By

Nitin Oke
For Safe Hands

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 Communication
• Faithful transfer of information from one
place to another is called as
communication.
• If communication is from A to B but not
from B to A then such communication is
called as unilateral communication.
• If it is two way then is called as bilateral
communication.
• There are large number of ways to
communicate.

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 Different ways of Communication
• Body gestures, Sound, Picture, language,
symbol, Distant communication, tele-
phone / vision
• If communication is from A to B then A
has ( or is ) transformer B has (or is)
receiver. The mode of transfer of
information is via “cannel” between
Transformer and receiver.
• We are more interested in distant
communication.

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 Distant communication

Space communication Line communication

Ground Space/ Sky/ ionosperic

tropospheric
Waves Waves
waves

Optical fibre Coaxial cable Two wire

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 Electromagnetic waves
Range of Called as Used for
frequency
300KHz to 3MHz MW Point to point
3MHz to 30MHz SW/HF Marine
30MHz to 300MHz VHF Broadcasting
300MHz to 3GHz UHF TV/Radar/FM
3GHz to 30GHz SHF Radio relay
30GHz to 300GHz EHF Experimental

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Earths Atmosphere

80 km

50 km

12 km

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 Atmosphere for communication purpose

E-
F- Layer between 140 90 to
to140
400KmKmalso called
which as into
splits Kennly
two
Heaviside
layers as FLayer also appears during day time only but can
1 ( 140 to 250Km) and F2 between (250 to 400km)
be used
F2 is foras
called internal refraction
Appleton Layer. of LF ( < 500KHz)
D- Layer between 50 to 90 Km but appears during day
time only and less ionized.

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 Transmission by ground wave
• Also called as surface wave
• Propagation by vertically polarized wave
• Large amount of power losses due to
induced current, diffraction effect.
(Attenuation)
• Covers very less distance of the order of
1500Km
• Uses frequency below 500KHz
• Amplitude modulated radio waves are
transmitted by ground waves.

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 Transmission by space waves
• Also called as direct wave or Tropospheric
wave or line of sight wave.
• Propagation by direct or reflected waves from
troposphere or from ground.
• May have constructive or destructive
interference. Called as selective fading.
• If h is height of antenna then can cover at
most 2hR distance.( Why?)
• It is for frequencies above 30MHz.
• To increase range either increase height or use
repeater transmitting stations.

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R2 +(h2+d2)=(R+h)2

d2=2Rh

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 Sky wave propagation
• Also called as ionospheric propagation.
• Propagation by direct or reflected waves
from ionosphere or troposphere or from
ground.
• Sky wave propagation is most unreliable
transmission. This is because the sky
wave reflects from F layer whose
existence and density changes time to
time.
• All wave above 30MHz do not reflect
even by ionosphere and go into space.

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 Skip distance Skip Zone
Ground wave range
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 Satellite communication
• When range of frequency is above 30MHz previously
discussed modes are useless.
• To provide communication for longer distances at low
cost the method of satellite communication is used.
• The concept was initially discussed by an author
Arther C Clark in a science fiction “wireless world”
• This is an effective way of creating an antenna of
height of the order of 35939Km(≈36000km)
• To avoid weakening of signal during to and fro
journey of uplink and downlink signal received is
amplified before sending back, to avoid interference
between uplink and downlink the frequencies are
different ( 6GHz and 4GHz)
• The unit performing all above task is called as
“Transponder”

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Concept of satellite communication

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 Merits and demerits of satellite communication

• Wide area of broadcast

• Quality is identical and good
• Economical
• More cost effective in hilly area
• Used for global positioning up to 100km
• Provides link for complete earth.
• Threat for security and privacy.
• Not possible to correct
• Time delay due to a gap of 2 x 36000 km

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Byproduct of communication- Remote sensing
• Is the science of obtaining information
about an object when it is not directly in
contact with the investigator.
• Description, sketch, Painting, Photograph
are few examples of remote sensing.
• The satellite which does a job of just
taking a photograph and sending it to
earth is called as passive satellite.
• The satellite which process the signal as
per need and then sends back is called as
active satellite.

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 Active or passive satellites
• As satellites used for communication may
be used for remote sensing but they are
far away from earth.
• For remote sensing satellites used are
suppose to come close to earth so need
their orbit elliptic and instead of they
moving to scan if earth moves it will save
energy.
• Thus these satellites are preferred with
tilt to equator up to 63o

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 Structure of satellite used for RS

Altitude
11.56o
when
photographs
are taken is
918 to
1000Km

168 to 188km
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 Basic terminology
• Transducer: Any device that converts
one form of energy into another can be
termed as a transducer. An electrical
transducer may be defined as a device
that converts some physical variable
(pressure, displacement, force,
temperature, etc) into corresponding
variations in the electrical signal at its
output.

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 Basic terminology
• Signal: Information converted in electrical
form and suitable for transmission is called a
signal.
• Signals can be either analog or digital.
• Analog signals are continuous variations of
voltage or current. They are essentially single-
valued functions of time. Sine wave is a
fundamental analog signal. All other analog
signals can be fully understood in terms of
their sine wave components. Sound and picture
signals in TV are analog in nature.

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 Basic terminology
• Digital signals are those which can take
only discrete stepwise values. They
employ suitable combinations of number
systems such as the binary coded decimal
(BCD) American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII)
• Noise: Noise refers to the unwanted
signals that tend to disturb the
transmission and processing of message
signals in a communication system.

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 Basic terminology
• Transmitter: A transmitter processes
the incoming message signal so as to
make it suitable for transmission through
a channel and subsequent reception.
• Receiver: A receiver extracts the
desired message signals from the
received signals at the channel output.
• Attenuation: The loss of strength of a
signal while propagating through a
medium is known as attenuation.

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 Basic terminology
• Amplification: It is the process of increasing
the amplitude (and consequently the strength)
of a signal using an electronic circuit called the
amplifier. Amplification is done at a place
between the source and the destination
wherever signal strength becomes weaker than
the required strength.
• Range: It is the largest distance between a
source and a destination up to which the signal
is received with sufficient strength.

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 Basic terminology
• Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the frequency range
over which an equipment operates or the portion of the
spectrum occupied by the signal.
• Modulation: The original low frequency
message/information signal cannot be transmitted to
long distances due to low frequency. The low frequency
message signal is superimposed on a high frequency
wave, which acts as a carrier of the information. This
process is known as modulation.
• There are three types of modulation AM, FM and PM.
• Demodulation: The process of retrieval of information
from the carrier wave at the receiver is termed
demodulation. This is the reverse process of
modulation.

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 Need of modulation
• For transmitting a signal, we need an antenna or
an aerial. This antenna
should have a size comparable to the
wavelength of the signal (at least /4 in
dimension) for sound wave of frequency 20
kHz, the wavelength  is 15 km. ( if velocity is
that of EM wave.) Obviously, such a long
antenna is not possible to construct and
operate.
• We can obtain transmission with reasonable
antenna lengths if transmission frequency is
high (for example, if  is 1 MHz, then
 is 300 m).

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 Need of modulation
• A theoretical study of radiation from a linear
antenna (length L) shows that the power
radiated is proportional to (L/ )2 .
• The above arguments suggest that there is a
need for translating the original low frequency
• information signal into high frequency wave
before transmission such that the translated
signal continues to possess the information
contained in the original signal. In doing so, we
take the help of a high frequency signal, known
as the carrier wave, and a process known
• as modulation

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 Need of modulation
• For transmitting a signal, we need an antenna or
an aerial. This antenna
should have a size comparable to the
wavelength of the signal (at least /4 in
dimension) for sound wave of frequency 20
kHz, the wavelength  is 15 km. ( if velocity is
that of EM wave.) Obviously, such a long
antenna is not possible to construct and
operate.
• We can obtain transmission with reasonable
antenna lengths if transmission frequency is
high (for example, if  is 1 MHz, then
 is 300 m).

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Different types of modulations

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 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

• Let c(t) = Ac sin ωct represent carrier wave

• m(t) = Am sin ωmt represent the message signal
• The modulated signal cm (t) can be written as
• cm (t) = (Ac + Am sin ωmt) sin ωct

Here μ = Am/Ac is the modulation index

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 Applications of remote sensing
• Meteorology: weather modeling and forecasting
• Oceanography: sea surface scan, oil spills,
mapping of polar ice caps, understanding under
water currents.
• Irrigation monitoring, pre flood and post flood
river configuration
• Ground water zones
• Land survey
• Military espionage and civil purpose
• Environment: costal study, industrial waste,
pollution.

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 Wire communication

Parallel Twisted Coaxial Optical

wire line wire line wire line fiber line

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 Wire communication
• Two wire communication :
– Parallel wire line: Line consist of two insulated copper wires
parallel to each other along their length. In this line two
wires form a LCR circuit as shown in following figure
– To reduce power losses the impedance must be matched
with load resistance and it has to be changed as frequency
changes.
– Resistance appears because of leakage of current through
“skin” of wire
– If frequency increases then inductive reactance increases
results into power loss. So the line is called as balance line.

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 Wire communication
• Two wire communication :
– Twisted wire line : Line consist of two insulated
copper wires twisted around each other along
their length.
– Due to twist the inductive effect is reduced
and power losses are reduced. The frequency
can not have much effect on power transfer
hence the line is called as unbalanced line

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 Wire communication
• Two wire communication :
– Coaxial line : Line consist of copper wire insulated
by PVC and surrounded by a copper mesh which
again is insulated.

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 Construction of coaxial cable
• It consist of inner conductor of copper
wire which is held on by insulating
material like teflon or polyethelene. The
outer layer is made up of copper mesh
and generally earthed. At the end it has
coating, due to outer copper shield the
line is saved from external electric and
magnetic fields. The line can used till
20MHz signals but beyond this frequency
inductive reactance reduces power
drastically.

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 Optical Communication
• Optical fiber is made up of three parts
– Core: A cylinder of diameter of order 10 to 100
micro meter which is made up of glass with
100% transmission. Refractive index is 1
– Cladding: it surrounds core made up of
transparent material of refractive index 2
which is less than 1. The refractive index can
of cladding may change abruptly (a step index
fiber) or gradually (graded index fiber)
– Buffer: A plastic coating to support cladding is
outermost part also called as housing
encapsulates.

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 Optical fiber

Mono mode Step index Graded index

Multi Multi
optical fiber mode mode
50m
optical fiber 50m
optical fiber
5m
125m 125m

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