Experiment 2

Spring Experiment

By
Ralph Issa
Lilian Alameddine
Houssam Hijazi

Instructor: Dr. Nicolas saba

University of Balamand
Faculty of Engineering

March 1,2021
Table of contents:

Contents

Experiment 2................................................................................................ 1
Abstract:............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Hypothesis:........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Historical Background ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction:...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives:......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Theoretical Background:................................................................................................................................... 4
Warnings for this Lab:........................................................................................................................................ 5
Conducting the experiment:.............................................................................................................................. 5
Equipments:.................................................................................................................................................. 5
Procedure:..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Data:.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Result analysis:.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Historical Background:....................................................................................................................................... 9
Error analysis and improvement........................................................................................................................ 9
Conclusion:...................................................................................................................................................... 10
References:...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Abstract:
This simple pendulum and experiments aim to investigate how the period of oscillation relates
to displacement angle and to find the gravitational experiment due to gravity of swing in two
methods theoretically and graphically. The gravity was obtained from the slope. The
gravitational pool on the mass of object was done by changing the length of the string and the
angular displacement from the fixed point. The result was noted in an excel paper. Graph
showing the variation of period as a function of length 2 pendulum analysed where analysed on
a graph the orange line represents pendulum 1 thar contains steel ball and pendulum contains
wooden ball. The results demonstrates that as the length of the pendulum increase the period
of oscillation (T) increase. The gravitational pool is not equal to 9.81 due to some errors such
as slip of the hand while using stopwatch, but it came close. However, some assumptions were
made during the experiment these assumptions are that the only effective mass is the mass of
the string and it can’t be extended. The mass of the pendulum had no effect on the period of
oscillation.

Hypothesis:
The longer the length of string, the farther the pendulum falls; and therefore, the longer the
period, or back and forth swing of the pendulum

Historical Background:
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a spring it was invested by the famous scientist
Galileo Galilei around 1602. It was first used for time keeping and it was the most accurate way
back in the days when pendulum clock was invested by Christian Huygens in 1658 and it was
the world standard time keeping. For 270 years the pendulum clock stayed in home and offices.
To this day the pendulum is still used, and it keep getting more accurate at time keeping.(15)

Introduction:
A pendulum is any object that hangs from a fixed a point in a string but when pushed from its
neutral position moves back and forth. The period equates to the time taken to complete one
full swing where Galileo came across the fact that period depends on the length of the
pendulum and that the acceleration due to gravity. The pull of the gravity causes the downward
swing of the object, and the upward swing of the gravity is due to inertia (Newton law) more
over the frequency is related to the distance of the string. The relation between the frequency
and distance is inversely proportional as frequency increase distance decrease. The length of
the pendulum will decide number of swings with respect to time. Pendulum has many
functions, it can be used as a seismometer in order to detect earthquakes, to calculate local
gravities and it is included in aircrafts and ships system. The motion of two simple pendulum
will be explained in order to learn the relation of period with respect to the length.(19)

Objectives:
. Finding gravity in two methods graphically or theoretically
. The period a simple pendulum can
. Identify the relation between period and length.
. Finding the period of a simple pendulum which can be easily calculated by the number of
oscillations.
. Find the length of 2 pendulum wooden and steel ball.

Theoretical Background:
A simple pendulum in its brief definition is a mass hung by a massless string, so in this way it
can swing back and forth. Usually, the motion of the pendulum is periodic if it’s set into motion.
“T” is the period taken by the pendulum to complete one full oscillation. While “f” is the
1
frequency, in other words it’s the inverse of period (T = ), hence it stands for the number of
f
oscillations that occur per unit time. Finally, the amplitude of the oscillation is the maximum
distance that the mass displaced from its equilibrium position.
Restoring forces occur to return the pendulum to its equilibrium position, in the form “F”
opposite and directly proportional to the displacement “x”. Moreover, some of the equations

that are used to solve the pendulum problems are, T =2 π (√ mk ) that help to find the period,
x d 2 x −g
and F=−mg ()
l
that help to find the force, 2 =(
d t l
)x this formula is used when we have

simple harmonic motion with negligible damping.(19)

(20) diagram show the forces on the bob

 Warnings for this Lab:
 Be sure that the stand and the support for the pendulum remain secure and stable.
 Emphasize that students should be careful when handling the pendulum bobs. It is
potentially dangerous if the bobs are thrown, swung forcefully on the string, or handled
in any way other than what is given in the instructions for the lab.
 Wear safety goggles, especially since students may sit close to where the pendulum
swings.

Conducting the experiment:

Equipments:

(1) balance (2) pendulum support

(3) meter stick (4) Thread and split cork

(5) steel bob (6) notebook

(7) protractor (8) stopwatch (mobile) taken

from the experiment made by the instructor
 (9) stand (10) clamp

(11) wooden bob (13)

Procedure:

(12)

 Measure the mass of wooden and steel pendulums bob using a balance and
measure the length of each string using a meter.

 The simple pendulum of wood is suspended by an almost weightless length of

string light string which is attached to a support stand by a string clamp.

 The mass, string and stand were attached together with knots, then both are
adjusted by the knots, so that the length of the pendulum was 0.18.

 Choose an angle, preferably not too big, that will remain constant throughout the
experiment and will be the angle you always release the pendulum from.
  A piece of paper with an angle drawn on, it was used to start the pendulum from
the same initial angle for each measurement.

 With the help of a lab partner, the pendulum was released from a specific angle.

 After the pendulum's release, allowing the pendulum to settle down into a
regular motion. The pendulum was allowed to swing through 30 oscillations.

 Measure and record the time required for the bob to completes 30 oscillations
using a stopwatch and a notebook.

 The time were then recorded for a set of same mass for the different lengths of
string, and then for a set of different lengths for a steel pendulum.

 Repeat the entire experiment for the second pendulum bob.

Data:

Table1 show the varying length of wooden pendulum

Wood
Total Period T (S)
Length T 2 ( S2) Frequence
time G (N/Kg)
(m) (HZ)
(s)
23.5 0.78333333 11.5808124
0.18 0.61
0 3 1.6296967 1
34.6 1.15333333 0.7517792 9.49729716
0.32 1.33
0 3 1 2
42.2 1.40666666 0.5053794 9.77627533
0.49 1.98
0 7 8 3
44.7 1.49133333 10.1177779
0.57 2.22
4 3 0.4496251 1
averag 1.20866666 0.6507689
e
36.26
7
1.54 1 10.2430407

Table2 show the varying length of steel pendulum

Steel
Total Period T (s)
Length
time T 2  ( S2 ) Frequenc
G (N/Kg
(m) e (HZ)
(s)
0.31 31.7 1.057333333 1.117953778 0.95 10.94706212
 2
39.8
0.47 0.75
2 1.327333333 1.761813778 10.53167849
46.0
0.63 0.65
8 1.536 2.359296 10.54187482
51.2
0.74 0.59
0 1.706666667 2.912711111 10.0298409
averag
e 42.21 1.406833333 2.037943667 0.73 10.51261408

Graph show the relation between T^2 and length of pendulum for both experiments

Table 3 :Data need it to draw the curve Table 4: data need it to draw the curve
of steel pendulum of wooden pendulum

Length T^2 (S^2)

(m)
1.117953
0.31 8
Length T^2 (S^2)
(m)
1.761813
0.47 8 0.18 0.61361111
0.32 1.33017778
0.63 2.359296
0.49 1.97871111
2.912711
0.74 1 0.57 2.22407511
Result analysis:
T2
The slope of the graph will then be , and to get l /T 2 should take the inverse of the
l
slope. As the slopes of the graph (4.1163) and (4.1067) for the wooden pendulum and
for the steel pendulum respectively, the inverse will be 1/(4.1163)=0.24293 and
1/(4.1067)= 0.243504517

We can then reintroduce the constant 4 π 2to the equation, which will now look like this
Calculating that, the result will be g=4 π 2∗0.24293=9.590 for steel pendulum
g=4 π 2∗0.24 3504517=9.6113 for wooden pendulum.

The Figure shows a graph of T2 against m leading to the trend line of the experiment,
interpreted that the time taken to complete one oscillation is directly proportional to
the length of the pendulum.

The line of best fit in the graph is made by the experiment of steel pendulum which prove
the relationship between the period of oscillation of the pendulum and the length of the
pendulum with minor errors. In contrast the experiment of wooden pendulum, there are
some differences and it’s not totally linear curve which indicates that this experiment
made many errors. the 2 experiments show different results.

The relative error between the analytical and graphical results of the wooden pendulum:

%error =  = 6.16% (21)

The relative error between the analytical and graphical results of the steel pendulum:

%error =  = 8.7% (21)

The relative errors is more than 5 % in both experiments which give inaccurate results.

The longer the length of string, the farther the pendulum falls; and therefore, the longer
the period.it concluded from the both experiments when the length of the string
increase, the period of time increase. The experiment of wooden pendulum give minor
errors by increasing the length of pendulum to length=0.45m reach the the factors
more precise and exact value which equal to 9.7 approximately equal to 9.81,but it give
wrong result for 0.57m, because it will take be heightened affected by which lead to
increase errors . even although the steel pendulum did not give accurate data like other
experiment,but the errors decrease during the experiment of steel pendulum and give
more and more accurate numbers by stretching the string.

As the length is increased, the frequency decreased. This relation shown by both
experiments when the length of the string increases the frequency tend to be smaller.

Historical Background:
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a spring it was invested by the famous
scientist Galileo Galilei around 1602. It was first used for time keeping and it was the
most accurate way back in the days when pendulum clock was invested by Christian
Huygens in 1658 and it was the world standard time keeping. For 270 years the
pendulum clock stayed in home and offices. To this day the pendulum is still used, and it
keep getting more accurate at time keeping.

Error analysis:
During the experiment, many errors that affect the result were found due to different
reasons such as device error, environment factors, and device error.
. One of the apparatus parts (protractor) is not found, this makes it unreliable and using
a protractor drawn by pencil is more beneficial. Moreover, the balance and meter might
not give the exact results due to bigger scales. Hence, we can see a huge device error in
this part of the experiment.
. Environment factors don’t carry a huge cause of the error, but we should take into
consideration the wind that effected the movement of the pendulum.
. Humans differ from robots, so any experiment done by a human must have at least
minor errors disturbed along the whole experiment. For example, reading any
measurement might have a slight error.(17)

Improvement?
Most of the tips have minor accuracy but when put together their effect is great.
Increase number of oscillations in order to improve the accuracy of the period. Another
tip is to increase the speed of the pendulum by setting the wooden or steel ball at a low
reference point. The pendulum should be prepared in a closed space to protect it from
exterior air coming in because air will make the pendulum swings back and forth and
therefore it will lead to an inaccurate timing .(17)

Conclusion:
For this experiment data was collected and analyzed using charts, graphs and formulas.
This investigation depends on period, length, and gravity. Moreover, the length of the
string showed a relation with the number of swings when the length was elongated the
number of swings decrease with respect to time. This can be observed by the naked eye.
Moreover, the string with greater elongation has more time to accelerate due to the
4 π2 l
gravity formula g= 2 where g and L are proportional.(14)
T

References:
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https://slideplayer.com/slide/3902233/ (7)
https://global.ntl.de/products/demonstrationsgerate/mechanik/tragheit-impuls/pendelkugel-stahl.html (5)
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