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    Measurement of Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency Using Cro

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    dhanisha
    Experiment No: 2.3 aims to study the application of a CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope). The key applications measured include: 1) Alternating voltage by applying it to the Y plates of the CRO. Peak-to-peak and RMS voltage values can be determined. 2) Current by measuring voltage drops across known resistances. 3) Frequency by applying signals to the Y plates and X plates and adjusting the standard frequency applied to the X plates until a circular pattern is seen, indicating the frequencies match. 4) Phase difference between signals applied to the X and Y plates by measuring the dimensions of Lissajous patterns formed and using trigonometric relationships.

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    Measurement of Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency Using Cro

    Uploaded by

    dhanisha
    18K views8 pages
    Experiment No: 2.3 aims to study the application of a CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope). The key applications measured include: 1) Alternating voltage by applying it to the Y plates of the CRO. Peak-to-peak and RMS voltage values can be determined. 2) Current by measuring voltage drops across known resistances. 3) Frequency by applying signals to the Y plates and X plates and adjusting the standard frequency applied to the X plates until a circular pattern is seen, indicating the frequencies match. 4) Phase difference between signals applied to the X and Y plates by measuring the dimensions of Lissajous patterns formed and using trigonometric relationships.

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    Experiment No: 2.3 aims to study the application of a CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope). The key applications measured include: 1) Alternating voltage by applying it to the Y plates of the CRO. Peak-to-peak and RMS voltage values can be determined. 2) Current by measuring voltage drops across known resistances. 3) Frequency by applying signals to the Y plates and X plates and adjusting the standard frequency applied to the X plates until a circular pattern is seen, indicating the frequencies match. 4) Phase difference between signals applied to the X and Y plates by measuring the dimensions of Lissajous patterns formed and using trigonometric relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    18K views8 pages

    Measurement of Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency Using Cro

    Uploaded by

    dhanisha
    Experiment No: 2.3 aims to study the application of a CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope). The key applications measured include: 1) Alternating voltage by applying it to the Y plates of the CRO. Peak-to-peak and RMS voltage values can be determined. 2) Current by measuring voltage drops across known resistances. 3) Frequency by applying signals to the Y plates and X plates and adjusting the standard frequency applied to the X plates until a circular pattern is seen, indicating the frequencies match. 4) Phase difference between signals applied to the X and Y plates by measuring the dimensions of Lissajous patterns formed and using trigonometric relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Experiment No: 2.

    Measurement of Amplitude, Time period and Frequency using


    CRO.

    Aim: To study and observe the frequency of various type of waveforms from
    signal generator using CRO and frequency meter.

    Apparatus: Signal generator, CRO, Frequency meter.

    Theory: CRO is a device which measures AC/DC voltages. At the same time it
    measures frequency, time period and amplitude of various signals. It uses
    cathode ray tube inside which the waveforms are displayed on the screen of the
    CRT. Various controls for operation of the CRO is produced on the front panel.
    Frequency meter is an important instrument to measure frequency of AC
    supply. In digital frequency meter the signal whose frequency is to be
    measured is converted into pulses. Each pulse corresponds to each cycle of the
    signal. These pulse are connected to the counter to indicate the unknown
    frequency.

    Procedure:
    1) Set the signal generator on sine-wave at 1KiloHz frequency.
    2) Measure this frequency on frequency meter and note it down in the
    observation table.
    3) Repeat this in above steps by changing the AC voltage.
    4) Set the signal generator on square wave, triangular wave and repeat the
    same procedure to find out time period and amplitude.
    Observation:
    1) Time interval measurement
    Time period T= [Setting of time/Div(sec)] X horizontal distance measured
    2) Frequency measurement
    Frequency F= 1/ Time period T
    3) Amplitude
    A = volt/div x vertical distance measured
    Conclusion: Using CRO and signal generator we can find out amplitude, time
    period and frequency of different waveforms.
    Experiment No: 2.2

    Digital Multimeter

    Aim: To study the various measurement like voltage, resistance, capacitor etc.
    and check the diode and transistor using digital multimeter.

    Apparatus: Digital multimeter, resistors, ceramic capacitors, DC power supply,


    signal generator, diode and transistor.

    Safety Precautions:
    1) Do not use the meter if it is damaged.
    2) Do not use the meter for high voltage measurement.
    3) Turn off the power in the circuit in order to test the component on the
    board.
    4) Be alert while working above 600V DC or 30V AC due to shock hazards.
    5) While using the probes keep your finger behind the finger guard.

    Procedure:
    1) AC/DC voltage measurement
    a) For AC voltage measurement connect the red test lead to the VIΩ
    terminal and black test lead to the common terminal and set the meter
    on AC voltage.
    b) For DC voltage measurement set the meter on DC voltage.

    2) Resistance measurement
    a) Set the meter range switch to Ω meter.
    b) Connect the probes to the two leads of the resistor.
    c) The value indicated on the display is measured as the value of resistor.
    d) Compare the value with the color code value of the resistor.

    3) Capacitance measurement
    a) Set the multimeter on correct range of capacitance measurement.
    b) Measure the value of capacitor inserting the capacitor in the appropriate
    volt provided on the meter.
    4) Diode testing
    a) Set the meter range switch to Ω meter.
    b) Connect the positive lead to the anode and negative to the cathode and
    note the forward resistance of the diode.
    c) Reverse the polarity of the diode and note down the reverse resistance
    displayed on the meter

    5) Transistor checking
    a) Set the meter range switch on HFE range.
    b) Identify the leads of the transistor in the HFE socket which is labelled as
    E.B.C.
    c) Read the transistor HFE directly from the display.
    d) Never apply an external voltage to the HFE socket. The meter may get
    damaged.

    Observation:

    Observatio Resistor Capacito Diode Transistor


    n No. r
    1)
    2)
    3)
    A) Diode checking
    Diode Type Forward Resistance Reverse resistance
    IN4001
    By126

    B) Transistor checking
    Transistor Type HFE
    BC148(NPN)
    BC157(PNP)

    Result: The use of digital multimeter to measure various quantities was


    studied.
    Experiment No: 2.3

    Measurement of Voltage, Current, Frequency, Lissajous figures


    and Phase difference using CRO.

    Aim: To study the application of CRO

    Procedure:
    A) Alternating voltage is applied to the Y plates while no voltage is applied to X
    plates. The vertical length of the line corresponds to peak to peak voltage.
    The RMS value of the voltage can be determined by dividing the peak to
    peak voltage by 2√2.
    B) The value of the current can be calculated by measuring a voltage drop
    across a known resistance connected in a circuit.
    C) When sinusoidal voltages are applied to X and Y plates simultaneously, the
    pattern that is displayed in the CRT screen are called Lissajous patterns,
    which may be a straight line, a circle or an ellipse depending on phase and
    magnitude of the voltages. The phase angle between the two voltages is
    given by
    Y1 X1
    sin Φ= =
    Y2 X2
    D) Frequency measurement
    The signal whose frequency is to be measured is applied to Y plates and a
    standard frequency is applied to the X plate. The internal sweep generator is
    switched off. The standard frequency is adjusted until the pattern appears
    as circle and frequency of generator is equal to the frequency of signal
    applied to the Y plates.

    Observations:
    1) Measurement of voltage
    Sr Signal generator Measurement on CRO
    No. output (measured
    by voltmeter) (p-p) value in Sensitivity rms value
    cm in V/cm
    2) Measurement of frequency
    Sr Frequency Length of Measurement on CRO
    No of signal one wave
    . generator in cm Sensitivit Time Frequency
    y in V/cm period in kHz

    3) Mesurement of phase angle:


    Y1= ___________ cm
    Y2 = ___________ cm

    Y1
    θ = sin-1 =
    Y2

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