Artiningsih 2017 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 70 012033

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 10

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Related content


- Assessment of coastal inundation of low
Building a transformative adaptation: Comparing lying areas due to sea level rise
F A Mohd, K N Abdul Maulud, O A Karim
municipal government’ and community’s initiatives et al.

- Tidal inundation (“Rob”) investigation using


on minimizing the risk of coastal inundation in time series of high resolution satellite
image data and from institu measurements
Pekalongan along northern coast of Java (Pantura)
Heri Andreas, Usriyah, Hasanuddin Zainal
Abidin et al.
To cite this article: Artiningsih et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 70 012033 - Impact of climate change in coastal area:
A vulnerability assessment of coastal
inundation due to sea level rise in Central
Java Indonesia
Muh Aris Marfai
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 114.124.168.128 on 22/11/2020 at 08:04


3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

Building a transformative adaptation: Comparing municipal


government’ and community’s initiatives on minimizing the
risk of coastal inundation in Pekalongan

Artiningsih1, 3, S Worosuprojo2, R Rijanta2, S R Hardoyo2, M H S Pratama1, and


N C Putri1
1
Urban and Regional Planning Department, Diponegoro University, Semarang-50271,
Indonesia
2
Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta-55281, Indonesia

[email protected]

Abstract. In 2006, coastal inundation was firstly reported to start entering community’s
agriculture land in Northern part of Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. The exposure covered
most of paddy fields and fishponds. The disturbance has become bigger, when the exposure of
coastal inundation has started to cover some part of settlement areas in 2010. Increasing salinity
has prevented farmers to grow paddy cultivation and has forced them to find a new way for
living. Pekalongan Municipal Government prepared Pekalongan City’s Resilience Strategy
(PCRS) in 2010 in cooperation with PAKLIM-GIZ, and it involved significant and meaningful
local stakeholders’ participation process. One of the concerning strategies was to minimize the
risk of coastal inundation. In terms of PCRS implementation, observed local community has
different planning interpretation in comparison to the municipal government. This paper aims to
evaluate the implementation of PCRS by comparing the municipal government’ and
community’s initiatives - either in the stage of planning or/and implementation - from a
transformative adaptation perspective. Data for this study was collected through interviews with
several key informants, who were selected by purposive sampling method. These key informants
consist of Pekalongan Municipal Government Agencies’ members and local community figures
in Northern Pekalongan Sub-district. This research reveals a double development standard from
the side of municipal government, when it comes to prioritize both the economy and the
environment. However, the local community prefers to choose a new livelihood, which provides
them not just economic security, but also social and ecological benefits.

1. Introduction
Transformative adaptation, defined as adaptation that is recognized for its potential address root causes
of poverty and failures in sustainable development, including the need for rapid progress on mitigation.
Thus, municipal government has to prepare a framework that support relevant investment, behavior
among household, communities and enterprise [1]. Case study on several cities and regencies in Central
Java conveyed that there are 4 types of transformative adaptation scenario in terms of economic
development namely 1) a profitable economic scale, 2) fostering fisheries and marine resource on
livelihood shifting and diversification, 3) vertical (from agriculture as primary sector to industry,

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

commercial and trade, and end up on tourism) and horizontal (from food-crop to fisheries/livestock or
from an-organic to organic farming) transformation and 4) modernization [2].
Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs) implementation on urban areas has many challenges.
Achieving sustainable nations need encouragement on creating resilience cascade, start from
community, cities, regions and end up on national level [3]. In order to make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Goal no 11), many attempt related to underpinning
combating climate changes (Goal no 13), end of poverty (Goal no 1) and hunger (Goal no 2) are needed
[4].
Many coastal areas are vulnerable to increasing inundation as an impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR).
Recently, many coastal areas in Central Java Indonesia are already subject to coastal hazard due to tidal
inundation and flood. The impact of the inundation is predicted to be even more severe with the
prediction of sea level rise in the next 20-100 years [5]. Extended coastal inundation has become
endangered coastal community livelihood.
In 2006 coastal inundation was firstly reported start to entering community’s agriculture land in
Northern part of Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. The exposure covered most of paddy fields and
fishponds. The disturbance has become bigger, when the exposure of coastal inundation has started to
cover some part of settlement areas in 2010. Increasing salinity has prevented farmers to grow paddy
cultivation and has forced them to find a new way for living. Loss and damages of community assets
and public facilities has been occured. This why, human and biophysical vulnerability are needed to
consider accordingly. Community readiness is a key of success on adaptation process. This readiness
include social learning and flexible networking which has become an important practical tools for
finding sustainable livelihoods which enhance community persistence to live at risk [6].
People come up with some choices as alternative for livelihood shifting/diversification and
adaptation. They tried to learn new thing, such as milk-fish, tilapia-fish, vaname-shrimp or tiger-shrimp
and sea-weed cultivation. Considering the difficulties and opportunities in doing those new experience
and regardless their existing skill capacity, technique and knowledge, they force to decide what the best
option for living. It is ...crucial to support the ability of urban communities to negotiate their need and
rights in order to increase their the flexibility and inclusiveness.....[7]. Nevertheless, there are lack of
information about how people in urban area build a transformative adaptation through their community’s
initiatives.
This paper will evaluate what choices have made by coastal farmers on Northern Pekalongan Sub-
district. These choices would represent as community’s initiatives on build a transformative adaptation.
Regarding on inclusive development, Pekalongan Municipal Government has prepared Pekalongan
City’s Resilience Strategy (PCRS) in 2010 in cooperation with PAKLIM-GIZ (Donors from Germany).
It involved significant and meaningful local stakeholders’ participation process [8]. One of the
concerning strategies was to minimize the risk of coastal inundation. In terms of PCRS implementation,
observed local community has different planning interpretation in comparison to the municipal
government. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the implementation of PCRS by comparing the
municipal government’ and community’s initiatives - either in the stage of planning or/and
implementation - from a transformative adaptation perspective.

2. Research Method
Using qualitative approach, case study research was occupied to answer the question of ‘why and how’
[9]. Especially for answering some question such as:
1. Why did the community live in an inundated settlement? How did they tackle their environment
changes?
2. Why did they choose to livelihood shifting or diversification? What kind of livelihood
experience did they have?
3. How did the community build transformative adaptation to reduce the risk of coastal inundation
and floods? What kind of initiatives have they done?

2
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

4. How was the local government tackling the coastal hazard? What kind of initiatives have they
done?
Deep knowledge of an individual could give much useful information instead of hundred respondents
who do not know anything or have limited knowledge [10]. Data for this study was collected through
interviews with several key informants, who were selected by purposive sampling method. These key
informants consist of Pekalongan Municipal Government Agencies’ members and local community
figures in Northern Pekalongan Sub-district. However, the local community prefers to choose a new
livelihood, which provides them not just economic security, but also social and ecological benefits.
Some triangulations have been done to gain data validation and verification. These triangulations
involve related donors and NGO.

Figure 1. Scope of case study [11].


Scope of case study area consists of 6 sub-districts on North Pekalongan District, namely Bandengan,
Padukuhan Kraton, Kandang Panjang, Krapyak, Panjang Baru and Degayu. See Figure 1 which
ilustrated the location of scope of case study has taken. Those areas selected based on the most recently
inundated area, which have triggered communities to elevate their capacity from vulnerable to cope
with, adapt and short term resilience. Considering increasing community’s capacity as a process, there
was various achievement on each process that followed on transformative path ways respectively [6].
Important critical point on how the community decide to move on further process has proven both of
transformation adaptation and resilience thinking. Some of them has atained either environment
recovery or higher capacity in reducing the risk of coastal inundation. Those transformative adaptation
was identified by community experienced, novel knowledge on reducing their vulnerability by
minimized risk of coastal inundation, especially on livelihood adjustment either alteration or
diversification.
Evaluation analysis has been done based on PCRS implementation performance by assessing
development outputs/outcomes on social, economical, physical and ecological aspects. Elaboration from
some important findings which were supported to related SDGs achievement were needed in order to
compare Pekalongan Municipal Government and communities’ initiatives.

3
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

3. Result and Findings


Community initiatives on economical and ecological development aspect were determined based on
their transformative adaptation which was indicated by livelihood choices. Table 1 provides information
of coastal farmer’s consideration on livelihood choices. Their choices mostly was determined based on
how does their livelihood alternatives give them sustainable benefit with low of production cost, what
kind of potential risk and failure related each choices respectively and what kind of consequences in
terms of livelihood sustainability. When coastal inundation was entering their paddy fields in 2006, land
salinity has been increasing and prevented them to grow paddy and jasmine any longer. Thus the
community tried to find a new way of life by livelihood shifting or diversification.
In line with Handayani et al, 2015 [2], which reveal with vertical and horizontal livelihood
transformation in Central Java Province. Vertical livelihood transformation in North Pekalongan District
slightly revealed as outcome of aqua-cullture livelihood, indicated by emerging local tourism activities.
Mostly transformative adaptation illustrated by horizontally shifting livelihood transformation from
former community livelihood on mangrove cultivation and agriculture (paddy and jasmine cultivation)
to aqua-culture (fishery on fishpond) and combination of it. Litle part of community conveyed livelihood
diversivication as simultant activity to gain multiple income from agriculture and informal sector
employment such on household enterprise or batik industry.

Figure 2. Imagery of adjustment space as livelihood shifting consequences.


Livelihood shifting triggered by exploitation of mangrove forest which convert to fishpond, due to
high-demand export of tiger-shrimp in early 1990s. After a decade of growing mangrove conversion,
livelihood shifting continued with paddy and jasmine cultivation into milk-fish/tilapia-fish cultivation
at the beginning of transformative adaptation phase and continued with vaname-shrimps or sea-weed
cultivation on the advance process of it. Those livelihood shifting illustrated on Figure 2. Parcel of land
has facing different occupancy from time to time. This phenomena represented on adjustment space as
livelihood shifting consequences.

4
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

Table 1. Coastal farmers consideration on livelihood choices as community initiatives.


Livelihood Supporting to SDGs
Possible Benefit Possible Cost
Alternatives Achievement
Mangrove • Protection from Reducing mangrove High support on
Cultivation abrasion intensity due to lack of conservation attempt
• Bio-diversification maintenance; which give important
(mangrove, prawn, community’s illegal effect for providing
shrimp, & wild fish) cutting resources supply recovery
& economic benefit
Tiger Shrimp • High Economic Value • Total production was Contra-productive with
Cultivation on • Fulfilling Export decreasing after 2 Mangrove Conservation.
Fishpond Demand years due to chemical So give low support to
• Tiger-shrimps feeds and drugs achieve sustainable
cultivation give • Increasing threat of agriculture.
bigger income for Mangrove extinction
farmers due to altering land
cover to fishpond
Paddy Crops • Huge productivity Increasing chemical None, as consequence of
on Paddy field until beginning of fertilizer uses increasing salinity
2004 & decline until
2006
• High economic value
• Give farmers ability
to pay the cost of
pilgrim
Jasmine • Huge production until Increasing chemical None, as consequence of
Plantation 2010 as paddy fertilizer uses increasing salinity
intercropping
• Fulfilling the need of
Jasmine Tea Industry
• High economic value
• Ability to fulfill
children education
tuition fee until
bachelor degree
Milk-fish • High tolerance with soil-smelling milk-fish • Medium sustainability
Cultivation pollutions due to low water supply • Farmers did Milk-fish
• Small capital and low in dry season, push down cultivation as side job
cost of maintenance. the selling price not primary livelihood
• Simple technology
• Fishing as attraction
activity on local
tourism
Tilapia-fish • High tolerance with Risk of drift out fishpond • Medium sustainability
Cultivation pollutions due to flooding • Farmers did Tilapia-
• Small capital and low fish cultivation as side
cost of maintenance. job not primary
• Simple technology livelihood

5
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

Livelihood Supporting to SDGs


Possible Benefit Possible Cost
Alternatives Achievement
• Fishing as attraction
activity on local
tourism
Vaname • High price and • Big capital • Low sustainability,
Shrimps demand • High cost of • need government
Cultivation • Milk-fish and Tilapia maintenance support in cooperation
fish on filtered pond • Vulnerable with some with private sector
as positive desease
externalitas of • High risk of crop
vaname cultivation failure
• Total production was
decreasing after 2
years due to chemical
feeds and drugs
Sea-weed • Small capital with • Need dyke-fishpond • High sustainability (if
cultivation low cost maintenance support kept on organic
• High tolerance with • Threat of chemical farming)
pollution utilization as farmer • Potential to give either
• The role of Milk-fish choices on anorganic economic, social or
and Tilapia fish as farming due to push ecological benefit as a
pest-plant eater up the production production package
volume
Compare to community initiatives, Pekalongan Municipal Government Agencies performed selected
programs implementation from PCRS related to several aspects of developments. Those
implementation have been experiencing some difficulties, since it have not been reinforced and
supported by any special Cities Act. However, part of them has similarity with Municipal Agency’s
Programs and Projects.
Considering goals of Pekalongan City’s resilience, many of them mostly intend to reduce city’s
emissions through related development’s sectors as mitigation attempts. Therefore, transformative
adaptation program related to community capacity and resiliency enhancement attempts become less
priority.
Table 2 shows Government initiatives. The development orientation was considered more on
physical aspect such as public infrastructures, which has become not just local or regional but also
national authorities. Social economical aspect, especially on building socio-ecological resilience has
become the second layer of development. Controlling flood and coastal inundation strategy due to
increasing rain intensity have been targeted as risk reduction on 2015. Pekalongan City’s drainage plan
and program improvements done by DPUPR (Pekalongan Public Works and Settlement Agency).
Neither selected city road nor paved road elevation on settlements area were consider on Pekalongan
City’s Resilience Action Plan. But surprisingly, regarding community satisfaction, it gave good
performance effectively on North Pekalongan District risk reduction attempts.

6
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

Table 2. Selected development sectors as government initiatives.


Pekalongan Municipal Supported Planning &
PCRS
Government Initiatives Development policy
Mitigation: • Improve access (road elevation) • Developing
Infrastructure improvement on to Fish Market and Port on Minapolitan (Fish-
inundated area for vulnerable coastal core area (2015) city) on North
public facility/ utility and • Encourage Local Tourism Pekalongan District
settlements in particular Attraction on coastal area (boat- • Drainage Master Plan
ride, fishing, fish market, (2014)
culinary)
• Fishery & Marine Techno-park
upgrading (2016)
• Build ‘Geotope’ as sea wall
along the coast to reduce
abrassion and minimize coastal
inundation (2014-2015)
• Housing upgrading for the poor
• Cleaning beach environment
regularly
Mangrove Conservation • Mangrove plantation on limited Developing Mangrove
coastal area (10.000 mangrove Information Centre
was planted, but less than 50%
were survive)
Community Empowering • Sending selected farmers for
training on vaname-shrimps
cultivation
• Manage Public Private
Partnerships on vaname-
shrimps cultivation
Drainage Masterplan has been made by BAPPEDA (Pekalongan’s Development and Planning
Board) in 2013. Therefore, there were some difficulties on financing polder system due to limited
support from national budget (which need more than 250 billion rupiahs). This polder system were
planned to reduce inundation on east part of Pekalongan. However, some significant progress of
drainage system improvement reveal, since a big portion of inundated area in Slamaran, located on
northern-east part of Krapyak Sub-district, has been succeeded to break free from inundation. This
succeed was supported by prior river diversion management on Old Banger River.
Meanwhile, other sub-districts such as Kandang Panjang and Panjang Wetan have reduced the risk
of inundation as an impact of city main road and local pave road elevation, from 30 to 60 cm high.
However, there were some emerging negative externalities which has not been considered before, since
road elevation at some area caused some new inundated area on surrounding settlements which have
lower elevation.
Ecological sustainability has become less important since mangrove conservation experiencing
difficulties due to limited area for plantation, disturbance from coastal flood/inundation and
irresponsible visitors. On the contrary, local government encourage on developing park and city forest
on the city centre instead on the coastal areas. Greening program on the coastal area mostly were intend
to develop green pathways along the beach with shade’s tree planting. However, there was Mangrove
Information Centre (MIC) which give new experience for people to learn how mangrove conservation
were managed. Information include plantation-demo on at least 2 mangrove species, namely Red
Mangrove (Rhizopora Mongle sp.) and Black Mangrove (Avicenia Germinans sp), from seedling,
planting, and keep them growing in limited area

7
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

Table 3. Building a transformative adaptation: comparing government’s and community’s initiatives.


Government’s Initiatives Community’s Initiaves
• Mitigation Oriented • Adaptation Oriented
• Provide Basic Need Infrastructure and maintain its • Altering Paddy/Jasmine to Milk-
services fish/Sea-weed Cultivation as
• Get international/national/ regional financing to sustainable livelihood (instead of
enhance infrastructure services (case of Geotope, Vaname-shrimp)
road elevation, Old Banger River diversion) • Protect fishponds from abrassion and
• Supporting on Public Private Partnership (Case of flood by mangrove plantation on
Vaname Shrimp Cultivation) fishpond dykes
• Encourage more on Vaname-shrimp cultivation • Minimize cost/crop failure, grab
rather than Mangrove Cultivation potential social & economic benefit
• Mangrove Information Centre • Enhancing Capacity through social
networking, partnership and gain novel
knowledge
• Build social learning by establishing
self-help group
In spite of community sustainable livelihood become a key of creating communities’ resilience, there
were limited related initiaves from municipal agencies. Some exception programs were done in
cooperation with donors, regional NGOs and higher education institution, particularly on integrating the
mitigation and adaptation on environmental improvement attempts. BINTARI as local NGO has
incorporated an integration of mitigation and adaptation in 2015 through serial training and practising
mangrove plantation on Bandengan Sub-District. This initiave was undertaken in cooperation with
Mercy Corp Indonesia.
Pekalongan Farming, Fisheries and Marine Agency (DPPK) prefer to encourage vaname-shrimp
cultivation which are high cost and contra-productive with mangrove conservation. Some Mangrove
leaves floated on surrounding fishpond could attract any bacteria and viruses which caused vaname’s
decease. Furthermore, vaname-shrimps cultivation also threatened the environment capacity due to
utilization of chemical disinfectant for preventing vulnerable vaname-shrimps from any potential
decease.

4. Conclusion
The main conclusion comes from evaluation of Pekalongan Municipal Government initiatives on both
of managing public private partnerships on vaname-shrimps cultivation for encouraging economic
benefit and mangrove conservation in limited coastal area. Since both initiatives are contra productive,
the more vaname-shrimps production the less mangrove conservation. These initiatives indicated a
double development standard from the side of municipal government, when it comes to prioritize both
the economy and the environment. Regarding on resilience thinking, build a transformative adaptation
means taking any initiatives which reboost environment recovery as driving factor on saving resources
supplies for further benefit on achieving sustainable development. This finding neglected Goal No 12
responsible consumption and production. However, the local community prefers to choose a new
livelihood, which provides them not just economic security, but also social and ecological benefits. It
means the community succeeded in proven their capability on building a transformative adaptation.

5. Acknowledgement
This paper was written based on 2 research findings. First, dedicated as one of publication series from
on going doctoral research in Environmental Studies Gadjah Mada University, under title of ‘Pola
Kerentanan Wilayah Akibat Rob dan Banjir: Studi Kasus Kognisi Spatial Masyarakat di Kecamatan
Pekalongan Utara’ (Spatial Pattern of Region Vulnerability as the Impact of Coastal Inundation and
Flood: a case of Community Spatial Cognition on North Pekalongan District.’ Second, as part of

8
3rd International Conference of Planning in the Era of Uncertainty IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science1234567890
70 (2017) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012033

fundamental research funded by Urban and Regional Planning Departement through DIPA budgeting
under Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University in 2016, under title of ‘Adaptasi Transformatif
Penghidupan Masyarakat Akibat Rob Di Pesisir Kota Pekalongan’ (Transformative Adaptation on
Community Livelihood As Coastal Inundation Impact on Coastal City of Pekalongan). Draft of this
paper was presented on March 6-7 in Malang, at paralel discussion on The 3rd International Conferrence
on Planning in The Era of Uncertainty: Sustainable Nation which held by Urban and Regional Planning
Department, Brawijaya University.

References
[1] Satterhwaite, D. (2014). Editorial: Getting local governments, residents and enterprise to respond
to the new IPCC assessment. Environment and Urbanization, Vol 26 No 1. Pp. 3-10.
[2] Handayani, W, A Artiningsih, I Rudiarto, J A Syahbana, Mussadun, I Kusumastuti, A F Zain.
(2015). Membangun Kapasitas Transformatif Masyarakat dalam Upaya Pemanfaatan Bonus
Demografi: Kajian Sektor Primer di Jawa Tengah. Direktorat Analisis Dampak
Kependudukan (Ditdamduk) BKKBN, Jakarta.
[3] United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016.
http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20R
eport%202016.pdf accessed on Feb 14th 2017
[4] Osborn, Derek, Amy Cutter and Farooq Ullah. (2015). Universal Sustainable Development
Goals: Understanding the Transformational Challenge for Developed Countries. Report Of
A Study By Stakeholder Forum.
[5] Diposaptono, Subandono. (2008). Teknologi Adaptasi Kenaikan Paras Muka Air Laut Di Wilayah
Pesisir Dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil. Direktorat Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Lautan terpadu.
http://pirba.hrdp-
network.com/e5781/e5795/e6331/e10038/eventReport10187/06TEKNOLOGIADAPTASI-
Subandono-.pdf
[6] Artiningsih, A, S Worosuprojo, R Rijanta, S R Hardoyo. (2016). Enhancing social-ecological
resilience in Indonesia: A case of North Pekalongan District, Central Java. Jurnal Wilayah dan
Lingkungan, 4(3), 187-198. doi:10.14710/jwl.4.3.187-198.
[7] Wamsler,C and E Brink.(2014). Moving beyond short-term coping snd sdsptstion. Environment
and Urbanization.Vol 26 No 1. April 2014. pp. 86-111.
[8] GIZ PAKLIM (ed). 2011. Strategi Ketahanan Kota Pekalongan. Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota
Pekalongan.
[9] Yin, Robert K. (1989). Case Study Research: Desain and Methods. Applied Sosial Reasearch
Methods Series, Vol 5. Sage Publication, London.
[10] Gering, John. (2007). Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge, University
Press. New York.
[11] Bappeda Kota Pekalongan. Peta Administrasi Kota Pekalongan in Artiningsih, A, MHS Pratama,
N C Putri. (2016). Adaptasi Transformatif Penghidupan Masyarakat Akibat Rob Di Pesisir
Kota Pekalongan. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Dasar (Unpublished Fundamental Research
Report). Hibah Bersaing Dana DIPA Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

You might also like