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C interview questions and answers

1. Write a c program without using any semicolon which

output will : Hello word. Answer

Solution: 1
void main(){
if(printf("Hello world")){
}
}
Solution: 2

void main(){
while(!printf("Hello world")){
}
}

Solution: 3

void main(){
switch(printf("Hello world")){
}
}

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2. Swap two variables without using third variable.

Answer

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=5,b=10;
//process one
a=b+a;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("a= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process two
a=5;
b=10;
a=a+b-(b=a);
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);
//process three
a=5;
b=10;
 a=a^b;
b=a^b;
a=b^a;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process four
a=5;
b=10;
a=b-~a-1;
b=a+~b+1;
a=a+~b+1;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process five
a=5,
b=10;
a=b+a,b=a-b,a=a-b;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);
getch();

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3. What is dangling pointer in c? Answer

If any pointer is pointing the memory address of any

variable but after some variable has deleted from that
memory location while pointer is still pointing such memory
location. Such pointer is known as dangling pointer and
this problem is known as dangling pointer problem.

Initially:
Later:

For example:

(q)What will be output of following c program?

int *call();
void main(){
int *ptr;
ptr=call();
clrscr();
printf("%d",*ptr);

}
int * call(){
int x=25;
++x;
return &x;
}

Output: Garbage value

Explanation: variable x is local variable. Its scope and
lifetime is within the function call hence after returning
address of x variable x became dead and pointer is still
pointing ptr is still pointing to that location.

Solution of this problem: Make the variable x is as static

variable.

In other word we can say a pointer whose pointing object

has been deleted is called dangling pointer.

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4. What is wild pointer in c ? Answer

A pointer in c which has not been initialized is known as

wild pointer.

Example:

(q)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int *ptr;
printf("%u\n",ptr);
printf("%d",*ptr);

Output: Any address

Garbage value

Here ptr is wild pointer because it has not been

initialized.
There is difference between the NULL pointer and wild
pointer. Null pointer points the base address of
segmentwhile wild pointer doesn’t point any specific memory
location.
Hide

5. What are merits and demerits of array in c? Answer

(a) We can easily access each element of array.

(b) Not necessity to declare two many variables.
(c) Array elements are stored in continuous memory
location.

Demerit:
(a) Wastage of memory space. We cannot change size of array
at the run time.
(b) It can store only similar type of data.

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6. Do you know memory representation of

int a = 7; ? Answer

Memory representation of:

signed int a=7; (In Turbo c compiler)

signed short int a=7 (Both turbo c and Linux gcc
compiler)
Binary equivalent of data 7 in 16 bit: 00000000 00000111
Data bit: 0000000 00000111 (Take first 15 bit form right
side)
Sign bit: 0 (Take leftmost one bit)

First eight bit of data bit from right side i.e. 00000111
will store in the leftmost byte from right to left side and
rest seven bit of data bit i.e. 0000000 will store in
rightmost byte from right to left side as shown in the
following figure:
Hide

7. What is and why array in c ? Answer

An array is derived data type in c programming language

which can store similar type of data in continuous memory
location. Data may be primitive type (int, char, float,
double…), address of union, structure, pointer, function
or another array.
Example of array declaration:
int arr[5];
char arr[5];
float arr[5];
long double arr[5];
char * arr[5];
int (arr[])();
double ** arr[5];

Array is useful when:

(a) We have to store large number of data of similar type.
If we have large number of similar kind of variable then it
is very difficult to remember name of all variables and
write the program. For example:

//PROCESS ONE
void main(){
int ax=1;
int b=2;
int cg=5;
int dff=7;
int am=8;
int raja=0;
int rani=11;
int xxx=5;
int yyy=90;
int p;
int q;
 int r;
int avg;
avg=(ax+b+cg+dff+am+raja+rani+xxx+yyy+p+q+r)/12;
printf("%d",avg);
}
If we will use array then above program can be written as:

//PROCESS TWO
void main(){
int arr[]={1,2,5,7,8,0,11,5,50};
int i,avg;
for(int i=0;i<12;i++){
avg=avg+arr[i];
}
printf("%d",avg/12);
}

Question: Write a C program to find out average of 200

integer number using process one and two.

(b) We want to store large number of data in continuous

memory location. Array always stores data in continuous
memory location.

(q) What will be output when you will execute the following
program?

void main(){
int arr[]={0,10,20,30,40};
char *ptr=arr;
arr=arr+2;
printf("%d",*arr);
}

Advantage of using array:

1. An array provides singe name .So it easy to remember the

name of all element of an array.
2. Array name gives base address of an array .So with the
help increment operator we can visit one by one all the
element of an array.
3. Array has many application data structure.
Array of pointers in c:
Array whose content is address of another variable is
known as array pointers. For example:

void main(){
float a=0.0f,b=1.0f,c=2.0f;
float * arr[]={&a,&b,&c};
b=a+c;
printf("%f",arr[1]);
}

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8. Why we use do-while loop in c? Also tell any

properties which you know ? Answer

It is also called as post tested loop. It is used when it

is necessary to execute the loop at least one time.
Syntax:
do {
Loop body
} while (Expression);

Example:

void main(){
int num,i=0;
clrscr();
do{
printf("To enter press 1\n");
printf("To exit press 2");
scanf("%d",&num);
++i;
switch(num){
case 1:printf("You are welcome\n");break;
default : exit(0);
}
}
while(i<=10);
getch();
}
Output: 3 3 4 4

If there is only one statement in the loop body then braces

is optional. For example:

(a)

void main(){
double i=5.5678;
clrscr();
do
printf("hi");
while(!i);

getch();
}

Output: 3 3 4 4
(b)

void main(){
double i=5.63333;
clrscr();
do
printf("hi");
while(!i);

getch();
}

Output: hi

(c)
void main(){
int x=25,y=1;
do
if(x>5)
printf(" ONE");
else if(x>10)
printf(" TWO");
else if(x==25)
printf(" THREE");
else
 printf(" FOUR");
while(y--);
getch();
}

Output: ONE ONE

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9. Why we use static variable in c? Tell me all

properties of static variables which you know? Answer

Keyword static is used for declaring static variables in c.

This modifier is used with all data types like int, float,
double, array, pointer, structure, function etc.Important
points about static keyword:

1. It is not default storage class of global variables. For

example, analyze the following three programs and its
output.

(a)

#include<stdio.h>
int a;
int main(){
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}

Output: 0

(b)

#include<stdio.h>
static int a;
int main(){
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}

Output: 0
(c)

#include<stdio.h>
extern int a;
int main(){
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}
Output: Compilation error

At first glance if you will observe the output of above

three codes you can say default storage class of global
variable is static. But it is not true. Why? Read extern
storage class.

2. Default initial value of static integral type variables

are zero otherwise null. For example:

#include <stdio.h>
static char c;
static int i;
static float f;
static char *str;
int main(){
printf("%d %d %f %s",c,i,f,str);
return 0;
}

Output: 0 0 0.000000 (null)

3. A same static variable can be declared many times but we

can initialize at only one time. For example:

(a)

#include <stdio.h>
static int i; //Declaring the variable i.
static int i=25; //Initializing the variable.
static int i; //Again declaring the variable i.
int main(){
static int i; //Again declaring the variable i.
printf("%d",i);
 return 0;
}

Output: 25

(b)
#include <stdio.h>
static int i; //Declaring the variable
static int i=25; //Initializing the variable
int main(){
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}
static int i=20; //Again initializing the variable

Output: Compilation error: Multiple initialization variable

i.

4. We cannot write any assignment statement globally. For

example:

#include <stdio.h>
static int i=10; //Initialization statement
i=25; //Assignment statement
int main(){
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}

Output: Compilation error

Note: Assigning any value to the variable at the time of

declaration is known as initialization while assigning any
value to variable not at the time of declaration is known
assignment.

(b)
#include <stdio.h>
static int i=10;
int main(){
i=25; //Assignment statement
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}

Output: 25

(5) A static variable initializes only one time in whole

program. For example:

#include <stdio.h>
static int i=10;
int main(){
i=5;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
static int a=10; //This statement will execute
//only time.
printf("%d",a++);//This statement will execute
//five times.
}
return 0;
}

Output: 10 11 12 13 14
(6)If we declared static variable locally then its
visibility will within a block where it has declared. For
example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
{
static int a=5;
printf("%d",a);
}
//printf("%d",a); variable a is not visible here.
return 0;
}

Output: 5

7. If declared a static variable or function globally then

its visibility will only the file in which it has declared
not in the other files. For example:

(a)
#include<stdio.h>
static float a=144.0f; //global to all function
int main(){
{
printf("%d",a); //variable a is visible here.
//printf("%d",b); variable b is not visible here.
}
printf("%d",a); //variable a is visible here.
//printf("%d",b); variable b is not visible here.
return 0;
}
static int b=5; //Global to only calculation function
void calculation(){
printf("%d",a); //variable a is visible here.
printf("%d",b); //variable b is visible here.
}
(b) Consider a c program which has written in two files
named as one.c and two.c:

//one.c

#include<conio.h>
static int i=25;
static int j=5;

void main(){
clrscr();
sum();
getch();
}

//two.c

#include<stdio.h>
extern int i; //Declaration of variable i.
extern int j; //Declaration of variable j.
/**
Above two lines will search the initialization statement of
variable i and j either in two.c (if initialized variable
is static or extern) or one.c (if initialized variable is
extern)
*/
extern void sum(){
int s;
s=i+j;
printf("%d",s);
}

Compile and execute above two file one.c and two.c at the
same time:
In Turbo c compiler

Step 1: Write above two codes in the file named as one.c

and two.c (You can give any name as you like) and save it.
Step 2: In Turbo c++ IDE click on Project -> Open
projectmenu as shown in following screen dump.
Step 3: After Clicking on open project you will get
following screen:

In Open project File text field write any project name with
.prj extension. In this example I am writing project name
as CProject.PRJ. Now press OK button.

Step 4: After pressing OK button you will get following

screen:

Now click on Project -> Add item menu.

Step 5: After clicking Add item you will get following
screen:

In the name text field write down all c source code file
one by one i.e. first write one.c and click on Add button
Then write two.c and click on Add button and so on

Step 6: At the end click on Done button. After clicking on

done button you will get following screen:

At the lower part of window you can see project name, list
of files you have added etc.

Step7: To compile the two files press Alt+F9 and to run the
above program press Ctrl+F9
Note: To close the project click on Project ->
Closeproject.

Output: Compilation error: Unknown symbol i and j.

Hence we can say variable i and j which has initialized

into two.c is not visible in file one.c. This example
proves visibility of globally declared static variable is
file.

Note: In the above example function sum which was declared

and defined in two.c has also storage class extern. So we
can call from other file (one.c).If it will static then we
cannot call function sum since static storage class is only
visible to the file where it has declared.

(8)If we static variable has declared locally or globally

its scope will always whole the program. For example:

(a) //locally declaration of static variable

#include<stdio.h>
void visit();
int main(){
int i=0;
{ //Opening inner block
static int a=5; //locally declaration
XYZ:; //Label of goto statement
printf("%d ",a);
a++;
i++;
} //closing inner block.
visit();
/* printf("%d",a); Variable a is not visible here but
it is alive. */
if(i<5)
goto XYZ;
return 0;
}
void visit(){

}
Output: 5 6 7 8 9

Explanation: When program control will come out of inner

block where variable a has declared then outside of inner
block variable a is not visible but its scope is outside
the program i.e. variable a hasn’t dead .If with help of
goto statement control again comes inside the inner block
it prints previous incremented values which was not
possible in case of auto or register variables.
(b)

//Locally declarations of variable

There are two c source code files:
//one.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
int i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
{
static int a=5;
printf("%d\n",a);
a++;
}
visit();
}
getch();
}
//two.c
#include<stdio.h>
void visit(){
printf("Don’t disturb, I am learning storage class");
/* printf("%d",a); Variable a is not visible here but
It is alive. */
}

Now compile and execute both files together:

Output:
5
disturb, I am learning storage class
6
disturb, I am learning storage class
7
disturb, I am learning storage class

Explanation: When control goes to another file and comes

even that variable didn’t dead and it prints previous
incremented value.
Note: In both examples if you will declare static variable
globally you will get same output.
9. A static variables or functions have internal linkage.
An internal linkage variables or functions are visible to
the file where it has declared.

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10. What is the meaning of prototype of a

function ? Answer

Prototype of a function
Answer: Declaration of function is known as prototype of
a function. Prototype of a function means
(1) What is return type of function?
(2) What parameters are we passing?
(3) For example prototype of printf function is:
int printf(const char *, …);
I.e. its return type is int data type, its first
parameter constant character pointer and second parameter
is ellipsis i.e. variable number of arguments.

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11. Write a c program to modify the constant variable in

c? Answer

You can modify constant variable with the help of pointers.

For example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=10;
int *ptr=&i;
 *ptr=(int *)20;
printf("%d",i);
}

Output: 20

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12. What is the meaning of scope of a variable? Answer

Meaning of scope is to check either variable is alive or

dead. Alive means data of a variable has not destroyed from
memory. Up to which part or area of the program a variable
is alive, that area or part is known as scope of a
variable. In the above figure scope of variable a
represented outer red box i.e. whole program.
Note: If any variable is not visible it may have scope i.e.
it is alive or may not have scope. But if any variable has
not scope i.e. it is dead then variable must not to be
visible.
There are four type of scope in c:
1. Block scope.
2. Function scope.
3. File scope.
3. Program scope.

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13. What is pointer to a function? Answer

(1) What will be output if you will execute following code?

int * function();
void main(){
auto int *x;
int *(*ptr)();
ptr=&function;
x=(*ptr)();
printf("%d",*x);
}
int *function(){
static int a=10;
 return &a;
}
Output: 10
Explanation: Here function is function whose parameter is
void data type and return type is pointer to int data type.
x=(*ptr)()
=> x=(*&functyion)() //ptr=&function
=> x=function() //From rule *&p=p
=> x=&a
So, *x = *&a = a =10
(2) What will be output if you will execute following code?
int find(char);
int(*function())(char);
void main(){
int x;
int(*ptr)(char);
ptr=function();
x=(*ptr)('A');
printf("%d",x);
}
int find(char c){
return c;
}
int(*function())(char){
return find;
}
Output: 65
Explanation: Here function whose name is function which
passing void data type and returning another function whose
parameter is char data type and return type is int data
type.
x=(*ptr)(‘A’)
=> x= (*function ()) (‘A’) //ptr=function ()
//&find=function () i.e. return type of function ()
=> x= (* &find) (‘A’)
=> x= find (‘A’) //From rule*&p=p
=> x= 65
(3) What will be output if you will execute following code?
char * call(int *,float *);
void main(){
char *string;
int a=2;
 float b=2.0l;
char *(*ptr)(int*,float *);
ptr=&call;
string=(*ptr)(&a,&b);
printf("%s",string);
}
char *call(int *i,float *j){
static char *str="c-pointer.blogspot.com";
str=str+*i+(int)(*j);
return str;
}
Output: inter.blogspot.com
Explanation: Here call is function whose return type is
pointer to character and one parameter is pointer to int
data type and second parameter is pointer to float data
type and ptr is pointer to such function.
str= str+*i+ (int) (*j)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” + *&a+ (int) (*&b)
//i=&a, j=&b
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” + a+ (int) (b)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” +2 + (int) (2.0)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” +4
=”inter.blogspot.com”
(4) What will be output if you will execute following code?
char far * display(char far*);
void main(){
char far* string="cquestionbank.blogspot.com";
char far *(*ptr)(char far *);
ptr=&display;
string=(*ptr)(string);
printf("%s",string);
}
char far *display(char far * str){
char far * temp=str;
temp=temp+13;
*temp='\0';
return str;
}
Output: cquestionbak
Explanation: Here display is function whose parameter is
pointer to character and return type is also pointer to
character and ptr is its pointer.
temp is char pointer
temp=temp+13
temp=’\0’
Above two lines replaces first dot character by null
character of string of variable string i.e.
"cquestionbank\0blogspot.com"
As we know %s print the character of stream up to null
character.

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14. Write a c program to find size

of structure without using sizeof operator ? Answer

struct ABC{
int a;
float b;
char c;
};
void main(){
struct ABC *ptr=(struct ABC *)0;
ptr++;
printf("Size of structure is: %d",*ptr);
}

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15. What is NULL pointer? Answer

Literal meaning of NULL pointer is a pointer which is

pointing to nothing. NULL pointer points the base address
of segment.
Examples of NULL pointer:
1. int *ptr=(char *)0;
2. float *ptr=(float *)0;
3. char *ptr=(char *)0;
4. double *ptr=(double *)0;
5. char *ptr=’\0’;
6. int *ptr=NULL;
(q) What is meaning of NULL?
Answer:
NULL is macro constant which has been defined in the heard
file stdio.h, alloc.h, mem.h, stddef.h and stdlib.h as
#define NULL 0
Examples:
(1)What will be output of following c program?
#include "stdio.h"
void main(){
if(!NULL)
printf("I know preprocessor");
else
printf("I don't know preprocessor");
}
Output: I know preprocessor
Explanation:
!NULL = !0 = 1
In if condition any non zero number mean true.
(2)What will be output of following c program?
#include "stdio.h"
void main(){
int i;
static int count;
for(i=NULL;i<=5;){
count++;
i+=2;
}
printf("%d",count);
}
Output: 3
(3)What will be output of following c program?
#include "stdio.h"
void main(){
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL 5
#endif
printf("%d",NULL+sizeof(NULL));
}
Output: 2
Explanation:
NULL+sizeof(NULL)
=0+sizeoof(0)
=0+2 //size of int data type is two byte.
We cannot copy any thing in the NULL pointer.
Example:
(q)What will be output of following c program?
#include "string.h"
void main(){
char *str=NULL;
strcpy(str,"c-pointer.blogspot.com");
printf("%s",str);
}
Output: (null)

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16. What is difference between pass by value and pass by

reference ? Answer

In c we can pass the parameters in a function in two

different ways.
(a)Pass by value: In this approach we pass copy of actual
variables in function as a parameter. Hence any
modification on parameters inside the function will no
reflect in the actual variable. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a=5,b=10;
swap(a,b);
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
void swap(int a,int b){
int temp;
temp =a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}
Output: 5 10
(b)Pass by reference: In this approach we pass memory
address actual variables in function as a parameter. Hence
any modification on parameters inside the function will
reflect in the actual variable. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a=5,b=10;
 swap(&a,&b);
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
void swap(int *a,int *b){
int *temp;
*temp =*a;
*a=*b;
*b=*temp;
}
Output: 10 5

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17. What is size of void pointer ? Answer

Size of any type of pointer in c is independent of data

type which is pointer is pointing i.e. size of all type
of pointer (near) in c is two byte either it is char
pointer, double pointer, function pointer or null
pointer. Void pointer is not exception of this rule and
size of void pointer is also two byte.

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18. What is difference between uninitialized pointer and

null pointer? Answer

An uninitialized pointer is a pointer which points unknown

memory location while null pointer is pointer which points
a null value or base address of segment. For example:
int *p; //Uninitialized pointer
int *q= (int *)0; //Null pointer
#include<stdio.h>
int *r=NULL; //Null pointer
What will be output of following c program?

#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
 char *p; //Uninitialized pointer
char *q=NULL; //Null pointer;
strcpy(p,"cquestionbank");
strcpy(q,"cquestionbank");
clrscr();
printf("%s %s",p,q);
getch();
}

Output: cquestionbank (null)

Hide

19. Can you read complex pointer declaration ? Answer

Rule 1. Assign the priority to the pointer declaration

considering precedence and associative according to
following table.
Where

Hide
(): This operator behaves as bracket operator or function
operator.
[]: This operator behaves as array subscription operator.
*: This operator behaves as pointer operator not as
multiplication operator.
Identifier: It is not an operator but it is name of pointer
variable. You will always find the first priority will be
assigned to the name of pointer.
Data type: It is also not an operator. Data types also
includes modifier (like signed int, long double etc.)

What is meaning of priority of operator? Click me.

What is meaning of associative of operator? Click me.
You will understand it better by examples:
(1) How to read following pointer?
char (* ptr)[3]
Answer:
Step 1: () and [] enjoys equal precedence. So rule of
associative will decide the priority. Its associative is
left to right So first priority goes to ().

Step 2: Inside the bracket * and ptr enjoy equal

precedence. From rule of associative (right to left) first
priority goes to ptr and second priority goes to *.

Step3: Assign third priority to [].

Step4: Since data type enjoys least priority so assign

fourth priority to char.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such one dimensional array of size three
which content char type data.
(2) How to read following pointer?
float (* ptr)(int)
Answer:
Assign the priority considering precedence and associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such function whose parameter is int type
data and return type is float type data.
Rule 2: Assign the priority of each function parameter
separately and read it also separately.
Understand it through following example.
(3) How to read following pointer?
void (*ptr)(int (*)[2],int (*) void))
Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence and
associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such function which first parameter
ispointer to one dimensional array of size two which
contentint type data and second parameter is pointer to
suchfunction which parameter is void and return type
is intdata type and return type is void.
(4) How to read following pointer?
int ( * ( * ptr ) [ 5 ] ) ( )
Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence and
associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such array of size five which content
are pointer to such function which parameter is void and
return type is int type data.
(5) How to read following pointer?
double*(*(*ptr)(int))(double **,char c)
Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence and
associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to function which parameter is int type data
and return type is pointer to function which first
parameter is pointer to pointer of double data type and
second parameter is char type data type and return type
ispointer to double data type.
(6) How to read following pointer?
unsigned **(*(*ptr)[8](char const *, ...)
Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence and
associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to array of size eight and content of array
is pointer to function which first parameter is pointer to
character constant and second parameter is variable number
of arguments and return type
is pointer to pointer ofunsigned int data type.

20. What are the parameter passing conventions in

c ? Answer

1.pascal: In this style function name should (not necessary

) in the uppercase .First parameter of function call is
passed to the first parameter of function definition and so
on.
2.cdecl: In this style function name can be both in the
upper case or lower case. First parameter of function call
is passed to the last parameter of function definition. It
is default parameter passing convention.
Examples:
1.What will be output of following program?
void main(){
static int a=25;
void cdecl conv1() ;
 void pascal conv2();
conv1(a);
conv2(a);
getch();
}
void cdecl conv1(int a,int b)
{
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
void pascal conv2(int a,int b)
{
printf("\n%d %d",a,b);
}

Output: 25 0
0 25
(2) What will be output of following program?
void cdecl fun1(int,int);
void pascal fun2(int,int);
void main(){
int a=5,b=5;
clrscr();
fun1(a,++a);
fun2(b,++b);
getch();
}
void cdecl fun1(int p,int q){
printf("cdecl: %d %d \n",p,q);
}
void pascal fun2(int p,int q){
printf("pascal: %d %d",p,q);
}
Output:
cdecl: 6 6
pascal: 5 6
(3) What will be output of following program?
void cdecl fun1(int,int);
void pascal fun2(int,int);
void main(){
int a=5,b=5;
clrscr();
 fun1(a,++a);
fun2(b,++b);
getch();
}
void cdecl fun1(int p,int q){
printf("cdecl: %d %d \n",p,q);
}
void pascal fun2(int p,int q){
printf("pascal: %d %d",p,q);
}
Output:
cdecl: 6 6
pascal: 5 6
(4) What will be output of following program?
void convention(int,int,int);
void main(){
int a=5;
clrscr();
convention(a,++a,a++);
getch();
}
void convention(int p,int q,int r){
printf("%d %d %d",p,q,r);
}
Output: 7 7 5
(5) What will be output of following program?
void pascal convention(int,int,int);
void main(){
int a=5;
clrscr();
convention(a,++a,a++);
getch();
}
void pascal convention(int p,int q,int r){
printf("%d %d %d",p,q,r);
}
Output: 5 6 6
(6) What will be output of following program?
void pascal convention(int,int);
void main(){
int a=1;
clrscr();
 convention(a,++a);
getch();
}
void pascal convention(int a,int b){
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
Output: 1 2
(7) What will be output of following program?
void convention(int,int);
void main(){
int a=1;
clrscr();
convention(a,++a);
getch();
}
void convention(int a,int b){
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
Output: 2 2

Hide

21. What is the far pointer in c? Answer

The pointer which can point or access whole the residence

memory of RAM i.e. which can access all 16 segments is
known as far pointer.

Far pointer:

(If you don’t know what is segment the click here)

Size of far pointer is 4 byte or 32 bit.

Examples:
(1) What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int x=10;
int far *ptr;
 ptr=&x;
printf("%d",sizeof ptr);

Output: 4

(2)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int far *near*ptr;
printf("%d %d",sizeof(ptr) ,sizeof(*ptr));

Output: 4 2
Explanation: ptr is far pointer while *ptr is near pointer.

(3)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int far *p,far *q;
printf("%d %d",sizeof(p) ,sizeof(q));

Output: 4 4

First 16 bit stores: Segment number

Next 16 bit stores: Offset address
What is segment number and offset address?

Example:

void main(){
int x=100;
int far *ptr;
ptr=&x;
printf("%Fp",ptr);

}
Output: 8FD8:FFF4

Here 8FD8 is segment address and FFF4 is offset address in

hexadecimal number format.
Note: %Fp is used for print offset and segment address of
pointer in printf function in hexadecimal number format.

In the header file dos.h there are three macro functions to

get the offset address and segment address from far pointer
and vice versa.

1. FP_OFF(): To get offset address from far address.

2. FP_SEG(): To get segment address from far address.
3. MK_FP(): To make far address from segment and offset
address.

Examples:

(1)What will be output of following c program?

#include "dos.h"
void main(){
int i=25;
int far*ptr=&i;
printf("%X %X",FP_SEG(ptr),FP_OFF(ptr));

}
Output: Any segment and offset address in hexadecimal
number format respectively.

(2)What will be output of following c program?

#include "dos.h"
void main(){
int i=25;
int far*ptr=&i;
unsigned int s,o;
s=FP_SEG(ptr);
o=FP_OFF(ptr);
printf("%Fp",MK_FP(s,o));

Output: 8FD9:FFF4 (Assume)

Note: We cannot guess what will be offset address, segment
address and far address of any far pointer .These address
are decided by operating system.

Limitation of far pointer:

We cannot change or modify the segment address of given far
address by applying any arithmetic operation on it. That is
by using arithmetic operator we cannot jump from one
segment to other segment. If you will increment the far
address beyond the maximum value of its offset address
instead of incrementing segment address it will repeat its
offset address in cyclic order.

Example:

(q)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int i;
char far *ptr=(char *)0xB800FFFA;
for(i=0;i<=10;i++){
printf("%Fp \n",ptr);
ptr++;
}

Output:

B800:FFFA
B800:FFFB
B800:FFFC
B800:FFFD
B800:FFFE
B800:FFFF
B800:0000
B800:0001
B800:0002
B800:0003
B800:0004

This property of far pointer is called cyclic nature of far

pointer within same segment.
Important points about far pointer:

1. Far pointer compares both offset address and segment

address with relational operators.
Examples:

(1)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int far *p=(int *)0X70230000;
int far *q=(int *)0XB0210000;
if(p==q)
printf("Both pointers are equal");
else
printf("Both pointers are not equal");

Output: Both pointers are not equal

(2)What will be output of following c program?

void main(){
int far *p=(int *)0X70230000;
int far *q=(int *)0XB0210000;
int near *x,near*y;
x=(int near *)p;
y=(int near *)q;
if(x==y)
printf("Both pointer are equal");
else
printf("Both pointer are not equal");

Output: Both pointers are equal

2. Far pointer doesn’t normalize.

Hide

22. Do you know pointer to function? Explain it by any

example? Answer

A pointer which holds address of a function is know as

pointer to function. Example:

int * function();
int *(*ptr)();
ptr=&function;

Here ptr is pointer to function.

Complete program:

int * function();
void main(){
auto int *x;
int *(*ptr)();
ptr=&function;
x=(*ptr)();
printf("%d",*x);

}
int *function(){
static int a=10;
return &a;
}

Output: 10
Explanation: Here function is function whose parameter is
void data type and return type is pointer to int data type.

x=(*ptr)()
=> x=(*&functyion)() //ptr=&function
=> x=function() //From rule *&p=p
=> x=&a
So, *x = *&a = a =10

Hide

23. What is meaning of continue keyword in c ? Answer

It is keyword of c and task of this keyword is to transfer

the control of program at the beginning of loop. For
example:

(a)
void main(){
int i=5;
clrscr();
do{
printf("%d",i);
continue;
i++;
}
while(i<=10);
getch();
}

Output: Infinite loop

(b)

void main(){
int i=5;
clrscr();
do{
printf("%d",i);
continue;
i++;
}
while(i<=10);
 getch();
}

Output: Infinite loop

Except looping ,we cannot use continue keyword.

void main(){
int x;
scanf("%d",&x);
clrscr();
switch(x){
case 1:printf("1");break;
case 2:printf("2");continue;
default:printf("3");
}
getch();
}

Output: Compilation error

Hide

24. Tell me all the properties of variables in c? Answer

Every variable in c have three most fundamental

attributes. They are:
1. Name
2. Value
3. Address
Name of a variable:
Every variable in c has its own name. A variable without
any name is name is not possible in c. Most important
properties of variables name are its unique names. Not
two variables in c can not have same name with same
visibility. For example:
(a)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
int a=5;
int a=10;
/* Two variables of same name */
printf(“%d”,a);
getch();
}
(b)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
auto int a=5; //Visibility is within main block
static int a=10; //Visibility is within main block
/* Two variables of same name */
printf(“%d”,a);
getch();
}
Output: compilation error

Output: Compilation error

But it is possible that two variable with same name but
different visibility. In this case variable name can
access only that variable which is more local. In c there
is not any way to access global variable if any local
variable is present of same name. For example:
(a)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a=50; //Visibility is whole the program
void main(){
int a=10; //Visibility within main block
printf(“%d”,a);
getch();
}
Output: 10
(b)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
int a=10; //Visibility within main block.
{
a+=5; //Accessing outer local variable a.
int a=20; //Visibility within inner block.
a+=10; //Accessing inner local variable a.
printf(“%d”,a);//Accessing inner local variable a.

}
printf(“%d”,a); //Accessing outer local variable a.

getch();
}
Output: 30 15

Note: In c any name is called identifier. This name can

be variable name, function name, enum constant name,
micro constant name, goto label name, any other data type
name like structure, union, enum names or typedef name.

Value of variale:
Data which any variable keeps is known as value of
variable. For example:
int a=5;
Here value of variable a is five. Name of variable always
returns value of the variable.
How to assign any value to a variable:
C supports eleven type of assignment operator to
assign any value to operator. Those are:
(a) = (b) += (c) -= (d) v*= (e) /= (f) %=
(g) <<= (h) >>= (i) |= (j) &= (k) ^=
In this chapter will discuss only first operator i.e. =
Assignment statement in c:

LValue: Lvalue stands for left value. In any assignment

statement LValue must be a container i.e. which have
ability to hold the data. In c has only one type only
container and which is variable. Hence LValue must be any
variable in c it cannot be a constant, function or any
other data type of c. For example
#define <stdio.h>
#define <conio.h>
#define max 125
struct abc{
char *name;
int roll;
};
enum {RED,BLUE};
void main(){
int a;
const b;
a=5;
//10=5; LValue cannot be a integer constant
//max=20; //Lvalue cannot be a micro constant
//b=11; Lvalue cannot be a constant variable
//float=3.3f; Lvalue cannot be a data type
//abc={“sachin”,5}; Lvalue cannot be a data type
//BLUE =2; Lvalue cannot be a enum constant
getch();
}

RValue: In any assignment statement RValue must be any

thing which can return and constant value or it is itself
a constant. RValue can be any c constants, variables,
function which is returning a value etc. For example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 5
void display();
float sum();
enum {BLACK, WHITE};
void main(){
int x=2; //RValue can be a constant.
float y=9.0;
const int z=x; //RValue can be a constant variable
x=max; //RValue can be a variable.

x=BLACK; //RValue can be a enum constant.

y=sum();//RValue can be a function.
y=display(); //RValue can be a function which is
 //returning nothing.
}
Hide

25. What is void data type? Tell me any three use of

void data type. Answer

Linguistic meaning of void is nothing. Size of void data

type is meaningless question.

What will be output of following c code?

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int size;
size=sizeof(void);
printf("%d",size);
return 0;
}

Output: Compilation error

If we will try to find the size of void data type complier

will show an error message “not type allowed”. We cannot
use any storage class modifier with void data type so void
data type doesn’t reserve any memory space. Hence we cannot
declare any variable as of void type i.e.
void num; //compilation error

Use of void data type

1. To declare generic pointer

2. As a function return type
3. As a function parameter.

Hide

26. What is constant variable in c? What are

the benefits of using constant variable? Answer

In c all variables are by default not constant. Hence, you

can modify the value of variable by program. You can
convert any variable as a constant variable by using
modifier const which is keyword of c language.
Properties of constant variable:
1. You can assign the value to the constant variables only
at the time of declaration. For example:

const int i=10;

float const f=0.0f;
unsigned const long double ld=3.14L;

2. Uninitialized constant variable is not cause of any

compilation error. But you can not assign any value after
the declaration. For example:

const int i;

If you have declared the uninitialized variable globally

then default initial value will be zero in case of integral
data type and null in case of non-integral data type. If
you have declared the uninitialized const variable locally
then default initial value will be garbage.

3. Constant variables executes faster than not constant

variables.

Hide

27. Do you know any post tested loop in c ? Answer

While loop:

It is pre tested loop. It is used when we have to execute a

part of code in unknown numbers of times.
Syntax:

while (Expression){
Loop body
}

Properties of while loop:

1. Task of the expression is to check the condition. Loop
will execute until condition is true otherwise loop will
terminate.

2. If any expression returns zero then condition will false

and if it returns any non- zero number then condition will
true. For example:

(a)
void main(){
int x=3,y=2;
clrscr();
while(x+y-1){
printf("%d ",x--+y);
}
getch();
}

Output: 5 4 3 2

(b)
void main(){
float a=1.5f;
clrscr();
while(a){
printf("%.f ",a);
a-=.5f;
}
getch();
}

Output: 2 1 0

3. In while loop condition expression is compulsory. For

example:

void main(){
clrscr();
while(){
printf("Hello world");
}
getch();
}
Output: Compilation error

4. while loop without any body is possible. For example:

void main(){
int i=0;
clrscr();
while(i++,i<=8);
printf("%d ",i);
getch();
}

Output: 9

5. In while loop there can be more than one conditional

expression. For example

void main(){
int x=2,y=2;
clrscr();
while(x<=5,y<=3)
printf("%d %d ",++x, ++y);
getch();
}

Output: 3 3 4 4

6. If loop body contain only one statement the brace is

optional. For example:

void main(){
clrscr();
while(!printf("Hello world"));
getch();
}

Output: Hello world

Hide

28. What is cyclic properties of data type in c? Explain

with any example. Answer
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
signed char c1=130;
signed char c2=-130;
printf("%d %d",c1,c2);
return 0;
}
Output: -126 126 (why?)
This situation is known as overflow of signed char.
Range of unsigned char is -128 to 127. If we will
assign a value greater than 127 then value of variable will
be changed to a value if we will move clockwise direction
as shown in the figure according to number. If we will
assign a number which is less than -128 then we have to
move in anti-clockwise direction.

Hide

29. Do you know nested loop. Explain by an

example ? Answer

A loop inside another loop is known as nested loop. We can

write any loop inside any loop in c i.e. we can write for
loop inside the loop or while loop or do while loop etc.
For example:
(a)

void main(){
int i,j,k;
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
for(j=0;j<3;j++){
printf(" %d",i+j);
}
}
 getch();
}

(b)

void main(){
int i,j,k;
do
while(0)
for(;0;)
printf("cbyexample");
while(0);
getch();
}

Hide

30. Could you define variable in c? Answer

A variable is named location of data. In other word we

can variable is container of data.
In real world you have used various type containers
for specific purpose. For example you have used suitcase
to store clothes, match box to store match sticks etc. In
the same way variables of different data type is used to
store different types of data. For example integer
variables are used to store integers char variables is
used to store characters etc.

Hide

12 comments:
blogsbyalo said...

great job!!
 10/29/10 12:17 PM
Anonymous said...

Consider the input file as follow:

1111 2050.00 20
1234 1890.50 30
1654 1769.40 40
…….
1972 2180.90 10
The above input contains the data of employees’ monthly salary for xyz
company.
The first data in a line is staff ID, followed by basic salary and then total over
time working hours. The input file name is input.txt.
The total salary of each staff is calculated by adding basic salary with over
time salary. The rate of over time work is RM 5 per hour.
Write a complete program to retrieve the data from the input.txt file,
calculate the total salary for each staff in the month, and output the staffs’
IDs and their total salaries into a file named output. Txt. The program should
also be able to allow the user to print the salary details of a specific staff by
entering the particular staff ID. The program must have the following
functions:
Function name description
writeOutput this function receives the staff ID and his/her total salary as
parameters, and writes them into the output file.
findSalary this function receives the staff ID from the user, finds the data of
that
particular staff ID from the input file, and returns the staff ID and his/her
salary
printSlip this function receives the staff ID and total salary of the particular
staff returned
by the findSalary function, and displays it in the following format:
(the staff ID is 1111 and the total salary is RM 2150.00)
Salary for month: February 2010
ID No : 1111
Net Income: RM 2150.00

10/31/10 11:14 PM
vichy said...

Making a C program, to record the subjects taken by a student, the subjects

removed, the approved and disapproved and calculate the GPA for that
semester.

The program should have the option of "going out"

11/9/10 7:59 PM
Anonymous said...
 Superb collection..thanks !!
just one bug to notify in Q.14..printf("Size of structure is: %d",*ptr); *ptr
should be changed to ptr

12/8/10 1:24 AM
Anonymous said...

Question 14 is correct one. No bug. It will work only Turbo c3.0

12/8/10 11:36 AM
Anonymous said...

woov very good post.. thanks a lot to author...

12/14/10 9:50 AM
Anonymous said...

superr collectionnnnnnn.............

1/9/11 12:21 AM
Anonymous said...

great job what a super collectionnnnnnnnnnnn

1/29/11 2:17 PM
Anonymous said...

i want a c program that will display this output:

ABCDEFGFEDCBA
ABCDEFFEDCBA
ABCDEEDCBA
ABCDDCBA
ABCCBA
ABBA
AA

2/9/11 10:14 PM
Anonymous said...

Wonderful site.The effort of the site-creator is commendable.Keep it up.Your

info. was quite useful.

2/12/11 9:11 PM
Anonymous said...

great post!!
 2/17/11 11:24 PM
Anonymous said...

#include

void main()
{

int no_of_lines, alphabet = 65, i, count, j;

printf("\nenter the number of lines you want to print\t:");

scanf("%d",&no_of_lines);
count=2*no_of_lines;
for(j=0;j<no_of_lines;j++)
{
if(j==0)
{
printf("\n\n");
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
if(i<no_of_lines)
{
printf(" %c", alphabet++);
}
else if(i == no_of_lines)
{
alphabet--;
}
else
{
printf(" %c",--alphabet);
}
}
}
else
{
printf("\n");
//printf("\nnothing\n");
for(i=0;i<count-2*j;i++)
{
if(i<no_of_lines-j)
{
printf(" %c", alphabet++);
}
else
{
printf(" %c",--alphabet);
}
 }

}
}
}

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

enter the number of lines you want to print : 5

A B C DEDCBA
A B C DDCBA
A B C CBA
A B B A
A A

if u want dat particular format enter the number of lines as 7....

2/22/11 12:00 AM

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