Debt Management Theory
Debt Management Theory
Debt Management Theory
of Debt Management
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nada Chunsom
School of Development Economics,
National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA)
Email: [email protected]
June 20, 2017
Presentation Outline
• What is public debt management and why is it important?
• Optimal Government debt management: theoretical issues,
portfolio management issues, institutional issues and current
debates
• Debt Management Guidelines
– Debt management objectives and coordination
– Transparency and accountability
– Institutional Framework
• Debt Management Strategy
• Risk Management Framework
• Development and maintenance of an efficient market for
government securities
• Discussion and Q&A
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• Sovereign debt management is
the process of establishing and executing a
strategy for managing the government’s debt
in order to raise the required amount of
funding at the lowest possible cost over the
medium to long run, consistent with a
prudent degree of risk.
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• In a boarder macroeconomic context for
public policy, government should seek to
ensure that both the level and rate of growth
in their public debt are on a sustainable path
and that the debt can be serviced under a
wide range of circumstances, including
economic and financial market stress, while
meeting cost and risk objectives.
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• Every government faces policy choices
concerning debt management objectives, in
particular its preferred risk tolerance, the
parts of the government balance sheet that
debt managers should be responsible for, the
management of contingent liabilities, and the
establishment of sound governance for public
debt management.
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• Poor structured debt portfolios, in terms of
maturity, currency, or interest rate
composition and large contingent liabilities,
have been important factors, in inducing or
propagating economic crises in many
countries throughout history.
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• Sound risk management practices are
essential given that a government’s debt
portfolio is usually the largest financial
portfolio in the country and can contain
complex and risky financial structures, which
have the potential to generate substantial
risk to the government’s balance sheet and
overall financial stability.
What is public debt management
and why is it important?
• Debt crises have highlighted the importance
of sound debt management practices and the
need for an efficient and liquid domestic
capital market.
Optimal Government Debt Management:
Theoretical Issues
• Ricardian Equivalence (Debt = Future Taxes)
– Prudent debt management helps smooth distortionary taxes.
– Another way to see this: insurance against having to raise
income tax following adverse spending or productivity shocks.
– Ideal Theoretical Solution: Issue state‐contingent debt with
low returns in bad states of the world.
• But standardization of debt contracts is important for
liquidity, and for minimizing financial innovation costs.
– State‐contingent debt unworkable; portfolio management of
debt is critical.
– Real World Solution: Complex debt portfolio management
problem, with liability constraints.
Optimal Government Debt Management:
Portfolio Management Issues
• Nominal or Inflation‐Indexed Debt?
– Public spending/real shocks nominal debt optimal (inflation
reduces real value of payments when financing needs
increase).
– Monetary shocks indexed debt optimal (otherwise inflation
causes changes in tax policy to offset real value of debt
changes).
– Optimal policy will have a mix.
• Currency Composition?
– Complex issue – depends on correlation of foreign and
domestic output and monetary shocks.
– Foreign debt not always bad – depends on composition of
shocks.
– Optimal policy will have a mix.
Optimal Government Debt Management:
Portfolio Management Issues
• Optimal Debt Maturity?
– Short‐term debt potentially “cheaper” because of
liquidity demand at the short‐end
– Tradeoff against rollover risk. Another tricky problem.
• Nominal Debt and Adverse Selection?
– Theoretically, nominal debt creates an inflationary
bias.
– In practice, this is not a big issue. Reputational costs…
– Little evidence of high inflation high even during
growth crises.
– Adverse selection also possible in fiscal policy.
Optimal Government Debt Management:
Institutional Issues and Current Debate
• Main issue I: Optimal debt management is linked
inextricably with the conduct of fiscal policy.
• Main issue II: Optimal debt management is complex,
and requires serious asset management capability.
• Main issue III: Open economy means need for
institutional knowledge of foreign and domestic
money markets.
• Possible solution: Incubate new PDMA in a pre‐existing
institution with a clearly defined path to a spin‐out?
Debt Management Guidelines
Debt Management Objectives
and Coordination
• Objective—to ensure that the government’s
financing needs and its payment obligations are met
at the lowest possible cost over the medium to long
run, consistent with a prudent degree of risk.
• Scope—Debt management should encompass the
main financial obligations over which the central
government exercises control.
Debt Management Objectives
and Coordination
• Coordination with monetary, fiscal, and financial sector
policies
– Debt management should be anchored in sound
macroeconomic and financial sector policies to ensure that the
level and rate of growth in public debt are sustainable.
– Debt managers, fiscal and monetary authorities, and financial
sector regulators, should share an understanding of the
objectives of debt management, fiscal, monetary, and financial
sector policies given the interconnections and
interdependencies between their respective policy instruments.
Debt Management Objectives
and Coordination
• Coordination with monetary, fiscal, and financial sector
policies
– In principle, there should be a separation of debt management
policy and monetary policy objectives and accountabilities.
– Debt managers and fiscal and monetary authorities should
share information on the government’s current and future cash
flow needs.
– Although the responsibility for ensuring prudent debt levels and
conducting DSA lies with fiscal authorities, debt managers
should monitor any emerging debt sustainability problems
based on portfolio risk analyses and market reactions observed
when conducting debt management operations, and inform the
government on a timely basis.
Transparency and Accountability
• Clarity of roles, responsibilities, and objectives of
government institutions responsible for debt
management
• Public availability of information on the reporting of
debt management strategies and operations
• Accountability and assurances of integrity by
agencies responsible for debt management
Institutional Framework
• Governance—
– The legal framework should clarify the authority to borrow
and to issue new debt, to hold assets for cash management
purposes, and, if applicable, to undertake other transactions
on the government’s behalf.
– The organizational framework for debt management should
be clearly specified and the mandates and roles well
articulated.
Institutional Framework
• Management of internal operations and legal
documentation
– Operational risks should be managed according to sound business practices,
including well articulated responsibilities for staff, and clear monitoring and control
policies and reporting arrangements.
– Staff involved in debt management should be subject to a code‐of‐conduct and
conflict‐of‐interest guidelines regarding the management of their personal financial
affairs.
– Debt management activities should be supported by an accurate and
comprehensive management information system with proper safeguards.
– Sound business recovery procedures should be in place to mitigate the risk that
debt management activities might be severely disrupted by theft, fire, natural
disasters, social unrest, or acts of terrorism.
– Debt managers should ensure that they have received appropriate legal advice and
that the transactions they undertake incorporate sound legal features.
– Collective action clauses (CACs) in bond contracts could help to achieve a more
orderly and efficient resolution, in case of a sovereign debt restructuring
Debt Management Strategy
• The risks inherent in the government’s debt structure should be
carefully monitored and evaluated. These risks should be
mitigated to the extent feasible, taking into account the cost of
doing so.
• In order to help guide borrowing decisions and reduce the
government’s risk, debt managers should consider the financial
and other risk characteristics of the government’s cash flows.
• Debt managers should carefully assess and manage the risks
associated with foreign currency, short‐term, and floating rate
debt.
• There should be cost‐effective cash management policies in
place to enable the authorities to meet their financial and
budgetary obligations as they fall due.
Risk Management Framework
• A framework should be developed to enable debt managers to
identify and manage the tradeoffs between expected cost and
risk in the government debt portfolio.
• To assess risk, debt managers should regularly conduct stress
tests of the debt portfolio on the basis of the economic and
financial shocks to which the government and the country
more generally are potentially exposed.
Risk Management Framework
• Scope for active management
Debt managers who seek to manage actively the debt
portfolio to profit from expectations of movements in interest rates
and exchange rates, which differ from those implicit in current
market prices, should be aware of the risks involved and be
accountable for their actions.
Risk Management Framework
• Risk arising from the use of derivatives, credit
risk, and settlement risk
When derivatives are used to manage debt portfolio risk
positions, debt managers should be aware of the financial cost and
redemption scenarios that could arise, as well as of the potential
consequences of derivatives contracts (e.g., in case of a downgrade
of a market counterparty).
Credit risk should be assessed and managed consistently by
debt and cash managers.
Settlement risk should be controlled by having clearly
documented settlement procedures and responsibilities and by
placing limits, if appropriate, on the size of payments flowing
through any one settlement bank.
Risk Management Framework
• Contingent liabilities
Debt managers should ensure that the impact of risks
associated with contingent liabilities on the government’s financial
position, including its overall liquidity, is taken into consideration
when designing debt management strategies
Development and Maintenance of an Efficient
Market for Domestic Government Securities
• Portfolio diversification and instruments
The government should strive to achieve a broad investor base for its
domestic and foreign debt instruments, with due regard to cost and risk, and
should treat investors equitably.
• Primary market
Debt management operations in the primary market should be
transparent and predictable. To the extent possible, debt issuance should use
market‐based mechanisms, including competitive auctions and syndications.
• Secondary market
Governments and central banks should promote the development of
resilient secondary markets that can function effectively under a wide range of
market conditions.
The systems used to settle and clear financial market transactions
involving government securities should reflect sound practices.
The End
Thank you
Discussion and Q&A
References
• Barro, Robert J. "Notes On Optimal Debt Management," Journal of
Applied Economics, 1999, v2(2,Nov), 282‐290.
• Bohn, H., 1990 “A Positive Theory of Foreign Currency Debt,”
Journal of International Economics. 29, pp.273‐292.
• Calvo, G., 1988 “Servicing the Public Debt: The Role of
Expectations,” American Economic Review, 78, September, pp.647‐
671.
• Greenwood, Robin, Samuel G. Hanson, and Jeremy C. Stein. "A
Comparative‐Advantage Approach to Government Debt
Maturity." Journal of Finance, 2015.
• IMF. 2014. Revised Guidelines for Public Debt Management. IMF
policy paper, April. Available at
http://www.imf.org/external/pp/ppindex.aspx
• Missale, A., 1997. “Managing the Public Debt: The Optimal Taxation
Approach,” Journal of Economic Surveys. 11 (3):235‐265.