Struktur Gen, Genom, Polimorfisme
Struktur Gen, Genom, Polimorfisme
Struktur Gen, Genom, Polimorfisme
, Apt
The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA.
• a bacteria contains about 4,600,000 DNA base pairs
• human and mouse genomes have some 3 billion.
human genome has 24 distinct chromosomes.
• Each chromosome contains many genes.
Gene
• basic physical and functional units of heredity.
• specific sequences of DNA bases that encode
instructions on how to make proteins.
Proteins
• Make up the cellular structure
• large, complex molecules made up of smaller
subunits called amino acids.
Gen adalah unit hereditas suatu organisme hidup.
Gen ini dikode dalam materi genetis organisme
yang kita kenal sebagai molekul DNA atau RNA.
Gen tersusun atas urutan basa nukleotida. Yang
terdiri dari:
1. Daerah yang mengkode suatu informasi genetis
(ekson)
2. Daerah yang tidak mengkode suatu informasi
genetis (intron)
3. Bagian yang mengatur ekspresi gen yaitu
sekuens pengontrol ekspresi gen (regulatory
sequence).
DNAs
• Hold information on how cell works
RNAs
• Act to transfer short pieces of information to
different parts of cell
• Provide templates to synthesize into protein
Proteins
• Form enzymes that send signals to other cells and
regulate gene activity
• Form body’s major components (e.g. hair, skin,
etc.)
Kromosom struktur seperti benang
pada nukleus sel eukariotik yang
nampak pada saat sel mulai membelah.
Telomeres
TTAGGG Gene 1
Gene 2
Chromosome DNA
Chicago artist Eduardo Kac wanted to use a rabbit named
Alba in an exhibition. The French scientists who created
her blocked the plan. Alba had been modified with the
GFP jellyfish gene
MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME
Eachcell has 46
chromosomes (in
23 pairs)
~30,000 genes
are arranged
along the 23
types of
chromosomes
Pengembang
suatu metode
untuk
menjelaskan
pewarisan 3:1
Genes come in
homologous pairs
The location of a
gene on a
chromosome =
locus.
Alternative forms
of genes that
influence a
characteristic =
alleles.
A gene pair of two same
alleles (i.e., AA) =
homozygous
CHROMOSOME
Variasi (polimorfism)
Meliputi bentuk fenotipe
Istilahini juga digunakan dalam biologi
molekuler untuk menjelaskan mutasi satu
b a s a p a d a ge n o t i p e. C o n t o h : s i n g l e
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
SNP merupakan variasi sekuen DNA yang
terjadi ketika satu nukleotida ATC atau G
dalam genom itu berbeda dengan
pasangan kromosom pada suatu individu.
Genotype: The particular combination of
genes present in the cells of an individual
(AA or AO)
Phenotype: The physical trait such as,
shape, color, blood type, etc.