DEL

PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 2017, 50 (1), PILAR

103-141 103

COPYRIGHT @ 2017 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Development of the Masaklaw na

Panukat ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob)

Gregorio E. H. Del Pilar

University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

Studies have shown that trait constructs measured by the two earlier
Filipino personality inventories and a lexically based Filipino personality
research instrument are well represented by the Five-Factor Model
(FFM; Katigbak et al., 2002; Church et al., 1997). On this basis, a
188-item instrument that sets out to operationalize the FFM with Filipino
trait constructs was developed, with a core of twenty facet scales,
each with eight items, and grouped by four for each of the five
domains. In six successive item-testing studies, considerations of
internal consistency reliability, content validity, keying balance, and
factor structure were addressed. While most of the samples across
the six item-testing studies came from the national state university in
Metro Manila, data for the last study (total N = 576) also included
student samples from three other universities (N = 192), as well as
an adult sample (N = 192). The reliabilities for the final version of the
instrument ranged from .65 to .81, with a mean of .72. Keying balance
for sixteen facet scales is perfect or near-perfect, with the remaining
four having a balance of 2:6. A Principal Component Analysis of the
twenty facet scales showed a clear five-factor structure, with each
facet loading on its intended factor. Further work on the Mapa ng
Loob, which includes the development of a 50-item short form, an
English version, and validation studies, are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Big Five, Filipino trait constructs, Five-Factor Model,
personality scales, personality traits, test development, validation
studies
104 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

Like their counterpart instruments in other parts of the world, the two
general Filipino multiscale personality inventories, Enriquez and Guanzon’s
Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (PUP, 1985) and Carlota’s Panukat ng
Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP, 1987), attempt to comprehensively measure
the important personality trait constructs in their target culture. Enriquez
arrived at his list of 24 traits by using, as sources, interviews with college
students, word associations, Filipino proverbs, the personality and social
science literature, and dictionaries. On the other hand, most of Carlota’s 19
trait constructs were identified from interviews with nearly 300 informants
from ages 13 to 80, who had been asked to describe themselves, a person
they liked, and a person they disliked.
The Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob, or Mapa ng Loob, likewise
aims to comprehensively measure personality trait constructs of theoretical
and practical significance in Filipino culture, hence the qualifier “masaklaw”
in the instrument’s name. Towards the aim of comprehensiveness, it
operationalizes the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits (Costa &
McCrae, 1992; John & Srivastava, 1998), widely recognized as a very
broadly encompassing model of personality trait organization. The decision
to operationalize the Five-Factor Model was also based on the view
recognizing the model’s applicability to the organization of Filipino traits, an
empirically based position that will be discussed in the next section. Much
as a map indicates the location of geographical elements in two dimensions,
the Mapa aims to locate both trait constructs and people in its five-dimensional
space. Doing so would allow the users of the Mapa, as a research tool and
as an instrument in the applied setting, to profit directly from the rapid
accumulation of systematic findings that an integrative and consensual
framework such as the Five-Factor Model makes possible (Gosling,
Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003; Markey, Markey, & Tinsley, 2004; Ozer &
Bennett-Martinez, 2007; De Haan, Dekovic, & Prinzie, 2012).
The Mapa ng Loob is made up of twenty facet scales, four for each of
the five factors or domains. There are also two interstitial scales or scales
that are blends of two factors. A Social Desirability Scale completes the 28-
scale, 188-item inventory.
The following section discusses the results of the study that investigated
the appropriateness of the Five-Factor Model in the Philippine setting. This
is followed by a description of the initial phase of test development, consisting
of the selection of target constructs, the generation of the initial pool of
items for the various scales, and the five simultaneous item testing studies
 DEL PILAR 105

for each of the domain scales that gave rise to the first draft of the complete
instrument. The Methodology and Results sections deal with the item testing
studies on successive drafts of the instrument that led to its final form. The
main part of the Discussion section deals with the initial validation studies
that have been done on the draft versions of the instrument, as well as on its
final version.

The Five-Factor Model and Filipino traits

The adequacy of the Five-Factor Model in organizing indigenous Filipino
traits was investigated in a study by Katigbak, Church, Lapeña, Carlota,
and Del Pilar (2002). The Filipino traits investigated were those measured
by Enriquez’s PUP, Carlota’s PPP, and Church and colleagues’ Panukat
ng mga Katangian ng Personalidad (PKP), an adjective rating scale
developed for research purposes using a comprehensive lexical approach
(Church, Katigbak, & Reyes, 1996; 1998). The Filipino version of the NEO
PI-R or FNEO PI-R (McCrae, Costa, Del Pilar, Rolland, & Parker, 1998)
was used as the main measure of the five-factor model. As the following
section shows, factor analyses and correlational analyses suggested that
Filipino traits, generally speaking, were well-represented by the five-factor
model.

Evidence Based on the Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)

The rotated factor matrix resulting from the factor analysis of the PPP
scales is shown in Table 1. It will be seen that four, rather than five factors,
were obtained (Katigbak et al., 2002). Loading highest on the first factor,
which appears to be a blend of A and N, are the scales for Pagkamagalang
(Respectfulness), Pagkamatulungin (Helpfulness), Pagkamaunawain
(Capacity for Understanding), Pagkamapagkumbaba (Humility), and
Pagkapasensyoso (Patience); and those for Pagkamaramdamin
(Sensitiveness) and Pagkamahinahon (Emotional Stability).
To confirm whether the interpretation of this factor as a blend of
Agreeableness and Neuroticism was correct, factor scores were computed
for Factor 1 and correlated with the domain scores of the Filipino NEO
PI-R (FNEO PI-R). Indeed, it turned out that the scores on Factor 1
correlated most with Agreeableness (r = .53), and with Neuroticism
(r = ”.57).
Table 1. Rotated Factor Matrix for Four-Factor Solution for PPP Scales

Factor

106
English (Filipino) 1 2 3 4 h2
Interpersonal scales
Thoughtfulness (Pagkamaaalalahanin) .27 .66 .22 .03 .56
Social Curiosity (Pagkamadaldal)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
-.2 -.3 .55 .13 .46
3 0
Respectfulness (Pagkamagalang) .67 .40 -.0 -.0 .61
9 1
Sensitiveness (Pagkamaramdamin) -.7 -.0 -.1 -.2 .60
2 5 7 0
Obedience (Pagkamasunurin) .34 .23 .03 -.6 .63
8
Helpfulness (Pagkamatulungin) .46 .43 .33 -.0 .51

THE
4

M ASAKLAW
Capacity for Understanding (Pagkamaunawain) .68 .20 .18 .18 .57
Sociability (Pagkapalakaibigan) .16 .22 .81 .07 .74
Personal scales
Orderliness (Pagkamaayos) -.0 .81 .06 .01 .66
1
Emotional Stability (Pagkamahinahon) .80 .04 .10 .04 .66
Humility (Pagkamapagkumbaba) .57 .46 -.1 .20 .56
2
Cheerfulness (Pagkamasayahin) .27 .06 .75 .22 .68
Honesty (Pagkamatapat) .44 .54 -.2 .27 .61
2
Patience (Pagkamatiyaga) .65 .33 .10 .16 .57
Responsibleness (Pagkaresponsable) .22 .76 -.0 .15 .66
Intelligence/creativity scales 7
Creativity (Pagkamalikhain) .31 .31 .13 .64 .64
Risk-Taking (Pagkamapagsapalaran) .31 .16 .28 .52 .48
Achievement Orientation (Pagkamasikap) .32 .56 .10 .38 .57
Intelligence (Pagkamatalino) .28 .27 .30 .65 .66
Note. N = 387. The highest loading of each variable is indicated in boldface. PPP = Panukat Ng Pagkataong Pilipino. This table is reprinted from
“Are indigenous personality dimensions culture-specific? Relating Philippine inventories to the Five-Factor Model,” by Katigbak et al., Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 82 (1), p. 91.
 DEL PILAR 107

Three of the five scales which load highest on the second factor are
clearly related to Conscientiousness, namely, Pagkamaayos (Orderliness),
Pagkaresponsable (Responsibleness), and Pagkamasikap (Achievement
Orientation). The other two, Pagkamaalalahanin (Thoughtfulness) and
Pagkamatapat (Honesty), are made up of items that deal with culturally
valued behaviors as might be taught at home or in school. Thus, it is not
surprising that these two scales load as well on what was interpreted as the
Conscientiousness factor. Scores on this factor correlate most highly with
the Conscientiousness domain score of the FNEO PI-R (r = .57), supporting
the interpretation of the second factor as Conscientiousness.
The third factor, on which the Pagkamadaldal (Social Curiosity),
Pagkapalakaibigan (Sociability), and Pagkamasayahin (Cheerfulness)
scales have their highest loading, is evidently the Extraversion factor. Indeed,
the factor scores on Factor 3 correlate .71 with the Extraversion domain
score of the FNEO PI-R. Finally, the fourth factor, on which the Pagka-
malikhain (Creativity), Pagkamatalino (Intelligence), and Pagka-
mapagsapalaran (Risk-taking) scales have their highest loading, seems
interpretable as the Openness factor. The high negative loading of the
Pagkamasunurin (Obedience) scale on this factor appears to reinforce
this interpretation, since high O individuals, as is well-known, have a tendency
not to conform. Indeed, the factor scores on Factor 4 correlate highest with
the Openness domain score of the FNEO PI-R (r = .45).
The fusion of the expected Agreeableness and Neuroticism factors into
one in the PPP was hypothesized to be attributable to the underrepresentation
of the Neuroticism domain in the PPP (Katigbak et al., 2002). As had been
mentioned, only the Pagkamaramdamin (Sensitiveness) and the Pagka-
mahinahon (Emotional Stability) scales seem related to N, while five scales
appear to be related to A. The results reported below on the construction of
the Mapa ng Loob scales, where equal numbers of Neuroticism and
Agreeableness facets formed separate factors, validate the above hypothesis.

Evidence Based on the Panukat ng mga Katangian

ng Personalidad (PKP)
The Panukat ng mga Katangian ng Personalidad began with 6900
person-descriptive terms culled from a Filipino dictionary and reduced to
1297 personality-related adjectives through consensual classification by
Filipino judges and samples of college students. Versions of the instrument
108 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

containing different numbers of adjectives were factor analyzed in three

samples, yielding seven lexical factors that replicated “fairly consistently”
(Katigbak et al., 2002, p. 91). Six of these appeared to have substantial
overlaps with measures of the five factors. In the study by Church, Reyes,
Katigbak, and Grimm (1997), which used a subset of the 248 adjectives
considered as markers of the replicating factors, the correlations reported
were with scores on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The second
column of Table 2 shows the highest correlation of each of the obtained
lexical factors with the five FFI scores. One sees that each of the lexical
factors correlates highest with the FFI scale that one would expect it to.
In the same study, a second set of scores on the Big Five was computed
on another subset of the 248 scores that had also been consensually classified
by nine judges according to Goldberg’s 1990 five-factor taxonomy of
adjectives. The correlations are shown in the third column of Table 2, showing
once again the Big Five trait correlating highest with each Filipino lexical
factor. It will be noted that the ad hoc Goldberg scales with which the
Filipino factors correlate the most are identical to the FFI scales with which
the Filipino factors were most correlated. An exception is the Pagkas-
umpungin or Temperamentalness factor, which correlates most with
Conscientiousness, then with Agreeableness, but still highly with Neuroticism.
As a footnote, the seventh Filipino factor was labeled Mga Katangiang di
Kanaisnais (Negative valence or Infrequency), made up of highly evaluative
negative terms that are infrequently endorsed (e.g., troublesome, useless,
drunkard, and stupid) and whose substantive status remains uncertain (Saucier
& Goldberg, 2001).

Evidence BASED on the Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (PUP)

The PUP was factor analyzed at the item level because many of its
scales were too short to have adequate internal consistency reliability. Six
factors were found to be interpretable, four of which resembled
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Extraversion. These
interpretations were confirmed by correlations between scores on these
factors and the corresponding FNEO PI-R domain scores, with correlations
ranging from .53 to .60. Scores on the fifth factor correlated highest with
Openness to Experience (r = .28). However, since it was defined by a set
of items that had very high rates of participant agreement or disagreement
and, additionally, its correlation with Openness was quite modest and, in
fact, counter-intuitive, it appears to be best interpreted as Communality and,
Table 2. Filipino Factors from the 248-item Version of the Panukat ng mga Katangian ng Personalidad (PKP),
and the Five-Factor Scales with which each Filipino Factor Correlates Highest

Filipino Factor NEO Five-Factor Inventory Ad hoc Filipino adjective scale

Scale correlating highest with constructed using Goldberg’s
Filipino factor (N = 237) Big Five taxonomy of adjectives
correlating highest with the
Filipino factor (N = 1511)

Makakapwa vs Makasarili A (.54) A (.81)

(Concern for others vs. Egotism)
Disiplinado (Conscientiousness) C (.33) C (.77)
Tiwala sa Sarili (Self-Assurance) N (-.33) N (“.58)
Pagkasumpungin (Temperamentalness) N (.22) C (-.54), A (-.45), N (.40)
Matalino (Intellect) O (.34) O (.56)

DEL PILAR
Kalog (Gregariousness) E (.44) E (.66)

Note. The figures in parentheses are the correlations of each Filipino factor (Column 1) with the NEO FFI factor
(Column 2) and with the ad hoc Filipino adjective scale constructed using Goldberg’s Big Five taxonomy of adjec-
tives (Column 3, Church et al., 1997).

109
110 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

therefore, nonsubstantive as well (i.e., just like the PKP infrequency factor
above). Finally, the last factor, defined by items indicating autonomy and
will, was also correlated with the Agreeableness domain (r = ”.36) and,
more specifically, with the Compliance facet (r = ”.40).
The above results appear to show that the five-factor model can well
represent Filipino traits as they have so far been measured by the three
existing Filipino inventories. In more technical terms, the five-factor model
appears to capture a sufficient amount of variance in Filipino self-reports of
typical behavior, as represented by traits. It thus becomes meaningful to
have clear measures of these five factors using Filipino traits.

Preliminary Considerations and Procedures

The Mapa ng Loob began as a project in a graduate class in Personality
Scale Construction taught at the national state university by the author, who
also headed the team that saw the project to completion. Its construction
was also participated in by undergraduate students enrolled in psychological
measurement classes taught by the author at the same university. Initially
meant to be completed at the end of the semester, it took instead seven item
testing studies (including the preliminary study) and five successive semesters
to complete.

Selection of the Target Constructs

The first concern in the creation of the Mapa ng Loob, as perhaps for
any personality inventory, was the identification of the trait constructs to be
measured. The selection of a trait construct for inclusion in the Mapa ng
Loob was generally based on how good a marker it was of each of the five
factors and, to a less explicit extent, its significance in Filipino culture.
The inventory was initially meant to be based on the Panukat ng
Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP, Carlota, 1987).1 The way the trait constructs
were selected for the PPP, as previously mentioned, argues for their salience
in Filipino culture. Relatedly, as the graduate class of six was made up of
students from a variety of backgrounds, it could also keep well in sight,
throughout the initial test construction process, the practical importance of
the traits in a variety of settings (among students, in the counseling situation,
in industry).2 Thus, the following PPP scales, which were considered to be
good markers of the five factors, were selected: Pagkamaramdamin
(Sensitiveness) and Pagkamahinahon (Emotional Stability) for Neuroticism;
 DEL PILAR 111

Pagkamasayahin (Cheerfulness) and Pagkapalakaibigan (Sociability)

for Extraversion; Pagkamaunawain (Capacity for Understanding) for
Agreeableness; and Pagkamasikap (Achievement Orientation),
Pagkamaayos (Orderliness), and Pagkaresponsable (Responsibleness)
for Conscientiousness.
Two more scales were selected from the PPP, although each one was
significantly redefined and renamed. Pagkamalikhain (Creativity), for the
Openness to Experience domain, was judged to be broader than the other
facet constructs in the inventory and was thus reduced to one of its facets,
namely, Original Thinking, and renamed Kakaibang Pag-iisip. Pagka-
mapagkumbaba (Humility) was judged to be too psychologically complex
and was thus reconceptualized and renamed as Pagkadimayabang
(Modesty).
The selection of the remaining traits was likewise based, generally
speaking, on the two criteria mentioned above. To complete the facet scales,
initially set at fifteen for the inventory (i.e., three facets for each of the five
domains), Pagkamapag-alala (Apprehensiveness) was added for
Neuroticism, Pagkamasigla (Energy) was added for Extraversion, Hilig
sa Bagong Kaalaman (Intellectual Curiosity) and Lawak ng Isip (Broad-
mindedness) were added for Openness to Experience, and Pagka-
mapagtiwala (Capacity for Trust) was added for Agreeableness.
Replacements of some of the abovementioned trait constructs were made
in the course of test development, primarily in order to obtain a clear five-
factor structure. Pagkamahinahon was replaced by Hina ng Loob, and
Lawak ng Isip was replaced by Pagkamakasining (Aesthetic Sensitivity;
see the discussion on insuring five-factor structure in the Results section
below). Pagkamaayos (Orderliness) was eventually replaced by
Pagkamapagplano (Planfulness).

Development of the Preliminary Version of the Instrument

All six members of the graduate class, plus the author as the class
instructor, constructed items for the different scales of the Mapa. Five of
the students were each assigned a domain for which he or she reviewed the
relevant local and foreign literature, in preparation for leading the class
discussion on each of the target constructs making up the domain.3 This
was followed by a tentative formulation of the target constructs and then by
item-writing in class as well as outside of class.
112 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

Additionally, students in two undergraduate classes in Psychological

Measurement taught by the author, numbering 50 students in all, were each
assigned to generate items for two facet scales. Thus, each scale had assigned
to it 6–7 undergraduate students, each of whom was given the definitions
formulated in the graduate class.
The above procedure generated about 650 individual items, which were
reviewed for sets of highly similar items, with the intent of discarding all
except the best representative for each set. To this reduced set were added
the unique items and the items from the PPP scales that were originally to
form part of the Mapa. All these items were then rated by teams in the
graduate class on a five-point scale from 0–4 for prototypicality of the item
as a manifestation of the target trait. Only those with ratings of 3 and 4,
numbering 387, were eventually empirically tested. The number of items
per domain ranged from 60 (Neuroticism) to 93 (Conscientiousness).
Five questionnaires of uniform length (105 items) were constructed,
one for each of the domains of the five-factor model, and administered to a
total of N = 963 students from UP Diliman and Colegio de San Juan Letran.4
Following a strict sampling plan, each domain questionnaire was administered
to approximately 200 students, about half of which came from each of the
two institutions. Reliability analysis was performed on each scale, resulting
in reliabilities that ranged from .74 to .89, with a mean of .82. Although the
target length for the facet scales had been set to eight items, 15 items were
chosen for each of the preliminary facet scales to allow the deletion of
items that might pose problems for the five-factor structure envisioned for
the inventory.

METHOD

Participants. A total of three thousand three hundred sixty-five

(N = 3365) participants were administered successive drafts of the inventory
that resulted from the preliminary item testing study. Roughly two-thirds of
this sample were female, and about 90% were college students, most of
whom were introductory psychology students from UP Diliman. The
remainder were adults, most of whom were employees in call centers and
business process outsourcing establishments in Metro Manila. Seventy-six
percent of these participants contributed data that were analyzed as part of
the six item testing studies that were conducted after the preliminary study.
 DEL PILAR 113

Of the remaining 24%, about 14% were excluded from the last item testing
study because of the relative unreliability of the data provided by the samples
of which they were part, while the remaining 10% were not included in the
random samples that were drawn for the final sample. These exclusions
are discussed in the next paragraph.
Sixth and last item testing study. The last item testing study occupies
a special place in the series of studies because sampling was extended
beyond college students from UP Diliman and the Metro Manila area. For
this last study, 576 college-age students and adults provided data. Sixty-
seven percent were female, and 29% were male, with the remaining 4%
not reporting. Three hundred eighty-four (N = 384) participants were
classified as belonging to the college-age sample (age range: 16–23, five
not reporting, mean = 18.3, SD = 1.48), while N = 192 were considered to
be part of the adult sample (age range: 24 to 57, five not reporting, mean
age = 30.4, SD = 7.62). For the college-age and adult samples combined,
the mean age was 22.3 (SD = 7.63).
The composite sample of 576 came from three groups, namely, a subset
of the UP Diliman sample who participated earlier in the semester in the
fifth item testing study; a composite sample of college students from four
universities in the Metro Manila area, three universities in Luzon, college
student volunteers for a humanitarian organization based in a Visayan
province, and a university in Mindanao; and an adult sample from the Metro
Manila area. These nine college samples were first analyzed to find out in
which among them were the scale reliabilities comparable to those obtained
in the previous item testing studies. This was done in recognition of the fact
that five of these nine college samples were recruited by students as part of
a course requirement in an undergraduate Psychological Measurement course
taught by the author and, as such, were tested under conditions that might
not have been optimal. These analyses indicated that three samples, two
from Metro Manila and one of the provincial samples, were acceptable;
that is, scale reliabilities were mostly .60 or higher (average of .67) for the
three samples. Since the scale reliabilities of the adult sample (N = 192)
were also acceptable, it was decided to include this entire sample in the
composite sample and randomly draw samples of the same size from the
UP Diliman sample (N = 413) and the combined sample from the three
universities in which the Mapa scales were found to be reliable (combined
N = 330). Table 3 summarizes the above information in tabular form.
Table 3. The Sample for the Final Version of the Mapa ng Loob

114
Group N N selected Gender (in Major
for final percentage)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
sample in the final
sample
M F Not
reporting
UP Diliman
(16–23 years old) 413 192 29 65 6 varied
College non-UP

THE
(16–23 years old) 330 192 18 78 4 varied

M ASAKLAW
Asia- Pacific College 83 48 24 65 11 Tourism
Management
Far Eastern University 191 115 20 79 1 Psychology
Central Luzon State
University 56 29 29 69 2 Agriculture-
related
Adult (24 years old
and older) 192 192 38 62 0 Varied (for
those who
had college
degrees)
Total 933 576 29% 67% 4%

Note. The information for each of the UP, College non-UP, and Adult samples are given in bold font.
 DEL PILAR 115

Procedure. The successive drafts of the Mapa ng Loob were

administered initially in pen-and-paper format and then subsequently in online
format (although the last item testing study used both modes of
administration).5 For nearly all the student samples, the instrument was
administered within the school premises, in a group or classroom setting.
The sole exception to this was the Visayan college student sample from the
humanitarian organization mentioned earlier, which was tested according to
individual availability in the organization headquarters during a whole-day
gathering. Students from UP Diliman were given course credit for
participation, while those from other institutions were invited to participate
as part of freshman orientation activities or for exposure to personality testing.
For all samples, it was made clear that participation was purely voluntary
and that it could be discontinued at any time.
As mentioned earlier, item selection was guided by considerations of
internal consistency reliability, content validity, keying balance, and factor
structure. Although what follows separates the discussion of reliability and
content validity from the discussions on keying balance and insuring and/or
verifying five-factor structure, it should be clear that scale construction and
modification usually involved all four concerns simultaneously.6
Item selection for reliability and content validity. Software such
as SPSS and its freeware counterpart PSPP makes possible a type of item
selection procedure that results in a unique set of items from the pool that
has an internal consistency reliability higher than any other set. It does this
by indicating what the resulting Cronbach’s alpha value would be if a
particular item was to be deleted from the pool. It is thus possible to undertake
an iterative procedure that removes, at each cycle, the “worst” item, that is,
the item with the lowest item–total correlation. The removal of such an item
increases the value of Cronbach’s alpha to the greatest extent. When this
procedure is continued until Cronbach’s alpha no longer increases, it will
leave a core of mutually intercorrelated items with the highest possible alpha
that can be obtained from the pool.
The above procedure is not without its disadvantages, however. First, it
capitalizes on the chance to arrive at the maximum value of alpha, so that
shrinkage of the reliability estimate is likely to be observed for subsequent
samples. This is because an item’s correlation with the total, which is the
basis for keeping or deleting an item, can attain a high value simply by
chance. Second, unless the scale is meant to be unifactorial, the procedure
risks removing all other facets of the target construct except the largest
116 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

one, thus reducing content validity. To deal with the first possibility, samples
were randomly (split into two, with reliability analysis done on the first, and
reliability estimates recalculated on the second. To insure content validity,
the reliability analysis as described above was tempered by a deliberate
attempt to cover all the important facets of the construct as set out in the
construct definition.
Item selection for keying balance. Although the author and his team
of graduate students subscribed from the outset to the widely held view that
scales should have an approximate balance of items keyed in both the positive
and negative directions, keying balance became a greater concern midway
through the series of item testing studies, when it was noticed that the
Neuroticism and Agreeableness facet scales were seriously unbalanced. In
the former domain, all but one of the 24 items were keyed in the positive
direction. On the other hand, in the latter domain, 17 of the 24 items were
keyed in the negative direction. Thus, remedying the imbalance in the scales
in these two domains became a primary focus during the third item testing
study, and keying balance remained a concern for the succeeding item testing
studies.
Insuring five-factor structure. Each of the six item testing studies
ended with a Principal Component Analysis to verify whether the facet
scales of the instrument grouped as intended. While the criteria used for
item selection always included criteria related to reliability, content validity,
and keying balance, in four of those studies, items were chosen also on the
basis of convergence with one domain, and discriminant relationships with
another. Specifically, selected items had to have acceptable correlations
with scales from the domain of which they were part, and had to be relatively
uncorrelated with scales from another domain with which they had a
tendency to correlate. Examples of these unwanted correlations were A1
Pagkadimayabang items with extraversion, or O2 Hilig sa Bagong
Kaalaman with Conscientiousness. In these studies, where selection also
relied on convergent–discriminant considerations (i.e., in addition to reliability,
content validity, and keying balance), item selection was done on one sample,
while the verification of five-factor structure was done on a cross-validation
sample, both samples resulting from randomly splitting the total available
sample. This was done to increase the likelihood that the five-factor structure
was generalizable to other samples, and not only obtainable from the item
selection sample in which such a structure was, in a manner of speaking,
“designed”.7
 DEL PILAR 117

RESULTS

Reliability. The Mapa scales, throughout the different versions, generally

had satisfactory reliability. Rarely did the reliability of a scale fall below .60.
Nevertheless, increasing reliability was a regular feature of the efforts to
improve the scales. Notable among the projects in this category were six
research projects by students in Psychological Measurement taught by the
author. Significant item replacement was undertaken by Alarcon, Parlade,
Rodis, Santos, and Tan (2012), on the E3 Pagkamasigla (Energy) facet,
improving its reliability from .57 in the second prefinal version to .76 in the
third; and by Bayani, Chua, and De Jesus, 2013, on the C1 Pagkamasikap
(Achievement Orientation) facet, raising its reliability from .66 in the fifth
prefinal version to .73 in the sixth and final version. Noteworthy as well
were the contributions of three groups to the improvement of the O4
Pagkamaharaya (Imaginativeness) scale, those of Christenson, Habana,
and Pascual (2013), De Guzman, Jarillas, Pancho, and Regalado (2013),
and Guico, Lee, Masangkay, and Tansinco (2013). These groups, although
contributing only one item each to the final scale, succeeded in raising the
reliability of the scale from .62 to .70.
Table 4 shows the reliability of the final version of the Mapa ng Loob.
The second column shows the Cronbach’s alpha reliability of the twenty
facet scales and the two interstitial scales of the inventory. As can be seen,
13 of the 22 facet and interstitial scales (59%) have a reliability of at least
.70, usually considered to be the minimum for individual use for personality
scales. This compares favorably with the NEO PI-R, where 17 of the 30
facet scales (57%) meet this standard (Costa & McCrae, 1992). It will be
noted that no reliability estimate is less than .65. It is also important to note
that a second sample resulting from a random split of the total sample was
used to compute the above values, so as to obtain stable reliability estimates
for each of the scales, rather than estimates that would likely suffer shrinkage
had they been obtained from the item selection sample. Indeed, for those
scales which were modified from the fifth prefinal version to the final version,
the values reported in the table are lower compared to those obtained from
the item selection sample.
Keying balance. As mentioned earlier, keying balance became a serious
concern when it was noticed midway through the different prefinal versions
that the Neuroticism and Agreeableness scales were greatly unbalanced. It
was thus given particular emphasis during the third item testing study, and
118 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

Table 4. Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Estimate for the Final Version of

the Mapa Scales, and Number of Positively-keyed Items per
Scale
Scale Cronbach’s Number of
Alpha positively-keyed
items
N1 Hina ng Loob (Vulnerability to Stress) .67 3
N2 Pagkamaramdamin (Oversensitiveness) .77 5
N3 Pagkamapag-alala (Apprehensiveness) . 75 3
N4 Pagkasumpungin(Moodiness) .75 5
E1 Pagkamasayahin(Cheerfulness) .79 4
E2 Pagkapalakaibiga (Friendliness) .81 3
E3 Pagkamasigla (Energy) .73 2
E4 Pagkamadaldal (Loquaciousness) .67 5
O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip (Original Thinking) .66 2
O2 Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman
(Intellectual Curiosity) .67 5
O3 Pagkamakasining (Aesthetic Sensitivity) .65 4
O4 Pagkamaharaya(Imaginativeness) .70 6
A1 Pagkadimayabang (Modesty) .69 5
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala (Capacity for Trust) .65 3
A3 Pagkamaunawain (Capacity for
Understanding) .66 4
A4 Pagkamapagparaya (Obligingness) .70 3
C1 Pagkamasikap (Achievement
Orientation) .72 3
C2 Pagkapamapagplano (Planfulness) .70 2
C3 Pagkaresponsable (Responsibleness) .79 4
C4 Pagkamaingat (Carefulness) . 71 4
NA Dalas Makaramdam ng
Galit (Proneness to Experience Anger) .74 5
AC Pagkamatapat (Sincerity) .67 3
Social Desirability .74 5
Neuroticism .90 16
Extraversion .89 16
Openness to Experience .81 17
Agreeableness .86 15
Conscientiousness .90 13
Note. n = 285. The scores on the domain scales are obtained by summing the component
facet scores. Thus each domain scale has 32 items. The Social Desirability scale has 12 items.
The letters NA and the AC that precede the scales after the twenty base scales stand for
Neuroticism–Agreeableness, and Agreeableness–Conscientiousness, adjoining scales between
which the designated scales are interstitial.
 DEL PILAR 119

was also addressed during the fourth and fifth item testing studies. The last
column of Table 4 shows the number of positively keyed items for each of
the twenty-two facet and interstitial scales of the Mapa ng Loob. Eighteen
of these scales, or 82%, are perfectly or near-perfectly balanced, while four
have a 2:6 or 6:2 ratio. This percentage is similar to that in the NEO PI-R,
where perfect or near-perfect keying balance is achieved for 80% of the
facet scales, while 6 scales have a 6:2 preponderance of positively keyed
items (Costa & McCrae, 1992).
Five-Factor Structure. The first prefinal version of the Mapa ng Loob
was made up of fifteen scales, with three facet scales per domain. Each of
the facet scales was made up of fifteen items, in excess of the envisioned
length of eight items to allow the selection of those items per scale that
would result in a clear five-factor structure. While a Principal Component
Analysis on this version revealed a relatively clear five-factor structure, it
left substantial room for improvement. In particular, as Table 5 shows, the
O scales appeared particularly problematic, with its first two facet scales
loading primarily on the Conscientiousness factor. The E3 Pagkamasigla
(Energy) scale likewise loaded primarily on this factor, while the A1
Pagkadimayabang (Modesty) scale showed a secondary loading on the
Extraversion factor.
Factor structure greatly improved with the second prefinal version, likely
the result of item selection that took into consideration convergent–discriminant
relationships between items and relevant domain scores. For example, in
selecting the items for the O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip (Original Thinking)
scale, which loaded primarily on the Conscientiousness factor, items were
selected if they correlated with Openness to Experience domain scores and
did not correlate with Conscientiousness domain scores.
It is possible however that the more decisive factor in improving the
facet scales’ factor structure was the replacement of Lawak ng Isip
(Broadmindedness) with aesthetic sensitivity as the third Openness to
Experience facet. This replacement was prompted by low reliability values
obtained from both a UP Diliman sample as well as a sample from St.
Michael’s College in Laguna during the second item testing study. It was
hypothesized that the somewhat controversial topics contained in the scales’
items (e.g., premarital sex, homosexuality, the role of the church in
sociopolitical debates) might require a degree of reflection and maturity
beyond what the college-age samples possessed for the effects of Openness
to Experience to become manifest. On the other hand, a sensitivity to aesthetic
 120
Table 5. Principal Component Analysis on the Mapa ng Loob Prefinal Version 1
Component

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
1 2 3 4 5
N1 Hina ng Loob .826
N2 Pagkamaramdamin .802
N3 Pagkamapag-alala .890
E1 Pagkamasayahin .854
E2 Pagkapalakaibigan .798

THE
E3 Pagkamasigla .551 .461

M ASAKLAW
O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip .430 .390
O2 Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman .619 .425
O3 Lawak ng Isip .855
A1 Pagkadimayabang -.478 .552
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala .638
A3 Pagkamaunawain .697
C1 Pagkamasikap .800
C2 Pagkamaayos .828
C3 Pagkaresponsable .845

Note: N = 804. Only loadings of .40 or higher are shown, except that for O1, included in italics to show the
grouping of the three O facets.
The highest loading of each scale is highlighted. For those scales which do not have their highest loading on their intended
factor, the second-highest loading is also shown
 DEL PILAR 121

Table 6. Principal Component Analysis of Prefinal Version 2 of the Mapa

ng Loob.
Component

1 2 3 4 5
N1 Hina ng Loob 0.840
N2 Pagkamaramdamin 0.824
N3 Pagkamapag-alala 0.883
E1 Pagkamasayahin 0.861
E2 Pagkapalakaibigan 0.807
E3 Pagkamasigla 0.621
O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip 0.684
O2 Hilig sa Bagong
Kaalaman 0.495 0.425
O3 Hilig sa Sining 0.856
A1 Pagkadimayabang 0.832
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala 0.588
A3 Pagkamaunawain 0.744
C1 Pagkamasikap 0.771
C2 Pagkamaayos 0.809
C3 Pagkaresponsable 0.825

Note. n = 195, cross-validation sample; total sample was n = 381. Only

loadings of at least .40 are shown

experience has been a reliable marker for the Openness domain, and appears
to be so even for late adolescent samples. In any case, as Table 6 shows,
the factor structure of the facets became much clearer for the second
prefinal version.
The degree of clarity of the facets’ factor structure remained essentially
as above throughout the third, fourth, and fifth prefinal versions of the
instrument. The introduction of the fourth facet scales did not pose problems,
except for the Agreeableness domain’s Pagkamaaalalahanin (Consider-
ateness) scale. This scale cross-loaded on Conscientiousness, as did
Pagkamatapat (Sincerity), its replacement in the fifth item testing study.
The sixth item study tested items for two trial scales as candidates for the
fourth Agreeableness facet, a revised Pagkamatapat scale, and a new set
122 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

of items for a Pagkamapagparaya (Imaginativeness) scale. While a

Principal Component Analysis with the Pagkamatapat scale once again
showed it to cross-load on Conscientiousness, the same procedure using
the Pagkamapagparaya scale finally showed a perfect five-factor structure
(see Table 7). At this point, the inventory was deemed completed.8

Table 7. Principal Component Analysis on the Sixth and Final version of the Mapa
ng Loob, with A4 Represented by Pagkamapagparaya (Obligingness)

Component

1 2 3 4 5
N1 Hina ng Loob 0.794
N2 Pagkamaramdamin 0.785
N3 Pagkamapag-alala 0.795
N4 Pagkasumpungin 0.650
E1 Pagkamasayahin 0.801
E2 Pagkapalakaibigan 0.811
E3 Pagkamasigla 0.618
E4 Pagkamadaldal 0.772
O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip 0.787
O2 Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman 0.603
O3 Pagkamakasining 0.575
O4 Pagkamaharaya 0.670
A1 Pagkadimayabang 0.635
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala 0.674
A3 Pagkamaunawain 0.813
A,4 Pagkamapagparaya 0.810
C1 Pagkamasikap 0.753
C2 Pagkamapagplano 0.830
C3 Pagkaresponsable 0.830
C4 Pagkamaingat 0.769

Note: N = 574. Only loadings of .40 or higher are shown

 DEL PILAR 123

DISCUSSION

The twenty facet scales that have been discussed as making up the five
domains of the Mapa ng Loob are referred to as the base scales of the
inventory. From its inception, it has been clear to the authors that additions
to this base would likely be made, in terms of scales that measure important
constructs that may lie outside its five-factor space, such as religiosity (Del
Pilar, 2011a). Other additions could be so-called interstitial scales, those that
measure constructs that are related to more than one of the five dimensions.
In fact, two such interstitial scales are now part of the final version of the
Mapa ng Loob, namely the Dalas Makaramdam ng Galit (Proneness to
Experience Anger) scale, and the Pagkamatapat (Sincerity) scale. The
first scale lies between Neuroticism and Agreeableness, while the second,
which was tried out for the Agreeableness domain, lies between this domain
and Conscientiousness.
Work to make the instrument ready for applied use, as well as to make
it more adaptable to certain conditions of research, has been undertaken.
Specifically, norms have been constructed for the college-age and adult
populations, based on the sample of 576 used in the analyses for the final
version.9 A 50-item short form of the inventory has been constructed from
the full version, made up of ten items measuring each of the five domain
constructs (Sio, 2014). An English version of the inventory has also been
completed, with adequate reliability and an excellent five-factor structure
(Del Pilar, Sio, & Montenegro, 2016).
Since each of the five prefinal versions of the Mapa was potentially its
final version, studies relevant to the question of their validity had been
conducted from the beginning. Using the first three prefinal versions, scores
on the Dalas Makaramdam ng Galit scale were shown to correlate
consistently with both the Neuroticism and Agreeableness domains, as they
generally have in both local as well as foreign studies (Del Pilar & Sio,
2013).10 Using the first four prefinal versions, the use of the well-known
expression Bahala na (Bostrom, 1968; Gorospe, 1966; Lagmay, 1993) was
shown to be fairly consistently correlated with Conscientiousness and
Neuroticism facets, negatively with the former, and positively with the latter,
as one would expect (Del Pilar, 2011b; 2013; 2016). The domain scales of
the third prefinal version were found to correlate, in the expected convergent–
discriminant pattern, with the scales of the International Personality Item
Pool (IPIP) Big 5 scales (Goldberg et al., 2006). This means that each
Table 8. Validation Studies on the Mapa ng Loob Investigating Multiple Scales

124
Validated scales Study and sample size Main findings Mapa facet scales

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Tested scales: all 20 facet Del Pilar, 2015,
Fifteen of the twenty facet scales (75%) N1 Hina ng Loob
scales, and all 5 domain N = 98
correlated significantly with ratings (Vulnerability to Stress)
scales
from best friends, while only 3 of 320 N2 Pagkamaramdamin
Validated scales: Fifteen of the
discriminant correlations between facet (Oversensitiveness)
20 facet scales and all of the
scales from different domains did so
domain N3 Pagkamapag-alala
(<1%).
scales: (Apprehensiveness)

THE
At the domain level, 100% of the
N1, N2, N4 N4 Pagkasumpungin
results for the validity coefficients were

M ASAKLAW
E1, E2, E3, E4 (Moodiness)
significant (5 of 5, median = .34), while
O1, O4
4 of 20 discriminant correlations (20%) E1 Pagkamasayahin
A1, A3, A4
were so, with the median of the of the (Cheerfulness)
C1, C2, C3
absolute values = .14.
N, E, O, A, C E2 Pagkapalakaibigan
(Friendliness)
E3 Pagkamasigla
Tested scales: Nine Del Pilar & All eleven scales of the Mapa ng Loob (Energy)
facet scales and the two Mangahas, with equivalent or similar scales in the E4 Pagkamadaldal
interstitial scales 2016, Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (Loquaciousness)
Validated scales: All the N = 245 correlated significantly with their corre- O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip
tested scales: sponding scales (median correlation (Original Thinking)
N1, N2 of the absolute value = .63).
O2 Hilig sa Bagong
Kaalaman
(Intellectual Curiosity)
E1, E2 The median absolute value discriminant O3 Pagkamakasining
O1 validity correlation per scale ranged from (Aesthetic Sensitivity)
A1, A3 .07 to .27, (median = .19) O4 Pagkamaharaya
C1, C3 (Imaginativeness)
Dalas Makaramdam ng
Galit A1 Pagkadimayabang
Pagkamatapat (Modesty)
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala
(Capacity for Trust)
Tested scales: ten facet Del Pilar, 2016, All ten facet scales with counterparts
in the IPIP NEO PI-R scales A3 Pagkamaunawain
scales and all the N = 167
correlated significantly with their corre- (Capacity for
domain scales Understanding)
Validated scales: All the sponding scale, with Pearson
tested scales: correlations ranging from .44 to .70. A4 Pagkamapagparaya
N1, N2 All five domain scales correlated (Obligingness)
E1, E2 significantly with their 20-item Big C1 Pagkamasikap
O3, O4 Five Marker scales, with Pearson r's (Achievement
A1, A4 ranging from .47 to .79 (median = .74). Orientation)
C1, C4 The median of the absolute value of
C2 Pagkamapagplano
discriminant validity coefficients

DEL PILAR
All five domain scales (Planfulness)
ranged from .07 to .20 for the facets,
and from .01 to .29 for the domains C3 Pagkaresponsable
(Responsibleness)
C4 Pagkamaingat
(Carefulness)

125
 126
Validated scales Study and sample size Main findings Mapa facet scales

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Tested scales: the Lee & Untalan, 2016 The Mapa facet scales were factor analyzed
twenty facet scales with the fifteen PID-5 facet scales that, in
Validated scales: groups of three, make up the five domains
N1, N2, N3, N4 corresponding to the five-factor domains
E1, E2, E3, E4 (Negative Affect to Neuroticism,
A1, A4 Detachment to Extraversion (-),
C1, C2, C3, C4 Psychoticism to Openness to Experience,
See column 3 regarding Antagonism to Agreeableness (-), and

THE
the O facet scales. Disinhibition to Conscientiousness (-).

M ASAKLAW
The facets for Neuroticism,
Extraversion, and Conscientiousness
grouped perfectly with their corresponding
domains. Two of the Agreeableness facets
(A1 Pagkadimayabang and A4
Pagkamapagparaya) grouped with
the PID-5
Antagonism domain, but the Openness
facets formed a factor altogether separate
from PID-5 Psychoticism.
This last result, however, is consistent with
findings reported by the American
Psychiatric Association, as cited by Gore
(2013).
Tested scales: Del Pilar, Bermudez, All the Neuroticism and
Neuroticism and Cajanding, Eco, Conscientiousness facets were shown to
Conscientiousness facet Guevarra & Larracas, correlate significantly with the estimated
scales in press use of bahala na within a three-month
Validated scales: period and within the preceding week. As
N1, N2, N3, N4 expected, the correlations with the
C1, C2, C3, C4 Neuroticism facets were positive, while
those for the Conscientiousness facets
were negative.

DEL PILAR
127
128 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

domain scale, with the exception of Agreeableness, had its highest correlation
with its corresponding IPIP scale (Acoba, Cabiles, Lastimoza, Sayo, &
Velasco, 2012).11 While the final version is certainly not identical to the
earlier versions, it is substantially similar to them, and thus gains some measure
of validation based on these earlier studies.
A similar argument can be made based on the findings from a study on
the English version of the Mapa ng Loob, which appears to be a good
translation of the final Filipino version. Borlasa, Magayanes, Menorca, and
Syjueco (2013) found that all domain scales of the English version had their
highest correlation with their corresponding IPIP Big 5 scale. Since the
correlations of the English version domain scales with their corresponding
Filipino version scale were fairly high, ranging from .67 to .87 (mean = .78),
the validity evidence for the English version could, to a considerable extent,
be considered supportive of the Filipino scales’ validity as well.
While the foregoing studies provide indirect evidence, 15 studies that
directly bear on the validity of the scales of the Mapa ng Loob have been
completed to date (Del Pilar, Sio, Cagasan, Siy, and Galang (2015) discuss
nine of the studies). Table 8 summarizes the design and findings of the
studies that tested multiple facet and domain scales of the instrument.
The only scale not appearing in the first column of Table 8, the O2 Hilig
sa Bagong Kaalaman or Intellectual Curiosity scale, was shown by
Guerrero, Guzman, Marino, and Sanchez (2013) to be significantly correlated
with the Gough Creativity Scale (r = .22, p < .05) and the Biographical Index
of Creative Behaviors (r = .26, p < .01, N = 100). To be sure, not all of the
tested scales have come out significant. For instance, in the first study in
Table 8 (Del Pilar, 2015), the rate was a mere 75%. However, the same
table also shows that this rate is atypically low. In fact, of the remaining
scales that have been studied, only one (Achacoso, Reyes, & Untalan, 2015),
on the Extraversion domain scale, did not turn out significant. In any case,
the studies in Table 8, and that by Guerrero et al. (2013), show that all the
base, interstitial, and domain scales of the Mapa ng Loob have behaved as
expected, using factorial and correlational designs.
 DEL PILAR 129

FOOTNOTES

1
It was eventually decided to keep the PPP and the Mapa ng Loob
completely separate. See the Procedure section, Footnote 5.
2
The class was made up of the head of student affairs of a college in
UP Diliman, a practicing counselor, a member of the teaching staff of the
business college of UP Diliman, a staff member of the testing office of a
tertiary institution in Manila, a teacher at a tertiary institution in Manila, and
a member of the teaching staff at UP Diliman who had worked in the
corporate setting for more than ten years.
3
The sixth member of the class, while also contributing items to the
different domains, worked on the Social Desirability Scale (Cagasan, 2015).
4
Most of the extra items for each of the domain questionnaires were
made up of items of interest to some of the graduate students who were
working on other topics, including items for the Social Desirability Scale
(Cagasan, 2015). However, the Neuroticism questionnaire needed to include
items measuring Agreeableness, in order to analyze trial Pagkamahinahon
items relative to the commonly-held hypothesis (e.g., Costa and McCrae,
1992) that items related to anger experience would be related to Neuroticism,
while those related to anger expression would be related to Agreeableness.
The identification and deletion of such Agreeableness-related items from
the Pagkamahinahon scale led to the renaming of the scale to Hina ng
Loob.
5
The decision to shift to the online format was motivated by the
convenience of creating the data file for the item responses more readily,
instead of having to manually encode them from the answer sheets. The
authors were aware of the mixed results of the studies that looked into
which between pen-and-paper and computer administration gave rise to a
greater tendency towards socially desirable responding (SDR, e.g., Richman,
Kiesler, Weisband, and Drasgow, 1999). This was a concern for the present
study, since SDR could cause facets from socially desirable domains such
as Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and emotional stability (reverse of
Neuroticism) to intercorrelate, giving rise to one large factor in place of
these three. In that event, the resulting structure would have one, two, or
three factors but definitely not five. In their meta-analysis, Richman et al.
(1999) found that computer administration was associated with less SDR
but only when participants were alone or could backtrack to previous
130 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

responses. The online administration in the present study had neither of

these two features, but the shift from pen-and-paper administration was
affected nonetheless because it was clear to the test authors, from the
beginning, that a requirement for the instrument’s completion was the
demonstration of a clear five-factor structure. Since such a structure was
obtained despite the shift during the third item-testing study, it was concluded
that online administration did not lead to problematically high rates of SDR.
Consequently, this mode of administration continued to be used for the
succeeding studies.
6
An additional concern introduced during the fifth item testing study
was the elimination of all remaining overlap between the PPP and the Mapa
ng Loob, mentioned in Footnote 1. The authors had come around to the
decision that it was best to create the Mapa as a new Filipino personality
inventory, rather than make the PPP a five-factor instrument, as originally
planned. By all indications, this view was shared by the author of the PPP.
In any case, by that time, the number of items that had come from the PPP
had declined from 26 in the first prefinal version to 14, nine, and then, seven
in the second, third, and fourth prefinal versions, respectively.
7
It might be noted that the procedure for the reliability analysis earlier
described, in which item selection was done on one sample and reliability
estimates recalculated on a second sample, makes use of the same principle
of verifying results on a subsequent sample obtained by design from a first
sample.
8
Subsequent analyses based on item content persuaded the team that
both the Pagkamaaalalahanin and Pagkamatapat scales were truly
interstitial between Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. It was decided
to make the Pagkamatapat scale a second interstitial scale
9
The instrument can be purchased at the University of the Philippines’
Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Development.
10
This scale used to be called Init ng Ulo (Temperamentalness). See
Footnote 6.
11
The positive findings from this study are especially noteworthy because
it used the IPIP Big Five scales, an instrument in English, to validate the
Mapa ng Loob scales, which are in Filipino.
 DEL PILAR 131

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APPENDIX A

SCALE DEFINITIONS (DEL PILAR ET AL., 2015)

NEUROTICISM (N) has traditionally referred to the tendency to

frequently and readily experience negative emotions such as fear and
sadness. They may share with those low in Agreeableness the tendency to
feel anger and resentment with little provocation. Those high in N are
particularly vulnerable to stress, reacting to physical and interpersonal
stressors with greater intensity, and taking longer to get over them. They
have greater difficulty dealing with their emotions, which tend to be quite
changeable. As a consequence, they may be perceived as unpredictable, a
perception that they themselves often share. Those low in N have a tendency
to be relaxed and even-tempered, and are better able to direct their attention
towards productive ways of dealing with stress, as well as away from
distressing emotions whenever these are experienced.
N1 Hina ng Loob (Vulnerability to Stress) The tendency to be easily
stressed. High scorers react to stress more intensely and need a
136 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

longer period to recover from it. They are easily frustrated or made
afraid, while low scorers feel these negative emotions less easily and
less intensely.
N2 Pagkamaramdamin (Oversensitiveness) The tendency to easily
feel rejected by others. High scorers have high expectations that
they will be treated with acceptance and consideration by others,
and feel greatly offended and hurt when they perceive that they do
not get such treatment. Low scorers have no such expectations, and
thus hardly notice, or are not greatly bothered, by indifferent or unkind
treatment from others.
N3 Pagkamapag-alala (Apprehensiveness) The tendency to
constantly worry. High scorers often feel nervous and apprehensive
about events that may transpire, or situations that may obtain, in the
future, such as those related to personal and family safety, and one’s
capability to adequately respond to life’s demands. Low scorers do
not suffer from chronic and generalized anxiety, and are generally
confident that they can deal with their problems.
N4 Pagkasumpungin (Moodiness) The tendency to experience
negative emotions suddenly and inexplicably. High scorers feel
confused by these sporadic bursts of resentment and anxiety and
feel unable to control such feelings. Low scorers tend to have mild
and steady affect, and feel in command of their emotions.
EXTRAVERSION (E) is commonly understood as interest in engaging
one’s social as well as physical environment. People high in extraversion
seek and enjoy social interaction, are typically upbeat, and have
characteristically high levels of energy. On the other hand, introverted
individuals are usually described as “quiet, reserved, retiring, shy, silent, and
withdrawn” (McCrae and John, 1992, p. 196).
E1 Pagkamasayahin (Cheerfulness) The tendency to be light-
hearted, cheerful, and optimistic; manifested in feelings of good humor,
in the readiness to laugh, to engage in banter. Low scorers differ
from high scorers in their relative infrequency of experiencing the
positive emotions characterizing the trait.
E2 Pagkapalakaibigan (Friendliness) The tendency to be interested
in establishing friendly relations with others, and having the appropriate
social skills to do so; manifested in initiating friendly interactions with
 DEL PILAR 137

others and in maintaining a broad social network. Low scorers feel

shy and behave awkwardly with strangers.
E3 Pagkamasigla (Energy) The tendency to have high levels of
energy, manifested in a preference for performing actions at a fast
pace, to be constantly on the go, and to be sprightly in demeanor.
Low scorers prefer doing things slowly, and seek frequent rest periods.
E4 Pagkamadaldal (Loquaciousness) The tendency to talk a great
deal. High scorers easily verbalize their thoughts and usually initiate
conversations, typically having something to say on just about any
topic. Low scorers are generally not comfortable conversing, are
more hesitant in articulating their views, and prefer to play the listener’s
role in conversations.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE is a domain concerned with
reactions to and attitudes about complexity and novelty. High O scorers
have a tendency to seek out experiences that stimulate and absorb them
intellectually and emotionally. This is often manifested by an active exploration
of areas of human creativity (e.g. arts, literature, science, philosophical
discourse, and religion, in both their “high” and popular forms). High scorers,
more than low O scorers, will have a greater tendency to feel curiosity and
awe when confronted with stimulating experiences, even in the context of
the ordinary or seemingly banal. They find it desirable to elaborate or “play
with” ideas or objects, and will often go out of their way to produce something
new or different. It is difficult for high scorers to adjust to situations where
they are expected to behave in predetermined and constrained ways. High
O does need not be associated with a high degree of formal education, or
exposure to “high culture”; a very open person with a modest level of
education would tend be improvisatory, flexible, and interested in creating
explanations about the world in their own terms. Low scorers prefer the
familiar and expected, sometimes to the extent of distrusting change. People
low in O make considerations based on practicality or expediency, and would
prefer clear answers to imaginative speculations.
O1 Kakaibang Pag-iisip (Original Thinking) The tendency to think
up of novel ways of looking at and doing things. High scorers think
up of original solutions to problems, find imaginative ways of
presenting ideas, see uncommon uses for familiar objects, and have
a general preference for the unorthodox. Low scorers are more
conventional in their conceptualizations and their approach to doing
things.
138 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

O2 Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman (Intellectual Curiosity) The tendency

characterized by a strong desire to acquire varied information and
knowledge. High scorers are interested in observing and figuring out
how things work, and are eager for new experiences aimed to broaden
and deepen what they already know. Low scorers tend to be
uninterested in learning about that which is novel and unfamiliar to
them.
O3 Pagkamakasining (Aesthetic Sensitivity) The tendency to place
a high value on beauty and aesthetic experience, whether these be
found in artistic creations, nature, or everyday objects. High scorers
are interested in discussions of such experiences, in ways of doing
things that have aesthetically pleasing effects, and in the possibilities
of using one’s senses to enjoy the environment. Low scorers are not
moved by art, do not find it interesting, and are not very concerned
about questions of aesthetics, design, or craft.
O4 Pagkamaharaya (Imaginativeness) The tendency to engage in
fantasy. High scorers enjoy imagining fanciful and unusual scenarios,
including living their lives under very different circumstances. On the
other hand, low scorers find such mental activities unproductive, and
prefer to deal with more concrete concerns.
AGREEABLENESS (A) describes a dimension of personality marked
by empathy, altruism, and concern for others. Agreeable individuals are
unpretentious, amiable, helpful, considerate, and forgiving. Their value for
social harmony, complemented with an optimistic view of human nature,
makes them trusting, tolerant, and easy to get along with. Consequently,
highly agreeable persons find confrontations or competition uncomfortable,
and they would be the first to give way to avoid conflict. Those who score
low on A are concerned less with the needs of others than with their own.
Generally uncooperative and unwilling to compromise their interests, they
are seen as tough, unsociable, and antagonistic. They tend to be distrustful
of others, and are often suspicious of people’s underlying motives. They
may also tend to ignore or go against prevailing social norms, such as those
related to modesty, reciprocity, or sincerity.
A1 Pagkadimayabang (Modesty) The tendency to dislike and avoid
presenting oneself as being better than others. High scorers feel
uncomfortable talking highly about their abilities, traits,
accomplishments, looks, and possessions. Embarrassed by being
 DEL PILAR 139

praised in public, they also disapprove of self-promoting behavior in

others. Low scorers tend to take credit for positive outcomes, and
feel that it is natural and gratifying to speak and act in a manner that
calls attention to their accomplishments and their valued attribute.
A2 Pagkamapagtiwala (Capacity for Trust) The tendency to be
trusting of others’ intentions, to believe in people’s innate goodness,
and in people’s good intentions. Manifested in the general belief that
other people’s promises and statements can be relied upon, that one
will not be placed by others in embarrassing or emotionally vulnerable
situations. Low scorers believe that people generally take advantage
of others to advance their own interests, and thus tend to be defensive
and wary of disclosing personal matters to others.
A3 Pagkamaunawain (Capacity for Understanding) The capacity
to take other people’s positions, feelings and opinions into consideration
in the conduct of interpersonal transactions. High scorers are able,
and ready, to put themselves in the other person’s shoes, and are thus
more forgiving and tolerant of others’ shortcomings. In contrast, low
scorers, exercise less empathy in dealing with others. They are not
welcoming of people’s opinions and/or explanations, are quick to judge,
and tend to react emotionally or aggressively when aggrieved.
A4 Pagkamapagparaya (Obligingness) the tendency to give in,
yield, or comply, rather than assert oneself. High scorers value
interpersonal harmony and cooperation, and willingly subordinate their
own needs and desires to those of others. Low scorers, on the other
hand, seek to advance their personal interests and concerns with less
regard for other people’s welfare. They have no reservations in
seeking to get their own way, and expect consistently to prevail upon
others.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (C). The highly conscientious individual
has a developed ability to restrain impulses, delay gratification, and direct
energy in order to attain desired ends. Such a person is used to foregoing
comfort and exerting effort in order to honor commitments and achieve
personal or group goals. The ability to focus and sustain attention results in
the tendency to be planful in one’s activities, and generally careful and
cautious. Those low on the trait are more casual about goal-attainment and
responsibility, are not used to planning their tasks and activities, and may be
quite careless in their words and actions.
140 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE M ASAKLAW

C1 Pagkamasikap (Achievement Orientation) The tendency to

strive and persist towards goals and standards of excellence. High
scorers have a desire to make something of themselves, seek
excellence in many aspects of their life, and strive to finish tasks they
have set for themselves. Low scorers typically dislike difficult work,
prefer living in the moment to setting goals, and tend to aim for mere
compliance rather than excellence in their work.
C2 Pagkamapagplano (Planfulness) The tendency to plan out one’s
activities in order to get tasks done and to achieve desired ends. High
scorers typically prepare a work schedule, and may even budget
expenses. Low scorers often scramble to prepare for tasks, and
consequently often do not finish them.
C3 Pagkaresponsable (Responsibility) The tendency to have the
desire and ability to perform one’s duties and to fulfill one’s
commitments. High scorers keep their word, and can be relied upon
to do tasks assigned to them. Low scorers typically lack initiative,
often shirk responsibility, and may, as a consequence, perceive that
they often let people down.
C4 Pagkamaingat (Carefulness) The tendency to exercise caution
in the interest of personal safety, and correctness in words and actions.
High scorers have a tendency to choose their words carefully, review
their work for mistakes, and verify the safety of their destination.
Low scorers may often misplace things, make mistakes in their work,
and damage objects because of careless handling.

Interstitial scales
NA Dalas Makaramdam ng Galit (Proneness to Experience Anger)
The tendency to easily feel anger, irritation, and frustration. High
scorers are given to frequent and more intense bouts of anger-toned
emotions, which take longer to dissipate. Those who score low, on
the other hand, are typically even-tempered, finding it easier to shrug
off annoyances, and move on more easily from experiences that cause
hurt and frustration. Dalas Makaramdam ng Galit is interstitial
between Neuroticism and Agreeableness, hence the “NA” before
its construct name.
 DEL PILAR 141

AC Pagkamatapat (Sincerity). The tendency, in words and actions,

to stick closely to what one truly feels. High scorers typically avoid
flattery and ingratiation, and keep to what they know as factual when
recounting an event. On the other hand, those who score low may
sometimes tailor what they say and do to get on the good side of
others, or to gain their trust. They are not very strict in keeping to
factual statements when recounting an event. Pagkamatapat appears
interstitial between Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and thus
the “AC” before its construct designation.