I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n

ITU-T G.976
TELECOMMUNICATION (05/2014)
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU

SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA,

DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Digital sections and digital line system – Optical fibre
submarine cable systems

Test methods applicable to optical fibre

submarine cable systems

Recommendation ITU-T G.976

 ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100–G.199

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER- G.200–G.299
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE G.300–G.399
SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS G.400–G.449
ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC
LINES
COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450–G.499
TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS G.600–G.699
DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700–G.799
DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800–G.899
DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900–G.999
General G.900–G.909
Parameters for optical fibre cable systems G.910–G.919
Digital sections at hierarchical bit rates based on a bit rate of 2048 kbit/s G.920–G.929
Digital line transmission systems on cable at non-hierarchical bit rates G.930–G.939
Digital line systems provided by FDM transmission bearers G.940–G.949
Digital line systems G.950–G.959
Digital section and digital transmission systems for customer access to ISDN G.960–G.969
Optical fibre submarine cable systems G.970–G.979
Optical line systems for local and access networks G.980–G.989
Metallic access networks G.990–G.999
MULTIMEDIA QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE – GENERIC AND USER- G.1000–G.1999
RELATED ASPECTS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.6000–G.6999
DATA OVER TRANSPORT – GENERIC ASPECTS G.7000–G.7999
PACKET OVER TRANSPORT ASPECTS G.8000–G.8999
ACCESS NETWORKS G.9000–G.9999

For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.

Recommendation ITU-T G.976

Test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable systems

Summary
It is to be recognized that numerous test methods are specific to particular optical fibre submarine
cable system designs and are, therefore, proprietary information of the system designer/supplier.
However, a common understanding needs to be met between the system designer/supplier and the
system purchaser/operator on the general purpose of testing and the meaning of the results.
Recommendation ITU-T G.976 highlights the purpose of testing in optical fibre submarine cable
systems and lists the main test methods applicable to these systems. Specific test methods are
described.
This edition of the Recommendation includes the addition of test regarding vibration and shock
resistance.

History
Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID*
1.0 ITU-T G.976 1997-04-08 15 11.1002/1000/4028
2.0 ITU-T G.976 2000-10-06 15 11.1002/1000/5189
3.0 ITU-T G.976 2004-06-13 15 11.1002/1000/7342
4.0 ITU-T G.976 2007-07-29 15 11.1002/1000/9160
5.0 ITU-T G.976 2010-07-29 15 11.1002/1000/10884
6.0 ITU-T G.976 2014-05-14 15 11.1002/1000/12182

____________________
* To access the Recommendation, type the URL http://handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web
browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/
11830-en.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) i

 FOREWORD
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of
telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,
operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing
telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years,
establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on
these topics.
The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.

NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain
mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the
Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some
other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The
use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property,
protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the
TSB patent database at http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/.

 ITU 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.

ii Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

 Table of Contents
Page
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1
2 References..................................................................................................................... 1
3 Definitions .................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Terms defined elsewhere ................................................................................ 2
3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation ......................................................... 2
4 Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................ 3
5 Conventions .................................................................................................................. 4
6 Purpose of testing in optical fibre submarine cable systems ........................................ 4
6.1 Qualification tests ........................................................................................... 4
6.2 Quality assurance tests ................................................................................... 5
6.3 Installation tests .............................................................................................. 6
6.4 Cable system commissioning tests ................................................................. 8
6.5 Maintenance tests ........................................................................................... 8
7 List of tests to be made on optical fibre submarine cable systems and applicable
test methods .................................................................................................................. 9
7.1 Tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable ..................... 9
7.2 Tests on the optical fibre submarine cable ..................................................... 12
7.3 Tests on optical fibre amplifiers of OSR ........................................................ 13
7.4 Tests on the terminal transmission equipment ............................................... 15
7.5 Tests on the power feeding equipment ........................................................... 15
7.6 Tests on the link.............................................................................................. 15
7.7 Tests on the maintenance................................................................................ 16
8 Description of specific test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable
systems.......................................................................................................................... 17
8.1 Tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable ..................... 17
8.2 Tests on the optical fibre submarine cable ..................................................... 18
8.3 Tests on optical fibre amplifiers of OSR ........................................................ 27
8.4 Tests on the terminal transmission equipment ............................................... 29
8.5 Tests on the power feeding equipment ........................................................... 29
8.6 Tests on the link.............................................................................................. 29
8.7 Tests on the maintenance................................................................................ 31
Annex A – Definition of terms relevant to the tests on optical fibre submarine cables .......... 34
A.1 Q factor ........................................................................................................... 34
Appendix I – Detailed definitions relevant to optical fibre submarine cable systems ............. 35
I.1 Cable safety margin ........................................................................................ 35
I.2 Nominal permanent tensile strength (NPTS) ................................................. 35
I.3 Nominal operating tensile strength (NOTS)................................................... 35
I.4 Nominal transient tensile strength (NTTS) .................................................... 36

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) iii

 Page
Appendix II – Test method for measuring Raman gain efficiency distribution ...................... 37
II.1 General ........................................................................................................... 37
II.2 Test apparatus ................................................................................................. 37
II.3 Measurement procedure ................................................................................. 39
II.4 Presentation of the results ............................................................................... 39
Appendix III – Parameters for OTDR and COTDR ................................................................ 40
III.1 Table of parameters for OTDR and COTDR ................................................. 40
Bibliography............................................................................................................................. 41

iv Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

Recommendation ITU-T G.976

Test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable systems

1 Scope
Testing is of high importance for optical fibre submarine cable systems since, together with a proper
design and a careful definition of technologies, it is the only way to guarantee that the quality,
lifetime and reliability performance of an optical fibre submarine cable system shall be met.
It is to be recognized that numerous test methods are specific to particular system designs and are
therefore proprietary information of the system designer/supplier. However, a common
understanding needs to be met between the system designer/supplier and the system
purchaser/operator on the general purpose of testing and the meaning of the results.
Insofar as they are applicable to optical fibre submarine cable systems, general test methods
recommended by the ITU-T should be applied. It should be recognized that these methods may
need adaptation to the specific characteristics of optical fibre submarine systems. It should also be
recognized that some test methods are specific to optical fibre submarine cable systems and are of
little or no use elsewhere.
The purpose of this Recommendation is to highlight the testing of optical fibre submarine cable
systems by listing the main tests applicable to these systems and by describing test methods specific
to these systems.

2 References
The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision;
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the
currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within
this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
[ITU-T G.650.1] Recommendation ITU-T G.650.1 (2010), Definitions and test methods for
linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.650.2] Recommendation ITU-T G.650.2 (2007), Definitions and test methods for
statistical and non-linear related attributes of single-mode fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.661] Recommendation ITU-T G.661 (2007), Definitions and test methods for
the relevant generic parameters of optical amplifier devices and
subsystems.
[ITU-T G.671] Recommendation ITU-T G.671 (2012), Transmission characteristics of
optical components and subsystems.
[ITU-T G.702] Recommendation ITU-T G.702 (1988), Digital hierarchy bit rates.
[ITU-T G.780] Recommendation ITU-T G.780/Y.1351 (2010), Terms and definitions for
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks.
[ITU-T G.783] Recommendation ITU-T G.783 (2006), Characteristics of synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks.
[ITU-T G.810] Recommendation ITU-T G.810 (1996), Definitions and terminology for
synchronization networks.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 1

[ITU-T G.821] Recommendation ITU-T G.821 (2002), Error performance of an
international digital connection operating at a bit rate below the primary
rate and forming part of an Integrated Services Digital Network.
[ITU-T G.823] Recommendation ITU-T G.823 (2000), The control of jitter and wander
within digital networks which are based on the 2048 kbit/s hierarchy.
[ITU-T G.826] Recommendation ITU-T G.826 (2002), End-to-end error performance
parameters and objectives for international, constant bit-rate digital paths
and connections.
[ITU-T G.828] Recommendation ITU-T G.828 (2000), Error performance parameters
and objectives for international, constant bit-rate synchronous digital
paths.
[ITU-T G.959.1] Recommendation ITU-T G.959.1 (2012), Optical transport network
physical layer interfaces.
[ITU-T G.971] Recommendation ITU-T G.971 (2010), General features of optical fibre
submarine cable systems.
[ITU-T G.972] Recommendation ITU-T G.972 (2011), Definition of terms relevant to
optical fibre submarine cable systems.
[ITU-T G.973] Recommendation ITU-T G.973 (2010), Characteristics of repeaterless
optical fibre submarine cable systems.
[ITU-T G.977] Recommendation ITU-T G.977 (2011), Characteristics of optically
amplified optical fibre submarine cable systems.
[ITU-T L.12] Recommendation ITU-T L.12 (2008), Optical fibre splices.
[IEC 61290] IEC 61290, Optical fibre amplifiers − Test methods series.
[IEC/TR 62284] IEC/TR 62284 ed1.0 (2003), Effective area measurements of single-mode
optical fibres – Guidance.
[IEC/TR 62285] IEC/TR 62285 ed2.0 (2005), Application guide for non-linear coefficient
measuring methods.
[IEC/TR 62324] IEC/TR 62324 ed2.0 (2007), Single-mode optical fibres – Raman gain
efficiency measurement using continuous wave method – Guidance.

3 Definitions

3.1 Terms defined elsewhere

This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere:
3.1.1 optical fibre amplifier (OFA) [ITU-T G.661].
3.1.2 plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) [ITU-T G.702].
3.1.3 synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) [ITU-T G.780].
Other terms used in this Recommendation are defined in [ITU-T G.972].

3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation

None.

2 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

4 Abbreviations and acronyms
This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:
APD Avalanche Photodiode
ATM Alternative Test Method
BBER Background Block Error Ratio
BER Bit Error Ratio
CBL Cable Breaking Load
CF Compression Factor
COTDR Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
DC Direct Current
DOHB Draw Off/Hold Back
ESR Errored Second Ratio
FA Fixed Analyser
FWM Four-Wave Mixing
GF Gain Flatness
IOR Index Of Refraction
LW Lightweight
LWP Lightweight Protected
MFD Mode Field Diameter
NF Noise Figure
NG Nominal Gain
NOTS Nominal Operating Tensile Strength
NPTS Nominal Permanent Tensile Strength
NSIP Nominal Signal Input Power
NSOP Nominal Signal Output Power
NTTS Nominal Transient Tensile Strength
OA Optical Amplifier
OFA Optical Fibre Amplifier
O-E Opto-Electro
OSR Optical Submarine Repeaters
OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
PDG Polarization Dependent Gain
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PDL Polarization Dependent Loss
PFE Power Feeding Equipment
PHB Polarization Hole Burning
PIN P Intrinsic N

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 3

PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
RTM Reference Test Method
SCI Self-Compensated Interferometric
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SESR Severely Errored Second Ratio
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
SOP State Of Polarization
SPM Self-Phase Modulation
SSG Small Signal Gain
TM Test Method
TTE Terminal Transmission Equipment
UV Ultra Violet
XPM Cross-Phase Modulation

5 Conventions
This clause is intentionally left blank.

6 Purpose of testing in optical fibre submarine cable systems

Testing is to be made at different periods in a system's life; during development, manufacturing and
operation, for different purposes. A large amount of testing is of interest for the system designer and
supplier only and is not relevant to this Recommendation. However, testing is also of concern for a
system purchaser and operator. The latter includes qualification tests, quality assurance tests,
installation tests, commissioning tests, and maintenance tests.

6.1 Qualification tests

Qualification tests are made as part of the development programme so as to choose proper designs
and technologies and, once they are chosen, to demonstrate that they adequately satisfy
the performance, reliability and lifetime requirement of the system. They are made on every
component, material, subassembly, piece of equipment, and on the system itself. Tests conducted by
the manufacturer supplying components or materials are often adequate and, therefore, used.
The testing programme is defined for each item, taking into account its own characteristics and the
experience already gained on similar items. Qualification tests generally include appropriate
performance characterization, technology characterization and qualification, and life tests.
6.1.1 Performance characterization tests
Performance characterization is intended to demonstrate that the item satisfies the transmission
requirement within the whole range of specified environmental conditions.
6.1.2 Technology characterization tests
Technology characterization is intended to evaluate the ruggedness of the technology, to identify
the potential failure mechanisms (with a potential feedback on the design or technology so as to
avoid dangerous mechanisms), and to establish models which permit prediction of the behaviour of
devices. These tests may provide the conditions of use for the various items, and permit the
establishment of screening and selection procedures, so as to eliminate devices which would exhibit

4 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

early failure, or not satisfy the lifetime requirement. Some tests are made with the item operating,
others in storage condition. High stress (such as severe temperature, mechanical, electrical or
optical conditions), sometimes with an increased level of stress, and with a fast or slow time
variation may be applied.
6.1.3 Technology qualification tests
Technology qualification is intended to confirm the quality of the technology and the adequacy of
the selection procedure. The test conditions are chosen taking into account the results of the
characterization tests. For example, tests can be made at several temperatures which permit the
evaluation of an activation energy and/or an acceleration factor.
6.1.4 Life tests
Ageing tests are intended to evaluate the lifetime and reliability of a system with reference to end-
of-life criteria chosen, taking into account the characteristics of the system's operation. Acceleration
by temperature or other means, using an established or derived model, may be used. Part of the life
tests may be made in conditions similar to the operating conditions of the system.
6.1.5 Testing programmes
The testing programmes for these different tests should indicate the number of devices to be tested,
the description of the test conditions, and the methodology of the tests.
However, most testing programmes are the proprietary information of suppliers.

6.2 Quality assurance tests

Reference to ISO standards may be required.
Quality assurance tests are made during the manufacturing so as to demonstrate that the
manufacturing process shall maintain the inherent quality and reliability provided by the design. It
includes manufacturing control tests, component selection or acceptance tests, subassembly, subunit
or equipment acceptance tests.
6.2.1 Manufacturing control tests
Manufacturing control tests are made during the manufacturing programme, including manufacture
of components, subassemblies, equipment, optical fibres and cable, so as to ensure that the
manufacturing operation is compatible with the required quality. Manufacturing control tests
include part or all of the following:
– manufacturing process qualification tests which consist of manufacturing an industrial
prototype according to the defined manufacturing procedure, prior to the start of
manufacture, to finalize the manufacturing process and to verify its adequacy;
– manufacturing tools qualification tests which are periodically made, after tool recalibration
during manufacture, to ensure that the performance of the manufacturing tools are in
accordance with the manufacturing specification; these tests may consist of manufacturing
devices which are submitted to tests which may be destructive;
– operator qualification tests, made initially after training and periodically during
manufacturing, to ensure the ability of an operator to accomplish tasks according to the
specification; these tests may consist of manufacturing devices which are submitted to tests
which may be destructive;
– visual inspection, made at identified stages of the manufacturing process, on each
production item to visually check the result of an operation or a sequence of operations;
these tests are non-destructive and may be made using inspection tools such as optical
microscopy, radioscopy, etc.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 5

6.2.2 Component selection tests
Each component (e.g., electronic, optoelectronic or optical component, including the optical fibre,
and raw material) to be used in an optical fibre submarine cable system is individually tested so as
to ensure that it will present the required performance during the system design life. The testing
procedure is defined during the qualification, taking into account the results of the technology
characterization tests. Depending on the nature of the component, the selection or acceptance tests
may include part or all of the following:
– batch qualification tests, which are high-stress destructive tests made on a few samples
from the batch, and which are intended to ensure that the general ruggedness of the batch is
satisfactory, so as to be able to eliminate unsatisfactory batches;
– stabilization tests, which are high-stress tests applied to all the components, and which
result in the stabilization of the characteristics;
– screen tests, made on all the components of selected batches, to identify weaker devices
which would present early failure and to eliminate them; the level of stress should be such
that it will not significantly reduce the component reliability or lifetime;
– long duration tests, applied during a sufficiently long period to a few samples, or to all the
components if necessary, with conditions close to the condition of operation in the system,
to monitor the evolution of their characteristics and to eliminate components which would
present an insufficient lifetime.
6.2.3 Subassembly, subunit or equipment factory tests
Tests are made in the factory on each subassembly (e.g., printed circuit board), subunit
(e.g., repeater electronic unit, or power feeding equipment (PFE) power converter) and piece of
equipment (e.g., cable length, repeater or terminal equipment). It consists of testing the equipment
performance (e.g., transmission performance, functional performance) in the nominal
environmental conditions specified for the item.

6.3 Installation tests

These tests take place during a portion of the assembly (or on the completely submerged plant),
during subsequent loading on the cable ship, during laying of the submerged plant, during and after
installation of the terminal station equipment. Their purpose is to verify that, at each important
period of the system installation, the functionality and the performance of the installed equipment
meets the specifications necessary to ensure the successful completion of the whole cable system.
6.3.1 Tests during submarine portion assembly
General
At each jointing operation (cable-to-cable, cable to repeater/amplifier, etc.), tests on mechanical and
electrical (if applicable) quality of the joint are performed.
Regenerated systems
The performances tests, including transmission quality assessment, supervisory and functional tests
(for example, loop-back, transmitter change-over, etc.), are done on each individual repeater, and
after connection to the assembled sections. The results should ascertain that the transmission quality
is met with the specified margins on each section of regeneration, that the supervisory system meets
its requirements, and that the repeater's functionality works correctly. Comparison is made between
the test results and the manufacturer claims.
Prior to the loading of the fully assembled submerged portion, transmission quality tests (including
end-to-end bit-error ratio, individual error count in each repeater, etc.), and supervisory and repeater
functional tests are used to demonstrate that the required specifications are met.

6 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

Amplified systems
Since the transmission quality measured on an amplified section does not represent the whole link,
or portion thereof, these tests make use of measurements and techniques proven to be adequate
during the development process. It is recognized that, environmental conditions being different
from those on the sea bottom, these tests are not fully representative of the system performances.
They may include tests on individual optical amplifiers (noise figure, gain and peak gain
wavelength, supervisory), and individual cabled fibre section (loss, chromatic dispersion,
polarization mode dispersion, etc.). As a minimum, optical signal transmission, supervisory, and
functional (for example, loop-back, pump laser change-over, etc. if applicable) tests are performed
while jointing each optical amplifier or on assembled portions to ensure they function in accordance
with the system design.
At the end of the portion assembly, it is verified that the interface specifications with the other
portions are met (this can be done via measurement or calculation of the Q factor, optical
signal-to-noise ratio, optical spectrum, cumulated chromatic dispersion, cumulated polarization
mode dispersion, etc. or any other parameter measurement or calculation representative of
transmission quality). If applicable, all the functionalities implemented in the amplifiers are also
checked through the supervisory system. It is preferred, particularly when the whole submerged
plant is to be laid at once, that performance measurements also be made with the possible use of
temporary compensation techniques (for example, on chromatic dispersion) to account for
environmental conditions different from those on the sea bottom.
It must be recognized that since the amplified technology is new and in continuous progress, the
nature of the tests to be performed may change significantly.
Repeaterless systems
These tests are mainly related to the optical characteristics of the cabled fibres in order to ascertain
that the optical power budget and propagation impairments, when applicable, will provide the
transmission quality with sufficient margins. When techniques such as remote pumping of in-line
amplifying fibre are used, other tests such as pump signal transmission may be necessary.
6.3.2 Testing during submarine portion loading and laying
Regenerated and amplified systems
During the loading of the submarine portion on the cable ship, the system may be powered in order
to check that the submarine portion is free from damage. After loading completion, the portion will
be powered and tests will be carried out in order to check the stability of the portion performances
over a sufficient time period.
During the laying operations, the system should be powered to the greatest extent possible,
consistent with personal safety, in order to test the system and to verify that no fault or significant
degradation which may jeopardize final performance has occurred. At the end of the complete
installation of a submerged portion, the necessary interface performance will be checked in order to
ensure that subsequent jointing with the other portions will provide the required performances.
These interface tests are particularly important if the cable system is provided on a multisupplier
basis since different portions may use different designs.
Repeaterless systems
As a minimum, the transmission quality of the fibres is continuously or periodically monitored
during the laying operations. If techniques like remote pumping of submerged amplifying fibres are
used, specific tests will be performed in complement.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 7

6.3.3 Tests after terminal equipment installation
After completion of the equipment installation in each cable station, functional (including alarms),
performance and safety tests should be carried out in order to verify that the specifications are met
in the environmental conditions of each terminal station. These tests should verify the
performances, functionalities and maintenance facilities of each equipment and their interworking
performances. The following conditions should be considered as a minimum:
– power feed equipment working on a dummy load (except for repeaterless systems);
– terminal transmission equipment in a loop-back configuration;
– computerized maintenance controller connected to the terminal transmission equipment
(TTE) and to the PFE.

6.4 Cable system commissioning tests

These tests take place after the terminal equipment installation test in each station and after
the laying of the submerged plant. They will verify that the as-installed system is compliant with the
technical specifications, including a verification of the margins required at the beginning of life to
warrant transmission performances, maintenance and repair operations during the specified design
life. The following tests should be considered:
End-to-end performance and functionality tests
These tests are performed between the input/output ports of the cable system in order to verify that
the technical specifications are met for transmission quality and functionality of the cable system as
a whole.
Submerged plant performance and functional tests
Functional and transmission quality tests on the repeaters/amplifiers are performed to ensure that
sufficient margins exist at the installation of the system. Tests of the supervisory system and of fault
localization are also performed. Tests parameters may vary with the system design and the
transmission technique (see clause 6.3.1). Transmission and margins demonstration tests use
the installed terminal transmission equipment and supervisory system. For amplified systems,
indirect parameters such as the Q factor, optical signal-to-noise ratio and optical spectrum may also
be used. The commissioning tests include a stability period over which all the relevant parameters
of the installed cable system are recorded. These results provide a baseline or reference data as
necessary for future operation, maintenance or repair of the system.
Terminal station equipment tests
These performance and functional tests are performed on this equipment (TTE, PFE, maintenance
controller) in their operational configuration, together with the submerged plant.

6.5 Maintenance tests

These tests are done throughout the operational life of the system during normal and maintenance
operations. They are used to periodically check the performances of the system for preventive
maintenance, for fault localization and to evaluate the possible margin degradations due to repairs.
6.5.1 Routine tests
These tests are performed on the submerged plant from the terminal stations with the help of the
supervisory system. They are done in service, either automatically or on operator request. Their
results are used for comparison with previous baseline data. They must not degrade the transmission
quality below the specified levels. These tests are not applicable to repeaterless systems.
Similar routine tests are also performed on the terminal equipment.

8 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

6.5.2 Tests used for fault location on the submerged plant
These tests may be performed out-of-service from the terminal station using the supervisory system
or with the help of external means (e.g., OTDR, coherent OTDR, resistance or capacitance
measurements on the conductor, etc.). They are used to locate and to identify the fault with the
maximum precision. Generally, an optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is employed for this
purpose, especially a coherent optical time domain reflectometry (COTDR) is usually used in long
distance optical fibre amplifier (OFA) systems fault location because of its higher sensitivity and
higher frequency selectivity.
From the cable ship, before recovery of the faulty piece of cable or submerged equipment, tests for
cable location can be used, for example, by electroding when applicable.
6.5.3 Tests made during and after a repair on the submerged plant
After recovery of the cable near the fault location, tests are carried out in order to more accurately
determine the location and the nature of the fault. They can include optical time domain
reflectometry and insulation measurements.
After a repair, tests are performed to check the mechanical, electrical and transmission quality of
this repair prior to laying. For regenerated systems, the power margins on the repaired section are
measured using the information on transmission quality given by the supervisory system.
For amplified systems, methods similar to those used during system installation and commissioning
tests may be used.

7 List of tests to be made on optical fibre submarine cable systems and applicable test
methods
This clause contains references to test methods specific to submarine systems, and references to
general test methods studied under other questions and which are directly applicable to optical fibre
submarine cable systems.

7.1 Tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable
7.1.1 General
This clause lists and describes tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable.
General descriptions of tests of single-mode optical fibres are found in [ITU-T G.650.1] and
[ITU-T G.650.2]. The aim of this clause is to list the tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre
submarine cable. The tests listed here are closely related to the transmission characteristics of
optical fibre submarine cable systems. All the test items, relevant Recommendations, applicable
fibre types, and relevant systems are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 − Lists of typical tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable
Tests Defined in Described in Applicable to Relevant systems
Mode field diameter Clause 3.3.2 of Clause 5.1 of F All systems
(MFD) [ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Cladding diameter Clause 3.4.3 of Clause 5.2 of F All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Core concentricity error Clause 3.4.8 of Clause 5.2 of F All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Cladding non-circularity Clause 3.4.6 of Clause 5.2 of F All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 9

 Table 1 − Lists of typical tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable
Tests Defined in Described in Applicable to Relevant systems
Effective area (Aeff) Clause II.2 of Appendix III of F Optically
[ITU-T G.650.2] [ITU-T G.650.2] amplified
IEC/TR 62284 long-haul systems
Non-linear coefficient Clause II.4 of Clause 8.1.2.2 F Optically
(n2/Aeff) [ITU-T G.650.2] amplified
long-haul systems
Attenuation Clause 3.6.2 of Clause 5.4 of F, C All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Fibre cut-off wavelength Clause 3.6.1 of Clause 5.3 of F All systems
(λc) [ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Chromatic dispersion Clause 3.5.1 of Clause 5.5 of F, C All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Chromatic dispersion Under study Appendix II of F, C All systems
uniformity [ITU-T G.650.1]
Polarization mode Clause 3.1.1 of Clause 5.1 of F, C All systems
dispersion (PMD) [ITU-T G.650.2] [ITU-T G.650.2]
Proof-test Clause 3.2.3 of Clause 5.7 of F All systems
[ITU-T G.650.1] [ITU-T G.650.1]
Raman Gain efficiency IEC/TR 62324 [IEC/TR 62324] F, C Optically
Appendix II amplified long-
haul systems
using Raman
amplification
F: Independent fibre
C: Fibre in the cable

7.1.2 Tests on optogeometric characteristics

This clause lists optogeometric characteristics of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine
cable that need to be tested.
7.1.2.1 Mode field diameter (MFD)
Mode field diameter (MFD) is a parameter that is related to the fundamental mode (LP01) field
distribution in the optical fibre. MFD is becoming increasingly important recently since it is closely
related to the degree of optical non-linearities that will affect the transmission quality of the optical
fibre submarine cable systems, especially in long-haul optically amplified systems.
7.1.2.2 Cladding diameter, core concentricity error, and cladding non-circularity
Cladding diameter, core concentricity error, and cladding non-circularity are the parameters that
show optogeometric characteristics of the optical fibre.
7.1.2.3 Effective area (Aeff)
Effective area (Aeff) is a parameter that is closely related to optical fibre non-linearities that will
affect the transmission quality of the optical fibre submarine cable systems, especially in long-haul
optically amplified systems.

10 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

7.1.2.4 Non-linear coefficient (n2/Aeff)
Non-linear coefficient (n2/Aeff) is a parameter that expresses the optical fibre non-linearities. Optical
fibre non-linearities will affect the transmission quality of the optical fibre submarine cable systems,
especially in long-haul optically amplified systems.
7.1.2.5 Raman gain efficiency (gR/Aeff)
Raman gain efficiency is a parameter that expresses the ability of the optical fibre to amplify the
signal power per unit fibre length and pump power.
The Raman gain efficiency becomes important in an optical submarine system that utilizes a
distributed Raman amplifier.
7.1.3 Tests on transmission characteristics
This clause lists transmission characteristics of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable
that need to be tested.
7.1.3.1 Attenuation
Attenuation comes from the loss of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable, and from
the splicing of them. Attenuation is closely related to the maximum transmission distance of the
optical fibre submarine cable systems.
7.1.3.2 Fibre cut-off wavelength (λc)
Fibre cut-off wavelength (λc) is the shortest wavelength representing single-mode operation.
7.1.3.3 Chromatic dispersion
Chromatic dispersion of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable is important since the
characteristics induce waveform distortion of the transmitted data streams especially in long-haul
and/or high data-rate systems.
Chromatic dispersion of the optical fibres is expressed by the following parameters:
– chromatic dispersion coefficient;
– zero-dispersion slope;
– zero-dispersion wavelength.
7.1.3.4 Chromatic dispersion uniformity
Under study.
7.1.3.5 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
If the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable have a large amount of PMD, this will cause
waveform distortion of the transmitted data streams, resulting in transmission characteristics
degradation of the optical fibre submarine cable systems.
7.1.4 Tests on mechanical characteristics
For evaluation of mechanical characteristics of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine
cable, the fibre proof-test is performed.
Fibre splices should be similarly proof tested. It is very important to establish a defined level of
mechanical strength for the splice that is related to its expected lifetime. As performed for optical
fibres just after manufacturing, the splice is subjected to a tensile proof-test for a short period of
time. Some splicing machines perform this test with the spliced fibres in the splice chucks and some
perform it after placing the spliced fibres in the holders for heat shrink protector application. Splices
which have their strength below the proof-test level will be eliminated.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 11

The splicing machine shall be able to perform the proof-test automatically or manually.
The unloading time shall be short in order to minimize the strength reduction during the unloading.
Information relevant to this issue is found in [ITU-T L.12].
7.1.5 Manufacture, installation and environmental considerations
The optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable should be tested well before their actual
installation. Some of the parameters of the optical fibres might be changed due to the cabling
processes. Hence, some tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable may need to
be repeated after the cabling processes.
Moreover, environmental conditions (such as pressure, tension and temperature of the optical fibre
submarine cables) are different before and after cable laying. Such differences might induce
changes in the parameters of the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable. The effect of the
environment on the cabled fibres should, therefore, be assessed appropriately.

7.2 Tests on the optical fibre submarine cable

In this clause, tests relevant to submarine cables, both for repeatered and repeaterless system use,
are described and are listed in Table 2.
The list of tests is based on typical test programmes and is, therefore, not exclusive or exhaustive.
Some of the tests are inappropriate for production test purposes as they are either unsuited for
online use or are of a destructive nature, some being used to determine limits of capability.
Supplementary tests, or specific test conditions, should be implemented, if necessary, to ensure that
the cable type offered is fit for the purpose intended.

Table 2 – Typical tests on optical fibre submarine cables

Reference Test item Sample history Rep. Repless.
8.2.1 Transmission
8.2.1.1 Manufactured loss C x x
8.2.1.2 Cabled fibre strain C x x
8.2.1.3 Temperature C, J x x
8.2.1.4 Pressure C, J x x
8.2.2 Mechanical
8.2.2.1 Tensile (fixed) C, J x x
8.2.2.2 Tensile (free) C, J x x
8.2.2.3 Tensile (break) C, J x x
8.2.2.4 Fatigue C x x
8.2.2.5 Sheave C, J x x
8.2.3 Handling
8.2.3.1 Crush C x x
8.2.3.2 Impact C x x
8.2.3.3 Flexure resistance C x x
8.2.3.4 Vibration and shock resistance J x x
8.2.4 Reliability
8.2.4.1 Water ingress C x x
8.2.4.2 Corrosion C, J x x
8.2.4.3 High voltage C, J x
8.2.4.4 Insulation integrity C, J x x
8.2.5 Operational
8.2.5.1 Adhesion C x x
8.2.5.2 Stopper C x x
8.2.5.3 Installation equipment C, J x x

12 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

 Table 2 – Typical tests on optical fibre submarine cables
Reference Test item Sample history Rep. Repless.
C: Cable samples that have previously been coiled and uncoiled.
J: Cable samples that include joints or terminations.
Rep.: Applicable to repeatered optical fibre submarine cables.
Repless.: Applicable to repeaterless optical fibre submarine cables.
x: Shows qualification stage to be tested.
NOTE – Where justified for ease of testing, the length of cable sample attached to joints or terminations
can be shortened.

7.2.1 Transmission performance

Tests are performed on the submarine cable to quantify its optical and electrical (if appropriate)
transmission performance with regard to the mechanical strains, temperature ranges and external
pressures arising during cable manufacture and operation.
7.2.2 Mechanical performance
Tests are performed on the submarine cable to quantify its mechanical performance with regard to
shipboard laying, recovery and repair, and to establish a known degree of safety.
7.2.3 Handling performance
Tests are performed on the submarine cable to quantify its handling performance during transfer
and storage over a wide temperature range, taking into account potential bumps and impact.
7.2.4 Reliability performance
Tests are performed on the submarine cable to quantify its reliability performance with regard to
long-term exposure to sea water and in-service electric field gradients, with regard to potential
corrosion, electrode toning (if appropriate) and water ingress in the event of a cable break.
7.2.5 Operational performance
Tests are performed on the submarine cable to quantify its performance with regard to being
externally gripped, for example, with regard to the use of stoppers under the worst weather
conditions and to the use of conventional installation equipment.

7.3 Tests on optical fibre amplifiers of OSR

7.3.1 General
This clause lists and describes tests on the optical amplifiers of optical submarine repeaters (OSR).
General descriptions of tests of the optical amplifiers are found in [ITU-T G.661]. The aim of this
clause is to list the tests on the optical amplifiers of the OSR. The tests listed here are summarized
in Table 3.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 13

 Table 3 – Lists of typical tests on the optical amplifiers of the OSR
Tests Defined in Described in
Small signal gain (SSG) Clause 5.1.2 of [ITU-T G.661] Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
Nominal gain (NG) Clause 7.3.2.2 Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
Gain flatness (GF) Clause 7.3.2.3 Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
Compression factor (CF) Clause 7.3.2.4 Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
Noise figure (NF) Clause 5.1.20 of Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
[ITU-T G.661]
Nominal signal output power (NSOP) Clause 5.1.13 of Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
[ITU-T G.661]
Nominal signal input power (NSIP) Under study Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
Polarization-dependent gain (PDG) Clause 5.1.11 of Under study
[ITU-T G.661]
Polarization-dependent loss (PDL) Clause 3.2.2.34 of Clause 6 of [ITU-T G.661]
[ITU-T G.671]
Polarization hole burning (PHB) Under study Clause II.4.3 of [ITU-T G.663]
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) Clause 5.1.36 of IEC 61290-11-1
[ITU-T G.661]
NOTE – Optically amplified long-haul systems are the only relevant systems.

7.3.2 Tests on optical fibre amplifier characteristics of OSR

This clause lists characteristics of the optical fibres amplifier of OSR that need to be tested.
7.3.2.1 Small signal gain (SSG)
The gain of the amplifier, when operated in linear regime, where it is quite independent of the input
signal optical power, at given signal wavelength and pump optical power level, for OFAs.
7.3.2.2 Nominal gain (NG)
In an OFA which is externally connected to an input jumper fibre, the increase of signal optical
power from the output end of the jumper fibre to the optical amplifier (OA) output port, expressed
in dB.
7.3.2.3 Gain flatness (GF)
Gain flatness is the flatness of the OFA gain versus signal wavelength at the nominal operating
point. The accumulative gain flatness along a SDLS should be compliant with the pre-emphasis
capability of the TTE at the transmitter side, and to the corresponding impairment allocated in the
power budget table.
7.3.2.4 Compression factor (CF)
Compression factor is the difference expressed in dB between the small signal gain and the nominal
gain. An in-line OFA working in a compression status will be more able to compensate for slow
input power fluctuations or for some dumped in-line loss increases.
7.3.2.5 Noise figure (NF)
The decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), at the output of an optical detector with unitary
quantum efficiency, due to the propagation of a shot-noise-limited signal through the OA, expressed
in dB.

14 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

7.3.2.6 Nominal signal output power (NSOP)
The minimum output signal optical power for a specified input signal optical power under nominal
operating conditions.
7.3.2.7 Nominal signal input power (NSIP)
Under study.
7.3.2.8 Polarization dependent gain (PDG)
The maximum variation of gain due to a variation of the state of polarization of the input signal at
nominal operating conditions.
7.3.2.9 Polarization dependent loss (PDL)
Maximum variation of insertion loss due to a variation of the state of polarization over all states of
polarization.
7.3.2.10 Polarization hole burning (PHB)
Under study.
7.3.2.11 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
The maximum group delay difference between any polarization states on propagation through
the OA.

7.4 Tests on the terminal transmission equipment

Under study.

7.5 Tests on the power feeding equipment

Tests should be made in order to ensure the safety of personnel.

7.6 Tests on the link

7.6.1 General
In this clause, the information on the tests on the link of the optical fibre submarine cable systems is
provided. The aim of this clause is to provide a table which includes the information on where the
performance parameters, their definitions, and their objectives are described in relevant
Recommendations.
The tests on the link of the optical fibre submarine cable systems are performed on the basis of
overall error performance, jitter performance and margin monitoring.
The performance parameters, relevant Recommendations and relevant systems are summarized in
Table 4. It must be noted that all the Recommendations do not take into account the bit rate increase
due to the FEC implementation.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 15

 Table 4 – List of performance parameters of the optical fibre submarine cable systems
Performance Performance Performance
Described in Relevant systems
description parameters objective in
Errored second ratio 4.2.2.1/G.821 5/G.821 PDH (below the primary
(ESR) rate)
Errored second ratio 3.2.5.1/G.828 6.1/G.828 SDH, PDH (at and above
(ESR) 4.7.1/G.826 7.1/G.826 the primary rate)
Overall error Severely errored second 4.2.2.2/G.821 5/G.821 PDH (below the primary
performance ratio (SESR) rate)
Severely errored second 3.2.5.2/G.828 6.1/G.828 SDH, PDH (at and above
ratio (SESR) 4.7.2/G.826 7.1/G.826 the primary rate)
Background block error 3.2.5.3/G.828 6.1/G.828 SDH, PDH (at and above
ratio (BBER) 4.7.3/G.826 7.1/G.826 the primary rate)
Jitter Maximum permissible 7.1/G.810 5.1/G.823 PDH
performance jitter
(Note 1) Jitter tolerance 15.1/G.783 15.1/G.783 SDH
Margin Q factor 8.6 PDH, SDH
monitoring
(Note 2)
NOTE 1 – Applicable to regenerative systems only.
NOTE 2 – System margin can be evaluated from the overall performance, and the Q factor is an additional
parameter for margin monitoring especially in optically amplified systems. Hence, the measurement of
a Q factor is not compulsory.

7.6.2 Overall error performance

The error performance of an optical fibre submarine cable system should conform to the relevant
Recommendations for the design life of the system, i.e., [ITU-T G.821] for plesiochronous digital
hierarchy (PDH) systems and [ITU-T G.826] and [ITU-T G.828] for SDH systems.
7.6.3 Jitter performance
The jitter performance of an optical fibre submarine cable system should follow [ITU-T G.823] for
PDH systems, and [ITU-T G.783] for SDH systems for the system design life.
7.6.4 Margin monitoring
The Q factor at an optical receiver is related to the error performance of an optical fibre submarine
cable system. Hence, the information on a Q factor at an optical receiver gives an indication of the
margin of the system.

7.7 Tests on the maintenance

In this clause, tests relevant to the maintenance of optical fibre submarine cable systems, both for
repeatered and repeaterless submarine system use, are described and listed in Table 5.

Table 5 – Lists of typical tests on the maintenance

Tests Defined in Described in
Fault location Under study Annex A.5.2.1/G.971
7.5, 8.6/G.977
Operating state of Under study Annex B.3/G.973
optical amplifier 7.4, 8.5/G.977

16 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

7.7.1 Fault location
This test is performed on repeatered and repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems to find
fault locations of optical fibre cables.
7.7.2 Operating state of optical amplifier
This test is performed on repeatered and repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems to
monitor the operating state of an optical amplifier, e.g., the gain variation. In this measurement the
optical fibre submarine cable system is monitored.

8 Description of specific test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable

systems
This clause contains descriptions of test methods specific to submarine systems, and of general test
methods studied under other questions, but which need specific adaptation to meet with submarine
systems requirements.

8.1 Tests on the optical fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable
8.1.1 General
This clause describes test methods that are specific to the optical fibres of the optical fibre
submarine cable.
8.1.2 Test methods on optogeometric characteristics
This clause describes specific test methods on optogeometric characteristics of the optical fibres of
the optical fibre submarine cable.
8.1.2.1 Effective area (Aeff)
Several methods have been proposed for measurement of effective area, described in Appendix III
of [ITU-T G.650.2]. Further study is necessary for determining reference test method (RTM) and
alternative test methods (ATMs).
NOTE – [IEC/TR 62284] also describes the measurement methods of effective area.
8.1.2.2 Non-linear coefficient (n2/Aeff)
Several methods have been proposed for measurement of non-linear coefficient, including:
– self-phase modulation (SPM) method;
– cross-phase modulation (XPM) method;
– self-compensated interferometric (SCI) method;
– four-wave mixing (FWM) method.
However, test methods for non-linear coefficient have not been determined yet. Further study is
necessary for determining RTM and ATMs.
NOTE – The SPM method is described in [IEC/TR 62285].
8.1.2.3 Raman gain efficiency
The measurement method of Raman gain efficiency is given in [IEC/TR 62324]. See Appendix II.
8.1.3 Test methods on transmission characteristics
This clause describes specific test methods on transmission characteristics of the optical fibres of
the optical fibre submarine cable.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 17

8.1.3.1 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
There are several methods to measure PMD of the fibres of the optical fibre submarine cable.
Some of the measurement methods belong to the measurement in time domains such as:
RTM
– The Stokes parameter evaluation technique.
ATM
– Fixed analyser (FA) method;
– State-of-polarization (SOP) method;
– Interferometric methods (air path reference type, reference fibre type).
The Stokes parameter evaluation technique is a single reference test method (RTM) for PMD.
Others are ATMs.

8.2 Tests on the optical fibre submarine cable

The purpose of the tests is to quantify the performance of a specified design of submarine cable
under typical installation, service and recovery conditions.
The history and make-up of samples prior to testing must be representative of the cable state
expected in practice; for example, the samples must:
– have undergone coiling and uncoiling several times, taking into account the minimum
specified coiling diameter of the cable design;
– include fibre splices as appropriate;
– contain joints, terminations etc.
The tests described are intended primarily for qualification purposes although some tests may form
part of standard production quality assurance procedures. Typical test programme structures, for
repeatered and unrepeatered cables, are provided in clause 7.2; these include the recommended test
sample make-up.
The successful installation/repair of a cable system can be taken to qualify the system components
only to the level of the conditions prevailing during installation/repair; worst-case conditions may
not have been encountered in such instances. Supplementary tests or specific test conditions should
be implemented, if necessary, to assure that the cable system offered is fit for the purpose intended.
Test acceptance
The acceptance criterion for a test is governed by the planned system specification.
Safe working practice
This Recommendation quantifies the typical performance of a cable and its accessories. Compliance
to this Recommendation does not in itself guarantee safe working practice during cable
installation/repair; this is under the sole control of the installer. This Recommendation can,
however, be used to identify the cable safety margin, as indicated in Appendix I.
Interpretation of terms
The definition of the terms "cable safety margin", "NTTS" and other terms relevant to this
Recommendation, are given in [ITU-T G.972]. Further details for interpretation are provided in
Appendix I.

18 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

8.2.1 Transmission performance
8.2.1.1 Manufactured cable loss
Objective
– To prove that the cable attenuation of an assembled cable section can satisfy system margin
requirements.
Transmission tests can be performed on manufactured cable subsections; attenuation measurements
are systematically performed during production stages. Excess loss due to repairs and ageing
(from hydrogen, nuclear radiation, etc.) must be separately evaluated as part of the system margin
analysis.
Test method
Fibre attenuation can be measured using appropriate commercially available equipment. Fibre
attenuation is preferably measured in accordance with [ITU-T G.650.1].
Test conditions
Measurements are preferably carried out within a specified temperature range in accordance with
[ITU-T G.650.1].
8.2.1.2 Cabled fibre strain
Objective
– To prove that the level of residual fibre underlength (strain) or overlength (excess) falls
within required cable design limits.
Fibre length measurement forms part of the design qualification process. Supplementary factory
measurements may be carried out for quality assurance purposes.
Test method
Fibre length (strain) can be measured using appropriate commercially available equipment. Fibre
underlength or overlength can be determined by comparison with equivalent cable length
measurements.
Test conditions
Measurements are preferably carried out within a specified temperature range in accordance with
the cable temperature specification.
8.2.1.3 Temperature stability
Objectives
– To prove that the optical characteristics of the cable are not modified by transportation,
service or storage temperature ranges.
– To determine any specific transportation or storage requirements necessary to ensure the
above.
Test method
The cable sample is cycled between specified temperatures considering the conditions of both sea
sections and land sections, as installed and stored, (typically between –20°C and +50°C). The
following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance of the tested cable sample(s) structure.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 19

Test conditions
Optical attenuation and kingwire (or composite conductor) resistance, if applicable, are monitored
throughout the test.
8.2.1.4 Hydraulic pressure resistance
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand, both optically and electrically, the maximum seabed
pressure.
Test method
A length of cable is placed inside a pressure enclosure. Pressure terminations that allow the optical
fibre package to exit are used to seal the sample ends. The pressure inside the enclosure is increased
to a level simulating maximum seabed pressure. Optical attenuation is monitored throughout the
test. The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance of the tested cable sample(s) structure;
– the absence of water ingress in the test sample.
The integrity of the sample(s) after the pressure test may be confirmed by appropriate voltage
testing.
Test conditions
The cable sample length should be based on the accuracy of the test equipment. Minimum test
duration is typically 30 minutes or more; the test should be extended to 24 hours should any
evidence of creep, or added loss, be detected. Clauses 8.2.4.3 and 8.2.4.4 describe appropriate
voltage tests.
8.2.2 Mechanical performance
8.2.2.1 Tensile test with twist restrained
Objectives
– To prove that the cable can withstand the maximum expected tensile load during laying and
recovery with a known degree of safety.
– To prove that the optical fibres are not subjected to excessive strain either during load or
after unload.
– To determine whether the performance of the cable under load would permit its reuse after
a cable recovery operation.
Test method
Cable samples are terminated at each end with an anchoring device and installed onto a tensile rig.
The fibre ends should be fixed around the anchoring devices in a manner that allows fibre strain to
be exactly measured and end effects detected. The length of test cable should be sufficient to make
end effects negligible and provide accuracy in measurement; multiple optical fibres may be joined
together to increase the path length. The optical attenuation and fibre strain are continuously
evaluated throughout the test. The tensile load and cable elongation are continuously measured
during the test. The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance of the tested cable sample(s) structure;
– the elongation stability of the cable under maximum load;

20 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

– the load versus torque characteristics.
Test conditions
The cable is fixed in such a way that the cable will not twist during elongation. The cable is loaded
to its nominal transient tensile strength (NTTS) and held for a short time, typically for a minimum
of an hour. The test may be repeated several times to check for hysteresis effects. Separate tests
may be carried for cable samples with and without joints.
8.2.2.2 Tensile test with torque minimized
Objectives
– To prove that the cable can withstand the maximum expected tensile load during laying and
recovery with a known degree of safety.
– To prove that the optical fibres are not subjected to excessive strain either during loading or
after unloading.
Test method
Cable samples are terminated at each end with an anchoring device and installed onto a tensile rig.
The fibre ends should be fixed around the anchoring devices in a manner that allows fibre strain to
be exactly measured and end effects detected. The length of test cable should be sufficient to make
end effects negligible and provide accuracy in measurement; multiple optical fibres may be joined
together to increase the path length. The optical attenuation and fibre strain are continuously
monitored throughout the test. The tensile load, cable elongation and cable twist are continuously
measured during the test. The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified
cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance of the tested cable sample(s) structure;
– the elongation stability of the cable under maximum load;
– the level of cable twist and cable/fibre strain under load and after unloading.
Test conditions
The cable is fixed in such a way that one end of the cable is free to twist. The cable is loaded to at
least its design depth deployment tension and held for a short time, typically for a minimum of an
hour. The test may be repeated several times to check for hysteresis effects. Separate tests may be
carried out for cable samples with and without joints.
8.2.2.3 Tensile test with load to failure
Objectives
– To prove that the cable can withstand the maximum expected tensile load during laying and
recovery with a known degree of safety.
– To prove that the cable does not fail at a load below its rated tensile strength.
Test method
Cable samples are terminated at each end with an anchoring device and installed onto a tensile rig.
The length of test sample may be minimized on safety considerations, provided it is sufficient for
accuracy in measurement. The tensile load and elongation of the cable are continuously measured
during the test. The optical attenuation and fibre strain are monitored, as far as possible, during the
test.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 21

Test conditions
The cable is normally fixed in such a way that the cable will not twist during elongation. The cable
is loaded up until failure occurs in any tensile member, leading to avalanche failure; this
corresponds to the cable breaking load.
Cable safety margin
The cable safety margin is the difference in tensile load between the measured load at failure and
the maximum installation/recovery load proposed by the installer. The cable safety margin may
typically be expressed as a percentage of measured load at failure. Appendix I provides further
details.
8.2.2.4 Mechanical fatigue test
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand a periodic load equivalent to that typically
experienced in a shipboard cable repair.
Test method
Cable samples are terminated at each end with an anchoring device and installed onto a tensile rig,
which preferably includes a sheave. The cable load is cycled between low load and high load,
simulating the effect of cableship movement (due to wave motion) on the suspended cable at its
maximum design depth under worst weather conditions. Optical attenuation and tensile load are
monitored throughout the test. Simulated design depth and weather conditions are recorded.
The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure.
Test conditions
The length of test cable should be sufficient to make end effects negligible and provide accuracy in
measurement; multiple optical fibres may be joined together to increase the path length.
The number of cycles should simulate the expected shipboard repair time and the expected sea
wave cycle time, which should be stated.
8.2.2.5 Sheave tests
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand normal bending around the sheave under the
maximum expected tensile load during laying, holding and recovery.
Test method
Both ends of the cable sample are terminated, and the sample is placed in a tensile rig such that it
contacts at least a quadrant of one (or more) sheaves. The cable terminations are not allowed to
rotate. The length of test cable should be sufficient to make end effects negligible and provide
accuracy in measurement; multiple optical fibres may be joined together to increase the path length.
The optical attenuation and tensile load are continuously measured during the test. The following
characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure.
Test conditions
The cable is cycled relative to the sheave(s) at a constant speed and constant load for 30-50 cable
traverses at a low load corresponding to the cable's maximum deployment load. The load is then

22 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

raised to a high load, equivalent to the recovery tension on the cable at its maximum design depth
under worst weather conditions; it is then subjected to at least three additional cable traverses.
The diameter of the sheave, typically 2.5 m-3.0 m, should be stated.
8.2.3 Handling performance
8.2.3.1 Crush resistance
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand asymmetric pressure resulting from storage in a
holding tank, or from shipboard equipment, e.g., draw off/hold back (DOHB) engine.
Test method
A short cable sample, typically 5 m, is held in a horizontal press fixture which subjects it to load for
a limited period. The load is applied over a cable length of at least 0.1 m and is recorded. Optical
attenuation and press fixture displacement are monitored throughout the test. The following
characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure; the
integrity of the sample(s) may be confirmed by hydraulic pressure resistance testing and/or
appropriate voltage testing. Note that testing should be performed if any significant
permanent mechanical damage has been observed.
Test conditions
A load simulating the maximum force per unit length acting on the cable is applied to the test
portion for at least one hour and is then released. The maximum force is that provided by the weight
of a full cableship tank, typically a 10 m depth, acting on the bottom layer of cable, or that provided
by shipboard machinery, whichever is greater.
8.2.3.2 Impact resistance
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand bump and impact during the manufacturing or laying
operation.
Test method
A short cable sample, typically 5 m, is laid on a smooth, flat steel plate. A steel cylinder is dropped
on the sample from an adequate height. A low friction tube may be used for guiding the cylinder.
Optical attenuation is monitored throughout the test. The following characteristics are evaluated
with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure; the
integrity of the sample(s) may be confirmed by hydraulic pressure resistance testing and/or
appropriate voltage testing. Note that testing should be performed if any significant
permanent mechanical damage has been observed.
Test conditions
An X mm diameter cylinder of Y kg weight is dropped from a height of Z m to impact at different
points and orientations along the cable. For "lightweight" cables, the typical values of X, Y and Z
are 50, 2 and 1 respectively; for armoured cables, the typical values of X, Y and Z are A, B and C
respectively. The test should be repeated several times to ensure consistency.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 23

8.2.3.3 Flexure resistance
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand the handling from factory-to-ship, tank-to-tank or
ship-to-shore over its designed temperature range.
Test method
The cable sample is alternately bent between two test fixtures representing at least a quadrant of a
sheave of typically 2-m diameter. Optical attenuation is evaluated throughout the test. The ambient
temperature is recorded. The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified
cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure.
Test conditions
The cable sample undergoes 50 flexures at room temperature. The sample is then subjected to
50 flexures at both a low temperature and a high temperature, corresponding to the designed
temperature range of the cable. At extreme temperatures, outside the design range, the cable's
flexure performance can sometimes be determined through appropriate temperature tests on
components.
8.2.3.4 Vibration and shock resistance
Objective
– To prove that the cable can withstand the vibration and shock that could be encountered
during handling from factory-to-ship, installation and recovery.
Test method
A cable sample including a joint or termination shall be rigidly secured on the test equipment
vibration platform and the fibre leads adequately fastened. Optical performance shall be evaluated.
Typically, attenuation is monitored throughout the test or via optical testing comparison of post-
testing optical performance with baseline performance taken before testing. Care shall be taken to
distinguish test article optical performance changes rather than testing instrumentation and setup
changes (optical leads, connectors, and test equipment connections). The sample shall be subjected
to a vibration frequency sweep and duration suitable for the intended application. Typically, this
includes a frequency sweep ranging from a few Hz to few hundred Hz for several cycles in each of
several axes. Additionally, the cable sample shall be subjected to shock or bump loads suitable for
the intended cable application.. The sample shall be tested under several short term acceleration
impulses (typically few milli-seconds long in each of several axes).
The following characteristics are evaluated with regard to the specified cable joint or termination
design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the appearance and integrity of the inner parts/fibre arrangement of the cable joint or
termination
Test conditions
The cable sample including a joint or termination shall be vibrated with a sinusoidal signal
constantly sweeping between the lower and upper frequency setting values. The direction and
number of vibration cycles applied shall be compliant with the design specification and should be
stated. Following, the sample shall be tested for shock under the acceleration level and cycles
compliant with the design specification, which should be stated.

24 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

The order of testing may be varied according to test equipment arrangement.
8.2.4 Reliability performance
8.2.4.1 Water ingress limitation
Objectives
– To quantify the water ingress limitation along the cable in the event of a cable break on the
seabed.
– To prove that the maximum water ingress length is compliant with the design specification.
Test method
The maximum water ingress length is usually evaluated by one of two test methods, detailed below.
If other conditions are used, e.g., shorter sample lengths or lower pressure levels, the test data
should be extrapolated, with an appropriate explanation about extrapolation, so as to show that the
cable is compliant with the design specification.
Test method 1
One end of the cable sample is sealed and the other end shielded from exposure to pressure through
the use of special fixturing or a calibrated breaking disc. The cable sample is placed inside a large
pressure enclosure which is then filled with water and pressurized. The cable sample is removed
after a number of days and inspected internally along its length for signs of water; such inspection
may be facilitated if fluorescent dye has previously been added to the pressure vessel water as
the dye is simply revealed by ultra violet (UV) light.
Test method 2
The cable sample is placed inside a long pressure enclosure with the far end open to water; the near
cable end exits the enclosure via a special gland so that it is open to atmosphere. Hydraulic pressure
is applied to the enclosure as quickly as possible; the time taken for water to pass through the
sample to atmosphere is measured, the presence of water being detected electrically.
Test conditions
The cable sample is preferably 100 m or more in length. Pressure corresponding to the maximum
laying depth of the cable is introduced to the open face of the sample; the pressure is maintained for
the number of days required to prove the specified water ingress limitation, typically 14 days.
Should other test levels corresponding to specific system requirements be used, they should be
recorded.
8.2.4.2 Corrosion test
Objectives
– To prove that the submersible plant can withstand long-term exposure to sea water.
– To prove that any corrosion present will not impair the mechanical, optical and electrical
function of the plant.
The scope of the submersible plant includes cables, joints and terminations.
Test method
The submersible plant is immersed in sea water at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
The plant is then inspected to determine the degree of corrosion and, if applicable, the build-up of
hydrogen gas. A provision must be made for suitably sealing the cable ends prior to the test.
If artificial sea water is used, its specification is to be stated.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 25

Test conditions
Test conditions appropriate to accelerated ageing are under study; one proposal under consideration
is to immerse test samples in aerated sea water at 50°C for 18 months.
8.2.4.3 High-voltage test
Objective
– To prove that a cable designed to allow power feed of repeaters or regenerators can
withstand in-service electric field gradients over its lifetime.
Test method
A long cable is placed in a pool filled with conductive water at ground potential. A positive direct
current (DC) voltage is applied between the metallic conductor of the cable and water. No voltage
breakdown must occur before the requirements of the reliability model are met.
Test conditions
The voltage applied follows the formula VkT, where V is the service voltage, T is the test duration
and k is a constant. The values of V and T selected for the test are based on the reliability model for
cable and joints, taking into account the electrical loading that they will need to endure during their
design lifetime. The acceleration factor k is empirically determined, and is specific to the insulation
material used.
8.2.4.4 Insulation integrity test
Objectives
– To prove that the cable insulation is continuous to prevent internal crevice corrosion.
– To prove that the cable insulation will allow cable location through low tone electroding for
cables designed with this feature.
Test method
A long cable is placed in a pool filled with water at ground potential. A positive DC voltage is
applied between the metallic conductor of the cable and water. No voltage breakdown must be
observed during the test.
Test conditions
The voltage applied and its duration are based on the level of insulation resistance that the cable
will need during its lifetime.
8.2.5 Operational tests
8.2.5.1 Cable inter-layer adhesion test
Objective
– To prove that the cable elements have sufficient inter-layer adhesion to allow external
gripping without damage.
Test method
The most appropriate cables for inter-layer adhesion tests are the deep water cables, i.e., lightweight
(LW) and lightweight protected (LWP) cables. A nominal 150-250 mm cable sample is prepared in
a manner that allows a length of insulation to be tested, typically 25 mm, after pre-exposing the
strength member for gripping. The force required to initiate inter-layer movement between adjacent
cable elements is evaluated with regard to the cable requirements.

26 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

Test conditions
The sample is placed on a tensile rig in such a manner that the strength member can be gripped and
pulled whilst specific elements are prevented from movement. The pull force is increased until
inter-layer movement occurs between the cable elements under test.
8.2.5.2 Cable stopper tests
Objective
– To prove that the cable can be gripped by stoppers under the worst weather conditions in
which they would be used.
Test method
The cable samples are terminated at one end with an anchoring device and at the other end with a
stopper positioned approximately 10 m from the opposite end. The sample is installed on a tensile
rig. The load on the sample is then increased to a high load equivalent to the tension on the cable at
its maximum design depth under worst weather conditions. Optical attenuation is monitored
throughout the test; the simulated design depth and weather conditions are recorded. The type of
cable stopper used in the test is to be described, e.g., make, size, etc. The following characteristics
are evaluated with regard to the specified cable design:
– the level of any optical attenuation increase;
– the displacement of the stopper on the cable;
– the appearance and inter-layer adhesion level of the tested cable sample(s) structure;
– cable rotation at stopper, if applicable.
Test conditions
The test duration is typically a minimum of 90 minutes.
8.2.5.3 Tests with installation equipment
Objectives
– To prove that the cable and joints can be handled by conventional installation equipment.
– To show that the cable can be deployed through the installation equipment without slippage
occurring between the cable and equipment, and without discernible evidence of cable
damage.
Test method
The test samples are prepared with an anchoring device at one end to allow the jointed cable to be
pulled against the installation equipment. The type of installation equipment used in the test is to
be described, e.g., make, type of grip, etc.
Test conditions
The sample is pulled against the installation equipment at tensions simulating the maximum
deployment load under the worst weather conditions. The load required to pull the cable through a
static grip in the installation equipment should also be established for both wet and dry cable
conditions.
NOTE – It is not usually necessary to carry out comprehensive tests with conventional installation equipment
once initial cable compatibility has been established; other means may be more appropriate should further
reassurance be required.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 27

8.3 Tests on optical fibre amplifiers of OSR
8.3.1 General
This clause describes test methods that are specific to the optical amplifiers of OSR.
The guidelines to be followed for the measurement of most of the parameters defined in clause 7.3
are generally given in the IEC "Basic Specification for OFA test methods" [IEC 61290] series.
Table 6 indicates the recommended test methods, collecting the test parameters in homogeneous
groups and quoting for each group the relevant IEC basic specification number(s).
NOTE 1 – The comparative evaluation of the test methods given in the IEC basic specifications is currently
under development. When they become available, the chosen reference test methods and possible alternative
test methods for each relevant parameter defined in this Recommendation will be indicated.
NOTE 2 – The test methods given in the IEC basic specifications have been prepared for OFAs only.
The extrapolation of these methods to semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) is under study.
8.3.1.1 Gain parameters
Gain parameters are related to the gain of the amplifier, which contain SSG, NG, GF, CF, PDG and
so on.
8.3.1.2 Noise parameters
Noise parameters are related to the noise of the amplifier, which contain NF and so on.
8.3.1.3 Optical power parameters
Optical power parameters are related to the optical power of the amplifier, which contain NSOP,
NSIP, PDL and so on.
8.3.2 Test methods on optical power parameters of optical fibre amplifiers of OSR

Table 6 – Recommended test methods for parameters defined in clause 7.3

Group of test Test method (TM) −

Parameters defined in clause 7.3
parameters IEC basic specification number
Gain parameters Small signal gain (SSG) 61290-1-1: Optical spectrum analyser TM
Nominal gain (NG) 61290-1-2: Electrical spectrum analyser TM
Gain flatness (GF) 61290-1-3: Optical power meter TM
Compression factor (CF)
Polarization dependent gain (PDG)
Noise parameters Noise figure (NF) 61290-3-1: Optical spectrum analyser TM
61290-3-2: Electrical spectrum analyser TM
61290-3-3: Pulse optical TM (under study)
Optical power Nominal signal output power (NSOP) 61290-1-1: Optical spectrum analyser TM
parameters Nominal signal input power (NSIP) 61290-1-2: Electrical spectrum analyser TM
Polarization dependent loss (PDL) 61290-1-3: Optical power meter TM

28 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

8.4 Tests on the terminal transmission equipment
8.4.1 Transmission tests
(To be studied in relation to the general test set-up provided as an example in Figure 1.)

Clock
Data in recovery

Electro-optic Electro-optic Decision

Attenuator
transmitter receiver circuit

Linear output

Electrical Optical Electrical

G.976(10)_F01

Figure 1 – Possible position of linear output for terminal equipment test

8.5 Tests on the power feeding equipment

These tests are specific to the design of the PFEs and to the configuration of the link.

8.6 Tests on the link

8.6.1 Transmission tests
8.6.1.1 Measurement of the Q factor
Objectives
– To evaluate the Q factor of the end-to-end link. The Q factor evaluates the propagation
impairments caused by optical amplification noise, non-linear effects, polarization effects
and chromatic dispersion, but also impairments caused by optical transmitter and receiver
analogic functions. The Q factor is representative of the margins of the amplified submarine
system.
– To deduce a theoretical bit-error ratio (BER) of the system associated to the measurement
time period.
Test method
The Q factor is determined by analysing the linear received electrical signal prior to regeneration,
in order to measure the distortion and noise caused by the propagation, as well as the optical emitter
and receiver analogic functions (Figure 2). In other words, the quality of the received signal is to be
analysed from a non-regenerated point of view.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 29

 Clock
recovery
Data in

Electro-optic Electro-optic Decision

transmitter Fibre receiver circuit
Fibre amplifier

Linear output

Electrical Optical Electrical

G.976(10)_F02

Figure 2 – Possible position of linear output for link test

One method of analysing the linear signal is presented in Figure 3. The output of the two decision
circuits, one set with the optimal decision threshold and the other set with a variable one, are
compared through an exclusive OR gate. BER is plotted against threshold. Interpolation of the
measured BER curves assuming Gaussian statistics gives the μ1,0 and σ1,0 values. The theoretical
minimum attainable BER is given by Equation A-2 of the definition provided in Annex A. Other
implementations are possible.
Recovered clock

Decision
circuit 1

Linear output Exclusive Errors

OR gate counter

Electrical
divider
Decision
circuit 2
Threshold variation
Software
unit G.976(10)_F03

Figure 3 – Schematic of an implementation of Q measurement equipment

As polarization effects cause time-varying effects, the measurement results must also include some
kind of statistic evaluation. As an example, if the probability density of the Q statistic is Gaussian,
a value of the mean measurement Qmean minus five times its standard deviation (Qmean – 5σ) will
guarantee that the system will get under this value only with a probability of 10 –7.
Test conditions
The Q factor is measured at the nominal input optical power at the receiver end. A set of
measurements on a significant timespan will give an idea of the mean value (Qmean) and the standard
deviation (σ) of the Q factor. In case of a simultaneous transmission at several wavelengths on the
same fibre, this measurement needs to be performed on each wavelength.

30 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

8.7 Tests on the maintenance
8.7.1 General
This clause describes test methods that are specific to the maintenance of optical fibre submarine
cable systems. The test methods can be done out-of-service or in-service.
In-service
In this mode, optically-amplified optical fibre submarine cable systems are monitored while there is
traffic in the fibre. The major purpose of COTDR monitoring in this mode is to monitor the fibre
attenuation and the operating state of the optical amplifier, e.g., the gain variation.
NOTE – In the in-service mode of COTDR monitoring, the traffic must not be affected.
Out-of-service
In this mode, optically-amplified optical fibre submarine cable systems are monitored while there is
no traffic in the fibre. The major purpose of COTDR monitoring in this mode is to find fault
locations of optical fibre cables.
8.7.2 Tests apparatus
Two kinds of test apparatus are applicable for fault location and performance tests in different
applications, OTDR and COTDR.
The OTDR is the optoelectronic instrument used to characterize the optical fibres. The OTDR
injects a series of optical pulses into the fibre under test. It also extracts, from the same end of the
fibre, light that is scattered and reflected back from points in the fibre where the index of refraction
changes. The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and is
plotted as a function of fibre length.
The OTDR can be used for estimating the fibre's length and overall attenuation, including splice
and mated-connector losses. It can also be used to locate faults, such as fibre breaks, and to measure
optical return loss.
The COTDR has the same features as the OTDR, but uses coherent detection instead of direct
detection, which gives it a higher sensitivity and a higher frequency selectivity than the OTDR. The
major difference between the OTDR and the COTDR is that the OTDR can be used in repeaterless
optical submarine cable systems; it injects a probing light pulse into the fibre under test and simply
receives the Rayleigh backscattered signal by direct detection using an opto-electro (O-E)
converter, such as P intrinsic N (PIN) or avalanche photodiode (APD), to receive it. While the
COTDR can be used in amplified optical submarine systems, it has a loading light pulse, which is
complementary to the probing light pulse, to keep the input optical power constant, so the probing
light pulse can pass through optical amplifiers. At the receiving end, the COTDR uses coherent
detection to obtain the Rayleigh backscattered signal.
8.7.2.1 Definition of OTDR and COTDR parameters
Table 7 contains the parameters for OTDR and/or COTDR apparatus.

Table 7 – Parameters for OTDR/COTDR apparatus

Parameter Units Definition

Measurement information
Distance range km clause 8.7.2.1.1.1
Average times – clause 8.7.2.1.1.2
Pulse width (PW) μs clause 8.7.2.1.1.3

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 31

 Table 7 – Parameters for OTDR/COTDR apparatus

Parameter Units Definition

Central wavelength nm clause 8.7.2.1.1.4
Wavelength accuracy (Note 1) GHz clause 8.7.2.1.1.5
Index of refraction (IOR) – clause 8.7.2.1.1.6
Performance information
Attenuation accuracy (Note 2) dB clause 8.7.2.1.2.1
Dynamic range dB clause 8.7.2.1.2.2
Dead zone (DZ) km clause 8.7.2.1.2.3
Distance accuracy – clause 8.7.2.1.2.4
Mean measurement time (MMT) min clause 8.7.2.1.2.5
NOTE 1 – Wavelength accuracy should keep consistency with the maximum spectral
excursion defined in [ITU-T G.959.1]. Applies only to COTDR.
NOTE 2 – As an option, the COTDR may provide adjustable attenuation of the output signal.

8.7.2.1.1 Measurement information

8.7.2.1.1.1 Distance range
Distance range is the length of the whole optical fibre link that can be monitored by
OTDR/COTDR.
8.7.2.1.1.2 Average times
Average times is defined as the measurement count to get smooth trace in optical fibre submarine
cable systems.
8.7.2.1.1.3 Pulse width
Pulse width is defined as the pulse width of probing channels in optical fibre submarine cable
systems.
8.7.2.1.1.4 Central wavelength
Central wavelength is defined as the wavelengths used as probing channels in optical fibre
submarine cable systems.
8.7.2.1.1.5 Wavelength accuracy
Wavelength accuracy is the performance of accuracy of probe light outputted from COTDR. This
performance needs to be within the wavelength tolerance of the grid in the system.
8.7.2.1.1.6 Index of refraction (IOR)
IOR is set to calculate the actual distance from the measured distance.
8.7.2.1.2 Performance information
8.7.2.1.2.1 Attenuation accuracy
Attenuation accuracy indicates the minimum attenuation and changes of OFA gain that the COTDR
can measure.

32 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

8.7.2.1.2.2 Dynamic range
The dynamic range is the difference between the extrapolated point of the backscatter trace at the
near end of the fibre, and the upper level of the noise floor at or after the fibre end, which is in dB
and the result under some particular measuring times.
8.7.2.1.2.3 Dead zone
Dead zone is defined as the minimum distance in which two consecutive reflective events can be
distinguished.
8.7.2.1.2.4 Distance accuracy
Distance accuracy is the performance of accuracy of the measured distance.
8.7.2.1.2.5 Mean measurement time
Mean measurement time is the time required for measurement. It depends on the measured distance
and average times.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 33

 Annex A

Definition of terms relevant to the tests on optical fibre submarine cables

(This annex forms an integral part of this Recommendation.)

This annex defines several terms relevant to the tests on the optical fibres used in optical fibre
submarine cables, and does so because definitions of these terms are not at present found in
ITU-T Recommendations.

A.1 Q factor
The Q factor is the signal-to-noise ratio at the decision circuit in voltage or current units, and is
typically expressed by:
(μ1 − μ 0 )
Q= (A-1)
(σ1 + σ 0 )

where µ1 and µ0 are respectively the mean values of the marks and spaces voltages or currents, and
σ1 and σ0 are the respective standard deviations. The mathematic relations to BER when the
threshold is set to the optimum value are:
Q2
1  Q  1 −
BER = erfc  ≅ e 2 (A-2)
2  2  Q 2π
with:
2
∞ −β
1
erfc( x) =
2π e 2 dβ (A-3)
x

The Q factor can be written in terms of decibels rather than in linear values:
Q (decibels) = 20 × Log10 Q (linear ) (A-4)
Details are provided in [b-Bergano].

34 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

 Appendix I

Detailed definitions relevant to optical fibre submarine cable systems

(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)

The purpose of this appendix is to provide more detailed definitions, taking into account
the condition of applicability of terms defined in [ITU-T G.972].

I.1 Cable safety margin

The cable safety margin is the difference in tensile load between the measured load at failure and
the maximum installation/recovery load proposed by the installer. The cable safety margin may
typically be expressed as a percentage of measured load at failure.
In some cases, the minimum safety margin to which installers will operate may be dictated by
specific legislation in force in their parent country, e.g., safe working load for wire ropes.
In other cases, the safety margin may be based on the nominal transient tensile strength. However,
this should be handled with care as the value ascribed to NTTS depends on the cable design,
i.e., its structure and materials.

I.2 Nominal permanent tensile strength (NPTS)

The maximum permanent cable tension that does not significantly reduce the system performance,
lifetime and reliability.
NPTS represents the maximum residual load, which may be permanently applied to the cable on
the seabed after installation.
The determined value of NPTS should reference the following:
– test condition used, i.e., whether the cable ends were free to rotate or not;
– the fibre survival probability (indicating cable length and accommodated number of fibres)
and fibre proof-test level;
– fibre and cable elongation at NPTS.
NOTE – Any residual elongation resulting from NTTS should be compatible with the stated value of
nominal operating tensile strength (NOTS) and NPTS.

I.3 Nominal operating tensile strength (NOTS)

The maximum average operational tension which the cable can support for the period required for
marine operations (typically 48 hours) without significantly reducing the system performance,
lifetime and reliability.
NOTS represents the maximum average operational tension during installation, recovery or repair.
The determined value of NOTS should reference the following:
– test condition used, i.e., whether the cable ends were free to rotate or not;
– the fibre survival probability (indicating cable length and accommodated number of fibres)
and fibre proof-test level;
– fibre and cable elongation at NOTS.
NOTE – Any residual elongation resulting from NTTS should be compatible with the stated value of NOTS
and NPTS.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 35

I.4 Nominal transient tensile strength (NTTS)
The maximum short-term tension that can be applied to the cable during an at-sea recovery
operation over a cumulative period of approximately one hour without significantly reducing the
system performance, lifetime and reliability.
NTTS represents the maximum transient or unexpected load that may be applied to the cable, and is
normally limited to a percentage of the cable breaking load (CBL) from a mechanical safety point
of view.
The determined value of NTTS should reference the following:
– test condition used, i.e., whether the cable ends were free to rotate or not;
– the fibre survival probability (indicating cable length and accommodated number of fibres)
and fibre proof-test level;
– fibre and cable elongation at NTTS.
NOTE – Any residual elongation resulting from NTTS should be compatible with the stated value of NOTS
and NPTS.
The value ascribed to NTTS depends upon many considerations, including:
– system reliability;
– required lifetime;
– residual fibre strain after laying;
– recovery tension;
– shipboard repair time;
– fibre proof-test;
– fibre intrinsic strength;
– fibre reliability model;
– mechanical stability of cable;
– mechanical design of cable ("loose" versus "tight").
For system and personnel safety, the NTTS value ascribed must take fibre reliability, mechanical
stability and wire fatigue considerations into account, including tolerances.

36 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

 Appendix II

Test method for measuring Raman gain efficiency distribution

(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)

II.1 General
The purpose of this appendix is to describe a test method for measuring the longitudinal distribution
of Raman gain efficiency. This test method is based on the bidirectional measurement technique,
and can evaluate the relative variation in the Raman gain efficiency along a test single-mode optical
fibre/cable. The technique also makes it possible to evaluate the Raman gain efficiency distribution
of the concatenated single-mode optical fibre/cable. The measurable length and accuracy depend on
the measurement set-up. This test method can be used as an optional measurement in a factory
manufacturing single-mode optical fibres/cables.

II.2 Test apparatus

The backscattering technique described in clause 5.4.2 of [ITU-T G.650.1] can provide a reference
for the Raman gain efficiency distribution measurement technique, except for the detection power.
The backscattering technique detects the backscattered optical signal caused by the pulsed pump
light. The Raman gain efficiency distribution measurement technique detects the amplified optical
signal.
II.2.1 General considerations
The level of an amplified optical signal will normally be small and close to the continuous power
level. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the dynamic range, it is customary to use a
high-power light source. In addition, it may be necessary to adjust the pulse width to obtain an
adequate relationship between resolution and dynamic range. For example, a measurable length of
110-135 km can be achieved when the pulse width is 4-20 μs, then the corresponding resolution
becomes 400-2000 m. Care must be taken that higher order modes do not propagate. Details are
presented in [b-Toge].
An example of the apparatus is shown in Figure II.1.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 37

 Reference Reference
Optical Optical fibre fibre
coupling Branching coupling
device
system system
Fibre
Optical under Optical
source A test source B
Optical
coupling
system

Optical
filter

Oscilloscope
Optical
coupling
system

Data
Optical Signal acquisition
detector processor
system

G.976(10)_FII.1
Computer

Figure II.1 – Schematic of apparatus for Raman gain efficiency distribution measurement
II.2.2 Optical source
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.2 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
Optical sources A and B correspond to the pump (pulse) and signal (cw) lights, respectively.
II.2.3 Optical coupling system
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.3 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
II.2.4 Branching device
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.4 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
II.2.5 Optical filter
An optical filter shall be used to eliminate the Rayleigh scattering caused by the pulsed optical
source A.
II.2.6 Optical detector
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.5 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
The uncertainty of the detected power directly affects the measurement accuracy of this technique.
The measurement error in the Raman gain efficiency can be reduced to less than 2% when the
detected power uncertainty is 0.1 dB or less.

38 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

II.2.7 Amplifier
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.6 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
II.2.8 Signal processor
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.7 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
II.2.9 Cladding mode stripper
(As in clause 5.4.2.2.8 of [ITU-T G.650.1])
II.2.10 Reference fibre
A reference fibre shall be longer than the input dead-zone of the amplified signal measurement.
The dead zone depends on the pulse width of the optical source A. The Raman gain efficiency of
the reference fibre shall be measured in advance by using the measurement technique described in
[IEC/TR 62324]. This reference fibre can be used to estimate the absolute value of the Raman gain
efficiency in an optical fibre/cable under test.

II.3 Measurement procedure

a) Connect reference fibres to both ends of the test fibre.
b) Align the fibre under test with the optical coupling system.
c) Measure two unidirectional amplified signal power distributions, one from each end of the
fibre. Each amplified signal power distribution is analysed by the signal processor and
recorded, avoiding the parts at the two ends of the distributions, which are caused by the
dead zone related to the pulse width.
d) Evaluate the length L of the fibre from the time interval between the two ends of the
amplified signal power distribution T, and the group delay index N of the fibre as
L = c·T/N. c denotes the free-space speed of light.
Let PA(z) and PB(z) be functions describing the two unidirectional amplified signal power
distributions at the corresponding distance z.
e) Obtain the normalized Raman gain efficiency at distance z according to the procedure
outlined in the following:
Let γ and zref be the Raman gain efficiency and an arbitrary position in the reference fibre.
The normalized Raman gain efficiency is given by:
γ (z ) PA ( z )PB ( z )
= (II-1)
( )
γ z ref ( ) ( )
PA z ref PB z ref

f) Obtain the absolute value of the Raman gain efficiency at distance z substituting the
measured Raman gain efficiency of the reference γ(zref) fibre into equation II-1.

II.4 Presentation of the results

a) Test set-up arrangement.
b) Kind of signal processing used.
c) Pulse width.
d) Test wavelength.
e) Raman gain efficiency distribution in W–1·km–1.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 39

 Appendix III

Parameters for OTDR and COTDR

(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)

III.1 Table of parameters for OTDR and COTDR

Details are listed in Table III.1.

Table III.1 – Parameters for OTDR and COTDR

Typical value example
Parameter Units
OTDR COTDR
Measurement information

Distance range km 0.5 to 200 100 to 12,000

Average times – 28 to 224

Pulse width μs adjustable adjustable

Central wavelength nm 1310/1490/1550/1625/1650 1535.03 to 1565.08

IOR – 1.400000 to 1.699999 1.400000 to 1.699999

Performance information
Attenuation accuracy dB ≤1 ≤1
Dynamic range dB >45 >17
Dead zone km ≤1 ≤1
±1 m ±3 × 10–5 × Measured ±50 m ±5 × 10–6 × Measured
Distance accuracy m distance ± marker resolution distance for repeatered
for repeaterless systems systems
Depends on measured
Mean measurement time s –
distance and average times

40 Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014)

 Bibliography

[b-ITU-T G.707] Recommendation ITU-T G.707/Y.1322 (2007), Network node interface for
the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH).
[b-ITU-T G.8040] Recommendation ITU-T G.8040/Y.1340 (2005), GFP frame mapping into
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
[b-Bergano] BERGANO et al: Margin measurements in optical amplifier systems IEEE
Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 304-306, March 1993.
[b-Toge] K. Toge et al., (2003), Technique for measuring longitudinal distribution of
Raman gain characteristics in optical fibre, J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 21,
No. 12, pp. 3349-3354.

Rec. ITU-T G.976 (05/2014) 41

 SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS

Series A Organization of the work of ITU-T

Series D General tariff principles

Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors

Series F Non-telephone telecommunication services

Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks

Series H Audiovisual and multimedia systems

Series I Integrated services digital network

Series J Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals

Series K Protection against interference

Series L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant

Series M Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance

Series N Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits

Series O Specifications of measuring equipment

Series P Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods

Series Q Switching and signalling

Series R Telegraph transmission

Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment

Series T Terminals for telematic services

Series U Telegraph switching

Series V Data communication over the telephone network

Series X Data networks, open system communications and security

Series Y Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks

Series Z Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems

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