmut K. Anheier, Anna Sophie Herken
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Berlin
Registergericht: Amtsgericht Charlottenburg HRB 97018 B
2 of 5 8/30/2015 11:02 PM

Gesendet: Mittwoch, 19. August 2015 09:37
Betreff: short application for DAAD scholarship

Thank you Inna,
I thought I needed to decide on the supervisor in the next phase, since my proposal is in a very early version. I didn’t
want to bother a professor without a more detailed proposal at this stage, and I haven't contacted any of your faculty
just yet.
I think Prof. Mark Hallerberg is the best match for my proposal, since his expertise lies in political economy and
models of decision making. I am aware he has focused his research on fiscal policy, but his methods and his
insight will be very valuable for my research. Furthermore he has conducted research in Latin America, and
although it was also centered in fiscal institutions, it can help draw conclusions for public institutions and public
policies.
I also think that the experience and research of Professors Mark Andreas Kayser and Andrea Römmele suit the
scope of my proposal and could bring valuable inputs from their fields of expertise.
One last question, I speak German at an advanced level (I have passed the Sprachdiplom II). I wish to write my
thesis in English, but maybe the Sprachdiplom also fulfills the language requirements? I could send that to you this
week.
Please find my proposal a ached, I think I sent the previous document without a full tle.
Best regards,
Gabriela Camacho
Short Research Proposal.pdf

393K
[email protected] <[email protected]> Wed, Aug 26, 2015 at 1:22 AM

Dear Gabriela,
The language of instruc on at Her e School is English, so you don’t have to speak German. Thus we only need a
3 of 5 8/30/2015 11:02 PM
proof of your English skills.
Please note, that the Doctoral Programme in Governance at the Her e School is a structured doctoral programme
with a centralized applica on process. The Her e School professors do not individually accept PhD students for
the programme but discuss applica ons in a joint mee ng. This means there is no need to contact a member of
the faculty before applying to the Her e School. For your applica on you just have to choose two persons, who
would be the best candidates for the supervision of your research project. When we received a completed
applica on we then contact the professors and ask them to evaluate your proposal and to confirm if they are
interested in supervising your project.
Best regards,
Inna

Betreff: Re: short application for DAAD scholarship

Dear Inna,
Thank you for your answer. So for the letter of elegibility I don't need to provide any further information, right?
Best regards,
Gabriela Camacho
[email protected] <[email protected]> Thu, Aug 27, 2015 at 1:18 AM

Dear Gabriela,
please find a ached the le er of eligibility in German and English. Please note that you need to also submit your
full PhD applica on to the Her e School applica on portal un l 1 January at the latest. We wish you good luck by
your DAAD applica on.
Best regards,
Inna
4 of 5 8/30/2015 11:02 PM
2 attachments
Carmacho, Gabriela DAAD Kontaktbescheinigung dt 2016.pdf
98K
Carmacho, Gabriela DAAD Kontaktbescheinigung en 2016.pdf

96K
5 of 5 8/30/2015 11:02 PM

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Cover sheet to application

1 Personal data application

Name, first name mgr Gabriela Camacho

subject area Political Science

offer country Peru

Scholarship Research Grants - Doctoral Programmes in Germany, 2016/17

Scholarship period Aug 1, 2016 to Jun 1, 2019

Resp. DAAD Unit

2 Documents for application

Type of document Name of the document

Scholarship Research Grants - Doctoral Programmes in Germany, 2016/17

2 Details for application

Note on completing the application form:

* Compulsory field (must be completed).

Academic title mgr

First name(s) * Gabriela

Date of birth * 17.03.1984 Place of La Paz Country of Bolivia

Nationality * Peruvian 2. Nationality Bolivian

Form of address * Mrs Marital status * single

If yes, which? * Select country

Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 1 of 13

(Address at which you can be contacted at all times)

Street/PO box * Piura 389, dept. 202 Miraflores

Mobile number 994536457

Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 2 of 13

First name Clara

Street/PO box Las Dalias 136, dept. 701 Miraflores

Mobile phone 990370341

Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 3 of 13

Please enter your destination institution / university

Planned destination institution 1 *

Destination country * Germany Town * Berlin

Institution * Hertie School of Governance GmbH Berlin

Subject group * Law, Economics and Social Sciences

Subject * Political Science

Planned destination institution 2 alternatively additionally None

Destination country * Germany Town * Berlin

Institution * Humboldt-Universität Berlin

Subject group * Law, Economics and Social Sciences

Subject * Political Science

Planned destination institution 3 alternatively additionally None

Subject group * Law, Economics and Social Sciences

Subject * Political Science

Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 4 of 13

Is your stay part of a cooperation agreement? *

With Whom? Hertie: Inna Maliucova [email protected]

Type of qualification * Bachelor

Date * 15.12.2002 City / Province * La Paz

Length of school attendance

from * 30.01.1991 to * 15.12.2002

Erstbewerbung/31.08.2015/06:54:47/Förderprogramm 57214224/64FF0597871 (gesendet über das Portal) Page 5 of 13

Institution * Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru

Period: from 10.08.2004 to 10.07.2009

Subject group Law, Economics and Social Sciences

Subject Political Science

Type of exam Bachelor's degree (or equivalent)

Result Licentiate in Political Science

new entry Delete this entry

Institution * IE School of Arts and Humanities

Period: from 05.10.2011 to 20.07.2012