Ashu Crimi

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CHAPTER 1. 1.0. INTRODUCTION.

Ever since the dawn of human civilization crime has


been a baffling problem and man's efforts to grapple with this problem have only partially
succeeded. There is hardly any society which is not beset with the problem of crime and
criminality. ! The proposition that economic life is fundamental and therefore, has the
determining influence upon the social and cultural values is as old as the human civilization
itself. This connotes that economic factors influence the nature and form of all social pattems
and control all other aspects of human life. Thus, criminologists have tried to explain crime
in terms of economic conditions through what they called as economic determinism. Some
criminologists consider crime as a product of prevailing economic condition they hold that
the criminal is a product of the economic environment, which provides him his ideal and goal
1.LAIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH. The aims and objective of this research is to
determine the effects and influence of economic conditions which led the criminal to the
commission of crime. This research try to help understand how rational human beings act
and react as regards to their economic life and activities and the causal connection between
crime and economic principles and their relationship with cach other. 1.2 RESEARCH
QUESTION A. What economic principles mainly guide a criminal having inclination to
criminal behavior in committing crimes? B. What are the causal link between economic
condition and crime? PUBLICATION, ALLAHABADIT 'de 2018) Md 112 Dr. HIREN
CH. NATH, CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND WELFARE..128. SRI. YUBARAJ
BORTHAKUR. GUWAHAT, ITED 2009)
1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The method employed in executing the research is
based purely on a doctrinal basis, taking the aid and assistance of books, articles, newspapers
and journals together with the help of library and internet sources which altogether comprises
of both primary and secondary sources CHAPTER 2. 2.0. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES. The
basic assumptions made by the economist in explaining the economic principles and theories
may equally guide the criminologists to determine criminal behaviors and may be put as 1.
That the criminals are rational in their behavior and non-rationality is an exception 11. That
the criminals always aim at maximizing their benefits over costs of crimes committed by
them ill. That criminals are always selective as regards commission of crimes and are
influenced by choices or preferences between crimes iv That criminals are guided by the
principle of marginal benefits and cost or by their equality v. That the principle of cateri
paribus i.e. Other things remaining the same is being taken into account while committing
crimest vi taking into account the price effects, income effects and substitution effects and
their effects on crimes and criminals. SHRL HC NATH, AN INTRODOCTION TO LEGAL
ECONOMICS, 426 (SHRERANIIT GOGOL SIVASAGAR ASSAM, ISTD 2007
2.1. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. Economic conditions also influence criminality to a
considerable extent. Present day industrial progress, economic growth and urbanisation have
paralysed the Indian domestic life under these circumstances, those who lack self - control
fall an easy prey to criminality. Again crimes such as hoarding, undue profiteering, black -
marketing, etc. , are essentially an outcome of economic changes. Now - a - days money is
the paramount consideration to assess the social status of a person in society. Crimes in
higher circles of society can easily be wiped off through moncy. Unemployment among the
youths is yet another cause of increase in crime rate. If the energies of these young persons
are properly channelised, they can surely contribute to the national man - power
development. It has been generally accepted that there is a strong relationship between
criminality and economic or income inequality also between crime and unemployment. But
poverty per se is not the sole cause of criminality, it is only a major factor in crime causation.
It is the social disorganization which accounts for criminality among the poorest and not their
poverty, undoubtedly, there is close relationship between unemployment and criminality and
particularly, accounts for an unprecedented rise in property crimes and a consequential
increase in the arrest rate of juveniles and youth . Those who are jobless or have less secure
employment such as casual and contract workers, are more likely to be involved in property
related crimes. Analysing the impact of economic conditions on criminality. Prof. Hermann
Mannheim observed that if we leave aside traffic offences, three - fourth of the time and
energy of the criminal law administrators of the world shall have to be devoted to economic
crimes. Focusing on the importance of economic factors in the causation of crime, he pointed
out that poverty contributes both directly and indirectly to the commission of crime However,
poverty alone may not be a direct cause of crime because other factors such as frustration,
emotional insecurity and non - fulfillment of wants often play a dominant role in giving rise
to the criminal tendency,
The Marxist theory has emphasized that all human behavior is determined by economic
factors. Supporting this view. Fredrick Engels attributed increase in the incidents of crime in
England in mid - eighteenth century to the deplorable economic condition of the workers due
to class exploitation W.A. Bonger also adopted similar approach explaining crime causation
and asserted that a criminal is a product of capitalistic system, which created selfish
tendencies. In such a system, each person tries to extract maximum from others in return of
the minimum from himself. He identified many evils in the capitalistic system which were
respon for genera in fact, the of Radical Criminology is based on this concept which further
explains that crime occurs due to the exploitation of the poor by the rich 2.2. CRIME
CAUSATION The reasons for the commission of an offense differ and a discipline like
economies predicated on rational behavior may be disadvantageous in explaining a
phenomenon largely viewed as irrational. Recent survey states that there are three central
issues for the economics of crime: the effects of incentives on criminal behavior • How
decisions interact in a market setting. . Use of cost benefits analysis for implementing
alternative policies to reduce crime many social scientists argue that crime is closely related
to work, education, and poverty. Unemployment and crime are by - products or even
measures of social exclusion. Many of the criminals often have limited education or possess
limited labor market skills Another major aspect regarding the commission of crimes is that
many of the offenders consider crime as a paid employment where they can generate income
Some of the persons commit crime purely for meeting their needs . Thus, the economic
SPRAGATI GHOSH, 7 Multiple for approaches to section. OCT. 25.2019, 7-37 PM)
lump: // www stureyouressays.com essays the multiple - actor - approaches - to - crime
causacion - essay121723
The theory of crime has focused on sanction effects and the relationship between work and
crime. Apart from this, there are certain other factors which lead a person to commit a crime:
• Expected gains from crime when compared with legal works Chance of being caught and
convicted Extend of punishment • Opportunities in legal activities William Adriaan Bonger
stated that there is a causal link between crime and the prevailing economic and social
conditions. He asserted that crime social origin and a normal response to prevailing cultural
conditions. He contended that in a more or primitive society, survival requires more selfless
altruism in the community when capitalism emerges, there were social forces of competition
and wealth, resulting in an unequal distribution of resources which also lead to individualism.
Once self - interest and more egoistic impulses assert in a person, crime emerges people with
a low economic background would commit a crime out of need or out of a sense of injustice.
According to Bonger, the following were to be the major reasons for the commission of an
offense 1. Financial necessities II. Poverty III Lack of education IV. Egoistic factors V.
Inequality among the rich and the poor in the same community VI. Lack of social security,
etc. ANN YDEN WITTE AND ROBE TT.Crime Cast emotie Thier, PM. Itps:
//www.surrey.ac.uk.ccccomics līles'aperspdf ECON 2003-03.pelf wtp: //www.integrated
sociopsychology.net Crime Sociological Factors / I s Maxisoryoterime Adriamom Oct 28
2019 6: ON AM) Willem
An instance can be traced out from this theory, A, servant of B was working in B's house for
around two years. B refused to increase the salary or provided any financial or non -
financial help to him due to lack of money and emerging financial needs. A kideapped B's
son and demanded a sum of five lakh rupees. This instance can be treated as a crime
committed purely by financial needs which was stated by Bonger in his Economic Theory of
Criminality. "In India, crimes committed purely for financial needs are increasing at a faster
rate than any other countries. Unequal distribution of wealth among the rich and the poor is
one of the main reasons behind this phenomenon Another reason is the increased rate of the
population mainly in urban areas as well as people living in slum areas Such situation results
in the increased rate of crime as there emerges unwanted competition among the people
living in those areas. CHAPTER 3. 3.0. SUPPLY AND DEMAND CURVE FOR CRIME
Supply With an understanding of the elements involved in a rational decision to commit or
not to commit a crime, we can proceed to develop the concept of a supply curve for crime.
The supply curve will show, as any supply curve does, the relationship between the price of a
good or service and the quantity that producers are willing to supply per time period. "In our
case" says Daryl A Hellman, the supply curve will show the SREERAJKV, wie feries of che,
Oct 17 2019.5: 43PM. hipopladers.in.c.ci - they – creamp
Number of crimes per time period that criminals (producers) are willing to commit (produce
various levels of average gain (price) Supply Earnings Derand Number of crimes Fig. 1.
Supply and demand curve from figure it is shown that as price increases, quantity supplied
also increases and therefore, such a supply curve has a positive slopes upward from left to
right. Demand. The law of demand is an inverse relationship between the price and quantity
demanded of a product. Like the typical demand curve the demand curve for crimes may be
of different shapes- it may be elastic, more elastic, perfect inclastic depending on the nature
of crimes committed. For example, the demand for murder is somewhat different than that of
the demand for drugs in the drugs market 3.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. DARYL A HELLMAN THE ECONOMICS OF CRIME.
Theory and Practice, 44 Pearson Custom Publishing Led 2006
During the cighteen century, intensive researches were conducted by criminologists in
Europe on the impact of economic conditions on criminality. But unfortunately their findings
differed radically and it was difficult to reach any positive conclusions in this regard. The
relationship between economic conditions and crime is founded broadly on two main
conflicting views, namely: A. The relationship between economic and crime is inverse, that is
when economic conditions are favored, the incidence of crime is comparatively low but in
times of economic depression criminality records an upward trend. This assumption finds
support in all Marxist doctrines and leftist policies. William Aldrian Bonger, the noted Dutch
social scientist strongly supported this contention B. The relationship between economic
structure and crime is direct or positive, that is to say.criminality being as extension of
normal economic activity, increases or decreases with the rise or fall in economy. Thus,
according to this preposition the crime rate shows an increase in periods of prosperity and
decreases during periods or economic depression. This view has been most explicitly
developed by Fillips Pollett as a supplement to the original research of Enrico Ferri and his
famous work "Law of Criminal Saturation". Thorsten Sellin, however, observed that
unemployment which is necessarily as offshoot of depression did not have an adverse effect
on crime rate perhaps because of governmental relief measures. CHAPTER 4. 4.1.
JUDICIAL TRENDS The relevance of poverty to crime is sufficiently explained though
some of the judicial decisions wherein the accused were compelled to commit gruesome
murder under pressure of extreme poverty. Thus, in re Marvgatham, "the accused were
husband and wife who were starving for about ten days without any food or work for their
subsistence. Therefore, they decided to put an end to their lives along with one and a half
month old female intant . They tied themselves together with a rope and jumped into a well
They were however, rescued but unfortunately the infant was ** Paranjas, supratote at 113
AIR 6 Mad 408
drowned. They were convicted of attempt to murder of their infant child and committing
suicide under section 307 read with Sections 34 and 309 of the Indian Penal Code in yet
another case of Shreerangvee v. State of Madras "the accused was a hardworking but
unfortunate woman who was deserted by her husband. She had five children but was unable
to support them for want of adequate earning. Her financial position further worsened due to
her youngest child's severe illness and doctor's demand. for money for the treatment.
Shreerangyee tried in vain to raise the sum having exhausted all the legitimate means to earn
a living, she, in exasperation, killed all her five children by drowning them and finally
jumped into the well. She was however, rescued and convicted, under Section 302 IPC for
killing her children. The court in this case ruled out poverty as an excuse for the murder of
innocent children and attempt to commit suicide. The cases referred to above, clearly
explaining that the social perspective of justice had been completely lost sight of the rigidity
of legal process. Though in some of the subsequent cases, the courts have evinced deeper
concern for the poorer sections of the s ociety, but there is urgent need for restructing of the
existing judicial mechanism so as to make it more humane and reassuring that the poor and
weak are not forced to resort to criminal acts out of sheer disgust and desperation more, the
effect of modernisation and excessive materialism has changed the very concept of crime.
Therefore, there is greater influx of socio - economic crimes in the present time they include
tax evasion, hoarding, black marketing, violation of FERA.MRTP Act (now the Competition
Act 2002), financial scams. Despite COFEPOSAO and FERA regulations in force for
several years in India there has not been any significant change in the crime index relating to
smuggling and foreign exchange violations (197) I MLJ 205 + Huse v. Stwie w Bidor. AIR
1979 SC 130. Bar Makalarchav. Limion of Edw. AIR 64 SC 12. Now called Foreign
Exchange Management Act, 1973 (FEMA) on April 9, 2015 and that best Choppergate Scam
(Augusta Westland VVIP Chopper skal involving Rs 30% example Satyam scam involving
Rs.7000 crores travel in which all the accused were found guilty and convicted crores under
CBI pebe (2016) etc Conservation of Forcig and Prevention of Smaugeling Activities Ac.
1973, which is called the Foreign Exchange Management Act. 2012
4.2. CONCLUSIONS in the present social scenario, economic offenses are gaining much
importance as there is only one single notion for people, money. The need of money and
other financial necessities of man leads him in committing certain crimes and not the person.
but his personal, as well as social conditions, makes him a criminal. The situation can be
prevented only by enhancing a stable development model in the society as well as providing
certain financial benefits for neglected people mainly the backward financial individuals in
the community from an economic point of view, some crimes are more serious than others;
because they have a greater impact upon the economy and our well being or economic
welfare. Unfortunately, we find that some aspects of the impact of crime are very difficult, if
not impossible to measure, other aspects, while measurable, are difficult to determine cven
though economic principles and mechanisms offer a good help to do so. Further, crimes
affect the society and the individual in different ways. The impact of crime upon the
economy or the society as a whole may be completely different from its impact on a
particular individual
CAUSES OF CRIME INTRODUCTION Crime is defined as an act punishable by law as
forbidden by statute / injurious to public welfare. "It is a very wide definition in the sense
that anything which is injurious to society comes under this arena in modern complex society,
many things may be against the public welfare that is selling of contaminated food,
molestation of young children / women in railway trains and misleading advertisements may
be all said to be injurious to public welfare. The basis of criminal is that there are certain
standards of behavior of moral principles which society requires to be observed; and the
breach of them is an offence not merely against the person who is injured but against society
as a whole. Theoretically, a crime is a threat to every member of society, even though it may
be, in reality an offence against only one person Generally, Crime deals with the Maxim
'octus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea 'which means Crime consist of Mens rea and Actus
reas.This general rule is utmost important for the protection of liberty of the subject that a
court should always bear in mind that unless a statute either clearly / by necessary
implication rules out Mens rea as a constituent part of a crime the court should find a man
guilty of an offense against the criminal law unless he has a guilty mind Actus reas is another
constitent of crime which proceeds with that of the developed guilty mind / the Mens rea. In
furtherance of these two constituent any crime comes in existence and I.P.C. penalizes the
offender on this behalf. Crime is classified as per the act committed and is penalized as per
the quantum of act CAUSES of CRIME as discussed before, crime is injurious to public
welfare as well as violation of law as established under the statute According to prof, Frank
Tannebaum, Crime is eternal and it cannot be abolished except in a non-existent utopia
according to Giorgin Florita, Crime is normal in the society just like sin and laws made by
man are abnormal The Traditional approach to the causations of crime has been socio -
economic. But there are many more factors which contribute considerably to crime causation
such as mental retardation, economic factor, loss of parental control etc. Some crimes are
influenced from the community such as Press Motion picture the Comics Radio and T.V. ,
Emotional disturbances etc.
There are different theories propounded as sociological theories geographical theories etc.
As per sociological theory, man is an organic creature and therefore, behaves according to the
general laws of the organic world. Some sociologists say that criminal is a deviant who has
been unable to adjust himself to the traditional sanctions imposed by the society due to
inadequate and unfortunate interactions with parents and primary group contacts, this theory
fails to explain all sorts of criminal behavior specially random individual delinquency of
crime, which is based largely on personal disorganization. As per geographical theory,
geographers maintain that climate and topography exercise considerable influence on
behavior. It is said that crime rates are higher in cities than rural areas the value and
respectability of work, of family stability, the land as indicator of status are all parts of rural
pattern. Their effect on individual provides conformity and acceptance of laws.
CONSTITUTIONAL SCHOOL as Hooton and Sheldon are called as pioneers of this school.
The contribution of positive school of criminology was to transfer the emphasis from the
crime criminal. According to them heredity of an individual motivates him to commit crime
Criminality in twins has been advanced as proof that heredity is of the utmost importance in
explaining antisocial be I behavior. HOOTON has tried to show that crime and other forms
of antisocial behavior are particularly due to physical factor such as climate, the relative
length of day and night, season e.t.c. as well as the other racial factors. Only by sterilizing
these defective types and breeding a better race it is possible to check the growth of
criminality. It is the biological inferior, the organically inadaptable, the medically and
physically stunted are warped, and the sociologically warped, who are responsible for the
majority of crimes committed. According to SHELDON, behavior is a function of body
structure, and interpretation, fairly accurate predictions concerning the individual's behavior
can be made. Admittedly, the individual interacts socially as a biological organism and his
unique organic structure bears a direct causal relation to the manner in which he plays his role
within the social group. ECONOMIC FACTORS As we know poverty is called as one of the
causes of crime. But poverty alone is hardly a cause of crime This is evidenced by the
courage, fortitude, honesty and moral stamina of thousands of poor parents, who would rather
starve than do wrong. IN Neighbors where poverty and wretched housing conditions prevail,
crime in the majority of residents is non-existent and most of the children grow up to be
reasonably good citizens. The main reason is that criminals are not satisfied with their
meager income from lawful pursuits.

The differential treatment by law enforcement agencies to the detriment of minority groups
and to the poor is almost universal but it is most marked in the urban centers administrative
process is more favorable to the rich than to the poor poverty stricken homes cannot inspire
socially acceptable behavior especially when children from such homes come in contact with
poor frustrated individuals living in the same neighborhood who resent any display of
wealth / comfort on the part of rich people. It is submitted that poverty alone does not force a
person to commit a crime, but it does produce the conditions most conducive to crime both
socially and personally. It is ambition and envy rather than hunger / cold that stimulates
many petty crimes. It is not lack of clothing but lack of expensive clothing. COMMUNITY
INFLUENCE As we are in the era of globalization there are different sources to influence a
community such as school, church, pictures, tv, radio, press and other character building
agencies. Press: Generally, it is meant that the press is a source of publicity as well as to
awaken the people to the relevance, constancy and importance of crime the constant
repetition of crime stories by the press affects the reader in two ways; it may affect some
person to commit similar crime, or it may create an indifference to law and order through the
constant exaggeration of the details of the crime The press should instead of propagating
criticism, enlist the services of a correctional experts to run a column in their newspaper
orienting the public on the whole process of criminal and correctional procedure. Radio &
T.V. Now a day, tv. is available in each and every house as a source of entertainment
consisting of both visible and audible facility. It is difficult to gather proof of a direct causal
relationship between the viewing of acts of crime and the actual acts performed. Motion
pictures: As we know children are catchy in nature, motion pictures / movies have its great
influence on children. Pictures dealing with crime occasionally show that it is easy to live
without working legitimately that crime is exciting that there are methods to enjoy life
luxuriously. Movies are only a part of the conditioning process and are regarded as one of
the factors in personality development and thus behavior of a person. The comics: The comic
books are obviously misnamed with few exceptions. They are definitely not humorous.
Children and adolescents are very fond of comics. Children indulge in bad

language. They react to violent and socially stimulating 'picture language of the comics.
Child is exposed to conflict. All these things present in a variety of temptation to modern
youth that were relatively non-existent in the earlier days INFLUENCE OF HOME as homes
are considered to be the place of nurturing oneself as well as ones nourishment and known as
primary place for a baby. Lack of parental control and absence of parental insight provide
the basis for the criminal behavior of their children. Poor housing is related to crime but
thousands of parents living in sub - standard homes manage to make their children to be
useful citizen. Confused homes are not healthy places for children. It is the primary task of
home to fulfill its young shelter and nourishment to infants, enable the child to be healthy,
virility, to educate and meet them proper codes of behavior, love, fear and anger. Broken
homes whether psychologically / physically provide a congenial soil for criminality to
develop. Where there is constant bickering, little respect for the rights of each individual and
where the child is ridiculed, the criminality has favorable climate to develop there are two
types of broken homes: first, where parents are missing, making home life a typical in
carrying on its responsibility towards every member and second psychologically broken
homes, where cross purpose are more conspicuous than harmony and contribute more to
delinquency. The conclusions which are extracted from the study are as follows: (1) The
central causal factor behind most child neglect and delinquency lies in family
disorganization. (2) Disorganization causes emotional instability in the parent: (3) A
disorganized family life sets in motion process harmful to children who may react to them by
becoming delinquent / by developing symptoms that lead to breakdown later on. (4) From
disorganized family comes some other serious and costly social breakdown, such as mental
disease, mental deficiency, crime etc.
EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES The abnormalities are caused by both physical and
psychological disturbances. The abnormal types of behavior are caused by disease,
poisonous products, aging, and other abnormalities from the psychological point of view,
mental abnormalities are a marked inability to face reality with resulting mental conflicts.
These may have created due to insecurity, frustration in childhood, harsh living condition,
professional failure and other unfortunate experience. There are few individuals who have
complete satisfactory set of experiences from the childhood onwards, or find life entirely to
their liking in adulthood and all other similar situations. The problems of childhood are the
main cause of emotional maladjustment. The majority of children make necessary
adjustments to the social environment. The dominating factors are the parents who accept the
child and make them feel that it belongs to him August Aichorns pointed out that it is
important to know what child is thinking so as to divert his overt anti - social act into
corrective channels rather than to repress them. From the very childhood the human nature
is aggressive and assertive. When a baby wants something and is denied, he protests by his
cry until he gets the things wanted. Normally some of the desires are fulfilled and some are
denied society obstructs to many of spontaneous expressions of the human nature Children
often fail to do what is expected expected of them. The punishment and reward must bear a
relation to the behavior of the child. Only then it would give efficient results. The parents
must recognize and understand the roles they must play in dealing with their offspring,
especially in a family where there are more than one children because in such recognition the
child must be taught a lesson of life and a sense of responsibility by affectionate behavior the
parents, because it is mostly the insecure and frustrated child that is spoiled. The parents
must set flexible limits as guides in helping their children to make choice of behavior The
mothers can play a very effective role in the maturation process of the child. Thus, it is clear
that emotional disorganization is far more important as a factor in crime causations
MULTIPLE CAUSATION as we know crime is the result of many causes which can be
detected by means of careful study. Crime is assignable to no single source, it usually comes
from multiple influences. No single cause can explain all crime patterns. It may be due to
conflict / disorganization, either cultural / emotional

According to Enrico ferri, the factors of crime can be divided into individual, physical and
social. As per individual factor, it consists of age, sex, civil status, profession domicile,
social rank, instruction, education, and the physic construction etc. The physical factors are
as: race, climate, season, the fertility and decomposition of soil temperature, the relative
length of day and night e.t.c. The social factors are as: emigration, density of population,
public opinion, customs religion, public order, economic and industrial conditions,
agriculture, public administration, public instruction, public beneficence as well as legislation
crime must be recognized clearly as not being an unitary phenomena but as consisting of
many kinds of behavior occurring under different situations. A joint and co-oriented
approach by different experts is desirable. Furthermore, some integration of theory and
practice is definitely needed. If we desire to hold the problem of crime in our society,
understanding and tolerance must be nurtured and developed. What is more needed is the
implementation of the principles through social actions CONCLUSION from the above
discussion, I conclude that crime is the violation of law which is injurious to the society and
affects the society at large. It is very different from that of civil wrong. The different causes
of crime and different factors responsible for crime are enlisted in the project work. The
views of different jurist and the different theories propounded on behalf of crime are also
embedded in this project. So, it is clear that where there is existence of society, there will be
crime and to get rid of crime, there will be abolishment of society. At the last but not at the
least, it can say that the society can avoid crime but cannot prevent it

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