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    Nuclear Chemistry: Bravo - 15,000 Kilotons

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    Habib
    Nuclear Chemistry document discusses: 1) Types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and how the nucleus changes in each type. 2) Nuclear symbols used to represent elements and isotopes. 3) Nuclear stability and how decay occurs to return a nucleus to the band of stability. 4) Differences between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of penetration, danger level, and the protection needed. 5) How nuclear forces overcome electromagnetic repulsion in the nucleus and how nuclear reactions release more energy per gram than chemical reactions through small mass changes.

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    Nuclear Chemistry: Bravo - 15,000 Kilotons

    Uploaded by

    Habib
    36 views14 pages
    Nuclear Chemistry document discusses: 1) Types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and how the nucleus changes in each type. 2) Nuclear symbols used to represent elements and isotopes. 3) Nuclear stability and how decay occurs to return a nucleus to the band of stability. 4) Differences between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of penetration, danger level, and the protection needed. 5) How nuclear forces overcome electromagnetic repulsion in the nucleus and how nuclear reactions release more energy per gram than chemical reactions through small mass changes.

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    Nuclear Chemistry

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    Nuclear Chemistry document discusses: 1) Types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and how the nucleus changes in each type. 2) Nuclear symbols used to represent elements and isotopes. 3) Nuclear stability and how decay occurs to return a nucleus to the band of stability. 4) Differences between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of penetration, danger level, and the protection needed. 5) How nuclear forces overcome electromagnetic repulsion in the nucleus and how nuclear reactions release more energy per gram than chemical reactions through small mass changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    36 views14 pages

    Nuclear Chemistry: Bravo - 15,000 Kilotons

    Uploaded by

    Habib
    Nuclear Chemistry document discusses: 1) Types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and how the nucleus changes in each type. 2) Nuclear symbols used to represent elements and isotopes. 3) Nuclear stability and how decay occurs to return a nucleus to the band of stability. 4) Differences between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of penetration, danger level, and the protection needed. 5) How nuclear forces overcome electromagnetic repulsion in the nucleus and how nuclear reactions release more energy per gram than chemical reactions through small mass changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Nuclear Chemistry

    Bravo – 15,000 kilotons


    CA Standards
    Students know the three most common forms
    of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and gamma)
    and know how the nucleus changes in each type
    of decay.
    Students know alpha, beta, and gamma
    radiation produce different amounts and kinds
    of damage in matter and have different
    penetrations.
    Students know some naturally occurring
    isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are
    isotopes formed in nuclear reactions.
    Nuclear Symbols

    Mass number Element


    (p+ + no) symbol

    235
    U
    92
    Atomic number
    (number of p+)
    Types of Radioactive Decay
    alpha
     alpha production
    production (a,
    (a, He):
    He): helium
    helium nucleus
    nucleus
    238
    92 U  He 
    4
    2
    234
    90 Th
    beta
     beta production
    production (b,
    (b, e):
    e):
    234
    90 Th  234
    91 Pa  e
    0
    1

     gamma
     gamma ray
    ray production
    production (g):
    (g):

    U  He 
    238
    92
    4
    2 Th  2 
    234
    90
    0
    0
    Nuclear
    Stability

    Decay will occur in


    such a way as to
    return a nucleus to
    the band (line) of
    stability.
    Alpha
    Radiation
    Alpha decay is
    limited to VERY
    large, nuclei
    such as those in
    heavy metals.
    Beta
    Radiation

    Beta decay
    converts a
    neutron into a
    proton.
    Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray
    Emission Emission Emission

    Symbol
    4
    2 He 2
    or
    4
    2 2 0
    e
    1 or 1
    0

    0
    0
    Mass Heavy Light No Mass

    How it changes  Decreases the  Converts a No change to the


    the nucleus mass number neutron into a nucleus
    by 4 proton
     Decreases the  Increases
    atomic number atomic number
    by 2 by 1

    Penetration Low Medium High

    Protection Skin Paper, clothing Lead


    provided by…

    Danger Low Medium High


    CA Standards
    Students know protons and neutrons in the
    nucleus are held together by nuclear forces
    that overcome the electromagnetic repulsion
    between the protons.

    Students know the energy release per gram of


    material is much larger in nuclear fusion or
    fission reactions than in chemical reactions.
    The change in mass (calculated by E = mc2) is
    small but significant in nuclear reactions.
    Fission

    Fission - Splitting a
    heavy nucleus into two
    nuclei with smaller mass
    numbers.
    Deuterium – Tritium Fusion Reaction

    Fusion - Combining two light nuclei to


    form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
    Energy and Mass
    Nuclear
    Nuclear changes
    changes occur
    occur with
    with small
    small but
    but measurable
    measurable
    losses
    losses of
    of mass.
    mass. TheThe lost
    lost mass
    mass isis called
    called the
    the mass
    mass
    defect,
    defect, and
    and is is converted
    converted to to energy
    energy according
    according to
    to
    Einstein’s
    Einstein’s equation:
    equation:
    DE == Dmc
    DE 2
    Dmc2
    Dm == mass
    Dm mass defect
    defect
    DE == change
    DE change in in energy
    energy
    cc == speed
    speed ofof light
    light

    Because
    Because cc2 is
    is so large, even
    so large, even small
    small amounts
    amounts of
    of mass
    2
    mass
    are
    are converted
    converted to to enormous
    enormous amount
    amount of
    of energy.
    energy.
    A Fission Reactor

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