FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF PROJECT:
___________________________________________________________________
COURSE CODE: BFC 32602
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COURSE: MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
___________________________________________________________________
GROUP 5
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1. KEVIN OOI AF 180253

2. MUHAMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI AF180009
3. MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHAMAD ZULKIFLI AF180029
4. MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI AF180038
5. WOO KAE SIN AF180262

_____________________________________________________________________
SECTION: 5
_____________________________________________________________________
LECTURER’S NAME: TS SYED BURHANUDDIN HILMI BIN SYED
MOHAMAD

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1.0 Cover page
2.0 Members Names and Photos

Name : Kevin Ooi Chin Kai

Matric Number : AF180253
IC Number : 980703075559
Email : [email protected]

Name : Muhammad Akram Hakimi Bin Ali

Matric Number : AF180009
IC Number : 990105116903
Email : [email protected]

Name : Mohamad Afiq Afifzuddin Bin Abadi

Matric Number : AF180038
IC Number : 990228065077
Email : [email protected]

Name : Mohamad Amirul Fahmi Bin Mohd Zulkifli

Matric Number : AF180029
IC Number : 990215105607
Email : [email protected]

Name : Woon Kae Sin

Matric Number : AF180262
IC Number : 980824055626
Email : [email protected]
3.0 Selection of Mechanical and Electrical Systems in the building
3.1 Background System
3.1.1 Active Fire Protection System
In this study, active fire protection system in the building is considered and
discussed. A fire alarm system is intended to detect the occurrence of fire at the early
stage so that people at risk could escape from the fire or put off the fire. It can also
prevent loss of valuable things and prevent damage to the building. According to [1],
active fire protection system consists of either manual or automatic fire detection
systems such as fire extinguishers, hydrant box, fire alarm, sprinkler and fire detector.
Active fire protection system is a form of fire protection which actuated automatically
or through manual intervention. Active fire protection system consists fire detection
and fire suppression which function collaboratively when fire accident occur. The fire
detection system includes fire alarm system, smoke control system, fire command
center, fire department connections, post fire smoke purge and auxiliary radio
communication system. While the fire suppression system includes the automatic fire
sprinkler (wet-sprinkler), standpipes, fire extinguishes and fire pumps. The detection
and suppression of fire are used to control the spread of fire or even to extinguish the
fire.
3.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation - Centralized Air Conditioning System
The significance of mosque in Malaysia has been focused as the majority
population of Islam in Malaysia is 60.4%. There will be hundred of thousands of
people gathered in the mosque, therefore, the ventilation in the mosque is crucial and
important.The ventilation in mosque is important as it affects quality of air and also
the movement of air particles. An appropriate ventilation system provides cozy
environment for the indoor activities and most importantly it inhibits the spread of
respiratory diseases such as coronavirus which spread through the air. In the mosque
which involve a large area of indoor space, the mechanical ventilation method that
being used is the centralized air conditioning system. In this mosque, split- system
unit is used. The system has metal cabinets which have the condenser and compressor
installed at the outdoor area while the evaporator stays in the indoor area. This split
units are being demonstrated by the different cabinets that present in the centralized
air conditioning system.
3.2 Main Components
3.2.1 Active Fire Protection System
3.2.1.1 Components of Fire Detection System
Fire Alarm System
According to [2], the location of the fire alarms are usually very near to he
stairs. This system is aimed to notify the people in the building about the fire incident
and also to initiate the fire safety function. The fire alarm system includes nine
components namely :
1. Alarm Control Panel
The control panels in the active fire protection system serves as a controller in both
fire detection and fire alarm system. Control panels will processed the input
information about the fire incident and produced the output response to trigger the
attention of people in the building through the fire detection system. All the alarms
and signals are produced from a hardware which consists of some sets of wires,
various closing and opening relays and assorted diodes. Therefore, the systems do not
work individually but collaboratively since these systems are functioned in a
connected circuits. In order to ensure the proper connection of each circuits, a small
current is sent through the wires to confirm the flow of current and if there is wiring
break, the trouble condition would be indicated and assigned to repairing and
maintenance procedures. The downside of this conventional control panel system is
that it is costly to install, the reason is that extensive amount of wires are necessary to
increase the accuracy of the monitor initiating devices. There are also two types of the
system namely the conventional system and the address system. When considering the
maintenance issue, address system brings more convenience as is has all the detectors
and alarm addressed.
2. Smoke Detector
According to [3], smoke detectors are all attached to the ceiling roof of each rooms in
the building. Smoke detectors are installed to identify the fire at its early stage where
the smoke floats in the air, the function of smoke detector is similar to human nose
which is to smell. There are two types of smoke detectors namely the ionization or
photoelectric principle. A projected beam unit of smoke detector in normally used in
the large open spaces. This type of smoke detector consists of a light transmitter and a
receiver which mounted at 100 meters apart from each other. The good sides of the
smoke detector is that it detects the early stage of the fire incident before the situation
gets worst. This would added the chances for the personnel to take emergency actions
to control the fire and prevent the dramatic damage to the building and avoid fatalities.
Smoke detectors are also more reliable because it has lower chance of getting a false
alarm.
3. Manual Call Points
Manual call points are usually located at every escapes or exits of the building
which functioned to enable the occupants applied manual activation of the fire alarm
system in an emergency situation. This is a component that required human
intervention where direct hit on the glass surface would revealed the button press. The
height of the installation of the manual call points are in between 1.2 meter to 1.6
meter. The manual call points are cover with protective layer in order to prevent the
misuse of manual call points.

3.2.1.2 Components of fire suppression system

1. Automatic Fire Sprinkler
Wet sprinklers systems provide a series of water pipes that functioned as water
supply during a fire incident. The sprinkler consists of an alarm which function to
alert occupants and emergency forces when sprinkler has been activated. Sprinkler
systems are located at the ceiling roof of each rooms in the building. Wet pipe system
is a systems of pipework which is permanently charged with water. This system could
provide an immediate discharge of water during the fire accident. Wet sprinkler
systems are the most common type of sprinkler systems. The system have least
components and lowest number of items to malfunction. This has largely contributed
to its outstanding reliability of the systems. The advantages of applying wet sprinkler
systems is that it require least amount of installation time and capital. The system also
require least time and cost to maintain in which the replacing of fused sprinklers could
easily solve the problems. Wet sprinkler systems are able to identified and control the
spread of fire right after the incident. It also provides an immediate alert to the
personnel to enhance the life safety of the people in the building. Dry sprinkler system
is a system with pipes that filled with pressurized air or nitrogen instead of water. Dry
sprinkler system is normally applied to the unheated premises especially in winter
temperatures which could possibly drop to zero degree celcius.
2. Fire extinguisher
According to [2], the distance for the placement of fire extinguishers is 15 meters
from the other fire extinguisher. Portable extinguishers are known as the first line of
defence to overcome the fire with limited size. Fire extinguishers should be directly
apply to the fire surface at the early stage of the fire. There are several types of fire
extinguishing agents that suits the fire that is required to extinguish. There is a total of
five types of fire extinguishers such as water, powder, foam, carbon dioxide and wet
chemical. These fire extinguishers can be easily recognized by looking at the layout of
the fire extinguishers bottle. These fire extinguishers are used for different classes of
fire which shown in Table below. Therefore, suitable types of fire extinguishers
should be applied in order to control the fire.

3. Hydrant system
There are two types of supply systems such as wet riser and dry riser. Wet riser is a
system that able to distribute water to high rise buildings using high pressure. The
system consists of vertical pipes as similar to the dry riser but it has no landing valves
on the ground. A permanent water supply is connected from the pipe system to the
water storage tank. The pipes are constantly charged with water in order to ensure the
immediate supply of water during the incident. The water supply that needed by the
wet riser is approximately 1500 litres every minutes and lasted for a minimum of 45
minutes. The suggested pressure that needed o pump the water to these high rise
buildings is 8 bars. Dry riser on the other hand is a system which includes riser pipes
that filled with air pressure. There are three elements in the system which are external
inlets, pipework and the internal outlets.
4. Hose reel
Hose reel system included a 15 meter length and diameter 20-25 mm of rubber fire
hose reel which serves as a water supply in a fire accident. Fire hose reel is a form of
first aid measure by the building occupants. This fire hose reel is usually located at the
staircase landing.
5. Foam system
Foam systems are usually apply to the fire caused by flammable liquids. The
ingredients for the foam system are a foam concentrate, water and air. The ingredients
are being mixed to form the foam solution which is a steady mass of small, air filled
bubbles with lower density then oil, gasoline or water.The foam access box is being
installed into the wall which provides an easy access. The system is aimed to avoid
and extinguish fires through the process of excluding the air and cooling the fuel.
High pressure of the carbon dioxide foam is being used for the protection form fire.
The foam system in the building is a fixed foam system in which the tank of foam
system is usually located outside of the area to be protected

6. Smoke Extraction and ventilation

Smoke system is aimed to channel out the hazardous gas such as smoke, heat, toxic
and inflammable gases during a fire. Smoke system also functioned to maintain the
visible view of people inside the building and provide a clear access for fire fighters.
The system consists of the process of eliminating hazardous gases and bring in fresh
air supply into the building. Exhaust fan or ventilation fan in the building would
function to excavate the hazardous gas.

3.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation - Centralized Air Conditioning System

1. AHU(ceiling mounted AHU)
Ceiling-mounted air handling units are terminal points of central
air-conditioning systems. They are designed for fresh air units or to cool, heat,
humidify and de-humidify, filter and clean the air, etc. The conditioned air can be
delivered to locations across various distances via specially designed ducts. The units
are especially suitable for the air-conditioning of commercial buildings and industry
applications. Air handling units are normally installed either on the basement of the
roof or the floors on the building. For the large and high rise building, the (AHU)
units are normally in large size and the supply of the building will be solely depend on
only one unit. The system helps to save energy in which the returned air is being
recirculated back into the indoor area as a supply of fresh air movements.
2. Split unit
The purpose of a Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation system is to maintain
comfort condition in the air-conditioned space irrespective of the outdoor ambient
condition. Comfort condition usually refers to a specific range of temperature, relative
humidity, cleanliness and distribution of air to meet the comfort requirements of the
occupants in air-conditioned spaces. For a tropical country like Singapore, outdoor
ambient temperature is generally higher than the comfort temperature of conditioned
spaces. Wise selection of the components of central air conditioning plant and energy
smart control and operation strategies are needed to ensure the significant energy and
cost savings.

3. Variable Air Volume

Variable air volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and/or
air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Unlike constant air volume (CAV) systems, which
supply a constant airflow at a variable temperature, VAV systems vary the airflow at
a constant temperature. The advantages of VAV systems over constant-volume
systems include more precise temperature control, reduced compressor wear, lower
energy consumption by system fans, less fan noise, and additional passive
dehumidification. Figure below shows a typical variable-air-volume (VAV) single
duct system. Each zone has its own air flow modulating motorized damper known as
variable air volume (VAV) box. Based on pre-set temperature of each zone,
temperature sensor of individual zone controls the opening of the motorized damper
and the volume flow rate of air to each zone.

Figure shows a typical variable-air-volume (VAV) single duct system.

4. Pump
An End Suction Pump is a type of Centrifugal Pump where the suction is axial
and the discharge is at 90 degrees to the suction. Many designs have a centre line
discharge to comply with worldwide or regional standards.An end-suction centrifugal
pump can be long coupled (separate coupling & motor) or close coupled (where the
motor is in the same unit with the pump) often referred to as a Monobloc. Usually on
larger end-suction pumps, the casing’s main feature is a dual volute to reduce the
forces acting on the impeller, motor, shaft and bearings. Chilled Water Pumps are
used in AC application, multi storey buildings, air conditioning is based on chilled
water principle. Chilled water pumps circulate the water through the pipes and heat
exchange. The units are generally large end suction or Horizontal split casing pumps
running at 1450 rpm. The pumps are coupled with motors and supplied as one unit.
5. Fan Coil Units (FCU)
A fan coil unit (FCU), also known as a Vertical Fan Coil-Unit (VFC), is a
device consisting of a heat exchanger (coil) and a fan. As part of an HVAC system
found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, a fan coil unit is often
connected to ductwork and a thermostat to regulate the temperature of one or more
spaces as well as assisting the main air handling unit for each space. The thermostat
controls the fan speed and/or the throughput of water to the purpose of heat exchange
using a control valve.
6. Chiller
The automatic air vent is a valve, thermostatically operated, and installed at a
location where steam and air, rather than condensate, will reach it. If the air vent is
close coupled to a heater of substantial mass, and which is operating at close to steam
temperature, then conducted heat may hold the air vent closed, or at least slow down
its operation. It is therefore recommended that any air vent and its connecting pipe
should be installed unlagged in order for it to operate correctly. An expansion
tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used to protect closed (not open
to atmospheric pressure) water heating systems and domestic hot water systems from
excessive pressure. The tank is partially filled with air, whose compressibility
cushions shock caused by water hammer and absorbs excess water pressure caused
by thermal expansion. An air-cooled chiller works by absorbing the heat from
processed water. Once the water in the air handler system is used, it becomes warm
and is sent back to the chiller. Heat is transferred away from the water using the
chiller’s evaporator. Liquid refrigerant evaporates as it moves over the evaporator
tube, creating a low-pressure gas. Next, the evaporated refrigerant travels to the
compressor where the low-pressure gas is compressed into a high-pressure gas. The
gas then leaves and goes to the air-cooled condensers. While in the condenser, heat is
removed from the chiller by being blown outside through fans on the side of the
condenser. An absorption chiller has a very straightforward operation. Its operation is
fundamentally similar to what happens in a vapor compression chiller in that both
processes involve condensation and evaporation of the refrigerant within the system.
The main components of the absorption chiller are the condenser and the generator
which comprise the top most chamber. The evaporator and absorber comprise the
bottom most chamber. There is also a heat exchanger to improve the efficiency of the
system.
7. Fans
Rooftop curbs are raised metal frames designed for mounting structures safely
to your roof. The frames are used for accessories that mount above the roof and those
that penetrate the roof’s surface. A properly installed roof curb ensures that the
accessory has a level platform for attachment. They also can be clad with flashing to
prevent unwanted water damage from seepage through the roof’s membrane. The
propeller fan is a comparatively simple form of a fan with a sheet metal, 3–6 bladed
impeller directly driven by a motor mounted in the airstream. The fan is useful for
low-pressure drop systems, e.g., through-the-wall kitchen extract. It is also used
extensively for unit equipment such as refrigeration air-cooled condensers and for
cooling towers. Exhaust fans work by sucking hot or humid air out of a small,
localized area, allowing fresh air to enter from elsewhere (perhaps a doorway or vent)
in order to replace it. The warm air that's drawn out using an exhaust fan is then
pulled through a ducting system and expelled outside. Because of the steam and
humidity that builds up in bathrooms, kitchens and laundries, these fans are most
commonly found in those areas. Wind turbines are also commonly called whirlybirds.
These are one of the oldest types of roof vents available. You might recognize the
wind turbine from older homes or even your childhood homes. Maybe your home
now has one. The wind turbine roof vent uses no electricity. It processes on air
movement alone, as the name suggests. Wind powers this puppy to circulate and vent
air. As the wind turbine spins, the vanes pull hot and humid air out.This process
removes the stale air from your attic or roof space, freshening up the space and
potentially cooling as well by natural means.This type of roof vent is best used where
wind is a common occurrence. The wind only needs to be regularly above 5 MPH in
order for the vent to be effective.
8. Cooling tower
A cooling tower water treatment system is an arrangement of technologies that
remove damaging impurities from your cooling tower feed water, circulation water,
and/or blowdown. The specific configuration of your system will depend on several
things, including:

 What type of cooling tower you have (open circulating, once-through, or

closed loop)
 quality of your feed water
 manufacture-recommended quality requirements for the cooling tower and
equipment
 chemistry/makeup of your circulatory water
 regulatory requirements for discharge
 whether or not blowdown will be treated for reuse in the cooling tower
 type of heat exchanger
 cycle of concentration

3.3 Working Principle

3.3.1 Active Fire Protection System
When a fire incident occurs, the smoke form the fire would passed through the two
components in the detector and blocked the light beam from transmitting to the
receiver. Since the light beam is obstructed, the receiver could not interpret the full
image of the beam intensity. Therefore, this situation is recognized as the smoke
condition and the message is transferred to the fire alarm control panel system.
Signals are being interpreted and alarms will be activated. The input information
could be obtained through monitoring process by the fire command system or
detected by the heat detector and smoke detector. As all these detectors responded to
the fire incident, the control panel would be able to recognize the emergency
condition.Then the alarming system is automatically activated such as alarm bells,
automatic fire sprinkler (wet sprinkler). The control panel at the same time transmits
signals to another alarm panel in order to monitored the other remote point. After the
input information being interpreted in the control panel system, the primary function
of the alarm output such as alarm bells, speakers, visual alerting are activated. After
alarms are triggered, the emergency response notification is that there will be an
automatic telephone and radio signal that is directly communicate with the monitoring
center which will inform the related departments such as police or fire departments.
The other output function is that helped to shut down all the electrical equipment and
air-handling fans to prevent the smoke from mitigating to the other area which could
encourage the spread of fire. Manual call points which located at each exits of the
building could be broken on the glass surface and press on the button which could
activate the manual alarm system. The system helps to send an alert signal to the
occupants about the fire incident that occur in the building. The system could also
activate the gaseous fire extinguishing systems and the sprinkler systems. The
sprinkler systems consists of sprinkler heads which are sensitive to high temperature.
When the heat intensity increases to 57 − 107℃ , the sprinkler’s sensing element
begin to deform and reach a point after the element will fatigue after an approximate
period of half to two minutes. Then the sprinkler’s head of water sprinkler would
discharge water over the area. The wet sprinkler system also activates the sprinkler
alarm system by operating the alarm gong by the jet of water that propels the turbine
blades. As for the dry pipe sprinkler, the pressurized air nitrogen holds the dry pipe
valve in a closed position. When the fire incident happens, this air comes out and the
dry pipe valve also released. Water supply then enters the pipe and flow through the
sprinkler to put out the fire. Hydrants system of wet riser are usually carried out by
the fire fighters in which the pumping equipment is used to connect the riser pipe. For
the dry riser, the external inlets will be connected to the fire service water supply. The
water supply will then flow through the pipework which initially was empty unlike
the wet riser system. The internal outlets which also known as the landing valves are
connected to the hose line within a building. These hydrants systems needed to be
connected in order to transfer the water supply form the water storage. Fire hose reel
could be applied by first operate the control valve to turn on the water on to the hose
reel and remove the nozzle from its bracket. Then, find a place which is free from fire
and turn on the water by operating the nozzle. Finally, direct the hose reel at the base
of the fire by sweeping action in order to put off the fire. In order to activate the foam
system, the cover attached to the foam system is being broken by fire fighters and will
be connected to the inlet box. The inlet box is connected to the spreader through a
long sweep bends. The high or low pressure foam will then release through the
openings of the spreader.
3.3.2 Mechanical Ventilation - Centralized Air Conditioning System
1. Pumping Systems
Chilled water and condenser water pumping systems are used in water-cooled central
air-conditioning chilled water systems. The function of the chilled water pumps is to
provide the primary force to overcome the pressure losses caused by different
components of the chilled water loops and circulate the required amount of chilled
water through the evaporator of the chillers and cooling coils of the AHUs. Similarly,
condenser water pumps overcome the associated pressure losses and circulate the
required amount of condenser water through the condenser of the chillers and cooling
towers. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in which an impeller is rotated inside a
volute or diffuser casing by a motor to generate the required static pressure and
kinetic energy for the flow of water.

2. Cooling Tower Systems

Cooling tower systems are used to reject heat from the water-cooled central air-
conditioning systems, water-cooled package units and process cooling systems to the
atmosphere. Based on the water and air flow configurations, cooling towers are
broadly classified as forced-draft cross flow, induced-draft cross flow, forced-draft
counter flow and induced-draft counter flow types. Cooling towers of induced-draft
cross flow configuration are most commonly used. Main components of cooling
towers are water spray systems, packing materials (known as “fill”) and fans. Warm
water is sprayed from the top of the cooling tower. The warm water flows as a thin
film over the packing materials. Ambient air is induced or forced through the cooling
tower by the fans. Heat is transferred from the warm water to the flowing air as
sensible and latent heat. Finally, the cold water is accumulated at the basin of the
cooling tower. Performance of the cooling towers depends on a number of factors
such as the operation of the water spray system, the fill, the air flow rate and the
ambient air conditions. This chapter deals mainly with the heat transfer mechanisms,
selection, energy optimisation strategies, installation and maintenance of the cooling
towers. Cooling towers are mainly used to reject heat from the water-cooled central
air- conditioning systems, water-cooled air-conditioning packaged units and industrial
processes.
3. Chiller

The efficiency of water-cooled chillers depends on condenser water supply

temperature. If the cooling towers are undersized, condenser water supply temperature
from the cooling towers will rise and the efficiency of the chillers will drop. Similarly,
if the cooling towers are oversized, condenser water supply temperature can be
lowered and the efficiency of the chillers can be improved. Cooling towers need to
reject the heat of the air-conditioning spaces as well as the heat added by the
compressor to the refrigerant during the compression process known as the heat of
compression. The heat of compression depends on the efficiency of the compressor,
and the prime mover systems (such as open type or hermetically shield). Usually, the
heat of compression is about 25 percent of the chiller cooling capacity. If oversized
cooling tower is used, the heat transfer surface area of the cooling tower is increased.
As a result, the air flow rate can be reduced to transfer the same amount of heat,
leading to the reduction of cooling tower fan power consumption. Moreover,
oversized cooling tower may help to improve the efficiency of the chillers due to the
supply of lower condenser water temperature. However, first cost of the oversized
cooling tower will be higher. Therefore, sizing of the cooling towers is a compromise
between the first cost of the cooling tower and the operating cost savings of the
cooling towers and the chillers. The cooling towers are generally selected based on
the cooling capacity of the chillers and peak heat load of industrial processes. The
operation of the cooling towers is usually interlocked with systems such as the chillers
and industrial process. Often the heat load of the systems varies during the actual
operation (such as when the cooling load of the chillers is low or few industrial
processes are turned off), but the capacity of the cooling towers is maintained at the
fixed rated value. Power consumption of the cooling towers can be optimised by
varying the capacity of the cooling towers in relation to the actual changes in load.
The capacity of the cooling towers is a function of the air flow rate through them.
The latent heat transfer performance of cooling towers depends on the relative
humidity of the surrounding air. Relative humidity of air is a function of the wet bulb
temperature. If the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air drops below the
design value, the cooling towers are able to cool the water economically at a lower
temperature while maintaining the design approach temperature
4. Air-Cooled to Water-Cooled Chiller

Based on the cooling systems adopted for the condenser coil, chillers can be divided
into two which are Air-Cooled Chiller (ACC): Condenser coil is cooled by blowing
ambient air and Water-cooled Chiller (WCC): Condenser coil is cooled by condenser
water which is cooled using the cooling tower. Peak and off peak operation also must
be consider.

3.4 Specification
3.4.1 Specification for Active Fire Protection System
A. The realization of the location of the main fire alarm panel at the front entrance or
at a 24 hour location coordinated with the facility. This enables the fire
department to use the panel as an annunciator where no occupants are present.
B. Space should be provided for the conduit risers and fire alarm terminal cabinets if
required.
C. According to (NFPA 72 and 101), smoke detectors are to be installed where
required by an equivalency. Photoelectric type of smoke detectors are proposed in
the design manual.
D. Capacity of all the air-handling units should be indicated. According to (NFPA
101 or NFPA 90A), the duct smoke detectors are to be installed above ceiling
or in a difficult reach location, provide a remote indicating lamp and a test key
switch on nearby wall at 7ft AFF to facilitate testing.
E. The main control panel which act as an annunciator should be located at the
entrances of the building where the fire fighters will respond. The location will
coordinate with the location of the local fire department. Supervision of the
circuits from the fire alarm control panel to a remote annunciator is required.
F. The fire protection for elevators should be comply with requirements in (NFPA
13, NFPA 70, NFPA 72 and ANSI/ASME A17.1 or 17.3)
3.4.2 Specification for Mechanical Ventilation - Centralized Air Conditioning
System
A good unit that comes with energy saving feature such as inverter
control of the compressor is higher cost compared to the normal ON/OFF
compressor. This is because the electronic control is very much more
complicated and contributes substantially to the cost of the unit.
A. Capacity.
In ductless split, the range of cooling capacity can go from 9,000 Btu/h to over
30,000 Btu/h. The amount of cooling needed by the space will be used to
determine the capacity of the air conditioner needed.
B. COP (Coefficient of Performance).
This coefficient is the ratio of the cooling. The higher the COP, the higher the
efficiency of the air conditioner. Usually, the value range is from 2 to 4 but in
recent years, the use of inverter compressors has enabled this coefficient to go
more than 4.
C. EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio)
This rating was established for manufacturers to rate their equipment so that
consumers can tell the cooling efficiency of the air conditioner by just looking at
the specifications provided. The larger the value of EER, the more efficient the air
conditioner is. The EER has a limitation in that it is measured only when the unit
is in steady-state condition. A better efficiency ratio known as Seasonal Energy
Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is developed.
D. SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio).
This ratio is more accurate as it takes into consideration non steady state
conditions such as the start-up and shutdown cycles of the air conditioner. In
order to ensure more efficient units are produced, a minimum SEER of 13 has
been stipulated except for window units which has a minimum SEER of 10. In
choosing the SEER, the choice is always to go for a higher SEER as it is a more
efficient equipment.
E. HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor)
This ratio is used to determine the efficiency of air source heat pumps equipment.
A ratio of greater than 8 is considered an efficient equipment. However, the
advancement of better control and inverter compressor have enabled units to
have HSPF up to 13. Thus, the higher the HSPF, the better the unit is.
F. Noise or Sound Level.
In ductless split unit, there is an indoor and outdoor unit. The specifications will
state the noise level of both the indoor (evaporator) and outdoor (condenser). The
lower the dBA value, the quieter it is. The evaporator is always quieter than the
condenser unit. Higher capacity equipment will have higher sound levels
compared to a lower capacity equipment.
G. Refrigerant.
The refrigerant used will also determine the pricing of the unit. The cost of the
newer refrigerant is more costly but it will be help to reduce the amount of gas
that is harmful to the ozone from being used.
H. Energy Star.
An equipment with this rating shows that the equipment is designed to save
energy hence reducing the electricity bills as well as protecting our environment.
I. Air conditioners work by moving the heat from inside your office or workplace,
outside. It then blows cool air back into the building. The way the machine cools
the air is through blowing it over a set of cool pipes, called an evaporator coil. It
works on the same basis as a fridge or when water evaporates from the skin.

J. The evaporate coil is filled with coolant or refrigerant, which changes from a
liquid to gas as it absorbs heat from the air. This is then pumped through another
coil to the outside of the building, where it cools and returns to its liquid form.
This outside coil is aptly named the condenser as a result.

K. There is a pump, called the compressor, which moves the coolant between the
two coils, as well as changing the pressure of the coolant to ensure it all
evaporates and condenses in the appropriate coil.

L. The motor that runs the compressor uses all the energy needed to complete this
and the system will usually give out three times the cooling energy that the
compressor uses. This is due to changing the state of the coolant from liquid to
gas, allowing much more energy to be moved than the compressor uses.

M. As with all air conditioning systems the principle remains the same whereby the
heat is removed from one area and replaced with chilled dry air and the hot air is
expelled, normally to the outside atmosphere. As you can see from this typical
example of a air conditioning system, the ambient air is drawn over the condensor
that can best described as a ‘radiator’ as seen on motor vehicles but instead of
water running through the system it contains a refrigerant gas.

N. On its journey around the system it has three main stages; the evaporator contains
the sub-cooled refrigerant and air blows through its veins to release the chilled
dry air into the room, the condenser contains the high temperature gas that once
 again air is blown through the veins collecting the heat as it passes through and
this is then expelled outside.

O. An air conditioner is able to cool a building because it removes heat from the
indoor air and transfers it outdoors. A chemical refrigerant in the system absorbs
the unwanted heat and pumps it through a system of piping to the outside coil.
The fan, located in the outside unit, blows outside air over the hot coil,
transferring heat from the refrigerant to the outdoor air.

P. Most air conditioning systems have five mechanical components:

• a compressor
• a condensor
• an evaporator coil
• blower
• a chemical refrigerant

Q. Most central air conditioning units operate by means of a split system. That is,
they consist of a ‘hot’ side, or the condensing unit—including the condensing coil,
the compressor and the fan—which is situated outside your home, and a ‘cold’
side that is located inside your home.

R. The cold side consists of an expansion valve and a cold coil, and it is usually part
of your furnace or some type of air handler. The furnace blows air through an
evaporator coil, which cools the air. Then this cool air is routed throughout your
home by means of a series of air ducts. A window unit operates on the same
principal, the only difference being that both the hot side and the cold side are
located within the same housing unit.

S. The compressor (which is controlled by the thermostat) is the ‘heart’ of the

system. The compressor acts as the pump, causing the refrigerant to flow through
the system. Its job is to draw in a low-pressure, low-temperature, refrigerant in a
gaseous state and by compressing this gas, raise the pressure and temperature of
 the refrigerant. This high-pressure, high-temperature gas then flows to the
condenser coil.

T. The condenser coil is a series of piping with a fan that draws outside air across
the coil. As the refrigerant passes through the condenser coil and the cooler
outside air passes across the coil, the air absorbs heat from the refrigerant which
causes the refrigerant to condense from a gas to a liquid state. The high-pressure,
high-temperature liquid then reaches the expansion valve.

U. The evaporator coil is a series of piping connected to a furnace or air handler that
blows indoor air across it, causing the coil to absorb heat from the air. The cooled
air is then delivered to the house through ducting. The refrigerant then flows back
to the compressor where the cycle starts over again.

4.0 Layout Drawings and Schematic Drawings of the Systems in Building

Active Fire Protection System

Figure 4.1 shows layout plan of the active fire protection system in basement floor
plan of the building.
Figure 4.2 shows the schematic diagram of the active fire protection system
(automatic sprinkler system).

Figure 4.3 shows the schematic drawings of the standard details in active fire
protection system.
Mechanical Ventilation- Centralized Air Conditioning system

Figure 4.4 shows the layout drawing of the mosque with three areas which drawn with
colour lines are being installed the centralized air conditioning system.

Figure 4.5 shows the schematic drawing of the entire mechanical ventilation of
centralized air conditioning system in the female restroom.
 Figure 4.6 shows the schematic drawings for the components of centralized air
conditioning system.

5.0 Relevant Standard and Requirement

5.1 Active Fire Protection System
5.1.1 Fire Alarm System
The fire alarm system should be installed and designed to meet the
requirement stated by National Fire Alarm Codes (NFPA 101) and (NFPA 72) depend
upon the functionality of the buildings. As for the non-healthcare high rise buildings,
the general standards and requirements are as follow :
A. The systems such as building automation, energy management, security and so on
should be installed separately from the fire alarm systems.
B. The fire alarm wiring should be installed in raceway separated from all the other
systems.
C. According to (NFPA 72), the fire alarm wiring system should be installed to meet
the requirements for Pathway Survivability Level 2 as a two hour performance
alternative that has been approved by the authority.
D. The wiring systems of the fire alarm system should be specified in accordance to
the elements in Class B such as Initiating Device Circuits (IDC), Signaling Line
 Circuits (SLC), Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC) and communications
between building fire alarm control units with Class X.
E. More smoke detectors are encouraged to be installed in the analog address system.
It does not required frequent sensibility testing for the smoke detectors and the
saving cost is used for the extra cost of the system itself.
For the general evacuation, the audible signal should be conform to ANS1
S3.41, Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal. The requirements are based on the area
of the building evacuated upon alarm.
A. Audible notification appliances should be provided in all locations throughout
the protected premises of the building.
B. Visible notification appliances in all public accessible areas such as corridors,
auditorium, stores and open assembly rooms >=750ft2 in the building should be
provided. Other than that, there is exception of the visible notification appliances are
not required for the spaces which are not considered to the public accessible such as
individual office spaces, closets (janitor’s, clothes, etc.), utility shafts, crawl spaces,
normally occupied rooms <=100ft2, normally occupied storage spaces where no
regular activities take place other than placement and retrieval of storage, stairway
enclosures and elevators.
C. The fire department with direct connections that permitted by the fire department
should be accepted as long as the circuit is supervised for grounds, shorts and opens.
D. The fire alarm systems having outputs in column 2 of table 5.1 should be
designed according to its minimum : to be able to perform the output functions listed
in columns 1, and 4 through 11 when communications outside of the building are lost.
E. For the fire fighter telephones in which that required by the Life Safety Code and
hand held radios are ineffective for communication by emergency personnel within a
building. Therefore, a two-way telephone communication service should be provided
based on the Life Safety Code and National Fire Alarm Code. A telephone jack
should also be provided at the fire pump and the placement of the telephone jack
should be included in the codes.
5.1.2 Fire Extinguishing Systems
Fire extinguishing systems in active fire protection systems are aimed to control the
spread of fire through manual or automatic actions.
A. Wet pipe sprinkler systems are designed except for the freezing area, dry pendant
or sidewall sprinklers, dry pipe or antifreeze systems are used.
B. The densities of sprinklers should meet the requirements in (NFPA 13) except for
the rooms containing mobile shelving which is a high density storage.
C. Special conditions of the rooms should be delineated on the drawings. This is
because the conditions might probably impact on the design of the sprinkler and
its installation.
D. There should also be the coordination with the facility and show smoke zone
boundaries, hazard classification, density and other special requirements on
drawings.
E. Quick response sprinklers (QRS) should be installed in all the areas apart from
the areas which specifically prohibited or noted in the standards.
F. Standard response sprinklers with immediate temperature rating of 93°C (200°F)
or higher are installed in elevator shafts, elevator pits and elevator machine rooms
as required by the (NFPA 13).
G. Flow control sprinklers are not allowed.
H. According to (NFPA 101, NFPA 45, or NFPA 1), standpipes shall be installed in
all buildings. Manual wet standpipes are preferred and all the flow and pressure
requirements should comply with (NFPA 14).
I. Wet fire extinguishing systems should be provided in the areas with cooking
facilities and equipment. Dry chemical systems should not be installed.
5.2 Mechanical Ventilation - Centralized Air Conditioning System
An air conditioner makes your home cooler by drowning warm air out of your
home and replacing it with cooler air. Energy Star is a voluntary program launched by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and now managed by the EPA and the U.S.
Department of Energy that certifies buildings and products which meet certain
standards of energy efficiency. Energy Star Qualified air conditioners must have at
least a 15 SEER rating.Safety standards for air conditional have a particular relevance
with regard to use and use restrictions for refrigerants in ACR&HP systems. This was
identified as one of the main obstacles to the uptake of environmentally friendly
refrigerants in a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study on barriers
for low GWP alternatives in Article 5 countries (Colbourne, 2010), although equally
applies to non-Article 5 too. Reasons for these limitations are largely due to historical
dominance of non-flammable, lower toxicity refrigerants, the inertia associated with
changing safety standards (and the views of stakeholders), and also the interests of
stakeholders with commercial interests in competing technologies.
Air-conditioning Space Requirements Based on Singapore Standards
Air-conditioning space requirements based on Singapore Standard SS553:

i. Normal design dry-bulb temperature for comfort air conditioning

can vary from 23oC to 25oC
ii. When air-conditioning systems are in operation, the operative
temperature should be maintained with 24oC to 26oC
iii. Air movement should not exceed 0.30 m/s, measured at the
occupants’ level 1500 mm from the floor
iv. Average RH should not exceed 65% for new buildings and 70% for
existing buildings.
6.0 References
1. Rule of the Ministry of Public Works, No.26/PRT/M/2008 about the Technical
Requirements of Fire Protection System on Building and Environment (2008)
2. Rule of the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration, SNI No.
Per.04/Men/1980 about the Terms and Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher, Article
2 (1980)
3. National Standardization Agency, SNI 03-6574-2000 about Emergency Detection
and Alarm System (2000)
4. Suryoputro, M. & Buana, Fajar & Sari, Amarria & Rahmillah, Fety. (2018).
Active and passive fire protection system in academic building KH. Mas Mansur,
Islamic University of Indonesia. MATEC Web of Conferences. 154. 01094.
10.1051/matecconf/201815401094.
5. Colbourne, D., United Nations Environment Programme (2010) ‘Barriers to the
use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries and opportunities to
overcome these’. [Online] Available at:
http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/mmcfiles/7476-e-Report-low-GWPba
rriers.pdf