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LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a
positive real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N logaN = x.

Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in
order to get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: loga N is defined only when (i) N > 0, (ii) a > 0, (iii) a 1

Note :
(i) For a given value of N, loga N will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.
Illustration 1 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.
Solution : log4m = 1.5 m = 43/2m = 8
p4 q 4
Illustration 2 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that  1002a 1
100
Solution : log5p = a p = 5a
log2q = a q = 2a

10 = 100 = 1002a–1

4a 2a
p4q4 54a.24a
 = =
100 100 100 100
Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying loga [1 + logb{1 + logc (1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -
    (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc (1 + logpN)} = a0 = 1
 logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0  1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1
 logc (1 + logpN) = 0  1 + logpN = 1
 logpN = 0  N=1

Do yourself-1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10–3 (c) 2 = 1281/7
(ii) Express the following in exponential form :
(a) log232 = 5 (b) log 2 4 = 4 (c) log100.01 = –2
(iii) If log 2 3
1728 = x , then find x.

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2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.


(c) log 1 N = –1= logN i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1
N
N

Note :N =  a
loga N
e.g. 2 log 7 = 7
2

Do yourself - 2:
(i) Find the value of the following :
log2 5
3  1
(a) log1.43 (b)  
30  2

(ii) If 4 log 2 2x
=36 , then find x.

3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

If m, n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a ≠1 and x is any real number, then-
(a) logamn = logam + logan

m
(b) loga = loga m – loga n
n
(c) logamx = x logam

2 25 625
Illustration 4: Find the value of 2 log + 3 log – log
5 8 128
2 25 128
Solution : 2 log + 3 log + log
5 8 625
3
22  52  27
= log 2 + log  3  + log 4
5 2  5

22 56 27
= log . . = log1 = 0
52 29 54

Illustration 5: If logex – logey = a , logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find the value of

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bc ea ab
 x  y  z
 y  ×  × 
 z  x
x x
Solution : logex – logey = a  loge =a  = ea
y y
y y
logey – logez = b  loge = b  = eb
z z
z z
logez – logex = c  loge = c  = ec
x x
     
bc ca a b
a b c
 e × e × e
a bc b ca cab
=e = e0 = 1

Illustration 6 :If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that log

 a  b =
1
(log a + log b).
5 2
Solution : a2 + b2 = (a + b) 2 –2ab = 23ab
 (a + b) 2 = 25aba + b = 5 ab ....(i)
Using (i)

L.H.S. =log
a  b = log 5 ab = 1 logab = 1 (log a + log b)= R.H.S.
5 5 2 2

Illustration 7 :If logax = p and logbx2 = q, then logx ab is equal to (where a, b, x R+ – {1})-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
Solution : (B)
logax = p  ap = x  a = x1/p.
Similarly, bq = x2  b = x2/q
 1 2 1
 1 1
1/p 2/q  p q  2
Now, logx ab = logx x x = logx x = 
2p q

Do Yourself – 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that log 9 + 2 log 6 + log81 – log12 = 3 log 3
2 4
4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :

Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common
base.
log am
"Symbolically, logbm = , where a >0, a 1, b > 0, b 1
log ab

Note :

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log a log b 1
(i) logba. logab = . = 1 ; hence logba =
log b log a log ab

(ii) a log b c = c log b a

1
(iii) Base power formula: log ak m = logam
k
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal
practice, only two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(  2.718 approx). Logarithms of
numbers to the base 10 are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of
numbers to the base 'e' are called Natural or Napierian logarithm. We will consider
logx as logex or nx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & vice-versa :
log10 a log e a
logea = = 2.303 × log10 a ; log10 a = = log10 e × loge a = 0.434 loge a
log10 e log e 10

Illustration 8: If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba .logca – logaa) + (logab .logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then
abc is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution : (logba. logca – 1) + (logab .logcb – 1) + (logac. logbc – 1) = 0

log a log a log b log b log c log c

 . + . + . =3
log b log c log a log c log a log b
(log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga.logb.logc
(loga + logb + logc) = 0 [ If a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a b c]
log abc = log 1 abc = 1

1 4
log 5 3 log 7 9
Illustration 9: Evaluate : 81 + 27 log 9 36
+3
Solution : 81 log 3 5 + 3 3 log 9 36 + 3 4 log 9 7
log3  36 log3 72
3/ 2

= 3 4 log 3 5
+3 +3
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

Do yourself - 4 :

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log 3 135 log 3 5
(i) Evaluate : –
log15 3 log 405 3
(ii) Evaluate : log927 – log279

(iii) Evaluate : 2 log 3 5

– 5 log 3 2

(iv) Evaluate : log34 . log45 .log56 .log67 .log78 . log89

1 1
(v) If   x then x can be -
log 3  log 4 

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 

(vi) If loga3 = 2 and logb8 = 3, then logab is -
(A) log32 (B) log23 (C) log34 (D) log43

5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e.
log28 = 3, log24 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1then logarithm of
greater number is smaller. i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.
 x  y if a 1
loga x < logay  
 x  y if 0  a  1
(ii) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity
then logarithm of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the
base are located on different side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is
negative.
1  1  1
e.g. log10 3 10 = ; log 7 49 = 4; log 1   = 3 ; log2   = –5; log10(0.001) = –3
3 2
 8  32 
1 1
(iii) x+ if x is positive real number and x + –2 if x is negative real number
x x
 (iv) n 2, n N
n
a  a1/n nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non negative number)
some important values : log102  0.3010 ; log103  0.4771 ; n 2  0.693, n 10  2.303
6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :
For any given number N, logarithm can be expressed as logaN = Integer + Fraction.
The integer part is called as characteristic and the fractional part is called as mantissa. When the
value of log n is given, then to find digits of 'n' we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic
is used only in determining the number of digits in the integral part (if n 1) or the number of
zeros after decimal & before first non-zero digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1).

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* Note: If x  R then x = [x] + {x} similarly logaN = [loga N] + {loga N} where [·] denotes

greatest integer function & {·} denotes fraction part function.

Here [loga N] is characteristic of N to base 'a' & {loga N} is mantissa of N to base 'a'.
* Note :
(i) The mantissa part of logarithm of a number is always non-negative (0  m < 1)
(ii) If the characteristic of log10N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n + 1)
(iii) If the characteristic of log10N be (–n), then there exist (n – 1) zeros after decimal in N.

7. ANTILOGARITHM :

The positive real number 'n' is called the antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
Thus, log n = m n = antilog m

Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log10 (0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
200

(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeroes) between decimal & first significant digit in  
6
5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6

Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 10 : Show that log418 is an irrational number.

log 2 3 1 1
Solution : log418 = log4 (32 × 2) = 2log43 + log42 = 2  = log23 +
log 2 4 log 2 4 2
assume the contrary, that this number log23 is rational number.

p
log23 = Since log23 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number
q
 3 = 2p/q 2p = 3q
But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction
completes the proof.

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Illustration 11 : If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the
length of hypotenuse and c – b 1, c + b 1, then show that
logc+b a + logc–b a = 2logc+ba . logc–ba.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 .......... (i)
1 1 log a  c  b   log a  c  b 
LHS = + =
log a  c  b  log a  c  b  log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 

log a  c 2  b 2  log a a 2
= = (using (i))
log a  c  b  .log a  c  b  loga  c  b  .loga  c  b 

2
= = 2log(c+b) a. log(c-b) a = RHS
log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1: (i) (a) log381 = 4 (b) log10 (0.001) = –3 (c) log128 2 = 1/7

(ii) (a) 32 = 25 (b) 4 = ( 2 )4 (c) 0.01 = 10–2

(iii) 6

1
2: (i) (a) 1 (b) (ii) 3
5

4: (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) (A) (vi) (C)

5: (i) 8.6686 (ii) 26 (iii) 155 (iv) 32

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EXERCISE # 1
PART # A
1. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2.
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 8
1 1 1
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) 2
2 32 16
1 1
(ix) 3
8 (x) 2 2 (xi) 5
(xii) 7
2 8
1
2. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base .
3
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 3
3 9
3 1
(v) 9 (vi) 81 (vii) 3 (viii) 7
3
1
(ix) 9 3 (x) 4
9 3
3. Find all values of 'a' for which each of the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2a = 2 (ii) loga2 = 1
(iii) loga1 = 0 (iv) log10(a(a + 3)) = 1
(v) log1/3(a2 – 1) = –1 (vi) log2(a2 – 5) = 2
4. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3.
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 81
1 1
(v) (vi) 3 (vii) (viii) 27 3
3 3 3
7
(ix) 9
1
5. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base .
2
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 16
2 8
1 1
(v) 2 (vi) (vii) 2 2 (viii) 4
2 4 2

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6. Find all values of 'a' for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log3a = 2 (ii) log1/3 (a) = 4
(iii) log1/3(a) = 0 (iv) loga1 = 0
(v) loga(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log3(a2 + 1) = 1

7. Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2x2 = 1 (ii) log3x = log3(2 – x)
(iii) log4x2 = log4x (iv) log1/2(2x + 1) = log1/2(x + 1)
2
(v) log1/3(x + 8) = –2

8. Find all the values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2x2 = 2 (ii) log1/4x2 = 1
(iii) log1/2x – log1/2(3 – x) = 0 (iv) log2(x + 1) – log2(2x – 3) = 0

9. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 5.

(i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25 (iv) 625
1 1 1
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) 5
5 25 5
1 1
4
(ix) 5 2
(x) 5 3
(xi) 53 5

10. Find value of the following

(i) log 3 2  52 6 (ii) log 5 1

(6+2 5)

(iii) log73. log52.log37.log2(125) (iv) 25 log 5 3

1
(v) 6 log 5 + 3 log
6 9 16
(vi) log6 4 +
log 9 6
11. Find the value of following
  
(i) log5  (ii) log3(4 sin2 (x) + 4 cos2 (x) – 1 )
 5 
500 4
(iii) log12 8 + log123 + log126 (iv) log5 – log5
3 3
15 13 
(v) log39 + log39 – log39 (vi) 2log62 + 3log63 + log612
7 3 21

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PART # B
a b
1. If 2 = 3 and 9 = 4 then value of (ab) is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2. If log2 ( 4 + log3 (x) ) = 3 , then sum of digits of x is -

(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 18

3. Sum of all the solution(s) of the equation log10 (x) + log10 (x + 2) – log10 (5x + 4) = 0 is-
(A) –1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

4. The product of all the solutions of the equation x 1 log x = 100000x is-
10

(A) 10 (B) 105 (C) 10–1 (D) 1

5. If x1 and x2 are the roots of equation e3/2. x 2 nx = x4, then the product of the roots of the
equation is -
(A) e2 (B) e (C) e3/2 (D) e–2

6. If log2 (x2 + 1) + log13 (x2 + 1) = log2 (x2 + 1) log13 (x2 + 1), (x 0), then log7 (x2 + 24) is equal
to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

  a 4 b3 
7. Given log3 a = p = logbc and logb9 = .If log9  = p3 + p2 + p + pR– {0}),
p2
 c 
then equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

8.    
If loga 1  1  x = loga2 3  1  x , then number of solutions of the equation is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many

9. The number of solution(s) of  

log3 3x 2 .log9 81x  = log9 x3 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

10. Product of solutions of equation |log2 x| = 3 is-

(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 4 (D) 1/4

11. If x, y 2n when n I and 1 + logxy = log2y, then the value of (x + y) is

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

12. If n N such that characteristic of n2 to the base 8 is 2, then number of possible values of n is-
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 448 (D) infinite

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EXERCISE # 2
 ab  – 4 a  b   ab  – 4  a  b 
ab ab
2 2

1. Let A denotes the value of log10   + log 

10

 2   2 
   

when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression 2  log6 18

 · 3  .
log 6 3

Find the value of (A·B).

2. Compute the following :

log b  log b N 
4 1 4 / 3 log b a
(a) log1/3 729. 9 .27 3
(b) a

3. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log3x.log4 x.log5 x = log3 x.log4 x + log4 x.log5 x + log5 x .log3 x.

4. Calculate : 4
5 log 4 2 3 6  6 log 
8 3 2 

1 3
log 6 3
 
 7
log5 9 2
81 3
 125
log 25 6
5. Simplify : . log 25 7

409  

 1
log1/ 5  
 2 4 1
6. Simplify : 5 + log + log1/ 2
2
7 3 10  2 21

2
7. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and logc2 (8) = .
s 1 3

a2 b5
Write log2 4 as a function of 's' (a,b,c > 0, c 1).
c

8. Find the value of 49 (1log 7 2) + 5  log 4. 5

log 2 24 log 2 192

9. Prove that –  3.
log 96 2 log12 2

10. Prove that ax– by = 0 where x = log a b & y = log b a , a >0 , b > 0 & a , b 1.

11. Solve the following equations :

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(i) logx–13 = 2

1
(ii) log4 (2 log3 (1 + log2 (1 + 3log3 x))) =
2
(iii) log3(1 + log3(2X – 7)) = 1
(iv) log3(3X – 8) = 2 – x

(v)

log 2 9  2x  1
3 x
(vi) log5–x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2
(vii) log105 + log10(x +10) –1 = log10(21x–20) – log10(2x–1)

(viii) x 1 log10 x = 10x

(ix) 2(logx 5 )2– 3logx 5 +1=0

(x) 3 + 2logx+13 = 2log3(x + 1)

12. Solve the following equations :

 x2 
(i) log21/ 2 (4x)+ log2   = 8 (ii) log0.5xx2–14log16x x3+40log 4x x = 0
 8

 2  x  2 
(iii) log3(4.3x – 1) = 2x + 1 (iv) log5   = log5 
 10   x  1

(v) 1 + 2log(x+2)5 = log5(x + 2) (vi) log424x = 2 log 2 4


(vii) log2(4.3x – 6) – log2(9x – 6) = 1 (viii) 2log8 (2x)+ log8 (x2 + 1 – 2x) =
3

(ix) log32 6 – log23 2 = ( log 210 x –2)log312

(x) log62x+3 – log6(3x – 2) = x (xi) 3x 2  7.2 x  3.9


 9 3 log  7  x  = 0

EXERCISE # 3 (JA)

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1. log3/4 log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7)–1 = –2. [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]

2. Number of solutions of log4 (x–1) = log2 (x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

3. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 3 (–1)]

 2x  =  3y 
n 2 n 3

3 n x = 2 n y
Then x0 is

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2

 
 1 1 1 1
4. The value of 6 + log 3 4 4 4 .......  is [JEE 2012, 4M]
2
 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 

5. If 3x = 4x–1, then x = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]

2 log 3 2 2 1 2 log 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 log 3 2  1 2  log 2 3 1  log 4 3 2 log 2 3  1
1

 log 9  
1

6. The value of 2
2 log  log 9
2 2
  7 log 4 7
is _____. [JEE-Advanced 2018]

EXERCISE # 4

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 
1. If x = log2  56  56  56  56  ......  , then which of the following statements holds
 
good ?
(A) x < 0 (B) 0 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 4 (D) 3 < x < 4

2. The greatest value of (4log10x – logx (.0001)) for 0 < x < 1 is-
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 8 (D) –8

3. The number of integral solutions of | log5 x2– 4 | = 2+ | log5 x – 3 | is-

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

1ab
a b 21 b
4. If 60 = 3 and 60 = 5 then the value of 12 equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 12

log b  c a  log c  b a
5. Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of (b + c c – b 1)
log b  c a . log c  b a
equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2

6. If and are the roots of the equation (log2x)2 + 4(log2x) – 1 = 0 then the value of
log+ logequals
(A) 18 (B) – 16 (C) 14 (D) – 18

7. If the product of the roots of the equation x2 3kx  2e2log k1  0 is 7, then the roots of the
equation are real if k equals-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) ± 2

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

  +  log 
2 2
8. If log   = 79, (> 0, > 0, 1, ) then value of

 log  +  log  can be-

 

(A) 7 (B) –9 (C) 9 (D) –7

EXERCISE # 5

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PJ Sir
1. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c,
different from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of loga b.

2 3
2. Find the value of the expression 
log 4  2000 log 5  2000 
6 6

3. Given that log23 = a, log35 = b and log72 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the
base 140 in terms of a, b & c.

4. If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that a log 3 7

= 27; b lo g 7 11
= 49 and c log 11 25
= 11 .


Find the value of a 
log 3 7 
2

 b
log 7 11
2

 c
log11 25
2

.
x
5. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that 2log(2y – 3x) = logx + logy, find
y

6. The real x and y satisfy log8x + log4y2 = 5 and log8y + log4x2 = 7, find xy.

7. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5(a – b).

8. Solve the system of equations :

loga xlaga (xyz) = 48
logayloga(xyz) = 12, a > 0, a  1
logazloga(xyz) = 84

9. Let y = log 2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log 2 192  16  log 2 .12 log2 48 + 10. Find y N.

10. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base
of the logarithm is 6. Find the value of LMN.

11. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation  2017  x log 2017 x
= x2 .

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PJ Sir
12. If (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are the solution of the system of equation.
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
then show that the value of log30(x1y1x2y2) = 12.

13. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of
the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25)
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.

10 xy
14. (a) If x,y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then  N where N is a natural
3 2
number, find the value of N.
(b) If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca and z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.

log a N log a N  log b N

(c) If  where N > 0 & N 1, a,b,c > 0 & not equal to 1,then prove
log c N log b N  log c N

that b2 = ac.

ANSWERS
EXERCISE # 1
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PJ Sir
PART # A
1. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) –1 (vi) –5
(vii) –4 (viii) 1/2 (ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) –1/5 (xii) –3/7

2. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) –1 (v) –2 (vi) –4

(vii) –1/3 (viii) 1/7 (ix) –5/2 (x) 9/4

3. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) a > 0, a 1 (iv) –5,2 (v) –2,2

(vi) –3,3

4. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) 1/2

(vii) –3/2 (viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7

5. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) –4 (v) –1/2 (vi) 1/2

(vii) –3/2 (viii) 9/4

6. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) a > 0, a 1 (v) 2

(vi) 2,  2

7. (i) 2,  2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1,–1

1
8. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x=±
2
3
(iii) x= (iv) x=4
2

9. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) –2

(vii) –1/2 (viii) 1/4 (ix) 1/2 (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3

10. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2

1
11. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 1 (vi) 4
2

PART # B
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C
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PJ Sir
8. A 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. B

EXERCISE # 2
1. 12 2. (a) –1 (b) logbN 3. 3721 4. 9 5. 1
25
6. 6 7. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 +1) 8.
2

11. i. {1+ 3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2}

v. {0} vi. {–5} vii. {3/2, 10} viii. {10–1, 10}
ix. { 5 , 5} x. {–(3 – 3 ) / 3,8}

12. i. {2–7, 2} ii. {1/ 2 ,1, 4} iii. {–1, 0} iv. {3}

v. {–9/5, 23} vi. {2} vii. {1} viii. {2}
 3 1
ix. { 10 ,10 3 } x. {log34} xi. x = ,6
5

EXERCISE # 3 (JA)
1. x = 3 or –3 2. B 3. C 4. 4 5. ABC 6. 8.00

EXERCISE # 4
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B
8. BC

EXERCISE # 5
1  2ac
1. 2 2. 1/6 3. 4. 469 5. 4/9 6. xy=29
2c  abc  1
 1 1 1
7. 1 8. (a4, a,a7) or  4 , , 7  9. y = 6 10. 23040 11. (2017)2
a a a 

13. (a) 0.5386; .5386; .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 14. (a) 507

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