import numpy

print('Numpy :{}'.format(numpy.__version__))

import math

x=float(input("Please Enter the number:"))

print(f'The Degree of {x} is:',math.degrees(x)) # using single quote with {x} is used to display entered
values

print(f’The cosine value of {x} is:’,math.cos(x))

math.radians(x)//prints radians

#string in python it is mutable

name="Youtube" #string in python

print(name)

print(len(name)) # prints the length of string "Youtube"=> 7

print(name[0])#prints the first character 'Y'

print(name[0:]) # prints all characters including index 0

print(name[-1]) #prints the last character 'e'

print(name[0:6]) #prints all characters starting from index 0 to index 5

# NB: it excludes the index 6. output='Youtub'

print(name[:6]) # prints all characters starting from index 0 to index 5.

# output='Youtub' which is equal to print(name[-7:-1])

print(name[-7:-1])

#print(name[9]) erro will be happen because it is out of bound

print(name[3:10]) #prints all characters starting from index 3 to end index 7 with excluding others.

print(name.upper()) #prints all characters in upper case

print(name.lower()) #prints all characters in lower case

sentence="I want to be a good programmer in python"

print(sentence.split()) #splits the sentence in to each word

sentence=" I want to be a good programmer in python "

print(sentence) # the sentence will be displayed with white spaces in both end sides.

print(sentence.strip()) # removes the white space from statring end and last end.

print(len(sentence))

#Lists in Python used too store different data types and it is mutable eg list=[3.2,'Dere',4]

list1=[1,2,3]

print(list1) # print(list1[0:]) prints all elements of list [1,2,3]

print(list1[0]) # prints the index 0 value => 1

print(list1[0:2]) #prints values starting from index 0 to index 1 that mean it excludes the value of index 2

list2=['Dere','Hewi','Kuku']

list3=[list1,list2] # two different lists#

print(list3) #[[1, 2, 3], ['Dere', 'Hewi', 'Kuku']]

print(list3[0]) #[1, 2, 3] because it assigns index 0 to list1 elements and index 1 to list2 elements#

#NB: You can't use the following methods the same time with print() method.Use them diffirently

list1.append(4) # it appends the number 4 at the end of the list NB: you can append only one element at
a time

print(list1)

list1.insert(1,5) # inserts the new single value between lists elements and it takes two parameters those
refer index and its value

print(list1) # output:[1, 5, 2, 3, 4]

list1.remove(4) #it removes the element 4 from the list NB: It takes element to be removed but not index

print(list1) #output:[1, 5, 2, 3]

list1.pop(1) # it takes index but not element. Here it removes the index 1 element which is 5
print(list1) # output:[1, 2, 3]

list1.pop() # If you did not provide the index number, then it pops the element from the end as stack does
which is 3 will be poped

print(list1) #[1, 2]

del list2[1:] # del method used to remove many elements from the list. You have to provide index
numbers.Here it removes all elements startrting from index 1.

print(list2) #output: ['Dere']

list1.extend([6,7,8,9]) # used to add many elements to the list. Accepts only elements to be added in to the
list rear part but not indexes

print(list1) #output:[1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9]

list1.sort() # sorts the elements in correct order

print(list1)

print(min(list1)) # prints minimum value from the list

print(max(list1)) # prints maximum value from the list

print(sum(list1)) #prints total sum

#Tuple in python=> Immutable. We use bracket===>()

tup=(1,3,6,2)

list1[1]=3 # it is possible to change the list value but in tuple changing is impossible

print(list1)

print(tup) #output: (1, 3, 6, 2)

print(tup[0])

print(tup[1:4])
# tup[1]=3 => impossible because it is immutable

print(len(tup))# possible

#Set in Python=> It is a collection of unique element and it uses curly bracket {}. It has no
sequence(indexing) like others

set1={3,6,1,8,9}

print(set1)

set1={98,14,8,3,7,98}

print(set1)

#in set using index is not supported like print(set1[1])

#Dictionary or Mapping in python=====> uses curly barces==> {}. It has no Index value but we can
provide unique key values as index.

dict1={'Dereje':'HP','Moges':'Toshiba','Temesgen':'Dell'} #index are keys, Use methods .keys()==> to

display keys, .values()===> to display values

print(dict1.keys()) #output:dict_keys(['Dereje', 'Moges', 'Temesgen'])

print(dict1.values()) #output:dict_values(['HP', 'Toshiba', 'Dell'])

print(dict1['Dereje'])#output: HP, we can use keys with square barcket as index

print(dict1.get('Dereje')) #output:HP, we can use .get(' ') method with bracket

#How to display the address of a variable=====> By using built-in method called id()

#NB:One or more variables can point the same value in the memory with the same address content.

x=3

print(x)

print(id(x)) #output:140726574126816 # id() is a pyhton built-in method that displays the address of a
variable.

y=x #Here the same value or 3 is assigned for both x and y;

print(y)
print(id(y)) # output:140726574126816

# x and y pointing the same value 3 and they have the same address

# This increases the memory efficiency in python

# One or more variables can point the same value in the memory with the same address content

#Data Type Casting in Python

# Data types=> none,numeric(int, float,complex and bool),string,tuple,list,set, range and

mapping(Dictionary)

#In python we don't have char type but we can write the string as char!

# none means a variable does not assined any value;which is the same with null in other programming
languages.

py=3

print(type(py))#<class 'int'>

print(py)#3

pyf=float(py)

print(type(pyf))#<class 'float'>

print(pyf)#3.0

#complex number can written as a+bj in python

complex1=3+2j

print(complex1)# (3+2j)

print(type(complex1))#<class 'complex'>

a=4

b=2

print(complex(a,b))#(4+2j) #it converts two integer(float) numbers in to complex number. Vice versa is
may not true
bool1=True # bool==> True has integer value 1 and False has integer value 0. We can convert boolean
value in to integer

print(bool1)

print(int(bool1))#output:1

print(range(10)) #output:range(0, 10)

print(type(range(10)))# displays type of a range <class 'range'>

print(list(range(10))) #output:[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],prints the range values by assigning it to the list

#what about if we want to display all odd numbers starting from 3 to 25.

print(list(range(3,26,2))) #Here number 3 is the starting odd number, Number 25 is the last odd number to
be displayed and number 2 is the increamental value.

# Operators in python======> Arithmetic,Assignment,Relational,Logical and Unary

# Arithematic (+,-,*,/) ======> especial operators(x//y==> used to retun only integer value)

# =========================(x**y==> used to perform exponential operation)

val1=10 #assining the value to val1

val2=2

print("Addition:",val1+val2)# we can not write as print("Addition:"+(val1+val2) beacues the

concatenation of string with integer is not possible

#but we can write as print("Addition:"+str(val1+val2)), which converts integer value in

to string and concatenates them.

print("Subtraction:",val1+val2)

print("Division:",val1/val2) # output:5.0,prints float value. if we want to display integer value, we can use
as val1//val2

print("Division:",val1//val2)#output:5,prints integer value

print("Multiplication:",val1*val2)

print("Power(val1,val2):",val1**val2)# output: 100,prints power(exponential value)

#How to Assign the value? The concept is the same as other programming

# val1=3, val1+=2=====> val1=val1+2,val1*=2,val1-=2,val1/=2

#a,b=6,2 ===> In python assigning variable with values in a single line is possible by using comma.

#Unary operator(-),used to negate a number

x=7

print(x)

x=-x

print(x)

# Relational Operator ===> (>,<,>=,<=,==,!=)

a,b=6,2

print(a<b)#outpu:False

#Logical Operators ===> (And,or, Not)

x,y=5,4

x<8 and y<3 #output:False

x<8 and y>3 #output:True

x<8 or y<3 #output:True

bool1=False

print(not bool1)# it reverses the output

bool1=True

print(not bool1)

#Number System Conversion

#1. Decimal to Binary by using bin()

print(bin(10)) #output: 0b1010 ===> the 0b(zero with alphabet b) tells us the number is binary

#2. Binary to Decimal

print(0b1010) # output: 10 ====> mean that we have provided binary number and the compiler displays
its decimal equivalent number

#3. Decimal to Octal by using oct()

print(oct(10)) # output:0o12 ===>the 0o(zero with alphabet o) tells us the number is octal

#4. Octal to Decimal

print(0o12) #output: 10

#5. Decimal to Hexadecimal by using hex()

print(hex(10)) #output:0xa ===> the 0xa(zero with x) tells the number is hexadecimal. NB: in
hexadecimal the number 10 is refered by a.

#6. Hexadecimal to Decimal

print(0xa) #output:10

#Bitwise Operators ===> works with binary number

===>types(complement(~),And(&),or(|),xor(^),leftshift(<<),rightshift(>>))

#1. complement(~)

#It first converts the given decimal numbers in to 8 digit binary numbers and then performs 1's
complement===>output

# Note:We don't store a negative numbers in the computer but we store positive numbers. To store
negative numbers, we have to convert them to the positive number

#by using 2's complement ===>(2's complement=1's complement + 1)

print(~10) #Here first it converts decimal 10 to 8 digit binary and then performs 1's complement. You will
get 11110101

#output:-11, Take postive 11, convert it in to 8 digit binary and then again convert it in to 2's
complement. You will get also 11110101

#2. Bitwise And===> &, which is a little bit different from Logical And(used for comparson)

print (5&6) #output:4, How?, Convert each decimal number in to 8 digit binary and perform AND
GATE(AND Truth Table).Finally, it prints binary equivalent decimal num.
print(5|6) #output:7, The operation is the same to above but it performs OR GATE(OR Truth Table)
operation

#2. Bitwise XOR===> ^, It provides output 1,if both values have different binary number i.e
(1^0=1,0^1=1,0^0=0,1^1=0)

print(5^6)#output:3, The operation is the same to above bitwise operators but it performs XOR
GATE(XOR Truth Table) operation.Finally, it prints binary equivalent decimal num.

#2. Bitwise leftshift==> <<, First convert the given decimal number in to 4 digit binary and then add extra
zeros' to the right side.Finally, find its equivalent decimal num.

print(5<<2) # convert 5 in to 4 digit binary and add to it 2 extra zeros' to the right side. Then convert it in
to equivalent dec num.

# output:20, 5(0101),after adding two zeros'==>(010100),The equivalent decimal number is(20)

#3. Bitwise rightshift==> >>, First convert the given decimal number in to 4 digit binary and then remove
digits from right side.Finally, find its equivalent decimal num.

print(5>>2)# output:1, 5(0101),after removing 2 bits from right side, we will get(01),The equivalent
decimal num=1.

#Mathematical Functions

#To use mathematical methods, you have to import the 'math' module

import math

#if you want to import a specific methods, you can write as

#from math import sqrt,pow

x=math.sqrt(49)

print(x)

print(math.floor(2.65)) # it always changes to lower integer

print(math.ceil(2.65)) #it always changes to upper integer

print(math.pow(2,3)) # it performs powering or we can also use as 2**3

print(math.pi) #prints the pi constant value

print(math.e) # prints the e constant value

#Again we can import the modules by providing our name to use our time efficiently

import math as m # m is user defined variable. Here we can both of them as shown below

print(m.sqrt(25))

print(math.sqrt(25))

#if you want to import a specific methods, you can write as follows. So it is not mandatory using (math.).

from math import sqrt,pow

print(pow(2,3))

print(sqrt(25))

print("Number Pattern 1:")

for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
print("*"," ",end="")

print()

print("Number Pattern 2:")

for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
print(j, " ",end="")
print()
print("Number Pattern 3:")
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
print(i, " ",end="")
print()

print("Number Pattern 4:Using for loop:")

for i in range(5,0,-1):
for j in range(5,0,-1):
print(i, " ",end="")
print()

print("Number Pattern 4: Using While loop")

i=5

while i>=1:
j=1
 while j<=5:
print(i, " ",end="")
j=j+1
print()
i=i-1
print("Number Pattern 5:")
for i in range(5,0,-1):
for j in range(5,0,-1):
print(j, " ",end="")
print()
import time as t
import calendar as cal
localtime=t.asctime(t.localtime(t.time()))
print("The Date is:",localtime)
ca=cal.month(2021,4)
print("Calendar for April:")
print(ca)

Developing a simple calculator

import tkinter as tkt

import math

root=tkt.Tk()

root.title("Calculator")

expression=""

def add(value):

global expression

expression+=value

label1.config(text=expression)

def clear(value):

global expression

expression=""

label1.config(text=expression)
def calculate():

global expression

result=""

if expression!="":

try:

result=eval(expression)

expression=str(result)

except:

result="error"

expression=""

label1.config(text=expression)

label1=tkt.Label(root,text=" ",bg="Blue",width=15)

label1.grid(row=0,column=0, columnspan=4,padx=8,pady=12)# The result of calculations will be seen on

this menu

# Lambda method is used to call the methods with braces and arguments

#Unless the lambda is not used, after 'command' the method should be written its name only.

#command is used to call methods

button1=tkt.Button(root,text="1",command=lambda: add("1"))

button1.grid(row=1,column=0)

button2=tkt.Button(root,text="2",command=lambda: add("2"))

button2.grid(row=1,column=1)

button3=tkt.Button(root,text="3",command=lambda: add("3"))

button3.grid(row=1,column=2)
button_div=tkt.Button(root,text="/",command=lambda: add("/"))

button_div.grid(row=1,column=3)

button4=tkt.Button(root,text="4",command=lambda: add("4"))

button4.grid(row=2,column=0)

button5=tkt.Button(root,text="5",command=lambda: add("5"))

button5.grid(row=2,column=1)

button6=tkt.Button(root,text="6",command=lambda: add("6"))

button6.grid(row=2,column=2)

button_mult=tkt.Button(root,text="*",command=lambda: add("*"))

button_mult.grid(row=2,column=3)

button7=tkt.Button(root,text="7",command=lambda: add("7"))

button7.grid(row=3,column=0)

button8=tkt.Button(root,text="8",command=lambda: add("8"))

button8.grid(row=3,column=1)

button9=tkt.Button(root,text="9",command=lambda: add("9"))

button9.grid(row=3,column=2)

button_sub=tkt.Button(root,text="-",command=lambda: add("-"))

button_sub.grid(row=3,column=3)
button_clear=tkt.Button(root,text="C",command=lambda: clear(" "))

button_clear.grid(row=4,column=0)

button0=tkt.Button(root,text="0",command=lambda: add("0"))

button0.grid(row=4,column=1)

button_point=tkt.Button(root,text=".",command=lambda: add("."))

button_point.grid(row=4,column=2)

button_add=tkt.Button(root,text="+",command=lambda: add("+"))

button_add.grid(row=4,column=3)

button_eqauls=tkt.Button(root,text="=", width=16,command=lambda: calculate())

button_eqauls.grid(row=5,column=0,columnspan=4)

root.mainloop()

How to find the character and its integer value?

x=98

print(chr(x))# prints b

How to find Random Number?

import random

print(random.randint(3,10)) # prints different random numbers

random1=[2,6,8,3,0]

print(random.choice(random1))

How to Convert Ferahanait to Celsius?

class Fer_to_cel:
 user_input=""

def __init__(self): # act as constructor

print("This Convertes Ferahnait to celciues")

def getinput(self): # adding self as argument is mandatory for methods which are found in the class.

pass

def calculates(self):

fer=(input("Please enter temperature in Ferahanait \n"))

try:

number=float(fer)

cel=(fer-32.0)*(5.0/9.0)

print(f'The celcius value for ferahnait of {fer} is=',cel)

except:

Fer_to_cel.user_input=""

print("Please Enter the Number\n")

tempr=Fer_to_cel()

tempr.calculates()

How to create array in python?(They are mutable(changeable))

import array as ary

arr= ary.array('i',[4,6,1,9,7])

# arr referes an array name

# i referes array data type. Here it is integer

# ary referes your alias(you provided your own name)

print("New Created array=",arr)

print(f'Array value at index {2}=',arr[2])

from array import *

arr=array('i',[3,5,8,9,1])

print("Array created:",arr)

print(f'Array value at index {4}=',arr[4])

arr[4]=10

print(f'Array value after changing at index {4}=',arr)

print("The last removed element is=",arr.pop())

print("The elements of an array after removed element=",arr)

print(f'The removed element from index {2}=',arr.pop(2))

print(f'The elements of an array after removed element=',arr)print("The maximum value in

array=",max(arr)) #prints the maximum number in Array

print(f'Poped array element by using negative index {-2}=',arr.pop(-2))

print(arr)

print("The length of array is=",len(arr)) # used to find the length of an array

How to Perform file operations in Python

# r for read file

# w for write file

# x for create file

# a opens file for appending creates a file if it does not exist

# t refers a text to be in text mode

# b refers a binary mode eg image

import os

f = open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/file.txt', 'r')

print(f.read())
f.close()

import os

print("The following reads the first line only")

f = open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/file.txt', 'r')

print(f.readline()) # used to first line only

f.close()

print("The following reads in separate lines format by adding \n @ the end")

import os

f = open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/file.txt', 'r')

print(f.readlines()) # reads in separate lines format by adding \n @ the end

f.close()

print(r"The following reads in separate lines format by adding \n")

import os

file = open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/file.txt', 'r')

for line in file:

print(file.readlines())

f.close()

#writing in to the file

import os

f = open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/file.txt', 'w')

f.write("This removes all previously stored info \n")

f.write(" And writes new one ")

f.close()

# how to create a file and write in to it?

import os

f=open('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/pythonfile.txt', 'x')

f.write(" Pythonfile-New file created! ")

f.close()

#how to delete file name?

import os

os.remove('C:/Users/KUKU/Desktop/pythonfile.txt')

print(“The file is deleted successfully”)

# how to get date of today?

import datetime

print(datetime.date,today())

How to display images in python?

import numpy

import cv2

file='E:/Camera/deree.jpg'

image1=cv2.imread(file)

image2=cv2.imshow('image',image1)

image3=cv2.resize(image2,(224,224))

print(image3)

Build a Mobile Application With the Kivy Python Framework – Real Python

Programming Guide — Kivy 2.0.0 documentation