Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 43 views

    Aquamax KF: Reagents

    Uploaded by

    Luis Reyes
    The document discusses Karl Fischer titration, a method for quantifying water content. It describes the fundamental reaction between iodine, sulfur dioxide, and water that forms sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. This reaction allows for the determination of water content. The document highlights the benefits of coulometric titration methods over volumetric, including improved accuracy, repeatability, and not requiring standardization of reagents. It introduces the Aquamax KF Reagent kit for coulometric Karl Fischer titration, which combines speed, accuracy, and safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Aquamax KF: Reagents

    Uploaded by

    Luis Reyes
    43 views3 pages
    The document discusses Karl Fischer titration, a method for quantifying water content. It describes the fundamental reaction between iodine, sulfur dioxide, and water that forms sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. This reaction allows for the determination of water content. The document highlights the benefits of coulometric titration methods over volumetric, including improved accuracy, repeatability, and not requiring standardization of reagents. It introduces the Aquamax KF Reagent kit for coulometric Karl Fischer titration, which combines speed, accuracy, and safety.

    Original Title

    Reagent-brochure

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses Karl Fischer titration, a method for quantifying water content. It describes the fundamental reaction between iodine, sulfur dioxide, and water that forms sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. This reaction allows for the determination of water content. The document highlights the benefits of coulometric titration methods over volumetric, including improved accuracy, repeatability, and not requiring standardization of reagents. It introduces the Aquamax KF Reagent kit for coulometric Karl Fischer titration, which combines speed, accuracy, and safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views3 pages

    Aquamax KF: Reagents

    Uploaded by

    Luis Reyes
    The document discusses Karl Fischer titration, a method for quantifying water content. It describes the fundamental reaction between iodine, sulfur dioxide, and water that forms sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide. This reaction allows for the determination of water content. The document highlights the benefits of coulometric titration methods over volumetric, including improved accuracy, repeatability, and not requiring standardization of reagents. It introduces the Aquamax KF Reagent kit for coulometric Karl Fischer titration, which combines speed, accuracy, and safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Combining speed and accuracy

    Aquamax KF Reagents
    The Truly high performance brand of
    Coulometric Karl Fischer Reagents
    Principle of Measurement
    Karl Fischer titration is simply a method for quantifying water content of samples. The fundamental principle behind this
    reaction is based on the Bunsen reaction between compounds such as iodine, sulphur dioxide to form sulphuric acid and
    hydrogen iodide. Karl Fischer initiated a new method based on Bunsen’s reaction. He discovered that the reaction could
    be modified for determining water in a non-aqueous system containing an excess of sulphur dioxide in the presence of a
    suitable base. He used a primary alcohol (methanol) as the solvent and a base (pyridine) as the buffering agent.

    What is the Karl Fischer Reaction?


    (1) CH3OH + SO2 + RN [RNH]SO3CH3

    Reaction (1) is where the alcohol reacts with sulphur dioxide (SO2) and base to form an intermediate alkylsulfite salt

    (2) H2O + I2 + [RNH]SO3CH3 + 2RN [RNH]SO4CH3 + 2[RNH]I

    Reaction (2) is the oxidation step where the intermediate is then oxidised to an alkylsulphate salt. This reaction
    consumes water.

    Water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio. Once all of the water present is consumed, the presence of excess
    iodine is detected by the indicator electrode. That signals the end-point of the titration. The amount of water
    present in the sample is calculated based on the concentration of iodine in the Karl Fisher titrating reagent and
    the amount of Karl Fisher Reagent consumed in the titration.

    Depending on the type of base used the rate of reaction will vary. Classic Karl Fischer reagents contained pyridine,
    a noxious carcinogen, as the base. Due to its weak basicity the reaction is slow and the end point is not stable. The
    most common base used today is imidazole where greatest accuracy and repeatability can be achieved.

    Coulometry is an absolute technique so standardisation of Karl Fischer reagents is not necessary.

    Coulometric Titration Method


    In coulometric Karl Fischer, iodine is generated electrochemically in situ during the titration.

    The anolyte contains iodide, sulphur dioxide, bases and solvents such as methanol. Electrolytic oxidation occurs
    when a sample is added to this anolyte.

    Iodine is generated at the anode of the titration cell as shown in formula (3)

    (3) 2I --2e I2

    Stoichiometrically, 1 mole of water will react with 1 mole of iodine, so that 1 milligram of water is equivalent to
    10⋅71 coulombs of electricity
    Comparison of volumetric and coulometric titration cells.

    K.F.
    In the volumetric Titration
    technique, Cellto Differences
    which is used
    K.F. Titration Cell Differences determine higher water contents generally at levels
    above 5%, the VOLUMETRIC COULOMETRI
    iodine is introduced via a burette or
    VOLUMETRIC COULOMETRIC similar dosing system. For lower
    water content detection, down to ppm levels, the
    coulometric technique produces the iodine
    in-situ by electrolysis.

    Coulometry improves the Karl Fischer technique by


    removing the need for reagent calibration and
    provides an absolute result in micrograms of water.
    Low reagent usage: multiple samples can be
    analysed with a single charge of reagent which
    means less waste and less handling of chemicals,
    good news for Health and Safety.

    Aquamax KF Reagent
    Aquamax KF Reagent A is a general coulometric KF anolyte for use with generator electrodes which incorporate a frit
    or diaphragm to separate the anode and cathode chambers. Used in conjunction with Reagent C this formulation is
    supplied in a pack of 8 x 100ml bottles, 8 x 5ml cathode vials, all conveniently located in a single carton.

    To conform to ASTM, API, EI, ISO (plus others) methodology for water content determination of oil and petroleum
    products, the anode regent must be modified with xylene to improve sample solubility and miscibility. Aquamax KF
    Reagent is pre-mixed with xylene, and other solubilizers to eliminate side reactions, so that the operator does not have
    to store or mix chemicals.

    We conducted extensive comparison trials of Aquamax KF Reagents against other leading brands with very
    positive results. Using water standards ranging from 10 µg water up to 10,000 µg water under controlled conditions
    we found Aquamax KF A and KF C to be equivalent in performance accuracy to the other brands but much faster
    in titration speed and with lower background drift values. Aquamax KF Reagents, performed much faster than
    other special oil reagents and at the 10,000 µg count level (as required by ASTM methods), gave a result of
    10,004 µg which is within 0.04%.

    Aquamax KF Reagents combine speed and accuracy


    • Single shot bottles • Faster precondition
    • Safer to use • Reduced downtime
    • Safer to store • Improved sample miscibility / solubility
    • Low cost • For use with all coulometers

    Ordering Information

    Part No. Product description


    620000 Aquamax KF Reagent Kit (8 x 100ml anode plus 8 x 5ml cathode)

    Building 69, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK, MK45 4HS


    tel: +44 (0) 1525 404747 • fax: +44 (0) 1525 404848
    [email protected] • www.grscientific.com

    Cou-Lo, Aquamax KF, E-chem and Smart Titrator are registered trade marks of G.R. Scientific Ltd.

    You might also like