BU Additives

BL Polymer Additives

Exactly your chemistry.

Hostanox®* P-EPQ®
Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer
for a Wide Range of Plastics
Hostanox®* P-EPQ®
Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Hostanox P-EPQ is a highly effective processing stabilizer

for thermoplastic polymers, especially for polyolefins but
also engineering plastics, among them, polycarbonates,
polyamides, polyesters. The product stabilizes the polymer
melt in a unique manner against thermo-oxidative degradation
ensuring constant melt viscosity as well as outstanding color
stability, even under the highest thermo-mechanical stress.

Based on its chemical composition, Hostanox P-EPQ exhibits

optimal compatibility with most polymers, so that no migration
or chalking problems occur.

2
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Chemical Composition
Hostanox P-EPQ (CAS Reg. No. 119345-01-6) is a product
by process and contains several active components,
contributing to its specific efficiency. The main component
is the diphosphonite of the structure:

O O O
Mol. weight = 1035 g/mol
P P
P P = tert-C4HO
9

O O CAS Reg. No. 38613-77-3

Application and Effectivity

Hostanox P-EPQ has a wide scope of applications in
thermoplastic polymers. It is preferably used for the
stabilization of polyolefins, primarily in combination with
phenolic antioxidants, with which it forms synergistic
systems. The recommended application concentrations
are as follows:

0.05 - 0.15 % Hostanox P-EPQ

0.05 - 0.10 % Antioxidant

Particularly in polyolefins, produced with newer-generation

catalysts, the product is outstandingly effective. Some
examples are given in the following figures.

3
Process Stabilisation of Polypropylene and Linear Low Density Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Melt Flow Index Yellowness Index

2.6 10.0
without stabilizer
P-1 without stabilizer
P-2 8.0
2.2 P-4 P-1
P-4
6.0 P-2
1.8
4.0
Hostanox P-EPQ
Hostanox P-EPQ
2.0
1.4

0.0
1.0
- 2.0

0.6 - 4.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Extrusions at 270 °C Number of Extrusions at 270 °C

Linear Low Density Polyethylene

Melt Flow Index Yellowness Index

1.0 15.0
Hostanox P-EPQ without stabilizer
P-2 12.0
0.9 P-1
P-1
9.0

0.8 P-4
6.0
P-3
3.0 Hostanox P-EPQ
0.7
P-2
0.0
0.6
- 3.0
without stabilizer

0.5 - 6.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Extrusions at 240 °C Number of Extrusions at 240 °C

Concentrations of additives applied:

Polypropylene: LLD-Polyethylene:
0.10 % processing stabilizer basic stabilization by 0.1 % AO-1 + 0.15 % processing stabilizer basic stabilization by 0.1 % AO-2 +
0.1 % Calcium Stearate. 0.1 % Calcium Stearate.

4
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Stabilization of Polypropylene during

High Temperature Processing
In order to simulate severe processing conditions, multiple
extrusions were performed with a gas phase PP type at
processing temperature of 320 °C (608 °F) comprising 40
seconds per passage. The resin containing only primary
antioxidant AO-2 did not provide melt stability beyond the
third extrusion pass at 320 °C. The combination of P-2/AO-2
neither yielded sufficient stabilization for 5 passes, i. e. during
200 seconds residence time, nor sufficient color stability.
A combination of P-3/AO-2 provided better melt and color
stability compared to P-2/AO-2. However, the combination
of Hostanox P-EPQ/AO-2 at the same ratio and concentration
was found to show outstanding effectiveness versus any
other stabilizer package, even under these extreme conditions.

MFI (g/10 min) at 230 °C, 2.16 kg after 1/3/5 Passes

30
5. pass unextrudable

21.4
20

11.8
10
7.3

0
none P-EPQ P-2 P-3

0.1 % Processing Stabilizer, Basic Stabilization (BS): 0.1 % AO-2 + 0.1 % Ca-Stearat

Figure 1: Melt flow stabilization of Polypropylene, multiple extrusion at 320 °C (608 °F).

Yellowness Index (on granules)

9
5. pass unextrudable

6.8
6
4.7

3.2
3

0
none P-EPQ P-2 P-3
0.1 % Processing Stabilizers: Basic Stabilization (BS): 0.1 % AO-2 + 0.1 % Ca-Stearate

Figure 2: Color stabilization of Polypropylene, multiple extrusion at 320 °C (608 °F).

5
Process Stabilization of Talc Filled
Polypropylene
Multiple extrusion tests in 20 % talc filled 3rd generation PP Hostanox P-EPQ exceeds the performance of the phosphite
demonstrate the excellent performance of Hostanox P-EPQ stabilizer P-2 by nearly a factor of two, showing the lowest
versus a competitive phosphite P-2 (Figure 3). ΔMFI and ΔYI observed. A concentration of 0.10 % Hostanox
P-EPQ is therefore regarded as well balanced formulation in
The phenolic antioxidant AO-2 itself, even at 0.15 %, fails this application.
to maintain a satisfactory melt and color stabilization.

BS 5.1 8.6

BS + 0.05 % A0-2 2.7 8.2

BS + 0.10 % P-EPQ 1.3 6.9

BS + 0.10 % P-2 2.2 7.6

BS + 0.15 % P-2 2.1 7.2

6.0 4.0 2.0 0 3.0 6.0 9.0

ΔMFI (5.-1. Pass) ΔYI (5.-1. Pass)

Basic Stabilization (BS): 0.1 % AO-2 + 0.1 % Ca-Stearate, Filler: 20 % Talc

Figure 3: ∆MFI and ∆YI of talc filled polypropylene after multiple extrusion at 270 °C (518 °F).

6
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Color Stabilization of Polycarbonate

during process
Initial Color Polycarbonate can be significantly improved by
Hostanox P-EPQ

Yellowness Index

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
PC (Type I) without stabilizer Hostanox P-EPQ (1000 ppm) P-1 (1000 ppm)

Figure 4: Color Protection Effect of Hostanox P-EPQ can not be achieved even with a double concentration of Standard
Processing Stabilizer P-1

Color Protection Effect of Hostanox P-EPQ can not be achieved

even with a double concentration of Standard Processing
Stabilizer P-1

Yellowness Index
PC (Type II) Without Stabilizer
10.0
P-1 (500 ppm)
8.0

6.0
P-1 (1000 ppm)
4.0

2.0

0.0
Hostanox P-EPQ (500 ppm)
- 2.0

- 4.0

- 6.0

- 8.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Extrusions at 300 °C

7
HIGH COMPATIBILITY WITH POLYOLEFINS
A further decisive advantage of Hostanox P-EPQ is its high Key to Abbreviations
compatibility with polyolefins, thanks to its good solubility.
The solubility limits at room temperature, for example in typical AO-1:
LLDPE film types of densities below 0.92 g/cm3, are as follows: Tetrakis-[methylene-3(3‘,5‘-di-tert-butyl-4‘-hydroxy-phenyl)-
propionate]-methane
Hostanox P-EPQ 2000 - 4000 ppm
Phosphite P-1 400 - 800 ppm AO-2:
Octadecyl-3(3‘,5‘-di-tert-butyl-4‘-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
Therefore, Hostanox P-EPQ does not bloom out at the usual
application concentrations of ≤ 1500 ppm. P-1:
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite

Further Recommended Applications P-2:

Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite
n F illed polyolefins, e. g. talc-filled polypropylene
n Polyethylene of low density, e. g. VLDPE, ULDPE P-3:
n Polyethylene of high density (HDPE) Distearylpentaerythritol diphosphite
n Poly-4-methylpentene-1 (TPX)
n Polybutene-1 P-4:
n Polycarbonate 2,2‘-Ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) fluorophosphite
n Polystyrene, incl. HIPS, ABS, SAN
n Thermoplastic polyester MFI (ASTM D-1238-70):
n Reprocessed recycled plastics Melt Flow Index,
PP @ 230 °C / 2.16 kg
LLDPE @ 190 °C / 2.16 kg

YI (ASTM D-1925-70):
Yellowness Index, determined on granulated polymer.

Additionnal Benefits
Beside its main function as process stabiliser for thermoplastics,
i. e. protection of the melt viscosity and color during process,
Hostanox P-EPQ shows high value secondary benefits.

8
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Long-term Stability (Oven Test) of Talc

Filled Polypropylene
The oven testing of 20 % talc filled PP homopolymer (MFI = 2.5, well known synergistic activity of Hostanox P-EPQ and the
230 °C, 2.16 kg) is illustrated in Figure 5. The best oven stability, secondary antioxidant DSTDP. No synergism, however, is
expressed in days to embrittlement, is achieved with the observed with phosphite P-2 and DSTDP. A combination of
Hostanox P-EPQ formulation. The competitive phosphite P-2 Hostanox P-EPQ / DSTDP (1:2) provides oven stability of
provides significantly lower thermo-oxidative stability, indicating approximately 53 days, exceeding the time to failure shown
a worse effectiveness in suppressing degradation of the by the individual antioxidants DSTDP and P-EPQ, respectively
polymer during the processing step. Figure 6 illustrates the (42 and 38 days).

Days to Embrittlement

40

35

30

25

20

15
BS BS + 0.1 % P-EPQ BS + 0.1 % P-2 BS + 0.15 % P-2

Basic Stabilization (BS): 0.1 % AO-2 + 0.1 % Ca-Stearate, Filler: 20 % Talc

Figure 5: Oven ageing of talc filled polypropylene at 150 °C (302 °F) acc. to DIN 53 383, on injection molded plaques (1 mm).

Days to Embrittlement

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
BS + 0.0 % DSTDP BS + 0.1 % DSTDP BS + 0.1 % P-EPQ + BS + 0.1 % P-2 +
0.05 % DSTDP 0.1 % DSTDP

Basic Stabilization (BS): 0.1 % AO-2 + 0.1 % Ca-Stearate, Filler: 20 % Talc

Figure 6: Oven aging of talc filled polypropylene including DSTDP, at 150 °C (302 °F) acc. to DIN 53 383, on injection
molded plaques (1 mm).

9
Experimental
Stabilizers were dry blended with unstabilized PP powder, Key to Abbreviations Mentioned in the Bulletin
melt processed on a single-screw laboratory extruder
(compression ratio 1: 3, diameter of screw 20 mm, rotation AO-2:
speed 50 min-1) at 220 °C (428 °F). Melt Flow Index (MFI, Tetrakis-[methylene-3-(3’,5’-di-tert-butyl-4’-hydroxy-phenyl)-
ASTM D 1238-70 at 230 °C (446 °F) and Yellowness Index propionate]-methane
(YI, ASTM D 1925-70) were measured on pellets after the
1st, 3rd and 5th multiple passage. AO-3:
Bis-[3,3-bis-(4’-hydroxy-3’-tert-butylphenyl)-butane acid]
Oven ageing was carried out at 150 °C (302 °F) in a hot glycolester
air circulation oven on injection molded plaques of 1.0 mm
thickness (DIN 53383). Concerning the baryte filled PP, the P-2:
oven tests were made at 135 °C (275 °F) on injection molded Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite
plaques (1 mm). Failure was determined by embrittlement
of the specimens. P-3:
Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritoldiphosphite
The impact resistance was measured according to DIN
53448 on test specimens, punched out of 1 mm injection DSTDP:
molded plaques. Distearylthiodipropionate

The optical microscope used was a Leica Labolux, applied

with a video kit and printer. Pictures were taken with 400 x
magnification.

The use of Hostanox P-EPQ in filled polyolefins is protected

by US Patent No. 5 017 633 and equivalents.

10
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Contribution to Transparency of Hostanox P-EPQ

Polyolefins Hostanox P-EPQ complements many applications of
One unique effect of Hostanox P-EPQ is its contribution nucleat-ing agents and may even compensate certain
to improved transparency of polyolefins. This additional draw-backs. Such combinations offer additional benefits:
benefit of the processing stabilizer is clearly pronounced
in polypropylene homo- and copolymers and in LLDPE. n I mproved color retention during melt processing
The classic nucleating agents, e. g. benzoates, phosphates n Minimized yellowing of formulations containing
or sorbitol derivatives, are typically intended to influence sorbitol derivatives
the spherulite size distribution and the morphology of n Full compatibility with nucleating agents
semicrystalline polymers. Characteristic effects on the
physical properties are, for example: Some examples on the aspects mentioned above are
illustrated in the following two chapters. All tests were
n I ncreased crystallization temperature performed in third generation polypropylene random
n Increased rate of crystallization copolymers.
n Increased degree of crystallinity
n Reduced average size of the spherulites
n Increased contact and/or seethrough clarity
n Improved surface gloss
n Enhanced dimensional stability of molded parts
n Improved mechanical properties, such as tensile strength
or flexural modulus

11
 Nucleating Properties of Hostanox P-EPQ
Figure 7 illustrates the clarifying effect of Hostanox P-EPQ
measured on injection molded polypropylene plaques. After
the addition of 0.1 % Hostanox P-EPQ, the haze is reduced by
10-15 % compared to the control sample, whereas P-2 and
P-4 have significantly weaker effects. This clarity improvement
remains nearly unchanged during multiple extrusion at 270 °C.
Typical clarifiers like NA-1 can even lose their performance
under severe stress conditions (e. g. peak temperatures,
prolonged heat exposure of the melt), eventually yielding only
marginally improved haze values in the finished plastic articles.

The improved transparency achieved just by addition of

Hostanox P-EPQ correlates with an increase of the tensile
strength (TS) and the crystallization onset temperature (COT).
As shown in Figure 8, Hostanox P-EPQ can improve the tensile
strength by approx. 10 % compared to the reference (only BS),
whereas the competitive stabilizers have less effect on this
property. The processing stabilizer Hostanox P-EPQ can act
to a certain extent as a nucleating agent. It can improve the
clarity of polypropylene and enhance its mechanical properties.

12
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Haze (%) after… n 1st Extrusion n 3rd Extrusion n 5th Extrusion

50

40

30

20

10

0
only BS P-EPQ P-2 P-4 BS + NA-1

Procedure: Multiple Extrusion at 270 °C.

Specimens: 1 mm Injection Molded Plaques.
Additives: B
 S: 0.05 % AO-2 + 0.1 % CaSt;
0.1 % Processing Stabilizer each;
0.25 % Nucleating Agent NA-1.

Figure 7: Haze of Polypropylene Plaques

Tensile Strength (N/mm2) n TS n COT COT (°C)

30 150

20 100

10 50

0 0
only BS P-EPQ P-2 P-4 BS + NA-1

Procedure: Mechanical Testing and DSC Performed after one Extrusion Pass at 270 °C.
Specimens: 1 mm Injection Molded Plaques.
Additives: B
 S: 0.05 % AO-2 + 0.1 % CaSt;
0.1 % Processing Stabilizer each;
0.25 % Nucleating Agent NA-1.

Figure 8: Crystallization Onset Temperature (COT) and Tensile Strength (TS) of Polypropylene Random Copolymer

13
Influence of NA-1 on the Stabilization of
Polypropylene during Extrusion
Data on the melt and color stability of polypropylene are shown The distinct properties of nucleated polyolefins are significantly
in Figures 9 and 10, illustrating the effect of the nucleating dependent on the chemical structure and the kind of nucleating
agent NA-1 on the performance of the stabilizers Hostanox agent applied. The typical heterogeneous nucleators, such as
P-EPQ, P-2 and P-4 respectively. By using 0.1 % Hostanox Hostanox 4030 or NA-3, are high melting, salt-like compounds
P-EPQ, optimal melt stability is achieved for five repeated which are primarily designed to improve crystallization kinetics
extrusions. Its effectiveness as melt stabilizer is almost and mechanical properties of a polymer. In contrast to this,
main-tained also in presence of NA-1. The corresponding dibenzylidene sorbitols like NA-1 and NA-2 are preferably used
results for the color stability shown in Figure 10 support, as clarifiers, i. e. for reduction of haze. Figure 11 shows the
furthermore, the preferred use of Hostanox P-EPQ also influence of processing stabilizers on the haze of polypropylene
in nucleated polypropylene. It is evidently superior to the containing different nucleating agents. The formulations with
competitive phosphites P-2 and P-4. NA-1 and NA-2 in Figure 11 are examples for highly clarified
polypropylene. In such cases, processing stabilizers contribute
only marginally to further improvement of the optical properties.
However, if heterogeneous nucleators are used (Hostanox 4030
and NA-3 in Figure 11), the generally higher haze values can
be clearly reduced in combinations with Hostanox P-EPQ.

MFR (g/10 Min.) at 230 °C, 5 kg n 1 Pass n 2 Passes n 3 Passes

20

15

10

0
only BS + P-EPQ P-EPQ P-2 P-4

Procedure: Multiple Extrusion at 270 °C.

Additives: B
 S: 0.05 % AO-2 + 0.1 % CaSt;
0.1 % Processing Stabilizer each;
0.25 % Nucleating Agent NA-1 each.

Figure 9: Melt Stabilization of Polypropylene

14
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Yellowness Index (on Plaques) n 1 Pass n 3 Passes n 5 Passes

0
only BS + P-EPQ P-EPQ P-2 P-4

Procedure: Multiple Extrusion at 270 °C.

Additives: B
 S: 0.05 % AO-2 + 0.1 % CaSt;
0.1 % Processing Stabilizer each;
0.25 % Nucleating Agent NA-1.

Figure 10: Color Stabilization of Polypropylene

Haze (%) n only BS n 0.1 % P-EPQ n 0.1 % P-2 n 0.1 % P-4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
NA-1 NA-2 Hostanox 4030 NA-3

Procedure: Haze measured after one Extrusion Passage.

Specimens: 1 mm Injection Molded Plaques.
Additives: B
 S: 0.05 % AO-2 + 0.1 % CaSt;
0.25 % Nucleating Agent each.

Figure 11: Effect of Processing Stabilizers in Nucleated Polypropylene

15
Conclusion
Hostanox P-EPQ has to be considered as the additive of choice
in applications of polypropylene where superior stabilization is
required. Particularly in clarified or nucleated polypropylene,
the use of Hostanox P-EPQ safeguards excellent melt and
color stability during processing of the resin.

Experimental
Third-generation polypropylene random copolymer was melt
compounded with the respective additive formulations. The
following base stabilization (BS) was used: 0.1 % calcium
stearate plus 0.05 % AO-2. Processing stabilizers (PS) were
applied at 0.1 % and nucleating agents (NA) at a level of 0.25 %.

Preparation of the Samples

Additives were dry blended with the polymer and pre-extruded
at 210 °C. Multiple extrusions were carried out on a single screw
laboratory extruder (compression ratio 1:3, L:D = 25, 50 rpm).
The strand was chilled in water and pelletized. These samples
were used for MFR characterization, reprocessing and for
injection molding into 100 x 100 x 1 mm3 plaques on an Arburg
Allrounder 221-75-350 at 245 °C.

16
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Mode of Characterization Key to Abbreviations

Melt Flow Ratio (MFR) according to ASTM D-1238 (equivalent
to ISO 1133) using pelletized polymer. AO-2:
Tetrakis-[methylene-3-(3‘,5‘-di-tert-butyl-4‘-hydroxy-phenyl)-
Yellowness Index (YI) according to ASTM D-1925 measuring propionate]-methane
light reflection on 1 mm plaques.
P-2:
Haze Value according to ASTM D-1003 measuring light Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite
scattering through 1 mm plaques.
P-4:
Tensile Strength (TS) according to DIN 53455 applying a Tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite (TNPP)
crosshead speed of 10 cm/min. The specimens for tensile
testing were punched out of 1 mm injection molded plaques. Heterogeneous Nucleators

Crystallization Onset Temperature (COT) measured on Hostanox 4030:

Mettler DSG. Temperature (COT) 20 thermoanalyzer. Starting Aluminium-monohydroxy-di-(4-tert-butyl-benzoate)
temperature 200 °C, cooling rate -10 °C/min.
NA-3:
Sodium-di-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)phosphate

Homogeneous Nucleators

NA-1:
1,3:2,4 Di-benzylidene sorbitol (DBS)

NA-2:
1,3:2,4 Di-(4-methyl-benzylidene)sorbitol

17
Commercial Form
Hostanox P-EPQ is available in powder
form, as crude pills or as granules.

Properties

Color Off-white to faintly yellowish

Bulk Density Powder: approximately 530 g/l, Pills: approximately 650 g/l
Mean Particle Size Approximately 60 μm (powder), respectively 0.6 - 2.5 mm (granules)
Specific Gravity 1.04 g/cm3
Melt Behavior 85 - 95 °C (melting range). Due to its specific composition, Hostanox P-EPQ is partially
crystalline and low-melting.
Dripping Point 100  - 110 °C (ASTM D-566-64)
Phosphorus Content 5.4 - 5.9 %
Thermal Stability (DSC) ~ 280 °C (nitrogen)
~ 250 °C (air)
Volatility (TGA) ~ 5 % at 260 °C
~ 10 % at 290 °C
Solubility > 100 g/l in most organic solvents, (at room temperature)
e. g. hexane, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone;
< 5 g/l in methanol or acetonitrile;
- Insoluble in water.
Stability to Hydrolysis Adequate; unlike many phosphites such as P-2 or P-3, Hostanox P-EPQ shows good
stability to water.
Aqueous suspension maintains a constant pH value at room temperature for several hours.
No significant phenol formation when stored under atmospheric conditions.
No appreciable hygroscopicity.

18
 Hostanox P-EPQ – Highly Effective Processing Stabilizer for a Wide Range of Plastics

Storage and Handling FDA Approvals

To retain maximum effectiveness of Hostanox P-EPQ, it is Hostanox P-EPQ has FDA approvals in various polymers and
recommended to store the product in closed containers and plastics intended for food contact uses.
to use it within 6-9 months after delivery. In accordance with
good industrial practice, the product should be handled with Approvals for the use of Hostanox P-EPQ in various polymers
due care and avoidance of unnecessary contact. For more for food packaging have been granted in the European Union
detailed information please refer to the Safety Data Sheet countries as well as in Australia and Japan.
of Hostanox P-EPQ.
Additional information is available on request.

19
www.additives.clariant.com

Clariant International Ltd

Business Unit Additives
Business Line Polymer Additives
Marketing Polymer Additives
Rothausstrasse 61
4132 Muttenz
Exactly your chemistry.
Switzerland
Phone: +41 - 61 - 4 69 -79 12
Fax: +41 - 61 - 4 69 -75 50

This information corresponds to the present state of our knowledge and is intended as a general
description of our products and their possible applications. Clariant makes no warranties, express or
implied, as to the information’s accuracy, adequacy, sufficiency or freedom from defect and assumes
no liability in connection with any use of this information. Any user of this product is responsible for
determining the suitability of Clariant’s products for its particular application. * Nothing included in
this information waives any of Clariant’s General Terms and Conditions of Sale, which control unless it
agrees otherwise in writing. Any existing intellectual/industrial property rights must be observed. Due
to possible changes in our products and applicable national and international regulations and laws,
the status of our products could change. Material Safety Data Sheets providing safety precautions,
that should be observed when handling or storing Clariant products, are available upon request and
are provided in compliance with applicable law. You should obtain and review the applicable Material ® = Product and service marks
Safety Data Sheet information before handling any of these products. For additional information, please protected by Clariant in many
contact Clariant. countries
®* = Product and service marks
DA 3303 E_10/10

* For sales to customers located within the United States and Canada the following applies in addition: licensed to Clariant in many
NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY IS MADE OF THE MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY, FITNESS countries
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE OF ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE. © = Clariant International Ltd, 2010