Gasket Manual

SEALING TECHNOLOGY MANUAL
FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Company 4
1.2 Market-specific services 6

Freudenberg Xpress 6
Product marking technology 7
Test facility 8
Damage analysis 10
Washing and individual packaging 12
Collaboration with associations 13
1.3 The process industry and its requirements 14

Food industry 14
Pharmaceutical industry 16
Chemical industry 18
2 TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS 20
Basic materials testing 21
Storage conditions 25
Approvals, examinations, compliances 26
Hygienic design 28
Friction optimization 29
3 ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS 31
Overview of elastomeric materials 32
EPDM 34
VMQ 36
NBR 37
HNBR 38
FKM 40
Simriz ®
42
Fluoroprene XP ®
44
2
4 ENGINEERING PLASTICS 47
Overview of engineering plastics 48
PTFE 49
ePTFE 51
POM, PA, PU, PEEK 52
5 MATERIALS RESISTANCE AND PURITY 54

Temperature and fat resistance 55
Flavoring agents 57
Cleaning process 60
Extractables 61
Hygienic design 63
Storage tests 64
6 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 65
O-rings 66
Encapsulated O-rings 68
Seals for pipe connections 70
Diaphragms 74
Hygienic Usit rings 75
Rotary shaft seals 76
V-Seal set packings 78
Stuffing box packings 80
Precision molded parts 82
Butterfly valve seals 84
Low pressure profiles 86
Guide strips 87
PTFE bellows 88
PTFE U-packings 89
7 APPENDIX 91
List of abbreviations 92
General installation and assembly instructions 94
Legal notices 95
3
Introduction
COMPANY
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies is

the largest business group of the
Freudenberg Group and belongs to the
business area Seals and Vibration Con-
trol Technology. Together with the
partners of NOK Corporation, the
company forms a network with the
aim of offering local products of uni-
form quality worldwide. This concept
is supported by global manufacturing,
innovation, occupational health and
safety and quality management strat-
egies.
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies is

organizationally divided into inde-
pendently operating market segments.
This ensures that the respective indus-
try sectors are managed by specialized
know-how carriers. From the standard
seal to the tailormade precision
molded part, Freudenberg Sealing
Technologies offers a unique product
range in all segments. The basis of its
The Freudenberg group of companies plex sealing solutions, the company is success are the highly-developed pro-
was founded in 1849 and is still family- always considered an innovation and prietary materials and products.
owned. The resulting financial stabil- technology leader. Thus, for example,
ity and social awareness are key suc- the famous Simmerring® is a Freuden- Sealing solutions specially developed
cess factors that create trust. berg invention dating back to 1929, for the process industry in accordance
which is still being used in many with hygienic design and materials
Today, Freudenberg is a global, broadly- industries and a wide variety of appli- with industry-specific approvals such
diversified group. While Freudenberg cations today. as FDA or USP Class VI, as well as a
& Co. KG represents the strategic lead comprehensive resistance database
company, Freudenberg SE as the oper- The pronounced segmentation of the make Freudenberg Sealing Technolo-
ational holding company reflects the Group has only one goal: to be close to gies the technology leader in this in-
global nature of the Group of compa- the customer and to meet the require- dustry. As a technology leader, we
nies. ments of a market specialist. Numer- want to provide our customers with
ous research and development faci- exceptional quality at all times and
Freudenberg is divided into business lities ensure the long-term success develop the sealing solutions of
groups which operate in different in- of the company and allow a rapid tomorrow together with them. We in-
dustries. From household products of response to market- and customer- vest in innovation and partnership
the Vileda® brand to technically com- specific transformations. and thus ensure our longterm success.
4
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS
Quality management Certification is intended to give our Our zero-defect policy motivates all
We not only enhance our products customers confidence. Because qual- our employees to excellence and top
ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
continuously, we also work on the con- ity can only be guaranteed if the inter- achievements. Moreover, our quality
tinuous improvement of our internal nal processes are per formed in a management and application support
processes – with only one goal: to pro- standardized structured and replicable are readily available in the event of
vide our customers with consistent manner. From the preparation of a technical problems.
quality. Therefore we are certified quote to the packaging of individual
according to ISO 9001. O-rings, we have established stream-
lined processes and constantly strive
The certification is valid for the follow- for further improvement.
ing areas:
• Sale of sealing products
ENGINEERING PLASTICS
• Technical advice for sealing products
• Provision of services involving seals,
in particular the optimization of the
supply system
NEWS
BROCHURES
AND FLYERS
MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

MATERIAL
DATA SHEETS
WEBSITE
CONTACT
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
5
Introduction
MARKET-SPECIFIC SERVICES
FREUDENBERG XPRESS
Economical short runs

Machining technology cannot be a pro-
duction method equivalent to series
production. From a certain annual
quantity, the investment in mass pro-
duction tools becomes worthwhile
from an economic point of view. How-
ever, by temporarily switching to ma-
chining technology, small batches can
be processed, the manufacturing time
of mass produc tion tools can be
bridged, and market fluctuations with
stagnating demand can be responded
to.
The Freudenberg Xpress service can Delivery of replacement parts in re- THE ADVANTAGES
provide seals in original quality
within a few hours using the latest
cord time
When a seal fails during the produc-
AT A GLANCE
CNC technology. Freudenberg Xpress tion process and a replacement part is
is the best choice not only for the not in stock, every hour counts in order • Production of prototypes to shorten
quick delivery of replacement parts, to prevent costly machine downtime. the development time
but also for the economic production Freudenberg Xpress can normally find • Fast remedy in the event of defects
of small series. a remedy within 24 hours. On the basis • Economic produc tion of small
of a drawing or a sample, the seal can batches without series production
Thanks to state-of-the-art manufac- be machined and sent without de- tools
turing facilities and in-house machin- tours directly to the location where it • Original Freudenberg materials with
ing tools development, Freudenberg is required. approvals such as 3-A® Sanitary
has achieved a unique surface quality Standards and USP Class VI, as well
with a mean roughness index of max. Rapid prototyping as FDA conformity
R a = 2.38 µm (roughness depth R t = The term “rapid prototyping”, i.e. the • Almost the same mechanical prop-
13.7 µm). This value is approximately rapid production of functional models, erties as those of mass-produced
equal to that of a conventionally pro- is in actual fact not applicable to elas- seals
duced seal. You can find an overview tomer technology. Nevertheless, the • Unique surface quality
of materials suitable for machining specialists at Freudenberg make ex- • Long service lives
technology on page 32 f. actly this possible. Thanks to the pro-
duction of prototypes without stand-
The lip edge is created by cutting, ard tools, sample parts can be created
which is a complex process and that can be tested and optimized until
therefore rarely applied in the mar- the best solution has been found. This
ket. The machined seals of Freuden- reduces the development time of new
berg achieve an exceptionally long plants while minimizing the financial
service life. outlay.
6
INTRODUCTION
PRODUCT MARKING TECHNOLOGY
FDA-compliant and hygienic

With the laser marking, Freudenberg
abstains from the admixture of marker
substances or components and thus
avoids interfering with conformities
like FDA or USP Class VI of the sealing
material used. Also unproblematic for
hygienic applications is the coding
depth of the laser marking. For this,
Freudenberg has carried out extensive
testing of marked seals in accordance
with EHEDG guidelines (European Hy-
gienic Engineering and Design). The
code structures affect neither the
cleanability nor the risk of microbial
contamination, for example in the case
of a bottling plant.
Freudenberg’s patented laser marking dividually definable customer-specific

technology “safe” (secure adaptive application and approval information.
freudenberg encryption) offers the
highest application security through
The readout is simple and reliable with
the help of a readout device, our secu- THE ADVANTAGES
AT A GLANCE

identification and traceability of seals. rity sof tware and a commercially
available notebook computer. The
High material purity, reliable media and unique aspect here is this: The product
temperature resistance, as well as vari- markings can still be decrypted thanks • Unique laser marking system for
ous statutory requirements with re- to the high redundancy of the code easy and economical identification
spect to sealing components character- even when up to 60% of the identifica- and traceability
ize the process industry. Only quality tion marking is destroyed. In addition, • Forgery-proof technology to protect
products designed for this meet the ex- the product markings are also out- against product piracy
pectations in terms of smooth produc- standingly protected by their topogra- • Traceability of article, batch and se-
tion workflows. Freudenberg product phy against mechanical and chemical rial numbers, date of manufacture,
marking technology gives plant opera- influences. materials, dimensions and design
tors the certainty of using original qual- details
ity according to individual stipulations, “safe” offers the significant added • High readout reliability even with
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
of preventing the use of unverifiable value that the risk of process disrup- damaged codes
knock-offs and of ensuring complete tions caused by seals is minimized. Mix- • Protection against product mix-ups
traceability of the component used. ups of materials can be excluded and • Safeguarding of guarantee promises
documentation requirements can be and protection against warranty
Unmistakable seals satisfied much more easily. Promises of claims
The safe technology identifies seal guarantee are safeguarded and unjus- • FDA-compliant
components by means of a patented tified warranty claims are averted.
laser marking, among other things, in With regard to the marking process,
a forgery-proof manner with a 24-digit Freudenberg has consistently taken the
encrypted code. This code contains in- requirements for contamination-free
formation about article, batch and se- components into account.
rial numbers, date of manufacture, in-
APPENDIX
7
Introduction
TEST FACILITY
The Freudenberg test facility offers ter under real conditions. From the tracks in which three valves are tested
new validation options for the perfect O-ring to the butterfly valve seal, veri- in parallel or in series. The operating
adjustment of seals to the respective fied statements on the functionality parameters such as temperature, pres-
CIP/SIP (Cleaning In Place/Sterilization of the seal used can thus be derived sure and flow rate are recorded digi-
In Place) process. even prior to serial use. tally. For intentional contamination of
the valves, a container can be filled
CIP/SIP and superheated steam pro- A proactive development partnership, with the medium used in the applica-
cesses are an integral part of produc- which significantly increases the relia- tion. In order to create realistic test
tion in the process industry. Cleaning bility and thus the cost effectiveness of conditions, customizations to the fit-
agents and heat put significant stress valves and customer-specific systems. tings and assemblies can also be car-
on the seals, which is a critical factor ried out easily. On this basis, meaning-
for smooth workflows if the seal was The system design ful test results can be obtained with
badly configured here with respect to The test plant is designed as a multi- respect to service life, resistance or
material and design. tank CIP system and thus offers the necessary design optimization of a
possibility to demonstrate different seal. This is valuable information in
Freudenberg’s test plant allows mean- cleaning processes with acids, alkaline order to make the right decisions as
ingful seal tests in all standard CIP/SIP solutions and disinfectants. The core early as during the conceptual sealing
media as well as in steam and hot wa- of the system is formed by three test design of the system.
8
INTRODUCTION
Test methods and possibilities • Testing of measurement instrumen-
• Sealing tests in conjunction with
acids, alkaline solutions and disin-
tation and pump seals
• Damage analysis in the event of
THE ADVANTAGES
fectants leakage AT A GLANCE
• Separate media supply for valve and • Reliable compatibility recommen-
seal contamination dations concerning seals and pro-
• Testing of critical applications with cess media • Demonstration of customized CIP/
superheated steam, cooling water SIP processes under real operating
and compressed air supply conditions

• Testing of all types of seals in fit- • Verified statements concerning re-
tings and equipment assemblies, sistances and reliability of material
such as O-rings, diaphragms, but- and seal design
terfly valve seals and gaskets as well • Validation of the seal selection prior
as molded parts to the start of series production
• High operational reliability through-
out the product life cycle
• More efficient production processes
• Avoidance of time-consuming and
cost-intensive field tests
Examples of possible testing cycles
CIP/SIP MEDIA CONCENTRATION RANGE (%) RESIDENCE TIME (MIN.) TEMPERATURE RANGE
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Acidic cleaning agents +30 to +80 °C

0.5 to 3.0 20 to 30
e.g. on the basis of HNO3 (+86 to +176 °F)
Alkaline cleaning agents +30 to +80 °C
2.0 to 3.0 20 to 120
e.g. on the basis of NaOH (+86 to +176 °F)
Disinfectants +25 °C
0.3 to 1.0 30 to 60
e.g. on the basis of H2O2 (+77 °F)
Acidic disinfectants +25 °C
0.5 to 1.0 20
e.g. on the basis of H2O2 and HNO3 (+77 °F)
Alkaline disinfectants H2O2: 0.5 +80 °C
30
e.g. on the basis of H2O2 and NaOH NaOH: 1.0 to 2.0 (+176 °F)
+120 to +140 °C
Sterilization with steam 100.0 20 to 45
(+248 to +284 °F)
APPENDIX
9
Introduction
DAMAGE ANALYSIS
Seals may be damaged in several • Indicate self-inflicted damage (e.g. • Flavoring agents:
ways. Damage is often caused by by using a screwdriver during the • If samples are allowed to be taken,
changes in the process media and the removal) they should be filled into glass
fact that their effects on the seal ma- • Give the exact installation location: bottles
terials were not taken into account in valve number, component etc. • Listing of the flavors, which are in
advance. • Obser ve mating sur faces and direct contact with the seal
grooves (condition, roughness, de-
After an incident, it is essential to find posits etc.) and document changes • Cleaning media:
out the cause in order to prevent sub- • Media sequence
sequent damage and to find the right Which media have contact with the • Pressures
seal for the individual application. seal and what are the circumstances? • Temperatures
Freudenberg’s application support cre- • Concentrations of the cleaning
ates meaningful damage analyses and • Products: agents and frequency of cleaning
helps you fix the problem. When a • Ingredients • If possible, obtain the safety data
case of damage occurs, the following • Pressures sheets
documentation has to be carried out. • Temperatures
• Concentrations
How should seal damage be docu- • If possible, obtain the safety data
mented? sheets
• Take photographs of the installed
seals using the maximum resolu-
tion possible
10
INTRODUCTION
Typical cases of O-ring damage
Twisting during installation – Large Failure due to excessive friction – The
O-rings with a small cross-section are elastomer “scrapes” by friction on the
not very dimensionally stable and can opposite surface, whereby particles are
be twisted when mounted. After re- abraded. Depending on the type of sur-
moval, a circumferential track in the face, one can observe different damage
elastomer is visible in case of heavy patterns. To remedy the situation, the
strain and wear. If one puts the O-ring condition of the opposite surface should Gap extrusion – Provided that the de-
on a flat surface, a permanent defor- be thoroughly investigated and the sign is consistent, the factors which
mation can be noticed as a twist. The product and purity parameters should can push the O-ring into a gap and
use of an assembly grease suitable for be documented. lead to a shearing-off include varying
the material and great care during the pressures, dynamic stress and media
installation of O-rings with an unfa- expansion. Depending on the individ-

vorable cross-section to diameter ratio ual case, there are diverse manifesta-
is recommended. tions, as shown in the sample illustra-
tio ns ab o v e . W i th d y namic all y
stressed seals, one colloquially refers
to “mouse nibbling” in the event of
damage.
Image above: Gap extrusion in static

Explosive decompression – Cracks in application
longitudinal directions can be found Image below: Gap extrusion in dy-
on the surface. The elastomer satu- namic application
rates itself with gas under pressure.
When rapid depressurization occurs,
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Grease swelling – EPDM swells in min- the amount of gas cannot escape fast
eral oil and mineral fat and becomes enough from the matrix of the elas-
softer. The damage is evident in shell- tomer and forms gas bubbles (similar
like disruptions with relatively round to diver’s paralysis/aeroembolism).
edges. Even individual pieces can break
off. It is necessary to check whether the
correct assembly grease was used. Gen-
erally, EPDM may only be lubricated
with silicone grease. In addition, the
product-specific information, such as fat
concentration, temperature etc., should
be recorded in order to verify the possi-
bility of using EPDM.
APPENDIX
11
Einführung
Introduction
WASHING AND INDIVIDUAL PACKAGING
For particularly hygienic applications, Furthermore, Freudenberg provides

we offer our customers a washing ser- the option to apply a removable label
vice. It includes thorough, reliable with customer-specific information on THE ADVANTAGES
cleaning of seals after production, so
that even the smallest impurities or
the package which can be pasted into
the service manual. This allows for
AT A GLANCE
particles are removed. In order to pro- comprehensive and continuous docu-
tect the purity, we recommend subse- mentation. • Washing service for hygienically
quent individual packaging. demanding applications
For an OEM (Original Equipment Man- • Secure traceability to the point of
Especially when seals are not immedi- ufacturer), the individual packaging the individual seal thanks to single-
ately installed, but put into storage, con- has another important advantage. unit packaging
tamination can occur which may then When seals are resold to MRO custom- • Rapid identification of individually
be introduced into the process. Freuden- ers (Maintenance, Repair and Opera- wrapped seals
berg offers the possibility to create cus- tions), they do not need to be repacka- • Removable labels for easy transfer
tom packaging. For example, we provide ged. Depending on the order quantity, of the information into the service
the bags with logo, article and batch the individually packaged seals can be manual, to ensure comprehensive
numbers and other individual informa- combined in one shipment. traceability
tion. Thus, the individual package not
only fulfills the purpose of protection
against soiling and contamination, but
also helps to track components up to
the seal and thus comply with the pre-
scribed documentation requirements.
12
INTRODUCTION
COLLABORATION WITH ASSOCIATIONS
ISBT (International Society for Bever-

age Technologists)
The ISBT is an American organization
which consists of about 1,000 mem-
bers worldwide. The focus of its activ-
ity is the beverage industry and it of-
fers this industry a highly specialized
platform which concerns itself with
flavor transfer, packaging, ingredients
and other current trends.
ISPE (International Society for Pharma-

ceutical Engineering)
The ISPE is the world‘s largest non-
profit organization for the advance-
ment of the pharmaceutical industry
and the continuing education of its
employees. Founded in 1980, it now
Freudenberg‘s commitment to coop- ization. The main task of DIN is the de- has more than 25,000 members in 90
eration with associations is an essen- velopment of consensus-based stand- countries. The ISPE is an independent
tial basis of its market specialization, ards, together with the representa- organization, led by experienced
in order to be able to turn trends and tives of interested stakeholders, in line professionals from prestigious compa-

developments into industry-specific with the times and with the market. nies in the pharmaceutical industry. It
solutions at an early stage. Freuden- About 26,000 experts contribute their provides a forum for experts from in-
berg Sealing Technologies is an active know-how to the work of creating dustry and government, independent
member in the following associations generally accepted standards. Due to consultants and students.
amongst others. a contract with the Federal Republic of
Germany, DIN is recognized as a na- VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschi-
ASME (American Society of Mechani- tional organization in European and nen- und Anlagenbau [German Engi-
cal Engineers) international standards organizations. neering Association])
ASME is an American non-profit organ- Today, about 90% of the work of DIN The VDMA is one of the leading service
ization that has set itself the goal of be- has an international outlook and ori- providers offering the largest industry
ing a platform for engineers. The ASME entation. network of the capital goods industry
has about 130,000 members in 158 in Europe. The VDMA represents about
countries worldwide and invests heav- EHEDG (European Hygienic Engineer- 3,100 mainly medium-sized member
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
ily in education, which is why a large ing and Design Group) companies, making it one of the lead-
proportion of members are students. The EHEDG is an interest group for op- ing industrial associations in Europe
ASME is divided into many specific erators and suppliers of equipment for with one of the largest memberships.
groups such as Manufacturing and Pro- the production of foodstuffs as well as The VDMA covers the entire process
cessing, Automotive and Bioengineer- for testing institutes and maintenance chain – everything from components
ing, thus enabling exchanges between companies. More than 300 member to entire plants, from system suppliers
professionals. companies participate in the EHEDG. and system integrators to service pro-
This gives rise to wide support and viders. The VDMA thus facilitates both
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung sound instructions for all aspects of industry-specific and intersectoral
[German Institute for Standardization]) hygienic design and manufacture of cooperation.
DIN develops standards as a service to machinery, and equipment for the
industry, government and society. It is production of safe food and pharma-
a private enterprise institution with ceuticals.
APPENDIX
the legal status of a non-profit organ-
13
Introduction
THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

AND ITS REQUIREMENTS
FOOD INDUSTRY
The diversity of the food industry re- lization), high temperatures prevail, Dairy products
quires separate consideration of the which present a major thermal load In the dairy industry, influences such as
different areas, since the respective for seals. Ultimately, the wort also pro- a high fat content of the product me-
requirements are as varied as they are motes a high degree of wear of the dia must be taken into account in the
numerous. seals. For this reason, the sealing ma- selection of materials. An EPDM mate-
terial for this application should be rial which has a very good resistance to
Beer carefully selected. CIP/SIP media, for example, has only lim-
Hygiene and cleanliness of the pro- ited resistance to fatty media. Clean-
duction facilities as well as a variety of Non-alcoholic beverages ing with alkaline solution is also carried
other challenging factors require a While alcoholic and carbonated drinks out very intensively, i.e. at high concen-
precisely matched sealing technology stabilize themselves due to their ingre- trations and temperatures, in order to
in the production of beer. In addition dients, still waters are highly sensitive eliminate the fat and protein residues
to the sometimes aggressive cleaning products whose production process re- from the pipes. Steam sterilization
processes, the sealing materials must quires great attention with respect to methods are also to some extent used
withstand salt deposits (beer scale) hygiene and cleanliness. Because of the much more intensively in dairies than
and tolerate a high CO2 content. The use of strong cleaning media in the for instance in breweries. The seals
preferred cleaning method uses acid production of fruit juice and because of must be designed accordingly for this.
at a concentration of up to 3% at +80 flavor-containing additives, it is not
°C (+176 °F) in order to remove the salt possible to use just any elastomer or
deposits from the pipe system. During plastic material.
production and cleaning (steam steri-
14
INTRODUCTION
Jam Chocolate Ice cream
In the manufacture of jams and pre- Chocolate production and processing The threat to the sealing material in
serves, pieces of fruit and crystalliza- is a particular challenge for seals. The the manufacture of ice cream consists,
tion of sugar lead to increased wear. ingredients themselves are challen- firstly, of the high fat content of the ice
Fruit particles can be pressed into the ging because it is a medium contain- cream mixture, and secondly, of addi-
seal and cause leakage in extreme ing fat, which may also contain additives such as pieces of fruit which may
cases. The sealing material used here tives such as nuts, raisins or crisps, press themselves into the seal and
must be resistant to the fat- and flavor- causing severe abrasion. This is further cause leakage. Large temperature
containing additives and to the partly increased when crystallization of the ranges, e.g. from 0 °C (+32 °F) during

aggressive cleaning agents. sugar occurs during the manufactur- the transportation of a cold product up
ing process. Additives containing fla- to +140 °C (+284 °F) during steam ster-
Convenience foods voring agents are also an exclusion cri- ilization, must be mastered reliably by
Different cleaning media for closed and terion for some materials. Then the the seal. Aside from that, resistance to
open processes greatly stress seals in temperatures must be taken into ac- CIP/SIP media should also be given.
the production of ready-made meals, count, some of which are very high in
such as frozen pizza. The production of chocolate production in order to make
powders, pastes, liquids etc. requires the ingredients capable of being pro-
individual demands on the sealing cessed. The sealing material must
materials. For some convenience foods, meet all of these requirements.
excellent low-temperature flexibility is
also required, which cannot be met by
every seal material in combination
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
with the chemical resistance.

APPENDIX
15
Introduction

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
The purity requirements with respect material supplier to the patient in the Production of finished medicinal
to processes and products in the phar- event of quality problems. Seals are a products
maceutical industry require sealing not to be underestimated part in this During the production of chemically
solutions that reliably prevent process process because they partly have di- produced drugs API (Active Pharma-
contamination, beyond their respec- rect contact with the media. And with ceutical Ingredients) or in vivo diag-
tive media resistance. the appropriate sealing technology, nostics (contrast agents, biomarkers),
the risk of contamination and thus of chemicals and toxic substances are
Freudenberg has developed special costly and time-consuming retracing used. During organic synthesis, high
materials and seals, such as white can be reduced. temperatures and high pressures oc-
EPDM and Simriz® (FFKM), which cur, whereas cooling takes place dur-
comprehensively satisfy both the de- A particular challenge for this industry ing the precipitation of the product.
manding operating conditions and si- lies in the versatility of its processes The temperature range is correspond-
multaneously support the hygienic where many different demands are ingly quite large. To ensure the hy-
processes. made on the components. To illustrate giene and purity of a batch, special at-
this, three areas and their peculiarities tention must be paid to the documen-
In the pharmaceutical industry, the are presented in this context. tation of the processes. Thus, the
synthesis of products takes place from ingredients of the sealing materials
basic chemicals. The basic and reactive must be known too, or appropriate
chemicals need to be extra pure so confirmation of biocompatibility ac-
that no unwanted by-products are cording to USP Chapter 88 (Class VI)
generated in the synthesis. In general, must be available.
production is done in batches in order
to ensure traceability from the raw
16
INTRODUCTION
In galenics (pharmaceutical technol- Product formulation by blood frac- Biopharmaceuticals
ogy), the medicinal product receives tionation Strict hygiene regulations prevail in
its form. For example in this step a In the separation of blood, the various the production of vaccines, enzymes
tablet is pressed and coated so that blood constituents are separated by or proteins which also apply to all
the medication can be taken. Before a centrifugation. For fractionation, pro- other process components, such as
tablet can be pressed, the active ingre- teins are separated from blood plasma seals. With respect to separation of
dients and excipients must be manu- with the admixture of ethanol at –3 °C the active ingredients, purity has top
factured according to the recipe, wet to –6 °C (+27 °F to +21 °F). The plasma priority, which requires seals without
granulated, and then dried and is cooled to –30 °C (–22 °F) ver y dead space that provide no basis for

ground. For seals, this means that they quickly. Not every seal withstands this germs. As in any hygienic area, clean-
have to exist in a “dusty” environ- enormous jump in temperature. To ing is carried out with aggressive me-
ment. In addition, no components of avoid contamination, seals for this dia using the CIP/SIP method in order
the seal that could negatively alter the area must also be designed free of to clean the plant free of residues.
pharmaceutical product in its compo- dead space and be resistant to CIP and When mixing the ingredients, cooling
sition or color must be allowed to mi- SIP cleaning processes and cleaning is required which involves cold-
grate into the production process. The media. Furthermore, defined emission resistant sealing materials. It is also
seal must also protect the pharmaceu- limits must not be exceeded. Freuden- important to protect the pharmaceu-
tical product against external influ- berg offers special sealing materials tical product during filling in order to
ences in the sterile environment. for these aseptic high-purity processes prevent process contamination.
in the pharmaceutical industry which
are resistant to low temperatures and
chemicals.
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
17
Introduction

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
The chemical industry is concerned Most of these media require excellent A wide range of thermally and chemi-
with both the production of basic and comprehensive resistance charac- cally-resistant flat gaskets is available
chemicals such as ammonia, acids, al- teristics of the seals used in order to especially for the pipes and flange con-
kalis and simple hydro carbons, and ensure smooth operational processes, nections that are frequently used in
with the further processing of these but also in equal measure robust fea- the chemical industry, as well as uni-
materials into high-quality products. tures to withstand the sometimes ex- versally applicable secondary seals for
Thus, ammonia is obtained from ni- tremely high pressures. the mechanical seals used in pumps.
trogen in order to produce a fertilizer
from the former. For example, crude For this, Freudenberg offers highly-re- The versatility of the processes in the
oil is used to produce simple hydro- sistant sealing solutions made from manufacture and processing of chem-
carbons from which high-grade plas- synthetic materials such as PTFE, as icals requires separate examination of
tics are then synthesized. well as a wide range of high-quality individual areas. A summary of the
elastomeric materials such as perfluo- main applications is presented on the
roelastomers like Simriz®, EPDM or following page.
FKM when elastomeric flexibility is re-
quired in less aggressive production
environments.
18
INTRODUCTION
Processing inorganic basic chemicals for heating the bottom product, for ex- Fine and specialty chemicals
In the field of inorganic chemistry, nu- ample, there are temperatures of up to In the handling of fine and specialty
merous completely different applica- +600 °C (+1,112 °F) with simultaneous chemicals, seals with an especially
tions occur. In addition to manufactur- pressure and vaporization. During the high thermal and chemical resistance
ing, processing, separation, and many subsequent cracking of the resulting are required. In addition to the use of
other process steps, particularly ex- gas, the temperatures increase further harsh and sometimes toxic media,
treme parameters always prevail to +850 °C (+1,562 °F). The real chal- temperatures from +300 °C (+572 °F)
when handling inorganic basic chemi- lenge for seals is, however, in the in- down to the low-temperature range
cals. In addition to aggressive, to some tense temperature changes that occur are not uncommon in crystallization

extent also toxic media, high pres- during the subsequent cooling of the processes. The material and the seal
sures are prevalent. The seals used gas. The seal must also withstand the made from it must be able to cope
here must have a broad operating pressure increase during the compres- with this.
temperature range. Corresponding sion of the cracked gas to about 30 bar.
to the multifaceted applications, The absorption of gases requires the Production of detergents and per-
high-quality, robust and chemically- use of chemicals, in particular caustic sonal care products
resistant materials are required. To solution. The production of detergents and per-
meet the high standards of the statu- sonal care products, whose require-
tory emission values for these pro- Polymer production ments are similar to those of the
cesses, the seal must make a signifi- During the handling of polymers (plas- pharmaceutical industry, makes espe-
cant contribution to this. tics), no particularly high demands in cially high demands in terms of the
terms of pressure and temperature purity and hygiene of all process me-
Handling petrochemicals and deriva- resis tance prevail most of the time. dia used. In addition to the lack of
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
tives Only in some cases, for example, dur- dead space of the sealing point, the
A typical application in the petrochem- ing the termination of a reaction, tem- sealing materials must have the prev-
ical industry is so-called steam crack- peratures as low as –80 °C (–112 °F) alent approvals and clearances of the
ing. In addition to being resistant to may occur, requiring the use of spe- pharmaceutical industry and be able
aggressive chemicals, seals must with- cially developed sealing solutions. In to withstand the sophisticated CIP/SIP
stand high temperatures and pres- addition, the use of solvents can at- cleaning media and processes.
sures. In a convection-capable furnace tack conventional sealing materials.
APPENDIX
19
TECHNICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
20
INTRODUCTION
BASIC MATERIALS TESTING
Hardness, compression set (DVR) or the volume change of a In sealing technology, the N and M processes are mainly used.
material in use are important parameters which affect the The micro hardness measurements on seals are not directly
sealing function but also the lifetime of the seal. Precise comparable to the IRHD values, procedure N and the Shore A
statements about the behavior of the material are there- values on test plates.
fore essential. Freudenberg uses a variety of testing proce-
dures and methods for this. Volume change measurement
Seals come into contact with a variety of media such as liq-
Hardness tests uids and gases which influence the elastomer materials in
One of the most important parameters in rubber technology different ways. A distinction is made between the chemical
is the hardness. The nominal hardness is specified for all and physical effects of media. If an elastomeric compound
Freudenberg materials in the materials designation before is chemically affected, the properties are irreversibly
the base elastomer (e.g. 70 EPDM 291) and determined using changed. The splitting of the cross-linking points between
various standardized procedures. In the process, the param- the molecular chains leads to a softening and loss of elas-
eter which is measured is always how far a given test speci- ticity of the material concerned. The formation of additional
men that penetrates into the material under a defined force. cross-linking points entails hardening leading to embrittle-
ment of the material. Certain media can also attack the mo-
Shore A pursuant to DIN 53 505 – The method according to lecular chains of the elastomer and destroy them. Physical
DIN 53 505 was developed by Albert F. Shore in the 1920s processes can be roughly divided into two groups:
and is the most commonly used method for measuring
hardness in elastomers. The surfaces of the test specimen
must be flat and coplanar. The value is read after a holding a. Absorption of the medium by the elastomer
time of three seconds. The test according to Shore A is used b. Extraction of soluble components of the mixture from

mainly in materials development and in the clearance of the elastomer
mixture batches. It can only be used on molded parts if they
have a sufficient thickness and flat supporting surfaces for
the measurement. Shore A is suitable for hardnesses be-
tween 10 and 90. Above 90 Shore, Shore D measurements
must be made, which, however, are not applied in case of
elastomers.
IRHD pursuant to DIN ISO 48 – For hardness tests on seals,

the IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degree) pursuant to
DIN ISO 48 is applied. Four procedures are described in this
standard:
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
1. N (for hardnesses between 30 and 95 IRHD)

2. H (for hardnesses between 85 and 100 IRHD)
3. L (for the range from 10 to 35 IRHD)
4. M (micro hardness for the testing of small or thin-walled
samples)
APPENDIX
21
Technical fundamentals
Einführung
Both changes can take place separately but also in parallel. Every volume change, whether swelling or shrinkage, is as-
These processes are detected by measuring the change in vol- sociated with changes in the physical properties such as
ume occurring thereby. If an increase in volume is measured, hardness, elasticity, tensile strength and elongation at
the absorption of medium takes precedence, while a decrease break. Therefore, the determination of the volume change
in volume means a predominant loss of mixture components. after a defined storage period (time and temperature) is a
Swelling processes are usually reversible, which means that the parameter in order to measure and evaluate the stability of
absorbed medium can also leave the elastomer again when elastomeric compounds in the media used. Note: In the
switching to another product. food industry, not only must the production media (e.g.
beer, mineral water, dairy products etc.) be tested for
The size of the volume change depends on five factors: their compatibility with the sealing material, but so too
must the cleaning and sterilization media used in the pro-
1. Type of medium cesses.
2. Composition of the elastomeric compound
3. Interaction parameters (temperature, time) Sequence of the tests according to DIN ISO 1817:
4. Geometric form (thickness) of the seal
5. Stress condition of the seal (in the case of stretched parts, 1. The volume of the test specimen (the seal or a portion
the impact is greater, in the case of compressed parts lower) thereof) is determined
2. The test specimen is stored in the medium according to
Due to the cross-linked structure of the elastomers, swelling the standard or to customer specifications
is limited, i.e. it no longer changes after reaching a limit 3. At the end of the storage period (and after cooling down),
value. the volume of the specimen is measured again
4. The result is expressed as a percentage of the initial state
22
INTRODUCTION
Compression set measurement/elasticity Density measurement
The compression set refers to the ability of a material, after The density of vulcanized rubber is a specific characteristic.
a certain time of contact with the medium in question, to Through a simple, expeditious measurement of this para-
generate a sufficient restoring force on the sealing surfaces meter, first conclusions regarding the compound used can
and thus ensure the tightness. In a newly manufactured be drawn. In the preparation of a mixture, the density value
seal, the compression set is a measure for assessing the vul- serves as an indication whether all components of the mix-
canization and the degree of cross-linking. The lower the ture were added properly. Similarly, the density measure-
compression set value, the better the cross-linking and the ment precedes all other tests in the analysis of unknown
longer the expected life of the mixture. It should be noted mixtures in order to limit the number of possible materials.
that the compression set is not an absolute value, but must In general, the density is measured using the buoyancy-flo-
always be considered in comparison with the initial or tar- tation method. According to the “Archimedean principle”, a
get values. The compression set is determined according to body experiences a buoyancy force when immersed in a liq-
DIN ISO 815 using the following formula: uid. This is calculated from the difference of the weight in
air and the weight in liquid. Since the buoyancy force is
DVR [%] = (h0 – hs) / (h0 – h1) x 100 % equal to the weight of the fluid volume displaced by the
body, the volume of the test specimen, regardless of its ge-
With: ometric shape, can be derived. The specific density can be
h0 = height of the test specimen calculated on the basis of the volume determined in this
h1 = height of the compressed specimen way and the weight in air.
hS = height of the relieved specimen
ρ = [GL / (GL – GF)] x ρF

A number of conditions must be met during the measure- With:
ment. Thus, the time between the vulcanization of the test ρ = density to be determined
specimen and the compression set test should be at least 16 GL = weight in air
hours. The compression is defined and generally amounts to GF = weight in fluid
25%. The sample is stored in its apparatus in air (or a me- ρF = density of the fluid (in case of water approx. 1 g/cm3)
dium) for a predetermined period of time at a specified tem-
perature and removed from the apparatus after expiry of
the testing period. 30 minutes after removal, the thickness
is measured again. Please note that compression set values
are only comparable if the parameters are identical:
• Deformation (default: 25%)

• Duration of the deformation (default: 24 or 72 hours)
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
• Temperature during the deformation

• Storage medium (standard: air)
• Form of the test specimen
Testing the
F compression set
APPENDIX
23
Tensile test Resistance to tear propagation

Tensile tests are used to determine the tear strength, The tear propagation resistance is a measure of the sen-
tensile strength, elongation at break, and the stress val- sitivity of elastomers in the event of cutting and tearing
ues of elastomeric materials. The test specimens used for damage. The most common test to determine tear propa-
this purpose are usually tensile bars or standardized rings gation resistance is the strip test according to DIN ISO 34-1
with rectangular cross-sections. These are stretched at a (DIN 53 507). In this case, a longitudinal cut is made in the
constant speed to break. In the tensile test according to material to be tested, the two half-strips are clamped in a
DIN 53504, as many points as possible of the force-length pulling machine and pulled apart. The force subtended by
change curve (tensile force with corresponding change in the test specimen to the tear propagation is measured in
length of the sample) are recorded. relation to the sample thickness.
The following values can be calculated from the experiment: A further testing method is the angle test specimen ac-
cording to DIN ISO 34-1 (DIN 53 515). Here, an incision is
1. The tear strength is the quotient of the force achieved made in an angled (“bent”) sample manufactured in a
at the moment of rupture and the initial cross-section of form, and the sample is similarly pulled apart using a pull-
the specimen ing machine. The measured values do not need to correlate
2. The tensile strength is the quotient of the measured with the stress values determined in the tensile test. Since
maximum force and the initial cross-section of the speci- the results of the tear propagation resistance test strongly
men. Tear strength and tensile strength are generally the depend on the specific test conditions and particularly on
same in elastomers, if the measurement is performed at the shape of the sample, it is crucial that the test meth-
room temperature or above od and the sample shape are always indicated when the
3. The elongation at break is the ratio of the length change results are stated.
achieved at the moment of rupture to the initial length
4. The stress value is defined as the quotient of the tensile
force existing when a certain elongation is achieved and
the initial cross-section
The three characteristics tear strength, 100% stress value

and elongation at break are indicated on the material data
sheets of the Freudenberg elastomers. They describe the
behavior of the respective material to tensile stress.
24
INTRODUCTION
STORAGE CONDITIONS
To meet these requirements, all container, cover and pack-
aging materials must be free of substances that have a
degradation effect on elastomers. Therefore, primarily
PE-coated kraft paper, aluminum foil or opaque polyethyl-
ene film (minimum thickness 0.075 mm) are used.
STORAGE EXTENSION
GROUP MATERIALS PERIOD IN PERIOD IN
YEARS YEARS
1 NR, AU, EU, SBR 5 2
NBR, HNBR, XNBR, ACM,
2 7 3
AEM, ECO, CIIR, CR, IIR
FKM, FFKM, VMQ,
3 PVMQ, FVMQ, EPDM, 10 5
Fluoroprene® XP, CSM
The storage and the recording of the time in storage of vul-

canized rubber products are described in ISO 2230. In this
Articles made of rubber are subject to aging. Modern elas- standard, the elastomer products are divided into three
tomer materials are more stable and have longer service groups to which different storage times are assigned.

lives than their predecessors from earlier generations, both
regarding the base rubber and also as a result of suitable
mixing additives.
The aging process depends largely on the following factors:
• Temperature
• Thermal radiation
• Solar radiation
• Humidity
• Relative air humidity
• Ozone and ionizing radiation
• Stress condition of the component
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Rules for the storage of elastomer products can be derived

from this:
1. The storage temperature must be below +25 °C (+77 °F)

2. There must be no direct heat sources in the storage area
3. The seals must not be exposed to direct sunlight
4. Exposure to ozone and ionizing radiation must strictly be
excluded
5. The seals must be stored without stress, as far as possible
6. The relative air humidity has to prevent condensation in case
of temperature changes in the store room
APPENDIX
25
APPROVALS, EXAMINATIONS, COMPLIANCES

APPROVALS/CONFORMITIES ORGANIZATION LEGAL BASIS
DVGW – Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches
W 270 Recommendation
(German Association of Gas and Water)
BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung German Food and Feed Code

KTW – materials in drinking water
(Institute for Risk Assessment) LFGB (§ 2 para. 6 sentence 1 no. 1)
ACS – Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire AFNOR XO P41-250 part 1 – 3

ACS
(French association for sanitary affairs) (Association française de normalisation)
WRAS WRAS – Water Regulations Advisory Scheme BSI 6920 and BS 2494
DRINKING WATER INDUSTRY
ÖVGW – Österreichische Vereinigung für das Gas- und

ÖNORM ÖNORM B5014/part 1
Wasserfach (Austrian Association of Gas and Water)
Ministerial Expert Committee + Toxicity

KIWA Direktive Doc. 94-01
Subcommittee
ETA-DK (Danish Board of

DEPA and DTC NKB rules + DS/EN standards
European Technical Approvals)
NSF 61 National Sanitation Foundation NSF Standard 61
AS/NZS 4020:2005 AWQC – Australian Water Quality Centre AS/NZS 4020:2005
EU (VO) 1935/2004 European Parliament EU Reg. 1935/2004
EU (VO) 10/2011 European Parliament EU Reg. 10/2011

FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
BfR 21. recommendation for BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung

LFGB (German Food and Feed Code)
rubbers (Institute for Risk Assessment)
BfR 15. recommendation for BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung

LFGB (German Food and Feed Code)
silicone materials (Institute for Risk Assessment)
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 (Elastomers & Perfluoroelastomers)

FDA Food and Drug Administration
• FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 (Plastics)
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 (Elastomers & Perfluoroelastomers)
NSF 51 National Sanitation Foundation
• FDA 21 CFR 177.1500 (Plastics)
3-A® Sanitary Standards 3-A® FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
ADI free EMEA/410/01 rev2

INDUSTRY
PHARMA-
CEUTICAL
USP Chapter 87 United States Pharmacopeia USP 29
USP Chapter 88 –
United States Pharmacopeia USP 29
USP Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
26
INTRODUCTION
AREA OF APPLICATION TESTING INSTITUTE TESTING ON VALIDITY PERIOD TESTING CRITERIA
Germany DVGW-certified laboratories Material 5 years Microbiological examination
• BfR positive list
Material and • Chlorine loss
Germany DVGW-certified laboratories 5 years
product • TOC (total organic carbon) level
• Migration tests
• Positive list
CRECEP – Paris
Material and • Material composition
France LHRSP – Nancy 5 years
product • Cytotoxicity
IP – Lille
• TOC level
• Material composition
Material and • Manufacture
Great Britain WRAS-certified laboratories 5 years
product • Cytotoxicity
• Migration tests
• Positive list
Austria • Material composition
Material and
(also accepts ÖVGW-certified laboratories 5 years • Chlorine loss
product
the KTW test) • TOC level
• Migration tests
• Manufacture
Material and
Netherlands KIWA 5 years • Toxicity tests
product
• Migration tests
• Microbiological examination
• Positive list
Denmark • Material composition
Material and
(also accepts Certified laboratories 5 years • Manufacture
product
the KTW test) • TOC level
• Migration tests
Material and 5 years • Examination of the components
USA NSF-certified laboratories
product with annual audit • Toxicity tests
• Microbiological examination
Material and • Manufacture
Australia AWQC-certified laboratories 5 years
product • Toxicity tests
• Migration tests
• BfR 21. recommendation cat. 4

Europe Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited
• ADI free

• Determination of OML and SML values
Europe Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited
in different media and temperatures
Germany Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited • Migration tests (subdivided into cate-
gories, depending on the contact time)
Germany Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited • Migration tests (subdivided into cate-
gories, depending on the contact time)
USA (also accepted • FDA positive list
Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited
in Europe) • Migration tests
Material and/or 5 years • FDA positive list
USA NSF-certified laboratories
product with annual audit • Migration tests
• FDA positive list
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
USA (also accepted • Resistance tests in defined media and

Every accredited testing laboratory Material unlimited
in Europe) classification according to specified
limits
Testing of the formulation for animal-
Worldwide Each individual material supplier Material unlimited
derived ingredients
USA (also accepted Testing of the compatibility on living

Licensed laboratories Material unlimited
in Europe) organisms (in vitro)
USA (also accepted Testing of the compatibility on living

Licensed laboratories Material unlimited
in Europe) organisms (in vivo)
APPENDIX
27
HYGIENIC DESIGN
The selection of materials according to the operating Attention must also be paid to the absence of any dead
conditions, taking into account the required purity with space in the event of dynamic seals, such as rotary shaft
the corresponding conformities, is only the first step seals. While rotary shaft seals are very difficult to clean, the
towards fulfilling the hygiene requirements. HTS II 9539 with no dead space and with its protruding lip
seal made of PTFE is barely subject to contamination and
The most important duty of every plant operator is to very easy to clean.
know and to obey all legal requirements and procedures
to ensure a proper product quality. Every food, pharmaceu- STANDARDIZED CONNECTIONS
tical and cosmetic product must be clean and not endanger
the health of the consumer in any way.
A plant constructed according to hygienic design is charac-

terized by good cleanability so that contamination by mi-
croorganisms cannot occur. The more the use of the auto-
mated CIP and SIP (Cleaning In Place/Sterilization In Place)
processes spreads, the less equipment needs to be disas-
HTS II 9539 VL DIN 11864
sembled. This eliminates the possibility of visual control.
Version with no dead space Aseptic O-ring screw
It must therefore be possible to trust automated cleaning and protruding sealing lip connection
to achieve a good result and it must be certain that there for applications according to • Metallic stop
are no dead spaces in which product residues can collect hygienic design • Leak-free
initially and microorganisms can settle later. This means • Aseptic and hygienic
connections
that rectangular grooves with a degree of filling of about
80% are not permitted. Hygienically designed grooves are
narrower and the evasion spaces for sealing materials are European Hygienic Engineering and Design Group
correspondingly limited. The EHEDG is an interest group for operators and suppliers
of equipment for the production of food, pharmaceuticals
Elastomers and steel behave differently with respect to and cosmetics as well as for test institutes and mainte-
production and temperature. Elastomers have significant- nance companies. Freudenberg is a member of the EHEDG
ly greater manufacturing tolerances so that in the event and is very involved in advancing the interests of hygienic
of an incorrect design an overfilling of the groove may in design, including through active participation in the devel-
extreme cases already exist during installation. Elastomers opment of recommended practice.
are incompressible and need an allowance for expansion.
The thermal expansion of elastomers exceeds that of steel Heat exposure of O-rings
by a factor of 15 and must be taken into account. As a re-
sult of overly narrow gaps, extreme stresses can arise dur-
ing cooling, resulting in shearing of the material.
20 °C (68 °F) >100 °C (212 °F) 20 °C (68 °F)
28
INTRODUCTION
FRICTION OPTIMIZATION
Reasons for a necessary friction reduction in elastomer
products:
• Reduction of the adhesion of seals to each other or to
the container walls. This is particularly necessary in case
of automatic assembly. O-rings, for example, should not
“stick” to each other, but glide easily
• Reduction of friction during installation of seals. For ex-
ample, if O-rings must be pushed over shafts or shoul-
ders, they can easily become twisted in case of excessive
friction and therefore also lie twisted in the groove. This
increases the risk of leakage
• Reduction of friction in dynamic applications with the
aim to increase the service life of the seal
Dusting with talc (magnesium silicate hydrate)

Treatment with talc prevents the seals sticking to each other
and to container walls. It simplifies installation, but is not suit-
able as a durable friction reduction for dynamic applications.
Automatic assembly equipment can be contaminated by talc.
The friction of elastic materials on hard surfaces differs
significantly from friction processes between two metals. Immersion in emulsions

The same effect as in talc coating occurs by wetting the sur-
The known states describe the conditions during the fric- face with emulsions. The coat application here does not rest
tion of sealing materials only insufficiently: loosely and in powder form (and thus dusty) on the surface,
but is liquid and adheres to the surface. Therefore, the con-
• Fluid friction (the two gliding partners are completely tamination tendency is lower than for talc dusting.
separated from each other by a lubricant film)
• Mixed friction (the gliding partners touch each other
only on the roughness peaks)
• Dry friction (no lubricant available)
Due to the elasticity of the sealing material, the elastomer

adapts to the roughness of the mating surface, which in-
creases the friction force significantly. The softer the elas-
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
tomer and the higher the force with which it is pressed

against the mating surface, the more this effect is evident.
The conditions are therefore significantly different from
those of classical friction between two solid bodies.
APPENDIX
29
Lubrication with grease or oil Coating with PTFE varnishes

If requested, seals can be delivered lightly greased or oiled. PTFE coatings adhering firmly to the surface of elastomers
It is important to note that the assembly equipment may provide a high degree of friction reduction. However, the
be soiled by the greases or oils. In addition, the compatibil- relatively soft PTFE layer is lightly abraded in dynamic con-
ity of the greases and oils must be matched with the seal- tinuous operation. Despite abrasion of the coating, a cer-
ing materials. In a dynamic application, the seals should be tain amount of friction reduction is maintained since the
lubricated only shortly before assembly, because this will PTFE burrows into the valleys of the roughness profile of
achieve good long-term lubrication. the mating surface and fills them. The slide-active PTFE lay-
er is not as elastic as the base material, however. Thus, the
RFN treatment (Reduced Friction by Nanotechnology) PTFE layer forms cracks in the event of greater elongation
In this procedure developed by Freudenberg New Tech- which may lead to leaks or cause the layer to flake off.
nologies, the surface properties can be set in such a way
that the adhesion and thus the jamming of the components Halogenation
is significantly and permanently reduced. Furthermore, the In this method, the surface is hardened in the micro range
surface can be designed extremely hard and thus with and thus does not get pressed as strongly into the rough-
low-wear and low-friction properties so that RFN-treated ness profile of the mating surface. The result is a better
products are predestined for dynamic applications. Due to gliding property. However, the layer is abraded in the event
the special process, the materials retain their elastic behav- of high dynamic stress, so that the seals lose their gliding
ior and dimensional stability. RFN treatment has approval property. The method is very well-suited for the automat-
for drinking water applications and is resistant to common ed assembly of O-rings since the rings are dry and pow-
CIP/SIP cleaning agents. der-free. The devices remain clean and free of abrasion over
a very long period of time.
1,2
1,0 Untreated
0,8
0,6
µ
0,4 RFN-treated
0,2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Glide path (m)
30
31
APPENDIX PRODUCT PORTFOLIO MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY ENGINEERING PLASTICS ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTALS INTRODUCTION
Elastomeric materials
OVERVIEW OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS

MATERIAL
NAME COLOR CROSSLINKING HARDNESS SHORE A TEMPERATURE RANGE IN AIR
TYPE
60 EPDM 290 black peroxidic 65 ± 5 –40 to +150 °C (–40 to +302 °F)

EPDM
70 EPDM 253815 white peroxidic 70 ± 5 –40 to +150 °C (–40 to +302 °F)
78 VMQ 166898 grey peroxidic 78 ± 5 –40 to +200 °C (–40 to +392°F)
76 VMQ 176643 red peroxidic 76 ± 5 –40 to +200 °C (–40 to +392°F)

VMQ
70 VMQ 117055 transparent peroxidic 70 ± 5 –50 to +200 °C (–58 to 392 °F)
70 NBR 150 black peroxidic 70 ± 5 –20 to +100 °C (–4 to +212 °F)

NBR
88 NBR 156 black peroxidic 88 ± 5 –25 to +100 °C (–13 to +212 °F)

70 HNBR 254067 green peroxidic 70 ± 5 –30 to +140 °C (–22 to +284 °F)
HNBR
75 HNBR 231142 black peroxidic 78 ± 5 –35 to +140 °C (–31 to +284 °F)

85 HNBR 216553 green peroxidic 85 ± 5 –25 to +140 °C (–13 to +284 °F)
75 Fluoroprene® XP 40 blue peroxidic 75 ± 5 –15 to +200 °C (+5 to +392 °F)

FLUOROPRENE® XP
75 FKM 180497 black bisphenolic 75 ± 5 –25 to +200 °C (–13 to +392 °F)

FKM
70 FKM 37508 red-brown bisphenolic 75 ± 5 –15 to +200 °C (+5 to +392 °F)
75 FKM 38269 black peroxidic 75 ± 5 –25 to +200 °C (–13 to +392 °F)
70 Simriz® 491 black peroxidic 70 ± 5 –20 to +230 °C (–4 to +446 °F)
75 Simriz® 494 black peroxidic 75 ± 5 –15 to +230 °C (+5 to +446 °F)

SIMRIZ®
75 Simriz 495
®
black peroxidic 75 ± 5 –15 to +250 °C (+5 to +482 °F)
75 Simriz® 506 white peroxidic 72 ± 5 –15 to +230 °C (+5 to +446 °F)
80 Simriz 492
®
black peroxidic 80 ± 5 –10 to +230 °C (+14 to +446 °F)
32
INTRODUCTION
PRODUCTS FOOD/PHARMACEUTICAL DRINKING WATER OTHERS
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600

• Diaphragms • W 270 • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • NSF 61 • KIWA
• Clamp seals • Molded parts • 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class II • KTW • ÖNORM B
• Diaphragms • O-rings • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • W 270 5014-1 • ADI free
• Hygienic Usit® • CNC machined • USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F) • ACS
• NSF 51
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Profiles
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • ADI free
• Cords
• USP Ch. 87
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • NSF 61
• Molded parts
• 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class II • KTW
• O-rings • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • W 270
• CNC machined
• USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F) • WRAS
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • ADI free
• USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• Molded parts • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• ADI free
• CNC machined • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Clamp seals • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts • 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class II
• ADI free
• O-rings • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Hygienic Usit® • USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Clamp seals • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts • 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I
• ADI free
• Diaphragms • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• O-rings • USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• Clamp seals • CNC machined
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • NSF 61
• Molded parts • O-rings • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • ACS
• Diaphragms
• Molded parts • CNC machined • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• ADI free
• O-rings • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Molded parts • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • ADI free
• O-rings • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • ADI free
• Molded parts • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 • ADI free
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• USP Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• Clamp seals • O-rings • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600

• Molded parts • Diaphragms • 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I
• CNC machined • Profiles • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006 • ADI free
• Hygienic Usit® • USP Ch. 87 and Ch. 88 – Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• NSF 51
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Diaphragms • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Molded parts • FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Diaphragms • 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I • ADI free
• O-rings • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts
• Diaphragms • ADI free
• EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• O-rings
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• O-rings • EU Reg. 1935/2004 and 2023/2006
• Molded parts
• ADI free
• Diaphragms
• Low temperature
• O-rings
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Diaphragms on request
• O-rings
• Molded parts
• High temperature
• O-rings
• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600
• Molded parts
• O-rings
• Molded parts • Chemical application
APPENDIX
• O-rings • Chemical application
33
EPDM
The excellent resistance to water and aqueous systems 70 EPDM 70 EPDM

makes EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene rubber) the most RULES AND STANDARDS
291 253815
widely used material in food production and processing,
with a share of about 70%. FDA-compliant (CFR 21 Part 177.2600) + +
EU Reg. 1935/2004
General properties + +
EU Reg. 2023/2006
• Very good resistance to aging, ozone and light
• High heat and cold resistance, approx. –50 °C to +150 °C 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class II* + +
(–58 °F to +302 °F)
• Good tensile elongation and strength USP Ch. 87 (in vitro)
+ +
• Very high abrasion resistance USP Ch. 88 (in vivo), Class VI – 121 °C
+ +
• Very good resistance to water and to polar and oxidative (250 °F)
media Drinking water: DVGW (W 270 and 534),
+
• Excellent elastic behavior KTW, WRc-NSF, NSF 61, ÖVGW, ACS, WQC
NSF 51 +
70 EPDM 291 (black) and 70 EPDM 253815 (white)

* Note:
• Class II because of the bad resistance against fat and oil (max.
Application profile 8 % butterfat at +70 °C (+158 °F))
EPDM seals exhibit good chemical resistance in hot wa- • Class I in aqueous CIP/SIP media at +82 °C (+180 °F)
ter, steam, acids and alkaline solutions. They are very well • Class I in sterilization at +149 °C (+300 °F)
suited for use in all polar media and therefore also in CIP/
SIP media. CIP media are diluted acids or alkaline solu-
tions with cleaning additives. In SIP media, disinfectants, Suitable areas of application
steam or oxidizing media (e.g. peracetic acid) or polar or- • Hot water and steam (on a sustained basis up to +180 °C
ganic solvents (e.g. acetic acid) are used. EPDM is of lim- (+356 °F), briefly up to +210 °C (+410 °F))
ited use in products containing fats or oils. While it can • Acids (hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid)
be used well at low temperatures in dairy products with • Alkaline solutions (sodium hydroxide solution, potassium
a fat content of up to 70%, it cannot be used in pure fats, hydroxide solution)
oils or non-polar solvents. • Polar organic solvents
• CIP/SIP media for continuous operation plants in the food,
EPDM contains no plasticizers and other potential beverage and pharmaceutical industries
extractable ingredients and therefore displays negligible
amounts of extract in the extractables study (see page EPDM in the dairy industry
61 f.). Thus, the materials EPDM 291 and EPDM 253815 EPDM cannot be used in every product containing fat,
can be recommended for use in the manufacture of which limits but does not completely rule out its use in the
medical products. dairy industry. According to DIN 11483, dealing with dairy
plants, the use of EPDM is only recommended for products
with a fat content of up to 15%. This is no longer true today
as such. The chart gives a rough indication of the usability
of EPDM in the interaction between fat content and tem-
perature of the medium. If the process parameters are be-
low the curve, EPDM can and should be used. Only in appli-
cations with parameters above the curve should a different
elastomer be selected. EPDM is also of only limited use
34
INTRODUCTION
according to the 3-A® Sanitary Standards, which have clas- EPDM in the pharmaceutical industry
sified EPDM as a Class II material. Nevertheless, EPDM is cer- In addition to the cleaning media, EPDM materials are also
tainly suitable for contact with perishable foods at low suitable for aqueous pharmaceutical products. Thus, for ex-
temperatures and less fatty media. In particular, its example, EPDM materials are preferably used in the steriliza-
cellent cleaning and sterilization properties, which no other ble biochemical reactor for the fermentation. Furthermore,
elastomer in this price range offers, speak for EPDM. EPDM is also used in autoclaves for steam pressure steriliza-
tion of culture media for biotechnological production meth-
100 ods. For the synthesis of many active ingredients, polar sol-
vents such as ethanol or isopropanol are used. EPDM is the
90 most suitable material for this. The exceptions are non-polar
solvents and aliphatic products, such as water-in-oil emul-
80 sions (W/O emulsions). In this case, a fluorinated elastomer
should be used.
70
Fluoroprene® XP EPDM in the chemical industry
60 In the chemical industry, EPDM is recommended where
Fat in %
polar solvents, aqueous salt solutions, diluted acids and

50 alkaline solutions are used.
40
Products and materials
• O-rings made of 70 EPDM 291, 85 EPDM 292 and 70
30
EPDM 253815
EPDM

• Molded parts made of 70 EPDM 291, 85 EPDM 292, 70
20
EPDM 253815 and 85 EPDM 302
• Butterfly valve seals made of 75 EPDM 253356 and 70
10
EPDM 253815
0
• Clamp seals made of 70 EPDM 291 and 70 EPDM 253815
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 • Diaphragms made of 70 EPDM 291 and 60 EPDM 290
Temperature in °C • Elastomer bead of the Hygienic Usit® made of 70 EPDM
291, 70 EPDM 217676 and 70 EPDM 253815
• Profiles and cords made of 70 EPDM 391
EPDM in the beverage industry

EPDM is recommended for applications in the beverage in-
dustry, since it shows very good performance in the aque- Download
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
ous media of breweries, mineral water and soft drinks man- Data sheet 70 EPDM 291
ufacturers. Whether beer, mineral water or flavored drinks
– butterfly valve seals made of EPDM, for example, are best
suited for the application. There are limitations in the con-
tact with citrus juices and drinks with orange flavors. Be- Download
cause of the same chemical nature of EPDM and limes, a ter- Data sheet 70 EPDM 253815
pene (the lead compound in orange flavor), it quickly leads
to swelling of the material in continuous use. Another lim-
itation is the flavor transfer between the produced drinks
batches. This occurs especially in highly aggressive and
complex assembled aromatic blends, like in energy drinks.
APPENDIX
35
VMQ
VMQ silicone rubbers are highly polymeric vinyl-methyl- Products and materials
polysiloxanes. Silicone is quite widespread as a material in • O-rings made of 70 VMQ 117055 and 78 VMQ 166898
butterfly valve seals. Due to its low volumetric expansion • Molded parts made of 70 VMQ 117055 and 76 VMQ
under the influence of media and its high elasticity, the 176643
butterfly valve switches reliably until the end of its service • Diaphragms made of 70 VMQ 117055
life. • Clamp seals made of 70 VMQ 117055
Another argument for VMQ in contact with food and phar-

maceuticals is its purity, clearly visible in the transparency 70 VMQ 76 VMQ 78 VMQ
RULES AND STANDARDS
of the material, even if the mechanical strength and chem- 117055 176643 166898
ical resistance are not optimal, especially during intense FDA-compliant
cleaning operations. + + +
(CFR 21 Part 177.2600)
General properties EU Reg. 1935/2004

+ + +
EU Reg. 2023/2006
• Excellent thermal and heat resistance
• Best low-temperature flexibility 3-A® Sanitary Standards
+
• Little temperature dependency of the technological Class I
properties USP Ch. 87 (in vitro) +
• Excellent weathering, aging and ozone resistance USP Ch. 88 (in vivo), +
• High gas permeability Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F)
• Very good physiological properties
• Very good dielectric properties
• Good resistance to synthetic, animal and vegetable oils,
glycols, fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and various solvents
• Not resistant in low-molecular esters and ethers, aliphatic Download
and aromatic hydrocarbons Data sheet 70 VMQ 117055
• Temperature-resistant from –60 °C to +200 °C (–76 °F to
+392 °F)
Download
70 VMQ 117055, 76 VMQ 176643 and 78 VMQ 166898 Data sheet 76 VMQ 176643
Application profile
VMQ as a silicone rubber has very good applicability in an-
imal and vegetable fats, oils and waxes and essential oils. Download
Moreover, the material also allows application in high tem- Data sheet 78 VMQ 166898
perature ranges. VMQ also has good properties in the ap-
plication of CIP/SIP media for continuous operation plants
in the food and pharmaceutical industries, with the excep-
tion of steam sterilization. VMQ should not be used in con-
centrated acids (e.g. nitric acid, formic acid), concentrated
oxidizing media (e.g. peracetic acid) or in water and steam
above +100 °C (+212 °F), esters and ethers and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Furthermore, it should be noted that VMQ
does not swell, but loses hardness and tensile strength un-
der the influence of the wrong media.
36
INTRODUCTION
NBR
NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene-rubber) is a polymer of buta- Application profile
diene and acrylonitrile (ACN). The proportion of acryloni- NBR has very good properties in applications with mechan-
trile can be between 18% and 50% and significantly af- ical stress and in oils, fats and waxes. Its temperature re-
fects the properties of the polymer. Thus, an NBR with a sistance in hot water is up to +100 °C (+212 °F). NBR cannot
low acrylonitrile content is characterized by a very good be used in concentrated acids (e.g. nitric acid, formic acid),
low-temperature flexibility and good elastic properties. concentrated oxidizing media (e.g. peracetic acid), and in
The higher the ACN content, the better the resistance aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
against polar media.
The gas permeability and flexibility at low temperature de- • O-rings made of 70 NBR 150 and 88 NBR 156
crease in this context. NBR is only used sporadically in the • Molded parts made of 70 NBR 150 and 88 NBR 156
food industry. The remaining applications are usually charac- • Diaphragms made of 62 NBR 152, 52 NBR 153 and
terized by high mechanical forces, where a large energy input 70 NBR 150
into the seal takes place. NBR resists this quite well, if no high • Clamp seals made of 70 NBR 150
demands in terms of temperature are placed on it and if a
particularly cost-effective solution is sought.
RULES AND STANDARDS 70 NBR 150 88 NBR 156
General properties
FDA-compliant
• Very good abrasion resistance + +
(CFR 21 Part 177.2600)
• The acrylonitrile content must be selected for each
application in such a way that the material shows EU Reg. 1935/2004
+ +
EU Reg. 2023/2006
the optimal combination of chemical resistance and

low-temperature flexibility NSF 61 +
• Good mineral oil and fuel resistance and outstanding re-
sistance to vegetable and animal oils, silicones, as well as
to diluted acids and alkaline solutions at room tempera-
ture
• NBR tends to swell in aromatic and chlorinated hydrocar- Download
bons, as well as in polar solvents Data sheet 70 NBR 150
• Temperature-resistant from –30 °C to +100 °C (–22 °F to
+212 °F), special blends remain flexible at low tempera-
tures down to –55 °C (–67 °F)
Download
Data sheet 88 NBR 156
70 NBR 150 and 88 NBR 156
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
As a standard solution, Freudenberg offers within its NBR

family the material 70 NBR 150. In addition, the compound
88 NBR 156 is also available as a harder version for special
applications.
APPENDIX
37
HNBR
HNBR (hydrogenated-acrylonitrile-butadiene-rubber) is a HNBR cannot be used in concentrated acids (e.g. nitric acid,
material that is generated by full or partial hydrogenation formic acid) and concentrated oxidizing media (e.g. per-
of the double bond-containing butadiene portions of nor- acetic acid).
mal NBR polymers. Thus, HNBR offers a similar chemical
resistance to NBR, but has better heat and oxidation sta- HNBR in the beverage industry
bility. Furthermore, the material is characterized by high Since HNBR has good fat and oil resistance, it is always an
mechanical strength and improved abrasion resistance. interesting alternative material for the beverage industry.
The use of essential oils in particular, such as those con-
HNBR is often used in dairies, cheese-making facilities and tained in hops, can be reliably ensured here by HNBR.
other milk-processing plants, where the fat content of the
product to be processed is so high that EPDM is no longer Products and materials
deployable. • O-rings made of 75 HNBR 231142
• Molded parts made of 70 HNBR 254067 and 85 HNBR
General properties 216553
• Partly higher chemical resistance than NBR • Butterfly valve seals made of 70 HNBR 254067
• Better heat and oxidation stability than NBR • Diaphragms made of 75 HNBR 181070 and 85 HNBR
• High mechanical strength 181071
• Improved abrasion resistance
• Can be used well in water, steam and ultrapure water
• Temperature-resistant from –30 °C to +150 °C (–22 °F to RULES AND 75 HNBR 70 HNBR 85 HNBR
+302 °F) STANDARDS 231142 254067 216553
FDA-compliant
+ + +
(CFR 21 Part 177.2600)
75 HNBR 231142, 70 HNBR 254067 and 85 HNBR 216553
Application profile
HNBR is very well suited for use under mechanical stress, as
well as in oils and waxes, animal and vegetable fats. More-
over, the material is suitable for use in CIP/SIP media with
continuously operating plants in the food and pharmaceu-
tical industries. In these processes, diluted acids and alka-
line solutions with cleaning additives, as well as disinfect-
ants, steam or slightly oxidizing media or polar and organic
solvents, such as acetic acid, are used.
38
INTRODUCTION
IMMERSION RESULTS OF HNBR IN DIFFERENT CIP/SIP CLEANING MEDIA
SIP, 0.5% HYDROGEN SIP, 2% PERACETIC ACID CIP, 4% PHOSPHORIC ACID CIP, 2% NITRIC ACID CIP, 5% SODIUM HYDRO-
PEROXIDE CLEANER AT CLEANER AT CLEANER AT CLEANER AT XIDE CLEANER AT
+80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H +60 °C (+140 °F)/168 H +70 °C (+158 °F)/168 H +80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H +80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H
50
40
30
Change in %
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40

–50
volume in % elongation at break in % tensile strength in %
Download
Data sheet 75 HNBR 231142
Download
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Download
APPENDIX
39
FKM
FKM (fluororubber) is a high-quality material which can oils and waxes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, essen-
be adapted to different applications thanks to its variable tial oils, and at high temperatures. The material also has good
composition. properties in CIP/SIP media for continuous operation plants
in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In cleaning pro-
By polymerization of vinylidene-fluoride (VF) and optional cesses, it must be taken into account that the use of alkaline
use of variable proportions of hexafluoropropylene (HFP), solutions, acids and oxidizing media such as peracetic acid is
tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 1-hydropentafluoropropylene (HFPE) restricted. FKM reacts very sensitively when used with highly
and perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE), it is possible to pro- oxidizing cleaning agents and disinfectants containing ni-
duce co-, ter- and tetrapolymers with different composition tric acid, formic acid or peracetic acid. In any prolonged use
and fluorine contents between 65% and 71%. Thus, the in alkaline solutions, FKM also loses its stability. However,
material can be designed for different requirements in terms for short cleaning cycles, this material is still suitable. In the
of chemical resistance and low-temperature flexibility. In the event of doubt, our materials advisory service can assist in
food industry, FKM is used in applications where tempera- finding an optimal materials solution for the individual re-
tures above +140 °C (+284 °F) prevail in the process or where quirements.
media are used which attack other elastomers such as EPDM
or HNBR. FKM in the beverage and dairy industry
FKM is recommended for both the processing and handling
General properties of pure citrus juices and for applications with concentrated
• Excellent temperature resistance essential oils and dairy products. However, a blanket recom-
• High chemical stability mendation for use in all flavors and their mixtures cannot
• Very good resistance to ozone, weathering, aging and ox- be made, because this is an extraordinarily diverse and com-
ygen plex media group. But it is worthwhile to discuss the indi-
• Excellent resistance to mineral oils and fats vidual applications with Freudenberg’s materials technolo-
• Low gas permeability gy experts since FKM is in many cases the more economical
• Shows a very good resistance in non-polar media alternative to other material solutions.
• Tends toward increased swelling in polar solvents, ke-
tones and amines FKM in the pharmaceutical industry
• Temperature stability from –25 °C to +200 °C (–13 °F to In the pharmaceutical industry, FKM is employed when
+392 °F) non-polar solvents, aliphatic compounds, fats and oils are
used. Amines and ketones, however, preclude the choice of
FKM materials.
70 FKM 37508, 75 FKM 38269 and 75 FKM 180497
Application profile
Fluororubbers with a special composition of the mixture pro-
vide excellent resistance in hot water, steam, and alcohols.
FKM is very well suited for use in animal and vegetable fats,
RULES AND STANDARDS 70 FKM 37508 75 FKM 38269 75 FKM 180497

FDA-compliant (CFR 21 Part 177.2600) + + +
EU Reg. 1935/2004 + + +
EU Reg. 2023/2006 + + +
3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I + + +
USP Ch. 87 (in vitro) +
USP Ch. 88 (in vivo) Class VI – 121 °C (250 °F) +
40
INTRODUCTION
FKM in the chemical industry
FKM is in many cases sufficiently resistant to common or-
ganic solvents. Especially in contact with alkaline solutions, Download
the material is sensitive; for this reason, alkaline cleaning Data sheet 70 FKM 37508
process should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Due to the variety of possible applications and application

parameters, comprehensive technical clarification by our Download
application advisory service is recommended. Data sheet 75 FKM 180497

• O-rings made of 70 FKM 37508, 75 FKM 38269 and
75 FKM 180497 Download
• Molded parts made of 75 FKM 37508 and 75 FKM 180497 Data sheet 75 FKM 38269
• Diaphragms made of 75 FKM 180497
IMMERSION RESULTS OF FKM IN DIFFERENT CIP/SIP CLEANING MEDIA

SIP, 0.5% HYDROGEN SIP, 2% PERACETIC CIP, 4% PHOSPHORIC CIP, 2% NITRIC ACID CIP, 10% SODIUM CIP, 5% SODIUM
PEROXIDE CLEANER AT ACID CLEANER AT ACID CLEANER AT CLEANER AT HYPOCHLORITE HYDROXIDE

+80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H +60 °C (+140 °F)/168 H +70 °C (+158 °F)/168 H +80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H CLEANER AT CLEANER AT
+40 °C (+104 °F)/168 H +80 °C (+176 °F)/168 H
60
40
20
Change in %
–20
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
–40
–60
–80
APPENDIX
41
SIMRIZ®
Simriz® perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) are produced using

special perfluorinated, completely hydrogen-free mon- 75 Simriz® 494 (black) and 75 Simriz® 506 (white)
omers, with appropriate compounding and processing
techniques. They represent the high-end solution in ma- Application profile
terials technology. For the prevalent requirements in the food and pharma-
ceutical industries, Simriz® appears at first glance to be
Simriz® is characterized by a broad chemical resistance “over-engineered”. However, its cost effectiveness comes to
similar to that of PTFE, combined with the rubber-elastic the fore in the holistic view of maintenance and downtime
properties of an elastomer. With Simriz®, Freudenberg of- costs which may occur, especially in safety-related appli-
fers a complete range of high-quality FFKM materials. In cations. Here, Simriz® provides reliability which pays off.
addition to the Simriz® compounds for standard and high
temperature applications, there is a FDA- and USP Class Suitable areas of application
VI-compliant variant, which is ideally suited for use in the • Water and water vapor
food and pharmaceutical industries. • Concentrated acids (e.g. nitric acid 60%)
• Amines (e.g. ethylenediamine)
General properties • Organic acids (e.g. acetic acid)
Thanks to FFKM, utmost temperature and media resistance • Ketones (e.g. methyl-ethyl-ketone)
is not reserved only to PTFE materials with a degree of fluor- • Alkaline solutions (e.g. sodium-hydroxide, potassium-
ination of 76%. The operating conditions are limited when hydroxide)
using PTFE due to its tendency to cold flow and lack of elas- • Organic solvents (e.g. methanol)
ticity. At high pressures and many changes in temperature, • Aroma concentrates
pure PTFE seals prove to be unsuitable. Simriz®, on the other
hand, combines almost the identical universal resistance of Simriz® replaces elastomers such as EPDM or FKM when
PTFE with the elastic advantages of elastomers. their temperature and media resistance can no longer
cope with the demands of the application area, but rubber-
Therefore, with Simriz® many sealing problems can be elastic behavior is imperative. For example, hygienic design
solved better and easier. Simriz® also shows very reliable requirements in terms of absence of dead space and good
properties in static and dynamic applications, as well as cleanability only leave a minimal margin to the sealing
in frequent temperature changes and aggressive media. element. Thermal expansion and media swelling must be
In addition, Simriz® as FFKM offers the highest degree as small as possible here. Under these stricter requirements
of fluorination among elastomers. The high bond ener- with regard to purity and extreme media resistance, even
gy between carbon and fluorine atoms enables excellent in CIP/SIP processes and at temperatures above +150 °C
resistance to a variety of chemicals with different reac- (+302 °F), Simriz® delivers a high performance that is widely
tive functional groups and the use in polar and non-polar acknowledged in the market.
media, even at high concentrations and temperatures. In
addition, the temperature stability with approximately –10 Simriz® in the beverage industry
°C to +325 °C (+14 °F to +617 °F) is extraordinarily compre- Simriz® provides highly-reliable performance, especially for
hensive for an elastomer. aroma-containing media, and thus safeguards the produc-
tion process flawlessly.
Simriz®in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries

Simriz® can be used in almost all chemicals. Exceptions are
the compounds of the alkali metals.
42
INTRODUCTION
• O-rings made of 70 Simriz® 491, 75 Simriz® 494, 495, 497
and 506 and 85 Simriz® 496 Download
• Molded parts made of 70 Simriz® 491, 75 Simriz® 494, Data sheet 75 Simriz® 494
497 and 506 and 80 Simriz® 492
• Diaphragms made of 70 Simriz® 491 and 75 Simriz® 494
(on request)
• Butterfly valve seals made of 75 Simriz® 506 Download
Data sheet 75 Simriz® 506
75 SIMRIZ® 75 SIMRIZ®
RULES AND STANDARDS
494 506
FDA-compliant (CFR 21 Part
+ +
177.2600)
EU Reg. 1935/2004 + +
EU Reg. 2023/2006 + +
USP Ch. 87 (in vitro)
+ +
USP Ch. 88 (in vivo), Class VI – 121 °C
+ +
(250 °F)

IMMERSION RESULTS OF SIMRIZ® IN DIFFERENT CIP/SIP CLEANING MEDIA
METHANOL AT ETHYL ACETATE AT ACETONITRILE AT 20% NITRIC ACID AT 20% SODIUM HYDRO- 20% ACETIC ACID AT
+64 °C (+147 °F)/72 H +70 °C (+158 °F)/72 H +70 °C (+158 °F)/72 H +98 °C (+208 °F)/72 H XIDE SOLUTION AT +98 °C (+208 °F)/72 H
+98 °C (+208 °F)/72 H
SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506 SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506 SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506 SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506 SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506 SIMRIZ® 494 SIMRIZ® 506
20
15
10
Change in %
0
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
–5
–10
–15
–20
–25
–30

APPENDIX
43
FLUOROPRENE® XP
Fluoroprene® XP is a very highly-fluorinated material with Suitable applications for Fluoroprene® XP

a specific monomer composition. As a result of this, the • Animal and vegetable fats, oils and waxes
performance almost achieves the capability of a perfluo- • Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
roelastomer. • Essential oils and flavorings
• High temperature ranges
General properties • CIP/SIP media for continuous operation plants in the food
• Excellent temperature resistance up to +200 °C (+392 °F) and pharmaceutical industries
• Very good resistance to ozone, weathering, aging and • Oxidizing media (e.g. hypochlorite) or polar organic sol-
oxygen vents (e.g. acetic acid)
• Excellent resistance in mineral oils and fats • Concentrated acids (e.g. nitric acid, formic acid)
• Low gas permeability • Concentrated oxidizing media (e.g. peracetic acid)
• Very good resistance in non-polar media such as hexane
• Tends to increased swelling in polar solvents (e.g. ethylene- Fluoroprene® XP in the dairy industry
diamine) and ketones (e.g. methyl-ethyl-ketone) A wide variety of material versions has been used in the
dairy industry until now. The EPDM material widely used
Application profile in the food industry shows indeed the best performance
Seals made of Fluoroprene® XP are characterized by an in CIP processes here, but is not usable in every product
excellent and broad resistance. The blue Fluoroprene® XP containing fat. While FKM and VMQ materials are indeed
material thus allows the replacement of EPDM, VMQ and resistant to fat-containing media, they have only limited
FKM in applications with foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals, resistance in the cleaning media customarily available on
as it combines the excellent properties of EPDM materials the market. Fluoroprene® XP was designed specifically for
in polar media (water, acid, alkaline solution) with the ex- the high demands of the food industry and thus also the
cellent performance characteristics of FKM and VMQ types dairy industry. It is a 3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I mate-
in all non-polar media (fats, oils and hydrocarbons). Its rial and can therefore also be used in pure olive oil and in
outstanding resistance in steam, hot water, alkaline solu- butter with a fat content of 82%. In addition, the material
tions and acids as well as in non-polar solvents makes it the is recommended not only for use in diluted, but also in con-
preferred elastomer for applications with extreme CIP/SIP centrated CIP/SIP media.
cleaning media, high temperatures and fat concentrations.
Thanks to Fluoroprene® XP, the multiplicity of materials can
thus be reduced significantly, which minimizes the com-
plexity and cost of storage and maintenance of plant and
equipment on a lasting basis.
RULES AND STANDARDS 75 FLUOROPRENE® XP 40 75 FLUOROPRENE® XP 41 85 FLUOROPRENE® XP 43 75 FLUOROPRENE® XP 44
FDA-compliant (CFR 21 Part

+ + + +
177.2600)
EU Reg. 1935/2004 + + + +
EU Reg. 2023/2006 + + + +
3-A® Sanitary Standards Class I + + +
USP Ch. 87 (in vitro) + +
USP Ch. 88 (in vivo), Class VI – 121 °C + + +
(250 °F)
NSF 51 +
44
INTRODUCTION
Fluoroprene® XP in the pharmaceutical industry Fluoroprene® XP in the beverage industry
Fluoroprene® XP offers an unbeatable advantage in terms While FKM materials swell significantly even at room tempe-
of its excellent resistance to non-polar and oil-based pro- rature in aroma concentrates such as “Raspberry” and “Fan-
duct media compared to EPDM, both in the dairy indust- tasy Fruit”, Fluoroprene® XP provides a good compatibility
ry and in the pharmaceutical industry. For instance in the here. However, there are flavoring agents such as “Peach”
production and packaging of pharmaceutical products such where even Fluoroprene® XP reaches its limits, too. Only a
as ointments. The special resistance of Fluoroprene® XP to perfluoroelastomer can be used here as a stable solution.
flavors is also sought-after in ointments containing euca- In the application of the material in concentrations that are
lyptus oil. Fluoroprene® XP is the right choice for a wide common for beverages, Fluoroprene® XP offers a significant
variety of oil-containing preparations such as emulsions advantage, given the limited absorption capacity of flavoring
or sprays, e.g. nasal sprays with essential oils. Both in the substances (see page 57 f.).
synthesis of active ingredients and in their packaging, it is
important to keep in mind that the sealing materials relea-
se as few substances as possible from their matrix into the
product. In order to ensure the purity of the product, ana-
lyses of extractables are necessary. Freudenberg examined
the range of materials for the pharmaceutical industry in an
extractables study. In addition to the EPDM materials, Fluo-
roprene® XP compounds were also analyzed (see page 61 f.).

VOLUME CHANGE IN FLAVOR CONCENTRATES
100% FANTASY FRUIT FLAVOR 100% RASPBERRY FLAVOR 100% PEACH FLAVOR
96 H 96 H 96 H
180
160
140
Volume swelling in %
120
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
100
80
60
40
20
0
FKM Fluoroprene® XP
APPENDIX
45
Fluoroprene® XP in the chemical industry

If the resistance of FKM is insufficient and the use of
perfluoroelastomers is assessed as not economical, then Download
the material Fluoroprene® XP can be an interesting alter- Data sheet 75 Fluoroprene® XP 40
native, provided that the process media used are not too
aggressive. Due to the variety of possible applications and
parameters, a comprehensive technical clarification is sug-
gested. We recommend that you consult our application Download
advisory service. Data sheet 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41

• O-rings made of 75 Fluoroprene® XP 40 and 75 Fluoro-
prene® XP 41 Download
• Molded parts made of 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41 and 85 Data sheet 85 Fluoroprene® XP 43
Fluoroprene® XP 43
• Diaphragms made of 75 Fluoroprene® XP 44 and 75
Fluoroprene® XP 41
• Profiles made of 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41 Download
• Clamp seals made of 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41 Data sheet 75 Fluoroprene® XP 44
• Elastomer bead of the Hygienic Usit made of 75 Fluoro-
prene® XP 41 (on request)
IMMERSION RESULTS OF FLUOROPRENE® XP

STEAM ALKALINE CIP (NAOH) ACIDIC CIP (HNO3) CIP/ACTIVE CHLORINE CIP/H2O2
+200 °C (+392 °F)/ 5%, +80 °C (+176 °F)/ 2%, +80 °C (+176 °F)/ 3%, +60 °C (+140 °F)/ 0.5%, +80 °C (+176 °F)/
72 H 168 H 168 H 168 H 168 H
30
20
Change in %
10
–10
–20
volume in % hardness IRHD tensile strength in % modulus in % elongation at break in %
46
PLASTICS
ENGINEERING
47
Engineering plastics
OVERVIEW OF
Engineering plastics have properties that make them ideal Properties of thermoplastics
for a variety of applications in the process industry. The • Low density
combination with other substances, such as reinforcing • Chemical resistance
fibers, lubricants or other polymers, can significantly ex- • High resistance to wear
pand the range of possible applications. • Excellent electrical properties
• High energy input capacity
It should be noted that thermoplastics, depending on their • Very good processing properties
sophistication, have very different performance limits with
respect to temperature, pressure resistance and chemi-
cal resistance, which should be taken into account when it
comes to their application.
260
PE E K
• –100
°C to +2
(–148 °F 60 °C
to +500
• Go o d
chemica °F)
• Highe l resista
st press nc
ure resis e
tance
130
PA/PO
Temperature resistance in °C
M
• – 40
°C t
(– 40 ° o +100 °C
• Lim F to +212 °F
ited )
pressu chemical an
0 re resis d
tance
P TFE
• –25
–130 0 °C
(– 418 to +250
• Hig °F to +48 °C
h 2
• Go est chemi °F)
o d pr c
essur al resista
e resis nc
tance e
–260
Pressure resistance Chemical

resistance
PA/POM PEEK PTFE
48
INTRODUCTION
PTFE
Thanks to its composition, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) General properties
has a number of excellent properties for the food, chemi- • Density: 2.10 to 2.30 g/cm3
cal and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical resistance • Hardness 55 to 60 Shore D
exceeds that of all elastomer materials and thermoplas- • The thermally reliable application range of PTFE is be-
tics. Thus, a broad portfolio of applications in almost all tween –200 °C and +250 °C (–328 °F and +482 °F). At tem-
media is possible. peratures above +400 °C (+752 °F), highly toxic pyrolysis
products such as fluorophosgene (COF2) are released
The extremely large thermal application range of this mate- • Special types of PTFE can be welded
rial allows it to even be used in contact with liquid gases. It • To a certain degree, PTFE has an innate memory-effect,
should be kept in mind that the material is not elastic; as which means that it seeks to go back to its original shape.
such, it cannot simply be used to replace elastomer materials. This is based on the extremely long chains of molecules
that build up PTFE
The excellent chemical resistance of PTFE is based on the
strong bond between the carbon and fluorine atoms, which Products
is due to the strong electronegativity of fluorine. In order to • Rotary shaft seals
break these bonds, the contacting materials need to use a • Bellows
lot of energy which is not possible in most food and phar- • U-packings
maceutical applications. PTFE is extremely resistant to all • Slide bearings
acids, bases, alcohols, ketones, benzines, oil and other sub- • V-Seal set packings
stances. The material is only non-resistant to very strong • O-rings
reducing agents, such as solutions of alkali metals (e.g. so-
dium) in liquid ammonia or very strong oxidizing agents,

such as elemental fluorine at high temperatures.
PTFE has a very low coefficient of friction. This means that

it glides as well over PTFE as wet ice over wet ice. In addi-
tion, the static friction is equal to the dynamic friction, so
that the transition from standstill to movement takes place
without jerking. The “stick-slip” effect is thereby prevented.
There are almost no materials that adhere to PTFE, since its

surface tension is extremely low. The surface may be
prepared for bonding by targeted etching.
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
49
Optimization possibilities of PTFE Processing of PTFE

Unfilled PTFE as a base material has some disadvantageous PTFE cannot be processed by injection molding. For the pro-
properties, such as poor cold flow behavior, relatively low duction of components, different compounds, depending
wear resistance, low resistance to high-energy radiation on the desired properties, can be used to produce semi-
and poor adhesion behavior. All of these can be eliminated finished products (pipes, rods and plates), which are further
by the addition of various additives. processed into finished products in a subsequent process-
ing step.
Reasons for admixing fillers in PTFE:
• The wear resistance is increased many times over

• The resistance to creep or deformation under load is in-
creased to a multiple of the original value
• Depending on the filler, the thermal conductivity can be
increased significantly
• The thermal expansion is reduced
• If necessary, the electrical properties of PTFE can be
changed by appropriate filler selection
• The choice of filler also influences the wear behavior of
the opposing surface
MATERIAL
PTFE PTFE + PTFE + PTFE + PTFE +
TEST MEASURING VIRGIN GLAS FIBER CARBON CARBON FIBER BRONZE
PROPERTIES
STANDARD UNIT
Filler content % of weight 25.0 25.0 10.0 40.0
Density ASTM D792 g/cm 2

2.15 2.22 2.10 2.03 3.0
Ball indentation DIN 2039-1 N/mm 2
27.0 34.0 37.0 35.0 41.0
hardness
Tensile strength DIN 12086-2 MPa PR 29/UR 33 PR 14/UR 17 PR 12/UR 16 PR 18/UR 19 PR 24/UR 25
Elongation at break DIN 12086-2 % PR 354/UR 357 PR 353/UR 356 PR 120/UR 170 PR 307/UR 295 PR 343/UR 293
In -house
Tensile modulus of standard MPa PR 446/UR 383 PR 674/UR 752 PR 925/UR 959 PR 673/UR 670 PR 760/UR 771
elasticity T= +40 °C
(+104 °F)
Deformation under comp. to
load at +23 °C (+73 °F), ASTM D621 % PR 13.8/UR 16.4 PR 11.6/UR 13.9 PR 7.0/UR 6.3 PR 11.9/ UR 13.0 PR 8.4/UR 9.1
24 h, 15 N/mm2
Irreversible comp. to % PR 7.0/UR 8.3 PR 6.2/UR 7.8 PR 3.2/UR 2.8 PR 5.9/UR 6.8 PR 4.1/UR 4.8
deformation ASTM D621
Tensile yield point 1% ASTM D695 MPa PR 11.0 PR 12.5 PR 13.7 PR 11.9 PR 13.1
Tensile yield point 5% ASTM D695 MPa PR 15.7 PR 16.8 PR 19.6 PR 16.8 PR 19.1
Surface resistance ASTM D257 Ω > 1017

> 1015
> 10 2
> 1010
> 1012
Thermal conductivity ASTM 1461 W/m·K 0.24 0.30 0.68 0.37 0.47
Coefficient of linear
expansion at +50 to DIN 53752 105·K4 10.6 9.8 8.2 11.7 8.8
+100 °C (+122 to +212 °F)
PR = Pressing direction, UR = Circumferential direction
50
INTRODUCTION
ePTFE
ePTFE is an expanded PTFE material with improved me- Products
chanical properties as a result of the multi-directional • FG-360 Joint Sealant is a sealant tape with adhesive strips
alignment of the polymer chains. on the back for ease of installation. It is an excellent prod-
uct for heat exchangers, irregular flanges, fuel caps, man-
Freudenberg’s FG-360 has a denser form and therefore of- holes and hand holes
fers better stability and even less creep relaxation and cold • FG-360 Seal Plates are produced in 1.5 mm, 2 mm and 3
flow than existing expanded PTFE products. This eliminates mm plate thickness. The panel size is 1,500 mm x 1,500
the need for a reinforcing effect by means of fillers and mm. Other thicknesses are also available on request
binding agents. FG-360 is thus a 100% pure ePTFE - without • FG-360 Packing Cord is a round cord pack that does not
additives. harden in use. It is suitable for almost all conceivable ap-
plications. The low friction coefficients ensure the valve
Because of its purity, the material can be used in the bio- function even after a long period of inactivity. Packing
technology and pharmaceutical industry without concerns. cords are available as standard sizes with a diameter of 2
Damaged or worn flange surfaces are easily offset by this mm to 25 mm
material. It is a soft, extremely compressible and at the same
time very strong material that has excellent sealing proper-
ties even at low surface pressures and tightening torques. PROPERTIES 1.5 MM THICK 3.0 MM THICK
TF-0-0 TF-0-0
Type
Due to the impermeability effect at low surface pressures, DIN 28091-3 DIN 28091-3
it is ideally suited for plastic and glass-lined flanges. Its low Color white white
friction coefficient of 0.2 (similar to wet ice) allows easy in- • FDA 21 CFR • FDA 21 CFR
stallation and dismantling. ePTFE has an unlimited shelf life 177.1550 177.1550

because it does not embrittle or age. This material is resist- • USP Ch. 88 • USP Ch. 88
Rules and standards (in vivo), Class (in vivo), Class
ant to UV radiation, ozone and almost all chemicals. It is
VI – 121 °C VI – 121 °C
very easy to cut or punch by hand. (250 °F) (250 °F)
• TA Luft • TA Luft
General properties
Density g/cm3 0.85 0.85
• Well-suited for applications in the temperature range
from –200 °C to +300 °C (–328 °F to +572 °F) Tensile strength longitudi-
14 18
nally N/mm2
• Usable in the pressure range from vacuum to 200 bar
• Chemically inert over the pH range from 0 to 14 Compression % 69 66.2
• FDA-compliant Resilience % 7.6 11.6
• USP Ch. 88 Class VI–121°C (250 °F) –268 to +315 °C –268 to +315 °C
Temperature range
(–450 to +599 °F) (–450 to +599 °F)
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
51
POM, PA, PU, PEEK
POM – Polyoxymethylene PA – Polyamide

Polyoxymethylene (POM, also called polyacetal) is a semi- Most commercially important polyamides are partially crys-
crystalline thermoplastic. POM has been on the market talline, thermoplastic polymers. They are characterized by
since 1956 and is used especially for precision parts because high strength, stiffness and toughness, and have good
of its high rigidity, low friction coefficients and excellent di- chemical resistance and workability. The properties of the
mensional stability. POM is characterized by high stability, polyamides are largely dominated by the amide groups,
hardness and rigidity over a wide temperature range. It re- which interact with each other via hydrogen bonds. Polyam-
tains its high strength even at low temperatures down to ides have a high wear resistance and good sliding properties.
–40 °C (–40 °F). Its natural color is opaque white due to high The mechanical properties can be further improved by
crystallinity, but the material can also be dyed in all muted means of fiber composites with glass or carbon fibers so
colors. POM has a density of ρ = 1.41 to 1.42 kg /m3. The that, for example, strength and impact resistance can be ad-
water absorbtion factor is so low that it is of no importance justed to suit the application.
for its use: at standard climatic conditions about 0.2%, and
at full saturation with water at +23 °C (+73 °F) only about Suitable areas of application
0.8%. The physical characteristics of the molded parts thus PA is distinguished by its high strength values as an ideal
vary only slightly. material for use in mechanical elements such as gears, fric-
tion bearings or guide rails. In the sealing area, PA rings are
The good chemical resistance and low water absorption often used as backup rings for a wide variety of sealing ele-
predestine POM for use in contact with food. Many types ments. PA is characterized in particular by:
are FDA-compliant. Due to its high crystallinity, POM is
more rigid and firmer than other thermoplastics, especially • High wear resistance
in the temperature range of +50 °C to +120 °C (+122 °F to • Good damping power
+248 °F). POM has a clearly defined tensile yield point at • Good dry running characteristics
about 8% elongation at room temperature. Below this yield • Low tendency to creep and
point, it demonstrates good resilience even under repeated • Low water absorption PA6: 2.5% – 3.5%
stress and is therefore particularly well-suited for elastic el- • PA12: 0.2% – 0.5%
ements. The high creep rupture strength and low tendency
to creep round off the benefits of POM. Products
• Backup rings
Suitable areas of application • Guide rings
The mechanical properties of POM in conjunction with
good friction and wear performance make this material pre-
destined for a wide range of engineering applications.
Products
• Molded parts
• Backup rings
• Guide rings
52
INTRODUCTION
PU – Polyurethane PEEK – Polyetheretherketone
Polyurethane (PU or PUR) is a plastic that can be processed PEEK (Polyether-ether-ketone) has a similar chemical resis-
with almost all methods of plastics technology. Polyure- tance to PTFE, but with improved mechanical properties.
thanes are linear or cross-linked high polymers that are This material is renowned for its almost universal chemical
formed by the reaction of di- or polyisocyanates and hy- resistance and high temperature resistance (+260 °C/+500
droxyl carriers such as polyols, chain extenders and °F continuous operating temperature) and is therefore
cross-linkers and potentially other components. Common to growing in popularity.
all of them is the urethane bond created by this reaction,
which gives the name to this material group. Thanks to the Suitable areas of application
highly polar urethane group common to all polyurethanes, While only of limited use in seals due to its lack of elastici-
this plastic is characterized particularly by: ty, PEEK is increasingly finding application opportunities as
a backup ring for O-rings under high pressure, or in V-Seal
• High tensile strengths (far in excess of 60 MPa) set packings as backup rings or compression rings. Unfilled
• High elongations at break (in some cases more than PEEK is FDA-compliant, but there are also options here to
1,000%) modify the mechanical properties by means of fillers such
• Elasticity as glass fiber and carbon fiber or PTFE. In contrast to PTFE,
• Abrasion resistance PEEK can also be processed by injection molding.
• Oil resistance
• Ozone resistance Products
• Backup rings for O-rings
Suitable areas of application • Backup rings in V-Seal set packings
Using special raw materials, it is possible to achieve good • Compression rings in V-Seal set packings

hydrolysis, acid and alkali resistances as well. Polyurethanes
cannot be used in contact with amines, glycols and chlorin-
ated solvents. Since the urethane group is non-toxic and bi-
ologically very compatible, polyurethanes are especially
well-suited for drinking water and food applications in com-
pliance with KTW and FDA standards. A high-quality sub-
group of the polyurethanes are the thermoplastic polyure-
thanes. These often expensive granulates can be processed
into extremely high-quality components, e.g. by means of
injection molding or extrusion processes, with reasonable
processing costs.
Products
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
• U-packings
• Wipers
APPENDIX
53
Materials resistance and purity
MATERIALS RESISTANCE
AND PURITY
54
INTRODUCTION
TEMPERATURE AND FAT
RESISTANCE
Seals are used in a broad variety of media, resulting in very Elastomeric materials
specific operational conditions. Depending on the duration
max. 325
and nature of their exposure to these media, aging processes FFKM
in the elastomer trigger changes that could lead to harden-
ing or softening. This is reflected, for example, by swelling, 200
Fluoroprene® XP
FKM
Temperature in °C
cracking and brittleness or discoloration of the material. The EPDM
VMQ
higher the temperature, the faster aging proceeds.
HNBR
During contact with the media, there are always two differ-
ent processes impacting the elastomer material which may 100 NBR
affect physical swelling and chemical reaction. In contrast
to pure swelling, the chemical processes are irreversible. In
general, the chemical principle is “like dissolves like”. This
Polar media Resistance to Non-polar media
means that polar elastomers swell in polar media and
non-polar elastomers are only conditionally stable in
non-polar media. No single elastomer can be used univer-
sally. The requirements with respect to media resistance
and the lower and upper temperature limits must be taken
into account and then be used together with the specific
application to select the most suitable material.

Aging and viscous flow
Diagram 1
Glass state Glass transition

temperature Tg
Elastic modulus
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Elastic behavior Viscous flow
Rubbery-elastic plateau
Temperature
application range threshold range glass condition
APPENDIX
55
Temperature and fat resistance Although fat causes problems for many sealing materials,
The temperature significantly affects the physical proper- it is in the traditional sense not an aggressive medium. In
ties of rubbery-elastic materials. If the modulus of elastici- processing plants for the food industry, about 70% of the
ty (E-modulus/elastic modulus) is considered in relation to seals used are made of EPDM. Only if EPDM cannot be
the temperature, a constant E-modulus at a high level and used, as is the case with products with a high fat content,
at a low temperature is visible, which identifies the glassy must an alternative be found. The use of other materials
state. As the temperature rises, the area of the glass tran- may have disadvantages such as a change of the cleaning
sition is entered where the elastic modulus drops sharply. cycle, higher costs and additional storage overheads. In the
A constant level follows subsequently. The rubbery-elastic past, EPDM was not used at all in the dairy industry. Today’s
plateau, where the material displays elastic behavior, rep- technologically advanced EPDM materials demonstrate a
resents its application range as a sealing material. If the significantly better performance and are quite usable in
temperature rises further, the modulus of elasticity drops, many applications – despite fatty products. If EPDM seals
indicating aging or viscous flow of the material (diagram 1). are to be used, there are different upper temperature limits
The transition from the rubbery-elastic state to the glassy for various kinds of products containing fat:
state is particularly important because in many cases it
represents the lower limit of the possible operating tem- • Milk with 3.5% fat content can be processed up to a tem-
perature. Depending on the stress, the actual operating perature of +80 °C (+176 °F).
limit for the specific application is slightly higher (at the • For cream with 30% fat content, the temperature limit is
beginning of the glass transition range) or slightly lower already reached at +35 °C (+95 °F).
(at the beginning of the glassy state). Simply stated, this • Butter with 82% fat content can only be processed up to
means that in static applications elastomers can be used at a maximum of +8 °C (+46 °F).
lower temperatures than in dynamic applications. Diagram
2 shows an overview of the thermal application ranges of The diagram on page 35 illustrates the use of EPDM as a
various types of elastomers. The grey areas indicate tem- function of fat content and temperature. EPDM is applicable
perature application ranges to which standard types may below the line; above it Fluoroprene® XP should be used if
only be exposed. there are no restrictions regarding the cleaning process.
Diagram 2
FFKM
VMQ
FKM
Rubbers
HNBR
NBR
EPDM
–100 –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
application range threshold range Temperature in °C
56
INTRODUCTION
FLAVORING AGENTS
In addition to the demanding cleaning processes, flavoring alternative but to resort to FDA-compliant per fluoro-
agents in the food industry require an equally careful se- elastomers. Fluoroprene® XP, with its significantly better
lection of the right material. The various flavors affect the chemical resistance compared to an FKM, can be an inter-
material resistance very differently. Especially peach and esting alternative to this solution.
tropical fruit flavors as well as orange oil can result in prob-
lems with regard to material resistance. At any rate, what is important in terms of reliable material
recommendations are well-grounded resistance tests. In
Flavoring agents consist of various chemical ingredients. order to be able to make a reliable assessment of the
Therefore a classification based on their elastomer-dest- suitability of an elastomer, not only should the physical in-
roying potential is difficult, even more difficult than for CIP fluences through the usual tests of mass and volume
cleaning agents, for example. In addition, the ingredients changes be used here, but also the no less hazardous chem-
which are dangerous for elastomers may potentiate their ical effects of the media on the mechanical properties of
effect or, conversely, may greatly attenuate each other. It is the material. These can be determined through comparative
very difficult to gain systematic knowledge here. measurements of elongation at break, 100% modulus and
tensile strength. Because even in dilutions as low as one
Traditionally, FKM is used in these media because FKM has tenth of one percent, flavoring agents may lead to partly
excellent resistances to aliphatic and aromatic hydro- fatal changes in the tensile strength of elastomers.
carbons as well as oils and fats. FKM can also be used in me-
dia such as essential oils and citrus flavorings, whereas
EPDM swells a lot due to its high proportion of non-polar
ingredients. Since most flavoring agents in addition contain
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, which are known
to be harmful to elastomers, there is sometimes no other

IMMERSION RESULTS OF EPDM, FKM, FLUOROPRENE® XP, HNBR AND VMQ IN ORANGE OIL
EPDM FKM FLUOROPRENE ® XP HNBR VMQ
24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H 96 H 336 H 672 H 24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H
150
100
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Change in %
50
–50
–100
volume in % elongation at break in % tensile strength in % VMQ and EPDM materials clearly swell far too much in orange oil. Even the
swelling behavior of HNBR exceeds the tolerable limit. Fluororubbers, on the
other hand, are very resistant.
APPENDIX
57
IMMERSION RESULTS OF EPDM, FKM, VMQ AND HNBR IN 0.1% FANTASY-FRUIT-FLAVOR-SOLUTION
EPDM FKM VMQ HNBR
24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H
10
–5
Change in %
–10
–15
–20
–25
–30
–35
volume in % elongation at break in % tensile strength in % Due to the poor strength properties in Fantasy-Fruit-flavor, HNBR should
not be used there.
IMMERSION RESULTS OF EPDM, FKM, VMQ AND HNBR IN 0.1% PEACH-FLAVOR-SOLUTION
EPDM FKM VMQ HNBR
24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H 24 H 96 H
20
10
–10
Change in %
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
volume in % elongation at break in % tensile strength in % In the strongly aldehyde-containing flavor mixture Peach base, both EPDM and
VMQ show the best resistance values. The loss of tensile strength of HNBR and
FKM is clearly too high.
58
INTRODUCTION
Flavor carry-over Washing-out test EPDM/Fluoroprene® XP 40
Flavor transfer or flavor carry-over is a well-known problem First rinse cycle EPDM assumed as 100%
in beverage bottling. The seals absorb the ingredients of
the flavoring mixture during the bottling of a flavored drink Ester 1
and gradually release them again during the next bottling 100
90
process for another product. This may well go unnoticed
80
if the products bottled successively are both flavored and 70
one of the products merely has a slightly stronger raspber- Ketone 3 60 Ester 2
ry taste, for example. It is different when after a slightly 50
flavored water (so-called near-water products), the thus 40
far flavorless mineral water is bottled and the subsequent 30
batch has unintentionally absorbed a peach or cherry fla- 20

10
vor, for example. In order to find the most suitable mate-
0
rial for this application, different materials were analyzed
by Freudenberg with respect to their flavor absorption and
Ketone 2 Ester 3
release capacity.
Studies by Freudenberg related to the flavor carry-over of

different materials, such as EPDM, FKM and Fluoroprene®
XP, have shown that EPDM materials absorb and release
flavor the most. The remigration rate of an EPDM material
is 100 times greater than the uptake and release capacity Ketone 1 Ester 4
of Fluoroprene® XP. In addition, the fluorinated material

does not absorb all the components of the flavor mixture
in equal measure. After the investigation, it turned out that precleaned EPDM water +80 °C (+176 °F) EPDM
precleaned XP 40 water +80 °C (+176 °F) XP 40
the esters present in the flavor mixture could not be de-
tected, i.e. that they had been absorbed by Fluoroprene® XP
at a small, undetectable rate. However, the ketones migrat-
ed into the elastomer matrix and decreased by half after
the cleaning step. In bottling establishments where mul-
tiple products of different flavor intensity are bottled on
the same bottling line, it must be ensured that the quality
of the product made remains constant after each produc-
tion cycle and is not contaminated by the flavoring agents
from the batch that was bottled last. Due to the negligible
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
absorption of flavoring substances, the Fluoroprene® XP

materials portfolio qualifies as especially suitable for such
applications.
APPENDIX
59
CLEANING PROCESS
Among the most important requirements when designing

a seal is not only the resistance of the sealing material to the
product itself in which the seal is used, but also the
compatibility with various cleaning agents and steam tem-
peratures of up to +140 °C (+284 °F). The aggressive cleaning
media on the basis of acid, alkali and peroxides pose to
some extent even greater challenges for the sealing mate-
rials than the product medium itself. In addition, the high
cleaning temperatures exacerbate the effects of the media
on the material.
The cleaning methods at a glance

• CIP (“Cleaning In Place”) is the fully-automatic cleaning
without disassembly of the equipment
• COP (“Cleaning Out of Place” or “Cleaning Open Plant”) re-
fers to cleaning after disassembly, opening of the plant, etc.
• SIP (“Sterilization In Place”) is the sterilization, either with
peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide (“cold sterilization”), or
with hot steam
• WIP (“Washing In Place”) requires partly manual work
(brushing, scrubbing etc.) in some places
• WOP (“Washing Out of Place”) means the complete dis-
mantling and cleaning of the plant by hand
• OPC (“Open Plant Cleaning”) is the external cleaning of a
plant without disassembly
A typical cleaning procedure consists of seven steps:
1. Pre-rinsing to roughly remove product residues (with cold

or warm water, depending on the product)
2. Cleaning with an alkaline cleaner (sodium or potassium
hydroxide), plus various additives (surfactants, complex-
ing agents, anti-foaming agents etc.)
3. Flushing out the alkaline detergent with water
4. Acidic cleaning to remove, e.g. limescale (phosphoric acid
or nitric acid as well as additives)
5. Flushing out the acid with water
6. Disinfection for elimination of microorganisms (peracetic
acid and/or hydrogen peroxide mixtures, alternatively us-
ing steam)
7. Final rinsing with water of drinking water quality or
higher, depending on the application
60
INTRODUCTION
EXTRACTABLES
Particularly high purity requirements apply to elastomers Extractables study
in the pharmaceutical industry, including the desire for Freudenberg conducted an extractables study on O-rings
disclosure of the ingredients of the compounds. This does with different media at high temperatures.
not provide the desired information about the interac-
tions that can take place during the production process.
DESIGNATION COLOR HARDNESS SHORE A
That is why manufacturers in the pharmaceutical industry EPDM 291 black 70
want to examine materials for a possible interaction with the
EPDM 292 black 85
pharmaceutical preparation. For example, they want to know
how an O-ring for the sealing of an inhalation spray head be- EPDM 253815 white 70
haves in contact with the drug. It is also of interest to mini- Fluoroprene® XP 41 blue 75
mize the influence of the seals from production on the prod- Fluoroprene XP 43
®
blue 85
uct. In addition to studies at ambient temperatures –
with respect to the completeness of the packaging, the stor- Simriz® 494 black 75
age conditions and test substances (leachables study) – tests Simriz 506
®
white 75
are slated in the worst-case scenario with more stringent
conditions such as elevated temperatures and solvent
strengths (extractables study). Apart from the quantifica- The tested O-rings were extracted, without prior cleaning
tion, the identification of the migrated substances is particu- steps, in a low ratio of elastomer to extract medium for 24
larly important for a subsequent toxicological evaluation. hours under reflux to achieve the most stringent conditions
possible for evaluation. To ensure the comparability of re-
Compared to storage, a multiple of the volume flows by the sults of different O-rings, the ratio between surface and
seal in the production process. The ratio of surface area to media volume was kept constant. In line with the recom-

volume and hence the concentration of possibly leached mendations of the FDA, the BfR and other relevant sources,
compounds is therefore much smaller. Never theless, an four media were used:
interaction between the sealing material or the soluble
components of the elastomeric compound and the active • Ethanol
pharmaceutical ingredient can occur. This interaction might • N-hexane
alter the pharmaceutical product and, in the worst case, • Phosphate buffer pH 2.5
adversely affect its efficacy. If the interactions between the • Phosphate buffer pH 9.5
seals in valves and other system components and the prod-
ucts therein are known to the pharmaceutical manufactur- In addition to a gravimetric evaluation, the extractable
ers, possible contamination can already be evaluated during contents were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-
the production process. This safeguards the processes and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For this purpose, the eva-
ensures the necessary purity of the products. porated extracts were absorbed in the respective extract-
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
ing agent and the extracts of the buffer solutions in meth-

anol and injected into the gas stream. The chromatograms
were plotted with the same scale size for evaluation. The
sum of the detected substances was assessed by an evalu-
ation of the entire surface and by the determination of the
main compounds found.
APPENDIX
61
EXTRACT VALUES AFTER 24 HOURS REFLUX BOILING IN ETHANOL AND N-HEXANE
ETHANOL N-HEXANE
EPDM EPDM EPDM XP 41 XP 43 SIMRIZ® SIMRIZ® EPDM EPDM EPDM XP 41 XP 43 SIMRIZ® SIMRIZ®
291 292 253815 494 506 291 292 253815 494 506
3,0
2,5
Extract values in %
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
In addition, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) studies were per- found in the liquid sample was again quantitatively assessed
formed on the extract solutions of the phosphate buffers as in comparable proportion to the elastomer sample.
a measure of the organic contamination. The TOC amount
TOC VALUES
PHOSPHATE BUFFER PH 2.5 PHOSPHATE BUFFER PH 9.5

EPDM EPDM EPDM XP 41 XP 43 SIMRIZ ®
SIMRIZ ®
EPDM EPDM EPDM XP 41 XP 43 SIMRIZ® SIMRIZ®
291 292 253815 494 506 291 292 253815 494 506
400
300
TOC in ppm
200
100
The present extractables study offers two main advantages. be incorporated into one‘s own leachables study. Further-
Firstly, Freudenberg customers can request the extract values more, in the case of batch contamination, it is possible to use
and the evaluation of the leached chemicals and use them for the Freudenberg database results for risk assessment and for
their own leachables studies. This saves time and money, as decision-making on the batch.
the leachable chemicals have already been identified and can
62
INTRODUCTION
HYGIENIC DESIGN
In sterile technology, there is a rule that a seal must be in- must be sufficiently resistant to preclude their breakdown –
stalled free of dead space and leaks. The groove must be in production or in cleaning and sterilization cycles – and
90% filled and the material must not have any swelling the subsequent possibility of a deterioration of the product
greater than 5%, otherwise gap extrusion will allow sea- quality as a result of foreign matter stripped or dissolved
ling material particles to contaminate the process medium. from the interior of the plant.
The resistance of the sealing materials, taking into account

the production, CIP and SIP parameters and the require-
ments of Hygienic Design, must be ensured. The elastomer
materials that come into contact with the actual product
OPERATING CONCENTRA-
CLASS DETAIL PRODUCT TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE TIME (MIN.)
TION (%)
CIP or circulation cleaners cont- +20 to +80 °C
Acidplus VA 35 0.5 – 2.0 Not specified
aining nitric acid and surfactants (+68 to +176 °F)
Beta VA 11 0.5 – 3.0 30 – 60
aining formic acid and surfactants (+50 to +158 °F)
CIP or circulation cleaners con-
+10 to +70 °C
taining phosphoric acid and Divbrau VA 10 1.0 – 4.0 20 – 60
(+50 to +158 °F)
surfactants

Phosphoric acid-based foam +20 to +40 °C
Acifoam VF 10 3.0 – 10.0 Not specified
cleaners (+68 to +104 °F
Alkaline, single-phase cleaners
+40 to +80 °C
containing EDTA for circulation Solo VC 27 0.5 – 5.0 Not specified
(+104 to +176 °F)
cleaning
Highstar VC 77 0.5 – 5.0 Not specified
aining bases and surfactants (+104 to +176 °F)
+20 to +40 °C
Alkali gel cleaners Powergel VG 1 2.0 – 10.0 Not specified
(+68 to +104 °F)
Chlorinated alkali CIP or circulati- +20 to +60 °C
Divo CIP VC 94 0.3 – 3.0 Not specified
on cleaners (+68 to +140 °F)
Divosan Hypochlorite
Hypochlorite-based disinfectants 0.25 – 1.0 Room temperature Not specified
VT 3
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Cleaning boosters containing +20 to +80 °C

Divo Peroxy 0.2 – 0.5 Not specified
surfactants, oxidants (+68 to +176 °F)
Disinfectants containing peracetic +20 to +60 °C
Divosan forte VT 6 0.04 – 2.0 Not specified
acid (+68 to +140 °F)
Amphoteric surfactant-based
TEGO 2000 VT 25 0.25 – 1.0 Room temperature > 20
disinfectants
APPENDIX
63
STORAGE TESTS
Freudenberg has carried out extensive exposure testing. is resistant to non-polar and polar media, but in steam it can only
The database for the CIP/SIP cleaning agents consists of be used in temperatures up to +120 °C (+248 °F). Its temperature
over 200 compositions and 5,100 measurements. The range in air is from –50 °C to +200 °C (–58 °F to +392 °F).
tests were conducted using the highest recommended
operational concentrations and temperatures. FKM
If a seal is required that can be used in non-polar media such as
EPDM fat and oil up to +180 °C (+356 °F) and that is also resistant to CIP/
EPDM is highly resistant to acids, alkaline solutions, oxidizing me- SIP media and steam, FKM should be used. FKM is also well-
dia, cleaning agents and sterilization (including steam). But at suited for use with citrus juices and aromatic oils. Its temperature
higher temperatures and concentrations, EPDM swells in media range in air is from –15 °C to +200 °C (+5 °F to +392 °F). If alkaline
containing fat and cannot therefore be used everywhere. The cleaners are in operation, FKM is not the optimal solution. In this
operational temperatures range between –40 °C to +150 °C (–40 case Fluoroprene® XP is the better material.
°F to +302 °F) in air and up to +180 °C (+356 °F) in steam (briefly
up to +210 °C (+410 °F)). Fluoroprene® XP
Seals made of Fluoroprene® XP can also be used if EPDM is infea-
HNBR sible because the fat concentration is too high. This material not
If a seal is intended to be mainly resistant to non-polar media, only shows excellent resistance to acid, alkaline solutions and
HNBR can be taken into consideration. Seals made of HNBR can steam, but also to fats and most flavoring agents. It can be used
cover a broader range of applications; however, their durability in at temperatures of –10 °C to +200 °C (+14 °F to +392 °F).
aggressive CIP/SIP cleaning agents is lower than EPDM. HNBR
should not be used in concentrated acids. Operational tempera- Simriz®
tures in air and in water reach up to +150 °C (+302 °F). If the requirements are so high that none of the previously men-
tioned sealing materials is suitable, seals made of FFKM are used.
VMQ Simriz® offers comprehensive media resistance in a temperature
If the seal does not necessarily have to be sterilized with hot range of up to +260 °C (+500 °F).
steam, silicone (VMQ) can also be used apart from HNBR. VMQ
Resistance of EPDM, HNBR and VMQ Resistance of FKM, Fluoroprene® XP and Simriz®
Nitric acid (2 %, +80 °C (176 °F)) Nitric acid (2 %, +80 °C (176 °F))
100 100
90 90
80 80
Steam 70
Phosphoric acid Steam 70
Phosphoric acid
(+140 °C 60 (4%, +70 °C (+140 °C 60 (4%, +70 °C
(+284 °F)) 50 (+158 °F)) (+284 °F)) 50 (+158 °F))
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Fat Sodium hydroxide Fat Sodium hydroxide

(> 40 %, (5%, +80 °C (> 40 %, (5%, +80 °C
RT) (+176 °F)) RT) (+176 °F))
EPDM FKM
HNBR Active chlorine Active oxygen Fluoroprene® XP Active chlorine Active oxygen
VMQ (2 %, +80 °C (+176 °F)) (<1%, +35 °C (+95 °F)) Simriz® (3%, +60 °C (+140 °F)) (<1%, +35 °C (+95 °F))
64
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
65
Product portfolio
O-RINGS
As a universal sealing element, the O-ring is a sealing com- Possible cross-sections

ponent used in all industrial sectors. It is characterized by
its excellent price-performance ratio and broad range of
applications.
O-rings can be manufactured in nearly all conventional

elastomer materials as a standard part in large quantities
or in smaller quantities for customer-specific applications.
In comparison to other sealing systems, the required instal-
lation space is extremely small, allowing material-saving
designs. Though simple in form, O-rings can nonetheless
be reliably used in a variety of installation configurations:
as static seals in axial or radial direction, or for dynamic
applications involving translatory and/or rotary movements.
Function Installation and assembly

• Static sealing for axial and radial applications • Edges should be rounded with at least r = 0.1 mm
• Dynamic sealing for applications with translatory and • If O-rings must be stretched over sharp corners or thread-
rotary movements ed parts due to the design of the application, these sur-
faces should be covered with bushings/casings where
Dimensions possible
• Available in inch (US standard) and metric dimensions • In radial sealing applications, there should be lead-in
• Numerous intermediate sizes are also available thanks to chamfers on the pistons/rods (on the housing)
our extensive inventory of tools • When installing in pistons, avoid twisting. If necessary,
• Special sizes of over 500 mm generally require new tools use a compatible lubricant for easier assembly
• Standardized cross-section diameters from 1 mm to • For applications in the food and beverage industry, the
6.99 mm, smaller and larger dimensions available on re- use of coated O-rings is recommended (e.g. PTFE lacquer,
quest RFN treatment)
• When O-rings are installed in housings, the O-ring is
Types compressed. Here it must be ensured that the O-ring
• Compression- or injection-molded standard models does not warp (form a loop)
• Special designs and large dimensions of endless extruded • General installation and assembly instructions, see page 94
cord, spliced or vulcanized
• In addition to round cross-sections, oval, rectangular,
semicircular or x-shaped cross-sections are possible
• Special, customer-specific types can be created with new
molding tools
• Surface-treated special designs such as non-stick and
lubricated applications, painting, coating, nano-techno-
logical modification for the optimization of function and
application
• PTFE casing (with separating joint) or complete FEP encap-
sulation for use in highly corrosive media
66
INTRODUCTION
Applications
O-rings are utilized in numerous applications and in nearly
THE ADVANTAGES AT A GLANCE
all industries. An overview of the primary applications is
given below.
• Can be used universally
• Static cover seals, axial sealing • Available in all dimensions
• Static piston or rod seals, radial sealing • Available in all types of elastomer
• Dynamic seals involving translatory movement (hydraulic • Easy to install and assemble
or pneumatic) • Good price-performance ratio
• Dynamic seals involving rotation • Small installation space
• Valve seals
• Flange seals
DESIGN NOTES
The design of O-ring sealing systems (groove, sealing surface) is described in the relevant standards (e.g.
General
DIN 3771 and DIN ISO 3601-1)
Depending on the application, the following benchmarks apply for standard cases (compression in % of the
cross-section diameter):
Compression • Static seals: 15 – 30%
• Dynamic seals - hydraulic: at least 6%
• Dynamic seals - pneumatic: 2 – 6%

• In standard applications there is the rule that the O-ring volume is 70 – 90% of the groove volume
• It should be kept in mind that the elastomer is more susceptible to thermal expansion than the metal housing
Degree of groove fill
• Applications in the food and beverage industry must be leak-free. The degree of groove fill can be more than
100%; specialized types of grooves should be utilized
• Max. 6% in constant use

Elongation • Max. 25% of the elongation at break cited in the data sheet when assembled
• In the case of greater elongations, corresponding elastic recovery time should be taken into account
Compression strain Max. 3% after installation, otherwise risk of deformation and shearing during installation
• The acceptable gap widths and surface qualities depend on the material’s hardness rating and the operational
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
parameters. Standard values can be found in the relevant standards (e.g. DIN 3771 and DIN ISO 3601-1)
Gap widths and surfaces • Attention: In dynamic applications involving plastic housings, the friction heat can result in localized overheating
• In dynamic applications or those involving pulsating pressures, no plastics reinforced with glass fibers should be
used since otherwise extensive wear will occur
APPENDIX
67
Product portfolio
ENCAPSULATED O-RINGS
Encapsulated O-rings are a combination of an elastomeric TYPES

O-ring and a closed encapsulation of modified PTFE, which
Very good compression set and permitted
combine high chemical resistance and elasticity in an ex- FKM core/
temperature range from –20 to +200 °C
cellent sealing function. FEP encapsulation
(–4 to +392 °F)
VMQ core/ For low temperatures from –60 to +200 °C

They consist of an elastomer core that provides elastic FEP encapsulation (–76 to +392 °F)
contact pressure, as well as a jacket for reliable sealing in For high abrasion resistance and tempera-
FKM core/
aggressive media. The core material used is either FKM or PFA encapsulation tures from –20 to +200 °C (–4 to +392 °F)
VMQ, depending on the required temperature resistance. For high abrasion resistance and extreme
The encapsulation is made of FEP (fluorinated ethylene FKM core/
temperature ranges from –60 to +260 °C (–76
PFA encapsulation
propylene) or PFA (perfluoroalkoxy copolymer). Encapsulat- to +500 °F)
ed O-rings are used exclusively for static applications, since For applications in delicate devices and requi-
VMQ hollow core
movements or abrasive media would destroy them. ring little contact pressure
For profiles with oval, rectangular or semicircular cross-sections (all

Encapsulated O-rings are basically available in all desired with rounded edges), please contact Freudenberg
dimensions, internal diameters and cord thicknesses – in
metric and inch sizes. Since they are only slightly expand-
able and compressible, the installation spaces should be Possible design FEP encapsulation
designed accordingly, especially for seals with small diam-
eters.
FEP/PFA encapsulation as well as the VMQ and FKM core

are FDA-and USP-compliant as a standard. The different
material types affect both the sealing properties and the
price level. Thus, PTFE-encapsulated O-rings are less ex-
pensive, but must be protected against ingress of media Installation and assembly
at the seam in terms of their constructional design. Solid Inside sealing – grooves in housings:
PTFE O-rings in contrast are extremely resistant to media
but lack elasticity. • Seal must be deformed to fit in the housing
• To facilitate assembly, soak the ring in hot water for 10
Function minutes and then immediately fit it into the groove. To do
• Elastomer core provides elastic contact pressure so, push the ring’s leading edge past the groove
• FEP or PFA encapsulation effectively protects the seal • Carefully position the ring’s trailing edge in the groove
against aggressive media and pull back on the leading edge until the ring snaps into
the groove (rod should be inserted while the ring is still
Dimensions warm and pliable)
• All metric and inch cross-sections are available, all stand- • Use installation aids if necessary
ard dimensions are in stock
• FEP/PFA O-rings are available in all internal diameters
with no additional tooling costs; the smallest possible in-
ternal diameter of 1.6 mm is limited by the cord thickness
• Pure PTFE O-rings are available in all dimensions, as they
are manufactured by machining
Inside sealing – groove in housing Inside sealing – groove in housing
68
INTRODUCTION
Outside sealing – grooves on shafts:
• Use an assembly aid for installation
• Soak the ring in hot water for 10 minutes, then slide over
the installation aid quickly and smoothly until the ring • Highly resistant to nearly all chemicals
snaps into the groove • Can be used universally
• If necessary, compress the ring to its original form by • Tool-independent dimensions, many standard dimensions
means of a second ring (by applying pressure) available in stock
DESIGN NOTES
Coarseness No more than 50 µm on contact surfaces
Lead-in Chamfer angle of 30° to 40°, length must be min.
chamfers 50% of the cord thickness
• Any parts that come into contact with the seal
during assembly or in operation must be clean
and free of flash
Outside sealing – grooves on shafts
• All edges must be rounded
• Given the reduced elasticity and compressibility
of the ring, the installation space should be
Preparation
axially accessible
Applications • Otherwise, extra care should be given to using
FEP/PFA-encapsulated O-rings are primarily used in chal- clean, smooth and flash-free pins or mounting
lenging applications: sleeves

• After insertion in the groove, the ring should
return to its normal dimensions
• With aggressive media that require universal chemical re-
sistance
• In case of high thermal stresses at high and low temper-
atures
• For applications in equipment in the food and beverage
industry using different media and aggressive cleaning
agents
• In small quantities as an economical alternative since no
tools are necessary for manufacture
Dimensions
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
• Cross-sections from 1.6 to 25.4 mm

• Internal diameters from 10 to 600 mm
• Special dimensions available on request
APPENDIX
69
Product portfolio
SEALS FOR PIPE

CONNECTIONS
Freudenberg offers different models for static seals in Applications

standardized pipe connections used in the food, chemical Seals for dairy couplings cover a broad range of applications
and pharmaceutical industries. for the sealing of pipe connections:
These four different models are available: • Suitable for use in a wide variety of pipe connections in
the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries
• The classic seal for dairy couplings in compliance with • Ideal for flange connections that need to be opened on a
DIN 11851 regular basis
• Clamp seals in compliance with DIN 32676 and ISO 2852 • Used in non-critical media
• O-rings for aseptic clamp connections in compliance with
DIN 11864
• Flat gaskets in compliance with DIN 28091-2 and DIN
28091-3 THE ADVANTAGES AT A GLANCE
Seals for dairy couplings
• Standardized sealing element
• High density of use
• Especially fast and easy assembly, regardless of the direc-
tion of installation
• Can be removed quickly
• Available in numerous approved material variants
DESIGN NOTES
Standard With lip High version
General Adhere to the relevant standards
As laid out in the relevant standards, inner surfaces that
Seals for dairy couplings can be used to easily connect and Surfaces
come into contact with media R ≤0.8 µm
seal pipe connections for liquid media. The dairy couplings • FDA-compliant
standardized according to DIN 11851 are very common in • Hardness between 75 and 85 IRHD
the food and beverage industry. Their essential advantage Material • Homogeneous material
is the extremely quick and easy installation thanks to their • No damage during deflashing
• No visible inclusions or pores allowed
simple separation from the flange, so that they can also be
Preferably clamp seals with aseptic O-rings in compliance
frequently disassembled without difficulty. Dairy couplings Design
with DIN 11864
are an economical solution and are particularly suitable for
• Where applicable, check pipe inclinations for cracking
smaller plants not operating continuously. However, it Preparation
• Ensure proper pipe alignment during assembly
should be taken into account that this seal component is
best suited for less demanding applications. Consequently,
seals for dairy couplings do not meet Hygienic Design re-
quirements, since compression is problematic due to the
lack of metallic stops, and the formation of gaps into the
product area could occur. Seals for dairy couplings are avail-
able in various materials, from NBR, EPDM, FKM to VMQ and
PTFE, for a maximum operating pressure of up to 40 bar.
Dimensions
• Standard form, with lip, and high version
• Standard dimensions from DN 15 to DN 100
70
INTRODUCTION
Clamp seals
• Standardized sealing element
• High density of use
• Especially fast and easy assembly, regardless of the direc-
tion of installation
• Can be removed quickly
Conventional clamp seal • Available in numerous approved materials variants
Clamp seals were developed for a quick and secure pipe con-
nection for continuously operating systems. The main advan-
tage of clamp connections is their simple installation, since
the flanges are designed symmetrically and thus the seals do
not need to be installed with a particular orientation. The di-
mensions are standardized in accordance with ISO 2852 (inch
dimensions) and DIN 32676 (metric dimensions), the standard-
ized seals are therefore particularly economical and available
from stock. Since the clamp connection does not have a me-
tallic stop, there is the danger that leakage can occur if the seal
is overly compressed or not seated properly on installation.

1 2 3
Freudenberg offers a portfolio of four materials that can be
processed into clamp seals from a single tool: 1 Clamp connection with nominal diameter DN 6 to DN/OD ¾″
Series A: DN 6 to DN 8
• 70 EPDM 291 (black) Series B: DN/OD 10.2 to DN/OD 17.2
• 70 EPDM 253815 (white) Series C: DN/OD ¼″ to DN/OD ¾″
• 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41 (blue) 2 Clamp connection with nominal diameter DN 10 to DN/OD 6″

• 70 VMQ 117055 (transparent) Series A: DN 10 to DN 200
Series B: DN/OD 21.3 to DN/OD 219.1
Applications Series C: DN/OD 1″ to DN/OD 6″
Clamp seals cover a broad range of applications for the seal- 3 A version with truncated lip pursuant to ISO 2852 is also available
ing of pipe connections:
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
• Suitable for use in a wide variety of pipe connections in

the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries
• Ideal for flange connections that need to be opened on a
regular basis
• Used in non-critical media
Dimensions
• According to ISO 2852
• Nominal dimensions from DN 10.2 to DN 219.1
• According to DIN 32676
• Nominal dimensions from DN 6 to DN 200
• Nominal dimensions from 1/4” to 6”
APPENDIX
71
Product portfolio
O-rings for aseptic clamp connections A flat gasket, on which a compac ting pressure greater than
the internal pressure is applied, is used to create a secure
seal. Freudenberg‘s flat gasket portfolio covers all these re-
quirements and also enjoys market-specific approvals. There
is a choice of gaskets of the following three material classes
according to DIN 28091.
NAME PANEL FORMAT IN MM THICKNESS IN MM

Aseptic clamp seal 0.5
FG-120 1,500 x 1,500
0.8
1.0
In order to ensure that Hygienic Design requirements are 2,000 x 1,500
1.5
met, clamp seals with aseptic O-rings compliant with DIN 2.0
3.0
11864 were developed. They optimally combine the advan-
tages of easy installation and a sealing area free of dead FG-180 1,200 x 1,200 1.0
space. Aseptic O-rings are available in stock in specialized 1.0
high-performance materials with various approvals. 1,500 x 1,500
1.5
2.0
3.0
Dimensions
• Series A: nominal dimensions from DN 10 to DN 100 0.5
1.5
• Series B: nominal dimensions from DN 13.5 to DN 114.3 FG-360 1,500 x 1,500
3.0
• Series C: nominal dimensions from 1/2‘‘ to 4“ 6.0
Flat gaskets
Another option to seal a pipe joint is a flat gasket. It is in-
serted between two flat flanges, which are connected to
each other by screws. With the help of such flanges, differ-
ent system elements, such as valves, fittings, pipelines,
pumps etc. are added together. The sealing material should
offset and seal the macro unevenness of the flanges well,
on the one hand, and be resistant to the media flowing in
the pipes on the other. An almost inert material is needed
both in the food (e.g. detergent concentrates) as well as in
the pharmaceutical and chemical industries (aggressive sol-
vents and chemicals). Freudenberg offers a range of flat gas-
ket materials with excellent chemical resistance to suit any
application. Flat gaskets primarily provide the static sealing
of two sealing surfaces.
72
INTRODUCTION
FG-120 – FG-120 is a fiber-reinforced graphite seal in an In addition to the conventional flat gasket form made of FG-
unmistakable royal blue color. This flat gasket is reinforced 360, Freudenberg also offers a sealing band (joint sealant).
with aramid fibers (bound with NBR) and thus withstands a This sealing band, delivered in rolls, can be individually cut
wide variety of chemical and thermal stresses. and is self-adhesive on one side. That means it can seal
joints, covers or frames quickly and reliably – without tool-
FG-180 – FG-180 is a silica-filled flat gasket made of modi- ing costs. The FG-360 joint sealant is 25 m long and is avail-
fied PTFE. Its very good mechanical characteristics, thermal able in a variety of widths.
resistance and white color make it a particular favorite of
the pharmaceutical industry.
FG-360 – The unique flexibility of FG-360 is due to the fact

that it consists of 100% expanded PTFE (ePTFE). Gaskets
made from expanded PTFE stand out for their high temper-
ature cycle resistance. They also resist cold flow and are con-
sidered especially pure.
FG-360
CHARACTERISTICS FG-120 FG-180
1.5 MM THICK 3.0 MM THICK
Type FA-A1-0 TF-M-0 TF-0-0 TF-0-0
DIN 28091-2 DIN 28091-3 DIN 28091-3 DIN 28091-3

Material Graphite, aramid fibers Silica-filled PTFE Expanded PTFE Expanded PTFE
(bound with NBR)
Color blue white white white
Approvals • EU Reg. 1935/2004 • EU Reg. 1935/2004 • FDA 21 CFR 177.1550 • FDA 21 CFR 177.1550
• TA Luft • FDA 21 CFR 177.1550 • USP Class VI –121 °C • USP Class VI –121 °C
• DVGW • TA Luft (250 °F) (250 °F)
• KTW • DVGW • TA Luft • TA Luft
• WRAS
• W 270
Densitiy g/cm3 1.74 2.10 0.85 0.85
Tensile strength
18.0 17.0 14.0 18.0
longitudinal N/mm2
Compression % 6.0 5.0 69.0 66.2
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Recovery % 60.0 45.0 7.6 11.6

–100 to +300 °C –200 to +210 °C –268 to +315 °C –268 to +315 °C
Temperature range
(–148 to +572 °F) (–328 to +410 °F) (–450 to +599 °F) (–450 to +599 °F)
APPENDIX
73
Product portfolio
DIAPHRAGMS
Diaphragms form a reliable but flexible separating wall

between two component spaces. The volume changes of
the separated media can be converted into force.
Diaphragms are especially interesting sealing components • Good media resistance
for the food and beverage industry where they can perform • Broad range of functions and applications
a number of different functions. Available in all basic elas- • Economical
tomer variants, or with application-specific modifications • Highly dependable
such as fabric reinforcements, metal inserts or foil layers,
diaphragms are extremely dependable and resistant to me-
dia. They are very affordable solutions, as the minimal re- TYPES
quirements with regard to tolerances and surface qualities • Flat diaphragms
of the surrounding components make it possible to produce • Convoluted diaphragms
them inexpensively. Diaphragm types • Plate-shaped diaphragms
• Rolling diaphragms
• Individual designs available upon request
Function
• Regulation and switching using pressure that is converted • MB as pure rubber diaphragm
into rod force • GMB with fabric insert or overlay
• Separation of media in component spaces with nearly • MBM with metal insert and/or film
• GMBM with metal insert and fabric overlay
identical pressure levels Materials
or insert and/or film
• Pumping and compression of liquids and gases composition
• Diaphragms with film overlay made of PTFE,
• Measuring volume flows modified PTFE, electrically conductive foils
• Actuation of valves etc.
• Diaphragms made of pure PTFE
Dimensions
From 5 mm to maximum diameter of 1,000 mm (or larger
for individualized applications). DESIGN NOTES
• In designing diaphragms, it is advisable to use FEM

Installation and assembly calculations to reduce development and testing
Please refer to page 94 for general assembly and installation times
instructions. • The diaphragm’s construction position (0 position)
should be selected such that the diaphragm is not
under load
Applications Design • The deflection of the diaphragm during operation
Since diaphragms can be very closely tailored to specific ap- should be designed in such a way that no overstret-
plications in terms of their shape and materials compo- ching and no excessive stress peaks can occur
• The diaphragm’s mountings must in some cases be
sition, they can be used in a very broad spectrum of appli-
able to withstand considerable forces and should be
cations. Typical areas are: designed accordingly. It is advisable to utilize FEM
calculations here, too
• Actuators
• The elastomer base material, as well as any applicab-
• Fittings
le fabric, metal or plastic inserts, must be resistant to
• Water reservoirs Choice of
all media involved in operation
materials
• Pumps and compressors • For applications in particularly aggressive media, it is
• Valves and controllers advisable to add a layer of PTFE to the diaphragm
74
INTRODUCTION
HYGIENIC USIT RINGS
Freudenberg‘s Hygienic Usit® is a product developed specifi- Compounds
cally for the requirements of the process industry which sets The elastomer bead of the standard Hygienic Usit® is made
standards in purity. from three EPDM variants. They are all suited for direct con-
tact with food and pharmaceuticals and are resistant
Since it was in the past not possible to implement hygienic against CIP/SIP media. The black EPDM 291 ist the standard
screw fittings, machine manufacturers and operators re- compound for the process industry. The white EPDM
sorted to welding solutions. However, welded connections 253815 is especially interesting for the pharmaceutical in-
cannot be separated again easily. Still other system manu- dustry, while the blue EPDM 217676 is used as a variant in
facturers often employ conventional, non EHEDG-compliant color. For applications with aggressive media or high tem-
fittings in or on the product space. This carries the risk that peratures, we offer the Hygienic Usit® made from our fluor-
product residues accumulate under the screw head and be- inated Fluoroprene® XP 41 material (on request). This blue
come a source of contamination. The tightening of the universal material also minimizes flavor transfer.
screw already holds numerous sources of error, e.g. damage
to the surface of conventional screws by the mounting tool.
Freudenberg‘s Hygienic Usit® offers the possibility to realize

hygienic screw connections. Thanks to the cooperation with
the company NovoNox, the washers can be purchased with
hygienic screws and cap nuts. The connection is available in • EHEDG- and 3-A® Sanitary Standards-certified
the dimensions M4, M5, M6, M8, M10, M12 and M16. Addi- • Optimally matched screw-cap nut-Usit composite
tionally we offer bolts and cap nuts in M3 designed for the • Prevention of contamination due to dead space-free design
M4 washer. Also in combination with a standard hexagon • Cleaning with CIP, SIP, WIP, COP, OPC and WOP process
screw with flange according to DIN EN 1665, the Hygienic possible

Usit® prevents the formation of bacteria. In open processes,
where corrosion is an issue due to the wet environment, the
Hygienic Usit® minimizes the risk of corrosion because of
the prevention of bacteria. But the surface properties of the
standard screws are not compliant to Hygienic Design NovoNox cap nut
standards. For this reason they are not recommended for Material: 1.4404 in A4-70 quality
applications with direct product contact. Highly polished with up to max. Ra < 0.04 µm
The screws and cap nuts with collar from NovoNox conform Freudenberg washer
to 3-A® Sanitary Standards, are polished to a high shine and Material: Elastomer made of 70 EPDM 291, 70 EPDM
achieve a roughness depth of up to max. Ra = 0.04 µm, 253815, 70 EPDM 217676 or Fluoroprene® XP 41 (on
thanks to special manufacturing processes. The unique sur- request)
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Shim of 1.4404
face finish is free of flash and dimples which would preclude
a hygienic design. Furthermore, NovoNox has patented spe-
cial sockets with protective plastic inserts that do not dam-
age the screws when tightening.
Applications
• In closed process steps for areas in contact with the
product
• In open processes, to ensure the complete exterior
NovoNox hexagon head screw with collar
cleaning and steam sterilization of the plant
Material: 1.4404 in A4-70 quality
Highly polished with up to max. Ra <0.04 µm
APPENDIX
75
Product portfolio
ROTARY SHAFT SEALS
Only Freudenberg offers the original Simmerring® as a rota- PTFE is a material that performs exceptionally well in nearly
ry shaft seal for the sealing of rotary shafts and spindles and all media and cleaning agents and makes especially hygienic
the protection of bearings. This sealing system is primarily processes in food and beverage production possible. HTS II
intended for use in applications involving rotary motion. rotary shaft seals also offer outstanding sealing perfor-
mance with minimal contact pressure, which is generated
Simmerring® Radiamatic® HTS II rotary shaft seals are a cus- by the geometry of the sealing lip joint and the memory ef-
tom-developed product made of PTFE and can be used in a fect of the PTFE. This concept minimizes abrasion while si-
broad spectrum of food and beverage industry applications. multaneously ensuring a reliable sealing performance. Spe-
The product stands out because of its low friction, a result cial variants are also available for more extreme demands,
of PTFE’s own low coefficient of friction, in conjunction with e.g. higher pressures, dead space-free design, or dusty oper-
the low contact pressure exerted on the rotary shaft by the ating conditions. Lastly, the seal’s innovative lip design also
lip. The primary advantage of HTS II rotary shaft seals is makes it possible to affordably reduce the number of com-
their high media resistance, since the media to be sealed ponents needed for individual applications.
come into contact exclusively with PTFE.
TYPES
HTS II 9535 With standard lip for conventional applications
With additional dust lip for use in dirty and dusty environments that pose a risk of foreign objects
HTS II 9536 SL
getting under the sealing lip and in applications involving alternating pressure-vacuum operation
HTS II 9538 DL With a double sealing lip for high security standards
HTS II 9539 VL Dead space-free version with protruding sealing lip for Hygienic Design applications
• Extremely compact shaft seal for tight installation spaces

WADB 9461 • To be used only in combination with a secondary seal made of FKM or virgin PTFE on the surface
that will come into contact with media
With dynamic return capability for applications with high liquid level or increased demands on
HTS II 9541 with twist
impermeability
• For use at elevated levels of shaft runout

HTS II EWS • With integrated flexible bellows element
• Application limits up to 1 m/s and 3 bar
76
INTRODUCTION
Function
• Dynamic sealing for applications involving rotary motion
• Sealing pressure is generated by the special lip design and
PTFE’s memory effect
• Variable and reliable use in the food and beverage industry
Dimensions • Highly resistant to media and temperatures
• Manufactured by machining independent of molds, • Dead space-free variants available for hygienic applications
therefore no limits on any dimension • Minimal abrasion
• Standard dimensions from 10 to 125 mm shaft diameter • Available in all dimensions
available in stock • Economical to use, as they make secondary seals un-
• Smaller or larger dimensions available upon request necessary
Installation and assembly
• Must always be assembled as a combination of sealing DESIGN NOTES
ring and retaining ring • HTS II rotary shaft seals must be installed as a unit
• If seal is disassembled, the clamping ring must be re- consisting of a PTFE sealing ring and a stainless steel
placed since it is deformed by the pressing operation retaining ring
• If possible, use pressing tools with built-in stops to avoid • The retaining ring is deformed during installation
General
and cannot therefore be reused
excessive axial compression and the risk of damaging the • The installation space must be axially accessible
seal • Lead-in chamfers on both the shaft and housing
• To aid assembly, the rotary shaft seal can be lightly oiled should be included to prevent ring damage
if desired Peak-to-valley
• If possible, disassemble the sealing ring from the inside Ra Rt

heights
using a shaft sleeve; alternatively, a bearing remover can
Housing <1.8 µm <10 µm
be used, provided there is sufficient room. If the seal is Surfaces
damaged, replace the sealing ring Shaft, twist-free 0.1 to 0.2 µm 0.5 to 1.0 µm
• Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assem- Hardness of
45 to 65 HRC
bly instructions running surface
Applications
Due to their variable designs, the HTS II rotary shaft seals
offer an enormous application range for production pro-
cesses involving the sealing of media, the separation of lu-
bricants and media and the secure sealing of cleaning pro-
cesses.
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Suitable for use in

• Beverage filling facilities
• Food and beverage production machinery
• Process equipment used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics
manufacturing
• Mixers and separators
• Machines with a high rotational speed
• Cleaning and sterilization processes
• The reliable sealing of dangerous substances and highly
valuable production media
APPENDIX
77
Product portfolio
V-SEAL SET PACKINGS
V-Seal set packings are multi-part sealing sets primarily Installation and assembly
used in applications involving translatory motion. As they Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assembly
offer lower friction and require less pre-tensioning forces, instructions.
they represent a worthwhile alternative to U-packings.
Primary applications
V-Seal set packings normally consist of a compression ring, • Regulation and shut-off valves
several V-shaped packing rings and a backup ring, providing • Dosing systems
reliable sealing for spindles on regulating and shut-off • Mixers
valves, rods on plunger pumps, hydraulic cylinders as well as • Pivot joints
swivel joints and mixers. Predominantly used with transla-
tory motion but also with slow rotation, they generate less Predominantly used to seal
friction and require considerably less initial axial pretension- • Spindles of control and regulation valves
ing force than stuffing box packings, for instance. • Rods (translatory motion, possibly in combination with
minor rotation)
As the standard materials for V-Seal set packings are PTFE • Low-speed shafts
and PTFE-carbon compounds, they can be manufactured by
machining from semifinished products in a particularly eco-
nomical manner without the use of tools. Special-purpose TYPES
V-Seal set packings made of PTFE-impregnated Nomex fab- • DM 9403: stable profile for static sealing and pulsa-
ric require tools, but are also better suited for higher pres- ting pressures up to 300 bar
sures, as they are less susceptible to cold flow. Freudenberg PTFE
• DM 9406: relatively rigid lip profile for dynamic
has a broad range of suitable tools in its inventory for this. sealing and pressures up to 200 bar
• DM 9409: flexible lip profile for dynamic sealing
and pressures up to 50 bar as well as vacuum
Further materials such as polyethylene, PEEK and Univerdit (a
compound of PTFE and graphite) are also available on request, • Packing rings made of PTFE-impregnated fabric
• For certain applications packing ring combination
as are specialized profiles, should none of the three standard PTFE-fabric
of PTFE-impregnated fabric and virgin PTFE/PTFE
options be compatible with the individual application. form-pressed
compound for pressures up to 700 bar with low
friction
Function
• Multi-part sealing set consisting of a compression ring,
V-packing rings and a backup ring
• Predominantly used with translatory motion, or occasion-
ally with slower axial motion THE ADVANTAGES AT A GLANCE
Dimensions • Highly variable to cover a broad range of applications
Virgin PTFE and PTFE compounds: • High pressure resistance (virgin PTFE and PTFE com-
pounds up to 30 MPa, fabric-reinforced V-packing rings up
• Available in all inventory-standard dimensions to 70 MPa)
• Special customer-specific dimensions are possible with- • Very good temperature resistance (–200 °C to +260 °C
out difficulty (–328 °F to +500 °F))
• No tooling costs for virgin PTFE/PTFE compound variants
PTFE fabric: • Adjustable set heights
• Low friction
• Extensive inventory of tools available • Universal chemical resistance
• Special customer-specific dimensions available upon re- • Low susceptibility to cold flow and extrusion in PTFE-fab-
quest ric variant
78
INTRODUCTION
Composition and installation
Pure PTFE PTFE-impregnated L
synthetic fabric
ø D
ø d
Spacers for balancing heights

DESIGN NOTES
• Due to their lack of elasticity and high degree of thermal expansion, V-Seal set packings must be preloa-
ded using a spring device
• The spring force should be tailored to the seal’s design, dimensions and operating conditions. The higher
Virgin PTFE/ the spring force, the less leakage. The parameters can be requested from Freudenberg
PTFE compound V-Seal set packings • When using a spring device for installation on the side turned away from the pressure, set the spring
force to maximum pressure
• For information on permissible installation space tolerances and the characteristics of their surfaces,
please consult Freudenberg
• Can usually be installed without spring pre-load

PTFE/fabric V-Seal set packings • Installation space must be adjustable (see diagram)
• Tolerances and surface characteristics match those of the virgin PTFE/PTFE compound variant
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
In the standard version, V-Seal set packings consist of a compression ring, a backup ring, and three
General
V-packing rings
In order to avoid damaging the seal during installation, the installation space and rods and/or shafts should
Special installation notes
include lead-in chamfers
APPENDIX
79
Product portfolio
STUFFING BOX PACKINGS
From centrifugal and piston pumps to applications on spin- Function

dles and valves – stuffing box packings are a type of seal • Sealing in pressure-free environments by means of restor-
broadly used throughout the food and beverage industry ing force
where sealing is achieved by compressing the packing. • Self-amplifying sealing function under pressure (the
higher the pressure, the better the sealing)
The functional principle of a stuffing box packing consists
in the axial compression of endless woven cords pressed Dimensions and types
into rings. This process generates a radial compression on • Double, triple and quadruple diagonally braided, with
the sealing location, which must be greater than the inter- quadratic cross-section from 3 mm to 25 mm, available
nal pressure to ensure reliable sealing. Using different types by the meter
of stranding and packing materials to match the respective • Tube-braided packings, also available as double-layer
chemical and thermal requirements, stuffing box packings bands
can be tailored to a variety of application scenarios. In addi- • Braided packings as pre-cut components or pressed in
tion to the classic woven packings, Freudenberg also offers ring form
the special Valtec variant, made of a non-woven material • Graphite versions as pre-pressed rings and bushings
impregnated with PTFE which is wound and compressed • PTFE-impregnated packings (Valtec) as rings or bushings
into rings. • Combination of different packing rings to a set, e.g. with
anti-extrusion versions on the outside and low-friction
Pressures play an important role in the sealing function. rings on the inside
When there is no pressure on the packing, a good compres- • Use of “lantern rings” for lubrication, shut-off or cooling
sion set is necessary to maintain a good seal using resilience. • Versions with internal or external springs for plunger
Stuffing box packings are self-amplifying under pressure: pumps
their maximum pressure load is influenced by the gap • Grafiflex as cover seals in internal pressure-supported
width. To improve their gliding ability and therefore the systems
cross-section impermeability, stuffing box packings are also
impregnated with lubricants.
Types of stranding DESIGN NOTES
• For centrifugal pumps, plunger pumps and

Packing mixers: s = 1.4 x ½ d (d = shaft diameter in mm)
cross-sections • For valves: s = 1.2 x ½ d (d = spindle diameter
in mm)
• Surface roughness for shafts, spindles, and

Surfaces valves: Ra <0.25 µm
• Surface roughness for housings: Ra <0.25 µm
Double Triple Quadruple Concentric Spindle hard-

Min. 40 HRc, for heavier loads 60 HRc
ness
Amount of
guide play in Less than 1/1,000 of the spindle diameter
the spindle
• Max. permissible gap between spindle and gland

packings/housing bore = 2/100 of the packing
Gap widths width
• For larger widths use packings with high-strength
aramid yarns
Radial shaft
Max. 0.001 x the shaft diameter
deflection
80
INTRODUCTION
Recommended number of rings for valves Installation and assembly
• Installation space must be axially accessible
MEDIA PRESSURE (BAR) RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF RINGS • Ensure that the gland packing goes far enough into the
<10 3 stuffing box and check the reset path
• Use a cutting gauge when cutting the material
10 – 30 4
• Form-pressed rings should be opened axially, then slightly
30 – 60 5 flexed radially and laid over the shaft, cut end first. Next,
60 – 100 6 press the sleeve completely into the installation space
100 – 250 7
and tighten it according to the component specifications
• Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assem-
250 – 500 8 bly instructions
Applications
Recommended number of rings for centrifugal pumps • Valves
and mixers • Mixers
• Homogenizers
MEDIA PRESSURE (BAR) RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF RINGS • Piston and plunger pumps
<5 3 • Fittings
5 – 10 4
Stuffing box design
10 – 20 5
20 – 30 6

>30 7
Recommended number of rings for plungers
RECOMMENDED NUMBER OF RINGS

MEDIA PRESSURE (BAR) WITHOUT SPRING WITH SPRING
PRELOADING PRELOADING
10 3 2
16 3–4 2–3 THE ADVANTAGES AT A GLANCE

25 4 2–3
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
40 4–5 3 • Broad variety of applications

64 5 3–4
• Ideal for higher pressures up to 1,000 bar (in special cases
up to 3,000 bar)
100 5–6 3–4 • Broad temperature range from –200 °C to +550 °C (–328 °F
160 6 4 to +1,022 °F) as graphite variant up to +700 °C (+1,292 °F)
250 6–7 4 • High media resistance
• Numerous economical standard dimensions
400 7 4–5
• Simple assembly
630 7–8 4–5 • Special solutions in compliance with TA Luft
1,000 8 5 • FDA-compliant materials
APPENDIX
81
Product portfolio
PRECISION MOLDED PARTS
Molded parts are components that cannot be assigned Dimensions

to a standardized group in terms of their geometries and Vary widely depending on the design and application, from
applications; instead, they are designed for specific sealing only a few millimeters up to one meter.
applications.
Types
In complex applications, it is often difficult if not impossible • Elastomer composites in material combinations with
to use standard components to ensure an optimal sealing metals, ceramics or plastics
function. In such cases, molded parts are designed to pre- • Precision molded parts
cisely match the application in question – the molded part • Elastomer bellows
becomes a customer-specific solution. This can be accom- • Extruded profile sections
plished by modifying a standard component, for example
an O-ring, or by designing the materials and geometry for Design notes
an entirely individualized molded seal. Typical molded seals When developing molded seals, the user and the seal man-
in the food and beverage industry include butterfly valve ufacturer should work together intensively from the outset
seals and U-packings, as well as impellers for pumps. in order to avoid unnecessary steps and to keep the develop-
Another typical example for molded parts is a pig. Pigs se- ment time as short as possible. So as to preclude the need
cure a residue-free cleaning process and an efficient use of for multiple revisions, new versions and repeated testing in
products. Freudenberg offers pigs made from highly resist- the development process, Freudenberg can use FEM analysis
ant low-friction-elastomers like EPDM and Fluoroprene® XP. prior to construction of the sample mold in order to deter-
mine potential strains on and deformations of the molded
The use of a molded seal is preceded by a comprehensive seal, taking into account the temperature and swelling.
development process, in which the customer is usually
closely involved. Not infrequently, Freudenberg is also al- Installation and assembly
ready involved at the start in a machine or component de- Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assembly
velopment in order to ensure high system reliability from instructions.
the outset with specially matched sealing solutions.
Function
Various sealing functions, depending on the requirement
and component, such as:
• Pressure-free sealing through the use of restoring force

• Self-amplifying sealing function under pressure
• Reduction of incoming pressure
• Sealing against media permeation
82
INTRODUCTION
Applications
• Filling head seals and valve seats for beverage systems
• Molded seals for double seat valves and sterile valves
• Profile gaskets for separators
• Frame gaskets for filters • Global leader in sealing expertise
• Joining technology (fittings) • Focused industry-specific and application-specific know-
how
• Extensive materials and manufacturing expertise
• Reliable quality management
• Extensive testing facilities for dependable prognoses
• Innovative simulation and analysis methods
USER
FREUDENBERG
Functional description (specifications, drawing), technical description
Feasibility testing
If necessary, revision of the specifications

Construction of sample mold/prototypes
Testing If necessary, correction phase
Manufacture of series-production tools
Approval First sampling inspection

PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
83
Product portfolio
BUTTERFLY VALVE SEALS
Seals for butterfly valves ensure the reliable function of but- Types
terfly and disc valves. In the food and beverage industry, they • Customer-specific types available on request thanks to FEM
are used wherever a shut-off valve is sufficient and a more calculations
extensive flow regulation is not necessary. • Special models with additional treatment (e.g. RFN)
Shut-off butterflies, butterfly or disc valves are normally four- Installation and assembly
part units composed of a two-part housing with a threaded • When stretching the gasket over the valve, avoid ledges,
connector, weld-on ends or a clamp connector; a valve disc and sharp edges and threaded surfaces on the shafts
a butterfly valve seal. It is only the last component that guar- • Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assembly
antees the integrity of the entire unit, making it indispensable instructions
in preventing all three types of potential leakage – at the pipe
seal, the flange and the actuator.
3
Despite the simplicity of their basic design, seals for butterfly
valves are expected to master extremely demanding operating
conditions: when the valve is open, the gasket should only min-
imally reduce the pipe diameter, and must be nearly free of
dead space. The valve should be easy to close, but at the same
time exhibit high compression when closed to provide a per- 3
fect seal. Optimum materials, torque-reducing geometries,
and highly realistic testing are needed in order to combine all
of the desired qualities.
1 1
2
The requirements are further intensified by the high flow
speed when the valve is closing. This flow creates a major pres-
sure differential and pressure fluctuations, both of which can
blow the seal out of its seat into the pipe. In order to optimally
tailor the seal design to prevent this, Freudenberg utilizes effi-
cient and highly-effective computational models such as FEM.
2
Dimensions
• Dimensions fit standard DIN and ISO pipe dimensions
1 Optimal compression on the butterfly valve (or “valve disc”) ensures
• Standard metric: DN 15 to DN 250
that the sealing location is reliably sealed. Here the goal is an ideal
• Standard inch: 1” to 6” compromise between the integrity of the closed valve and the torque
• Individual dimensions available on request involved in actuating it
2 The quasi-static sealing location is also worth examining. If the

compression is oriented correctly, the leakage of production and cleaning
media is reliably prevented
3 The axle lead-through represents a particularly difficult sealing location.

The optimal design dependably prevents leaks
84
INTRODUCTION
Applications
• Beverage industry:
• Use of EPDM materials
• Thermal resistance in steam and sterilization to +140 °C • Patented torque-reducing design allows high-frequency
(+284 °F), for brief periods up to +160 °C (+320 °F) operating cycles with low actuating forces and minimal
• Suitable for aqueous media and cleaning processes abrasion
• For applications involving nitric or formic acid, high tem- • Extremely easy to assemble
peratures and media concentrations, EPDM represents • Leak-free and dead space-free variants available
the most economical solution in comparison to other ma- • Low-friction coatings available
terials. In extreme cases, however, EPDM is not optimal • A broad range of material versions for high media and
either and alternatives may have to be used temperature resistance
• Dairy industry:
• EPDM, FKM, VMQ or HNBR materials are used, depending DESIGN NOTES
on the fat content and temperature • Information on the minimum and maximum
• In certain cleaning media, HNBR, FKM and VMQ cannot dimensions of the flanges and valves are necessary
match the service life of EPDM; however, unlike EPDM for gasket design
• Minimum necessary and maximum permissible
they are resistant to fats, thus making them well-suited Dimensions
actuating forces should be included in design consi-
for use at high temperatures and concentrations derations
• Use of a patented Freudenberg design to reduce
• Pharmaceutical and chemical industry: torque
• EPDM, FKM, VMQ or HNBR materials are used, depending

Lowest possible tolerances with regard to the seal and
on the production media and solvents Tolerances
installation space
• FKM is resistant to certain oils and some aromatic oils, but
shows limited resistance to alkaline cleaning media. It is • Perfectly smooth (no gaps or seams) in the dynamic
also more prone to swelling in acids, making it necessary area
• The sealing butterfly should be polished on the
to select compatible cleaning media when using FKM Surfaces
sealing surface (Rmax 2.5 µm, Ra 0.05 – 0.3 µm)
• Certain applications in the production of flavorings, in • The shaft should be polished in the sealing area
pharmaceutical and chemical processes exceed the resist- (Rmax 2.5 µm, Ra 0.05 – 0.3 µm)
ance properties of EPDM, VMQ, and HNBR. In such cases,
Freudenberg recommends the use of Fluoroprene® XP
materials
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
85
Product portfolio
LOW PRESSURE
PROFILES
Large areas are difficult to seal with commonly made To produce a seal that is fully closed around the entire door
products because tools are too expensive or unfeasible to frame, the two ends of the profile are butt joint-vulcanized.
realize. With the help of low pressure profiles, it is possible The molecules cross-link at the joint to the same material as
to seal these difficult points. the profile. Consequently, the profile at the joint seals as re-
liably as at all other points. The FDA-compliant material 70
Profiles and cords EPDM 471 is ideal for use under aggressive sterilization and
Typical examples are oven door seals. For the standard pro- cleaning conditions. Thanks to its high abrasion resistance,
gram, there is a variety of different tools for different ma- long service lives can be achieved. During the cleaning pro-
terials available. By switching from mold-based to low pres- cess, the gasket is inflated, resulting in high contact stress
sure parts, tool costs can be saved when developing cus- preventing leakage. After cleaning, the seal is relaxed again
tomized individual applications. and the door opens without damaging the seal. Freuden-
berg offers inflatable seals on request even with a specific
Freudenberg has developed a special vulcanization process valve matched to the seal that controls the supply of com-
in which the cord and the joint are made of the same mate- pressed air. Instead of a threaded coupling, this valve works
rial. Thus, a uniform quality of the seal is achieved. In by means of a click mechanism, making it easier to install.
conventional low pressure gaskets of other manufacturers,
the joint is often connected by means of an adhesive, result-
ing in a significant difference in quality. In contrast to the
seals made by Freudenberg, the joint here is not reliably re-
sistant to thermal influences and process media or to clean-
ing agents and steam sterilization.
Freudenberg offers low pressure profiles and rings in the

following elastomers:
• 70 EPDM 391: resistant to water, steam, acid and alkali Evacuated state Seal under pressure
solution
• 70 EPDM 471: resistant to disinfectants and CIP/SIP media
• 75 Fluoroprene® XP 41: resistant to steam, fat and CIP/SIP
media
• 80 NBR 217383: good low temperature flexibility and
abrasion resistance
• Seals reliably against external influences
Inflatable seals • Easy opening and closing of doors, for example
Wherever the containers and doors of systems must be pro- • Long service life
tected against germs and dirt, the gap bridgings are sealed • Very good chemical and thermal resistance
with inflatable profiles. In laboratories and research insti- • Seal and valve are perfectly matched
tutes, the standard silicone material often creates problems • Individual dimensions by means of butt joint-vulcanization
due to insufficient stability. Also, the profiles of conven-
tional inflatable seals often stick to the door frame and
make it difficult to open the door, which in turn damages
the seal.
86
INTRODUCTION
GUIDE STRIPS
Guide strips are used in various machines for the food and
beverage industry to compensate for the lateral forces and
deflections occurring.
This requires a high pressure resistance of the material. At • High compressive strength with simultaneous flexibility
the same time, the material used must have sufficient • Resistant to CIP/SIP cleaning media
flexibility to prevent it from being damaged during assem- • Low extrusion propensity
bly. In food and beverage applications where guide strips • Low wear ensures a long service life
have direct contact with the medium, the materials used • Different sizes up to 200 mm available at short notice
must comply with the legal framework. Comparable com- • Food-grade materials
binations of approved materials demonstrated in a bench-
mark that they do not withstand the high forces, e.g. in
homogenizers, and have a propensity to gap extrusion.
This leads to increased wear and thus to a significantly
reduced service life. Guide strips made of PTFE Y005 ensure
low wear and a much longer durability thanks to minimized
extrusion propensity. PTFE Y005 is a special compound and
consists of a virgin, high-grade pure PTFE and a filler.

Extrusion length
PTFE-MATERIAL
Y005 (VIRIGN) K202 (CARBON-FILLED) G216 (GLASS FIBER-FILLED)

1,6
1,4
1,2
Extrusion length in mm
1,0
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
80 °C (176 °F) 120 °C (248 °F)

APPENDIX
87
Product portfolio
PTFE BELLOWS
Bellows are components which are primarily used to pro- Applications of bellows as compensators
tect moving machine parts from external influences. • Compensation for expansion and vibration
• Compensation for axle offset, misalignments and dis-
Wherever reciprocating mechanical parts need to be protec- placements in pipes
ted from environmental influences or aggressive media, bel- • Fluid circulation in chemical, food and beverage industries
lows serve as reliable sealing components. They can also be • Rod protection in chemical, food and beverage industries
used to compensate for movements, expansions, as well as • Protection from dust and contamination, e.g. for weigh-
axle offset, misalignments and vibrations. When used in ing equipment in filling plants
combination with check valves, they can also be used to cir-
culate or pump gases and liquids utilizing volume changes Applications of valve and pump bellows
in the bellows, provided the installation space allows it. • In feed pumps and metering pumps
• For control and shut-off valves in chemical, pharmaceuti-
Application range of bellows cal and food and beverage industries
• Virgin PTFE: Broad application range throughout the
chemical industry
• Modified PTFE: Low-porosity variant for the food, bever- DESIGN NOTES
age and pharmaceutical industries
• Conductive PTFE: Designed to prevent static electrical Compen- Standard bellows, as well as metal-reinforced special
sators variants possible
buildup
• Filled PTFE: Reinforcement with glass fibers or carbon fib- Valve and
Design guidelines based on individual experience in
pump
ers of those parts of the bellows under the most stress, development and testing
bellows
e.g. where the bellows are mounted on a pump head
• The flange contact surfaces must be smooth and clean
• PTFE bellows should not be over-expanded
Function
• PTFE flanges should be handled carefully due to their
• Protection of piston rods, linkages and other machine Special
ductility
parts involving axial and in some cases radial motion installation
• It may be advisable to use soft packings between
notes
• Compensation of movements and displacements be- flange and bellows
tween two connecting components • The screw holes and flange thickness listed for types
FBA-9000 and FBC-9002 are smaller than those indica-
• Circulation and pumping of gases and liquids using vol- ted in the DIN standard sheets
ume changes
Dimensions
• Smallest standardized internal diameter: 10 mm (smaller
diameters available on request)
• Largest external diameter: theoretically unlimited
Installation and assembly • Highly resistant to nearly all chemicals
Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assembly • Dependable sealing to prevent media contamination
instructions. • High cost effectiveness thanks to production by machining
• Special variants, made-to-order and small batches are
TYPES possible
FBA-9000 Compensators for low pressures • Compensator bellows in nominal widths of DN 10 to DN
500 available in stock
FBC-9002 Compensators for moderate pressures
FV-series Individual solutions for pump and valve bellows
Variant of FBA-9000 available on request, as well as an

FBAX-9001
extensive range of customer-specific variants
88
INTRODUCTION
PTFE U-PACKINGS
U-packings are unidirectional sealing elements with a Applications
U-shaped cross-section and a reinforcing metal spring • Ball valves
which are used for sealing applications involving rotary or • Flanges and lids
translatory motion. • Swivel joints
• Distribution manifolds
PTFE U-packings are sealing components that enjoy a wide • Hot water and steam valves
range of uses in the food and beverage industry, from ball • Fittings
valves to piston pumps. They are ideal for the sealing of • Piston pumps
pressures, as the system pressure amplifies their sealing • Bearings
function, as well as for aggressive media, thanks to PTFE’s
excellent media resistance.
PTFE U-packings contain a metal spring, which compen- TYPES
sates for the loss of initial load caused by PTFE’s tendency • Variants with dynamic internal sealing lip for use as a
to creep. The contact pressure can be tailored to the param- Axial sealing
rod seal: standard rod diameters from 10 to 200 mm
eters of the individual application scenario by means of u-, • Variants with external sealing lip for use as a piston
seal: standard piston diameters from 15 to 200 mm
v- or o-shaped springs – open or crimped. PTFE U-packings
are available as axial or radial sealing models for sealing ap- • With inward sealing function for use as a pressure
plications involving translatory or rotary motion. Radial seal- Radial seal (dimensions on request)
ing models are available in inside and outside sealing ver- sealing • With outward sealing function for use as a vacuum
seal (dimensions on request)
sions.
• V-springs with a great degree of spring travel and
Function soft spring characteristic for reduced friction, can be

• Sealing of rotary and translatory motions used for dynamic and static sealing and for rotation
sealing
• Sealing of aggressive media and pressures • U-spring with a great degree of spring travel and hig-
Spring types
her spring rate for sealing of higher pressures
Dimensions • Round springs for high spring force with a lower de-
• Manufactured by machining, therefore available in nearly gree of spring travel for sealing of extremely high
pressures. Its special design distributes the spring
all dimensions
load over a number of different sealing lips
• Springs to match the dimensions are manufactured from
endless material • Pure PTFE
• Standard dimensions (see types) available in stock • PTFE with glass fibers
• PTFE with carbon
• PTFE with carbon fibers
Installation and assembly Material
• PTFE with glass and/or molybdenum
variants
• Installation preferably without stretching or compressing • PTFE with Ekonol
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
of the rings. If stretching or compression is unavoidable, • PTFE with aramid

• UHMW PE (polyethylene)
please consult Freudenberg. Lightly oil the rings prior to
• PEEK
installation
• Please refer to page 94 for general installation and assem-
bly instructions
APPENDIX
89
Product portfolio
DESIGN NOTES
• Maximum permissible pressure for dynamic

applications: 45 MPa
Pressures
• Maximum permissible pressure for static appli- • Universal media resistance
cations: 120 MPa • Broad temperature range
• For 25 MPa or more, please consult Freudenberg,
if necessary use backup rings
• Highly dependable
• Resistant to aging
Lead-in
20° standard • No stick-slip effect
chamfers
• Special variants for higher pressures
Sealing surfaces in accordance with the diagram • Special hygienic variants with minimal dead space
Surface
• Lead-in chamfers <1.6 µm
roughness
• Groove flanks <2.5 µm
• Optimal running surface hardness 20 HRC to

Hardness 65 HRC
• Penetration depth min. 300 µm
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SEALING SURFACES

Mean roughness value Ra of the sealing surface
HYDROGEN, SAE 10 TO 50 MOTOR OILS, BITUMEN, DUST,

WATER STEAM, AIR WATER, GREASE POWDER
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
gaseous liquid solid
static dynamic Aggregate state of the medium
90
APPENDIX
91
Appendix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBRE- FULL NAME DESCRIPTION
VIATION
A
The higher the ACN content of an NBR or HNBR elastomer, the better the re-
ACN Acrylnitril sistance against non-polar media. The smaller the ACN content, the better the
low-temperature flexibility. The ACN content ranges between 18% and 50%
ACS Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire French drinking water approval
ADI-free Animal Derived Ingredient free Assurance that no products derived from animals are used in manufacture
API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients The pharmaceutically active ingredients in a medicinal product
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers United States platform for engineers and students
AWQC Australian Water Quality Centre Australian organization for drinking water standards
B
German Federal Office for Risk Assessment: BfR focusses on the assessment of
risks in the field of consumer health protection and food and feed safety, e.g. BfR
BfR Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung Recommendation 15 for silicones, BfR Recommendation / 21: Recommendation
for articles of daily use based on natural and synthetic rubber material for silico-
ne material/rubber in food use
C
CIP Cleaning In Place Cleaning processes in closed plants of the process industry, without disassembly
CNC Computerized Numerical Control Method in machining technology
COP Cleaning Out of Place Cleaning method in the process industry with disassembly
D
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung German institute for standardization
DM Dachmanschetten Rod seal set consisting of roof-shaped seals and supporting rings
DN Diameter nominal Nominal diameter, e.g. for pipes
DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water
Compression set, a mechanical performance parameter for elastomers. The
compression set describes the ability of a material to generate a sufficient res-
DVR Druckverformungsrest
toring force on the sealing surfaces and thus ensure the tightness, even after a
certain contact time with the media in question
E
EDTA Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic-acid
Consortium of plant engineers and operators in the food and pharmaceuticals
EHEDG European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group
industries
EPDM Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Rubber A base elastomer
In a special process, the molecular chains of ultra-thin PTFE layers are stretched,
these layers are stacked multi-directionally and loosely pressed. As a result, the
ePTFE Expanded PTFE
cold flow is optimized, the seals are very adaptable and meet, after pressing on
site, the highest leak tightness requirements, e.g. according to TA Luft
ETA-DK European Technical Approvals – Denmark Danish organization for issues concerning drinking water
A regulation is a legally binding act (directive) which all EU countries must fully
EU Reg. Regulation of the European Union
implement
F
FB Faltenbalg Bellow
A federal body in the United States responsible for the regulation of medications
FDA Food and Drug Administration and pharmaceuticals, part of the United States Department of Health and
Human Services
FEM Finite-Elemente-Methode A calculation method used to determine forces and loads in components
FEP Fluorinated-Ethylene-Propylene A thermoplastic material used as a material for encapsulation of O-rings
FFKM Perfluoroelastomer A base elastomer
FKM Fluoroelastomer A base elastomer
G
Analytical method for mixtures which can be converted into the gaseous phase
GC Gas chromatography
and can then be separated and detected
GMB Elastomer diaphragm with fabric Elastomer diaphragm with fabric
GMBM Elastomer diaphragm with metal insert and fabric/film Elastomer diaphragm with metal insert and fabric/film
H
HNBR Hydrogenated-Nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber A base elastomer
HRC Hardness Rockwell C Rockwell hardness test with scale C (for materials with a high hardness)
HTS II High Temperature and Speed Rotary shaft seal
92
INTRODUCTION
ABBRE- FULL NAME DESCRIPTION
VIATION
I
Measure of the hardness of an elastomeric material, especially in case of small
IRHD International Rubber Hardness Degree
cord sizes, German term also “microhardness determination”
ISBT International Society for Beverage Technologists United States organization for the beverage industry
ISO International Organization for Standardization
International Society for Pharmaceutical
ISPE International industry association for the pharmaceutical industry
Engineering
K
Ministerial Expert Committee + Toxicity Sub-
KIWA Directive from the Netherlands
committee
Plastics in drinking water: a German norm for the use of plastics and
KTW Kunststoffe im Trinkwasser
elastomers in drinking water facilities
M
MB Membran Elastomer diaphragm
MBM Elastomermembran mit Metalleinlage Elastomer diaphragm with metal inserts
MRO Maintenance, Repair and Operations
Analysis method to separate particles according to their mass and to identify
MS Mass spectrometry
them hereby
N
NBR Acrylo-Nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber A base elastomer
The NSF defines standards for applications in the food industry (NSF 51) and
NSF National Sanitation Foundation
drinking water applications (NSF 61)
O
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
Total amount of substances escaping from a sealing material under certain test
OML Overall Migration Limit
conditions (EU Reg. 10/2011)
OPC Open Plant Cleaning A cleaning method used in the process industry
ÖVGW Österreichischer Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches Austrian Gas and Water Union
P
PA Polyamide A thermoplastic

PE Polyethylene A thermoplastic
PEEK Polyetheretherketone A thermoplastic
PFA Perfluoralkoxy Copolymer A thermoplastic
POM Polyoxymethylene A thermoplastic
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene A thermoplastic
PU Polyurethane A thermoplastic
R
RFN Reduced Friction by Nanotechnology A patented Freudenberg method for reducing friction in elastomer seals
RWDR Radialwellendichtring Rotary shaft seal
S
safe secure adaptive freudenberg encryption A product marking technology ensuring reliable identification
SIP Sterilization In Place A sterilization method used in the process industry
Migration value of a single substance in tests according to EU Reg. 10/2011,
SML Specific Migration Limit
see also OML
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
T
TOC Total Organic Carbon Sum parameter for the carbon content in water and wastewater analysis
U
USP United States Pharmacopeia Collection of recognized pharmaceutical rules originating in the USA
V
VDMA Verein Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau German Engineering Federation: a German industrial association
VMQ Vinyl-Methyl-Polysiloxane A base elastomer, silicone
W
W 270 is concerned with the “propagation of microorganisms on materials used in
W 270 Part of KTW testing
drinking water applications – testing and assessment“
WDR Wellendichtring Shaft seals
WIP Washing In Place A cleaning method used in the process industries
WOP Washing Out of Place A cleaning method used in the process industries
A standard / An organization responsible for the approval of machinery used in
WRAS Water Regulations Advisory Scheme
drinking water plants (Great Britain)
APPENDIX
93
Appendix
GENERAL INSTALLATION AND

ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
GENERAL INSTALLATION AND ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
For all types of seals, it is imperative that both the installation space and the seal itself are clean. Metallic processing
Cleanliness residues, such as particles and cuttings, are particularly dangerous
The sealing surfaces must at least have the surface roughness indicated in the catalogs. Check for scratches, gouges and
Sealing surfaces cavities
If seals have to be stretched and pushed over sharp edges or threaded surfaces during installation, these should be rounded
Surrounding area off or covered with protective sleeves
Prior to installation, ensure that the seal was properly stored. If the seal is individually wrapped, do not remove it from its
Storage conditions package until you are ready to install it (see page 25)
It is always important to ensure that mounting tools and other aids do not damage the seal or the installation space.
Assembly aids Installation sleeves, expansion mandrels, chamfers on pistons and cylinders and rounded brass pins are well-suited. A
screwdriver is not a suitable assembly tool
If the use of lubricants is required for assembly or installation, it must be verified whether the seal material is resistant to the
Lubricants lubricant
For many seals (e.g. U-packings and radial shaft seals), it is important to install them with the correct positioning/
Positioning in the correct direction
94
INTRODUCTION
LEGAL NOTICES
The contents of this handbook have been carefully prepared. As such, the information contained in this handbook can
The information is based on our decades of research into provide only general and non-binding guidelines. We
the development and manufacture of sealing solutions recommend that you discuss specific, individual applications
as part of the Freudenberg Group and reflects our current with our technical consultants as a matter of principle.
state of knowledge. However, as seal performance is not
only dependent on the seal itself, but also on various other All rights, in particular to texts, images and other work
parameters connected to the individual application, which protected by copyright and published in the handbook, are
are beyond our control, we do not assume any liability for reserved by Freudenberg. Any reproduction, distribution,
the statements made in this document. transmission, and other utilization of the contents without
written permission is expressly prohibited.
PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
APPENDIX
95
Editorial Information
Freudenberg
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies
Freudenberg Process Seals GmbH & Co. KG
Lorscher Straße 13
69469 Weinheim, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 6201 80 8919-00
Fax: +49 (0) 6201 88 8919-69
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.fst.com
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SEALING TECHNOLOGY MANUAL

FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

1.2 Market-specific services 6

1.3 The process industry and its requirements 14

5 MATERIALS RESISTANCE AND PURITY 54

Freudenberg Sealing Technologies is

Freudenberg Sealing Technologies is

• Sale of sealing products

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

Economical short runs

FDA-compliant and hygienic

Freudenberg’s patented laser marking dividually definable customer-specific

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

Acidic cleaning agents +30 to +80 °C

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

Image above: Gap extrusion in static

For particularly hygienic applications, Furthermore, Freudenberg provides

ISBT (International Society for Bever-

ISPE (International Society for Pharma-

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

the legal status of a non-profit organ-

THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

with the chemical resistance.

THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

THE PROCESS INDUSTRY

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

IRHD pursuant to DIN ISO 48 – For hardness tests on seals,

1. N (for hardnesses between 30 and 95 IRHD)

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

• Deformation (default: 25%)

• Temperature during the deformation

Tensile test Resistance to tear propagation

The three characteristics tear strength, 100% stress value

The storage and the recording of the time in storage of vul-

MATERIALS RESISTANCE & PURITY

The aging process depends largely on the following factors:

Rules for the storage of elastomer products can be derived

1. The storage temperature must be below +25 °C (+77 °F)

APPROVALS, EXAMINATIONS, COMPLIANCES

BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung German Food and Feed Code

ACS – Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire AFNOR XO P41-250 part 1 – 3

ÖVGW – Österreichische Vereinigung für das Gas- und

Ministerial Expert Committee + Toxicity

ETA-DK (Danish Board of

NSF 61 National Sanitation Foundation NSF Standard 61

AS/NZS 4020:2005 AWQC – Australian Water Quality Centre AS/NZS 4020:2005

EU (VO) 1935/2004 European Parliament EU Reg. 1935/2004

EU (VO) 10/2011 European Parliament EU Reg. 10/2011

BfR 21. recommendation for BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung

BfR 15. recommendation for BfR – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung

• FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 (Elastomers & Perfluoroelastomers)

3-A® Sanitary Standards 3-A® FDA 21 CFR 177.2600

ADI free EMEA/410/01 rev2

USP Chapter 87 United States Pharmacopeia USP 29

Germany DVGW-certified laboratories Material 5 years Microbiological examination