9.2 Reading Guide

AP Statistics Name: Gilbert Reyno C9D3 Date: 3/28/2021 Period: 3
Section 9.2: Tests about a Population Proportion
Read pages 554 – 570.
1. How is the Large Counts condition for proportions in significant tests different than the way it was used
in previous chapters?
Population parameter p is used for confidence intervals (np at least 10) whereas the parameter
value specified by the null hypothesis “p0” is used (np0 at least 10).
2. State the general form of the “test statistic”. What does the test statistic measure?
A test statistic measures how far a sample statistic diverges from what we would expect if the null
hypothesis H0 were true, in standardized units.
test statistic = (statistic - parameter) / standard deviation of statistic
3. Summarize the 4-step process when performing a significance test.
State: What hypotheses do you want to test, and at what significance level? Define any
parameters you use.
Plan: Choose the appropriate inference method. Check conditions.
Do: If the conditions are met, perform calculations.
● Compute the test statistic

● Find the P-value
Conclude: Make a decision about the hypothesis in the context of the problem.
4. “For confidence intervals, we substitute p̂ for p in the standard deviation formula to obtain the
standard error. When performing a significance test, however, the null hypothesis specifies a value
for p, which we call p0. We assume that this value is correct when performing our calculations.”
5. State the null hypothesis for a one-sample z test for a proportion.
In a one-sample z test for a proportion, the null hypothesis specifies a value for p, and is called p0.
6. Give the formula for the one-sample z test for a proportion, and identify the key components in the
equation.
z = (p̂ - p0) / (√(p0[1-p0]) / n)
p̂ is the statistic. p0 is the null hypothesis value specified for p.
7. Identify and illustrate the three possible alternative hypotheses for a one proportion z-test.
8. Exam Tip: When a significance test leads to a fail to reject H0 decision, how should the results be
interpreted? How should they NOT be interpreted?
There would be no need to carry out the significance test, and if we fail to reject H0, means
that the null hypothesis is argued to be true.
9. What form does the alternative hypothesis have in a two-sided test? What would the P-value mean?
In a two-sided test, the alternative hypothesis has the form Ha: p ≠ p0. The P-value in a two-sided
test for a population proportion is the probability of getting a sample proportion as far as or farther from p0
in either direction than the observed value of the sample proportion.
10. Extension: Many students incorrectly refer to the sample when defining the parameter or stating their
conclusion. Identify which statement is defining a parameter or statistic.
who said that work stress has a negative
p = the proportion of all teachers at El Camino HS
impact on their personal life. Both are
who would say that work stress has a negative
parameters since both are addressing the same
impact on their personal life.
population (all El Camino HS teachers).
p = the proportion of all teachers at El Camino HS
11. What additional information does a confidence interval provide that a significance test does
not?
A confidence interval gives a range that captures the true population parameter based on a
certain confidence level.
12. What link is there between confidence intervals and two-sided tests?
“α” can be viewed as a critical value in a way, where the confidence interval gives an
approximate set of p0’s that would not be rejected by a two-sided test.
13. Define power of a test against a specific alternative. For an extension, rewrite the definition as a
conditional statement in the form: Power = P( | ).
The power of a test against a specific alternative is the probability that the test will reject H0
at a chosen significance level α when the specified alternative value of the parameter is true.
Power = P(P=Ha | H0 is true)
14. What does it mean to have a power close to 0 or 1?
When the power is close to 0, there is a small probability the test will reject H0 when Ha is true,
which means that alternative hypothesis is not that far from the null hypothesis. When the power is close
to 1, there is a large chance that the test will reject H0 when Ha is true, which means that the alternative
hypothesis is far enough from the null hypothesis.
15. What is the relationship between power and Type II error?
The power of a test against any alternative is 1 minus the probability of a Type II error for that
alternative; that is, power = 1 - β, where “β” is the probability of the Type II error.
16. Extension: Fill the table with these 6 probabilities?

● P(Type I Error)
● P(Type II Error) Truth about the population
● power
● α Conclusion
● β based on
● 1-β sample
18. Identify 3 ways to increase the power of a significance test to detect when H0 is false and Ha is true.
● Increase the sample size.
● Increase the significance level α.
● Increase the difference between the null and alternative parameter values that is important
to detect.

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AP Statistics Name: Gilbert Reyno C9D3 Date: 3/28/2021 Period: 3

Section 9.2: Tests about a Population Proportion

Read pages 554 – 570.

test statistic = (statistic - parameter) / standard deviation of statistic

3. Summarize the 4-step process when performing a significance test.

Plan: Choose the appropriate inference method. Check conditions.

Do: If the conditions are met, perform calculations.

● Compute the test statistic

z = (p̂ - p0) / (√(p0[1-p0]) / n)

p̂ is the statistic. p0 is the null hypothesis value specified for p.

Power = P(P=Ha | H0 is true)

14. What does it mean to have a power close to 0 or 1?

16. Extension: Fill the table with these 6 probabilities?

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