Chapter 1 - Part 2
Chapter 1 - Part 2
Chapter 1 - Part 2
the thorax
Function as a unit in bearing loads &
absorbing shock
Large moment arms⇒ large torques:
counteracted by shoulder muscles
remarkable range of motion, most
mobile joint
Can abduct, adduct, rotate, be raised in
front of and behind the torso and move
through a full 360° in the sagittal plane
Extremely unstable, far more prone to
dislocation and injury than other joints
Soft tissue envelope encircling the
glenohumeral joint& attached to the
scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps
(Capsule)
Glenohumeral joint
main joint of the shoulder
the articulation between the head of the
humerus and the lateral scapula
multiaxial ball & socket
most mobile, supports greater loads
Acromioclavicular joint
between the acromion process of the
scapula (part of the scapula that forms the
highest point of the shoulder) and the
distal end of the clavicle
irregular diarthrodial joint-limited motion
in all 3 planes
Rotation during arm elevation
Sternoclavicular joint Coracoclavicular joint
at the proximal clavicle with the Syndesmosis with the coracoid
process of the scapula and the
manubrium inferior surface of the clavicle bound
provides major axis of rotation for together by the coracoclavicular
movements of the clavicle and scapula ligament
Permits little movement
modified ball& socket
shrugging the shoulders, elevating the
arms above the head, swimming
Scapulothoracic joint
false joint where the shoulder blade
glides against the thorax (the rib cage)
Synchronous, simultaneous
contributions from each joint
⇒ Wide range of motion
1. If the weight of the arm is 33N, the Fm
moment arm for the total arm 3 cm
segment is 30cm, and the moment R
30 cm
arm for the deltoid muscle(Fm) is
3 cm, how much force must be 33N
supplied by the deltoid to
maintain the arm in this position?
What is the magnitude of the joint Ʃ MS= 0:
reaction force(R)? (Fm x 30) N-mm= (33 x 300) N-mm
Fm = 330 N
Ʃ Fx = 0:
R = Fm
2. Repeat problem 1 assuming that 3. The medial deltoid attaches to the
the person is holding a ball of humerus at an angle of 150 as shown
weight 5 kg in the outstretched below. What are the sizes of the
hand, at a distance 60 cm from the rotary and stabilizing components of
shoulder joint. muscle force when the total muscle
Fm force is 500N?
3 cm
R
30 cm
60 cm
33N 5 kg
Ʃ MS= 0:
(Fm x 30) N-mm= [(33 x 300)+(50x600)] N-mm
*Taking g =10 m/s2
Fm = 1330 N
Rotary component : Fm Sin 150
Stabilizing component : Fm Cos150
Calculate the force needed by deltoid muscles, fixed at an angle 160
with humerus, to hold up the arm in the position as shown in figure
below. Given weight of the arm=68N, weight in hand=45N.
Also calculate the reaction force at shoulder.
Ball& and socket joint with a high degree
of stability and excellent range of
movements
Articulation between spherical head of
the femur & concave acetabulum of the
pelvis
Pelvic gurdle : two hip bones + sacrum
->rotate forward, backward, and laterally
Flexion/extension/hyperextension
Abduction/adduction
Lateral/medial rotation
Neck of femur ~1350 to the shaft
3 DOF with 3 mutually perpendicular axes intersecting
the geometric center of rotation of the spherical head
Transverse axis: lies in the frontal(coronal) plane and
controls flexion/extension
Anterior/posterior axis: lies in sagittal plane, controls
adduction/abduction
Vertical axis: coincides with long axis of the limb when the
hip joint in neutral position, controls movements of internal
and external rotation
Major wt bearing joint:
1/3W supported at each hip during upright standing
~W during swing phase of walking
3-4 W during support phase
5.5 W during fast walking, jugging
8.7 W during stumbling
Body wt, tension in large, strong hip muscles & impact forces
translated upward add to compression on the joint
The hip abductors act during stance to oppose the hip adductor
moment that gravity produces, and to keep the pelvis level
Both gravity (body weight) and abductor muscles produce forces
that compresses the hip joint
As abductor muscle’s force exceeds that of body weight, most of the
compression that the hip joint surface experience during single limb
stance, walking, or running actually comes from muscle action
F x Rx Px Rx 2W sin 0 Rx W ( 300 )
F y Ry Py B Ry 2W cos 5W / 6 0
Ry (2 cos 300 5 / 6)W 2.57W
R ( Rx 2 Ry 2 )1/ 2 2.75W
c
b Direction : tan 1 ( Ry / Rx ) 68.70
Ѳ
P
M cP bB 0
5b 5W
R B P (b / c) B W ...( B )
6c 6
P 2W (b / c 2.4)
Parallelogram Law :
R2= P2+Q2+2PQcosƟ Fm
C
C2=Fm2+Ft2+2FmFtcosƟ
Fm =Ft =300N
Ft
C=104.2 N for Ɵ =1600
C= 424.26 N for Ɵ =900
3.The upper leg muscle
(quadriceps) exerts a force of
1250N, which is carried by a tendon
over the kneecap (patella) at the
angles shown in fig. Find the
direction and magnitude of the
force exerted by the kneecap on the R= ?