MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTUING ENGINEERING

ME160P-2/E01
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

WRITTEN REPORT ON
HYDRAULICS

EXPERIMENT NO.

SUBMITTED BY:
BELLEN, ANDRE ANTONI C.
2018140109

SUBMITTES TO:

ENGR. PAULO RAFAEL V. MERIS

Jan. 23, 2021

ABSTRACT

Throughout the experiment, all student where required to simulate a circuit diagram
using pneumatics system. Wherein pneumatic system/s in general commonly deal with gases
and compressed air. Moreover, it works with the study of pressurized gas that could produce
mechanical motion. Pneumatic systems at most parts have air compressor that can holds
compressed air in a cylinder (container) and releases it under electrical pressure. Additionally,
pneumatic systems have several components that can build up an exercise machines, wherein it
creates a resistance that can be adjusted with air pressure. Another sample is pipe organ, in this
case, it produces sound by pushing pressurized air through pipes that are chosen by pressing the
keys on a keyboard. As a matter of fact, this method is insignificant due to low cost of designing
components. The disadvantage of this method is the compressible gas, wherein it makes the
speed of the pneumatic system more problematic. On the other hand, the advantage of this
method is that the air allows to flow (work) efficiently. Therefore, this method is highly
recommendable for practical and much more effective use especially for air purposes.

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OBJECTIVES

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
ABSTRACT ii
OBJECTIVES ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES 1
DISCUSSION 2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 3
FINAL DATA SHEET/SET-UP 6
CONCLUSION 2
RECOMMENDATION 2
REFERENCES 2

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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

According to Mahmoud Galal El-Din Mohamed Rabi (2009), the concept of pneumatic
follows the pneumatic systems, wherein these are power systems that uses compressed air as a
working medium for the power transmission. On the other hand, their principle of operation is
quite similar to that of the hydraulic power systems.

According to Carlos M. (2018), the concept of pneumatic commonly refers to a specific

approach that can transform energy into mechanical motion in terms of using compressed gas as
a replacement of engines, motors, or electromagnets. For some reasons, this is much more
effective and practical for many purposes. As a matter of fact, the system contains an air
compressor that can store compressed air in a cylinder and releases compressed air under electric
control.

Pascal's law indicates that any force applied to a compressed substance is distributed
equally in all directions within the fluid, irrespective of the shape of the jar. Additionally, static
pressure was also observed according to Pascal, the law of Pascal is also known as Pascal’s
principle or principle of fluid-pressure transfer. In 1653, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician)
declared the rule of Pascal, wherein F is the applied force, P is the transmitted pressure, lastly A
is the cross-sectional area.
F=PA

Pascal (Law) Formula

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DISCUSSION

A pneumatic system or circuit, is known as a system that works from stored air pressure.
The air pressure is built up by means of a compressor. Once the pressure required is reached, the
pressurized air can be sent round a circuit, operating a variety of valves and pistons. Pneumatic
systems are often seen on production lines, as they are extremely reliable and require very little
maintenance. A pneumatic system can be seen as an energy storage device, as usually very little
air pressure is lost during the operation of the pneumatic circuit. A compressor is used to ‘top up’
the pressure.

As a consequence, the air is highly plentiful, and the machine is free and easy to restock.
The initial cost of making a pneumatics system is negligible due to the low cost of designing
components. Due to the fact that the machine is operated entirely by air, a pneumatics unit
requires minimal cleaning.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Pushing Device. A system is needed for pushing items to a machining station.

2. A sorting system is needed in a manufacturing process of metals. The system should push
the metals at a slower rate as compared to the retraction period.

3. A system is needed to transfer boxes to a X-ray machine. It needs a slower motion for the
transferring period but it should have a faster retraction movement.
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4. A system is needed to separate materials by having an upward and downward movement.
The upward motion should be slower than the downward motion.

5. A device is needed to fold a flat sheet of metal by a fast downward motion and a smooth
exhaust for retraction. Two push buttons should be pressed to begin the folding process.

6. A system is needed to mark specific measurements in the products. Either one of the two
buttons available can be used to activate a slower forward motion. Retraction can only
happen if the maximum position has been reached and a button has been pressed.
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7. A machine is needed to supply a raw material one at a time at a specific time interval.
After reaching the maximum forward position, there is a delay period before the
retraction process.

8. A welding system with pressure regulator is needed to join a continuous polymer sheet
for tubing. One button can be used for a single operation while another button can be
pressed for continuous operation. There is a delayed period for the forward motion and
retraction can only happen if the required pressure has been reached.

9. A system that has a single acting cylinder is needed for switching of feeding location for
raw materials. Both forward and backward motion have flow controls. If a push button is
pressed once, the cylinder extends and stays at the maximum position. Another button
activates the retraction.
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FINAL DATA SHEET / SET-UP

1. Experiment 11: Pushing Device

2. Experiment 12: Sorter Device

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3. Experiment 13: Transferring Device

4. Experiment 14: Separating Device

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5. Experiment 15: Folding Device

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6. Experiment 16: Marking System

7. Experiment 17: Supplying Machine

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8. Experiment 18: Welding System

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9. Experiment 19: Switching Machine
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CONCLUSION
 Throughout the entire process, the group were able to achieve the objectives required in
the experiment with the use of Fluidsim application, wherein each of the exercises (provided by
the professor) where answered in a successful way by knowing the concepts of each components
as well as some of the specific values needed, and also knowing the simulation processes.
Additionally, the students were able to gain knowledge regarding the basic pneumatic systems.

RECOMMENDATION

For further recommendation regarding the experiment, I would rather recommend to the
students (future students rather) to use the latest Fluidsim application and also, not only to
understand the components but also to dissect the values of each components because it will
affect the flow of your circuit diagram. Moreover, future students must also do a research for
deeper understanding about the topic/experiment that they will encounter.

REFERENCES

Mahmoud Galal El-Din Mohamed R. Fluid Power Engineering. 2009. Retrieved from
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071622462/chapter/chapte
r11

Carlos M. Principles of Pneumatic Systems. August 24, 2018. Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/principles-pneumatic-systems-6614537.html